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Gilad VH, Béres E, Vértesi A, Hirka G, Gilad GM. Evidence for safety of the dietary ingredient agmatine sulfate as assessed by mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101720. [PMID: 39286406 PMCID: PMC11403453 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Agmatine, 1-Amino-4-guanidinobutane, is a ubiquitous naturally occurring molecule present in low amounts in a wide variety of foodstuff. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety of oral agmatine sulfate and have led to its development as an effective dietary ingredient for promoting resilient nerve functions. Although clearly required, the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of agmatine have not been previously reported. The present study, therefore, undertook to assess the safety profile of agmatine using currently accepted in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests. The test item was G-Agmatine®, a proprietary brand of agmatine sulfate. Using the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), the study found that G-Agmatine® has no mutagenic effects. It had no clastogenic effects as observed by the in vitro chromosomal aberration test using Chinese Hamster lung cells. And it lacked genotoxic effects as evidenced by the lack of increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic immature erythrocytes following oral administration in the mouse micronucleus test. Taken together with previously published data, results of the present study further support the safety of agmatine sulfate as a dietary ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda H Gilad
- Research, Gilad&Gilad LLC, 9149 Claretta Dr., Las Vegas, NV 89129, USA
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop ZRT., Arácsi út 97, Balatonfüred 8230, Hungary
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop ZRT., Arácsi út 97, Balatonfüred 8230, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop ZRT., Arácsi út 97, Balatonfüred 8230, Hungary
| | - Gad M Gilad
- Research, Gilad&Gilad LLC, 9149 Claretta Dr., Las Vegas, NV 89129, USA
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Elias Masiques N, Vossen E, De Vrieze J, De Smet S, Van Hecke T. The formation of sulfur metabolites during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of fish, white meat and red meat is affected by the addition of fructo-oligosaccharides. Food Funct 2024; 15:8729-8739. [PMID: 39101364 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00928b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The formation of sulfur metabolites during large intestinal fermentation of red meat may affect intestinal health. In this study, four muscle sources with varying heme-Fe content (beef, pork, chicken and salmon), with or without fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), were exposed to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation model, after which the formation of sulfur metabolites, protein fermentation metabolites, and short (SCFA) and branched (BCFA) chain fatty acids was assessed. When FOS were present during muscle fermentation, levels of SCFA (+54%) and H2S (+36%) increased, whereas levels of CS2 (-37%), ammonia (-60%) and indole (-30%) decreased, and the formation of dimethyl sulfides and phenol was suppressed. Red meat fermentation was not accompanied by higher H2S formation, but beef ferments tended to contain 33 to 49% higher CS2 levels compared to the ferments of other muscle sources. In conclusion, there is a greater effect on sulfur fermentation by the addition of FOS to the meats, than the intrinsic heme-Fe content of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Elias Masiques
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els Vossen
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jo De Vrieze
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), P.O. Frieda Saeysstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Hecke
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Saha P, Panda S, Holkar A, Vashishth R, Rana SS, Arumugam M, Ashraf GM, Haque S, Ahmad F. Neuroprotection by agmatine: Possible involvement of the gut microbiome? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102056. [PMID: 37673131 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine derived from L-arginine, elicits tremendous multimodal neuromodulant properties. Alterations in agmatinergic signalling are closely linked to the pathogeneses of several brain disorders. Importantly, exogenous agmatine has been shown to act as a potent neuroprotectant in varied pathologies, including brain ageing and associated comorbidities. The antioxidant, anxiolytic, analgesic, antidepressant and memory-enhancing activities of agmatine may derive from its ability to regulate several cellular pathways; including cell metabolism, survival and differentiation, nitric oxide signalling, protein translation, oxidative homeostasis and neurotransmitter signalling. This review briefly discusses mammalian metabolism of agmatine and then proceeds to summarize our current understanding of neuromodulation and neuroprotection mediated by agmatine. Further, the emerging exciting bidirectional links between agmatine and the resident gut microbiome and their implications for brain pathophysiology and ageing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Subhrajita Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Aayusha Holkar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Rahul Vashishth
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sandeep Singh Rana
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Mysonhimer AR, Holscher HD. Gastrointestinal Effects and Tolerance of Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2237-2276. [PMID: 36041173 PMCID: PMC9776669 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs) are food components, including nonstarch polysaccharides and resistant starches. Many NDCs are classified as dietary fibers by the US FDA. Because of their beneficial effects on human health and product development, NDCs are widely used in the food supply. Although there are dietary intake recommendations for total dietary fiber, there are no such recommendations for individual NDCs. NDCs are heterogeneous in their chemical composition and physicochemical properties-characteristics that contribute to their tolerable intake levels. Guidance on tolerable intake levels of different NDCs is needed because overconsumption can lead to undesirable gastrointestinal side effects, further widening the gap between actual and suggested fiber intake levels. In this review, we synthesize the literature on gastrointestinal effects of NDCs that the FDA accepts as dietary fibers (β-glucan, pectin, arabinoxylan, guar gum, alginate, psyllium husk, inulin, fructooligosaccharides and oligofructose, galactooligosaccharides, polydextrose, cellulose, soy fiber, resistant maltodextrin/dextrin) and present tolerable intake dose recommendations for their consumption. We summarized the findings from 103 clinical trials in adults without gastrointestinal disease who reported gastrointestinal effects, including tolerance (e.g., bloating, flatulence, borborygmi/rumbling) and function (e.g., transit time, stool frequency, stool consistency). These studies provided doses ranging from 0.75-160 g/d and lasted for durations ranging from a single-meal tolerance test to 28 wk. Tolerance was NDC specific; thus, recommendations ranged from 3.75 g/d for alginate to 25 g/d for soy fiber. Future studies should address gaps in the literature by testing a wider range of NDC doses and consumption forms (solid compared with liquid). Furthermore, future investigations should also adopt a standard protocol to examine tolerance and functional outcomes across studies consistently.
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Short-Term Partial Replacement of Corn and Soybean Meal with High-Fiber or High-Protein Feedstuffs during Metabolizable Energy Assay Influenced Intestinal Histomorphology, Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Selected Nutrient Transporters in 21-Day-Old Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172193. [PMID: 36077917 PMCID: PMC9455039 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of short-term feeding of test diets during metabolizable energy assays on growth performance, nutrient utilization, jejunal histomorphology, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and nutrient transporters in broilers. One hundred twenty-six broiler chickens were assigned to six treatments, each with seven replicates. Experimental diets were fed between days 14 and 21. Treatments included a corn−soybean meal reference diet and five test diets with low-protein soybean meal (LPSBM), wheat bran, soy hull, corn gluten feed, or rice bran. Birds were weighed on days 14 and 21; excreta, cecal content, and jejunal tissues were collected on day 21. Seven-day weight gain was highest (p < 0.01) for birds receiving the reference diet or LPSBM, whereas FCR was lowest (p < 0.05) for birds receiving the soy hull diet. Cecal acetate and total short-chain fatty acids were higher (p < 0.05) for wheat bran compared with the soy hull test diet. Jejunal villi were longer (p < 0.05) for chickens receiving the reference diet or LPSBM test diet. Glucose transporter (GLUT1) mRNA was greater (p < 0.05) in broilers receiving rice bran compared with soy hull test diets. Therefore, when reporting energy assays, it is important that indicators of animal growth or gut health be included to help contextualize energy utilization.
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Chronic Kidney Disease and Dietary Supplementation: Effects on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110277. [PMID: 34822650 PMCID: PMC8619010 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes an irreversible loss of kidney functioning in dogs. This double-blind case-control study evaluates the efficacy of a dietary supplement, which contains calcium carbonate, calcium lactate-gluconate, chitosan, sodium bicarbonate, Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL, Olea europaea L. extract, and fructooligosaccharides, in dogs in advanced CKD stage. Thirty dogs were enrolled in the study; half were administered the new dietary supplementation for 90 days, while the others were used as controls. Hematologic, biochemical, and urinalysis were performed. This novel dietary supplement mainly reported a good control of uremia, phosphate, acid-base balance, blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress in dogs with advanced stages of CKD.
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Peled S, Livney YD. Oligosaccharide-lactoferrin shell-crosslinked particles for selective targeting of proteins to probiotic bacteria in the colon. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hughes RL, Alvarado DA, Swanson KS, Holscher HD. The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-type Fructans: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:S2161-8313(22)00074-6. [PMID: 34555168 PMCID: PMC8970830 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans (ITF), including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), oligofructose, and inulin, are commonly used fibers that are widely regarded as prebiotic for their ability to be selectively utilized by the intestinal microbiota to confer a health benefit. However, the literature thus far lacks a thorough discussion of the evidence from human clinical trials for the prebiotic effect of ITF, including both effects on the intestinal microbiota composition as well as the intestinal and extraintestinal (e.g., glucose homeostasis, lipids, mineral absorption and bone health, appetite and satiety, inflammation and immune function, and body composition) benefits. Additionally, there is a lack of discussion regarding aspects such as the effect of ITF chain length on its intestinal and extraintestinal effects. The overall objective of this systematic review was to summarize the prebiotic potential of ITF based on the results of human clinical trials in healthy adult populations. Evidence from studies included in the current review suggest that ITF have a prebiotic effect on the intestinal microbiota, promoting the abundances of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Beneficial health effects reported following ITF intake include improved intestinal barrier function, improved laxation, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased triglycerides and an improved lipid profile, increased absorption of calcium and magnesium, and increased satiety. While there is some evidence for differing effects of ITF based on chain length, lack of direct comparisons and detailed descriptions of physicochemical properties limit the ability to draw conclusions from human clinical studies. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates or modifies the effects of ITF on human health and the contribution of individual factors such as age and metabolic health to move towards personalization of prebiotic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley L Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - David A Alvarado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA,Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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9
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Kurahashi A, Enomoto T, Oguro Y, Kojima-Nakamura A, Kodaira K, Watanabe K, Ozaki N, Goto H, Hirayama M. Intake of Koji Amazake Improves Defecation Frequency in Healthy Adults. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090782. [PMID: 34575820 PMCID: PMC8470246 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reportedly, the intake of koji amazake, a beverage made from steamed rice fermented by Aspergillus oryzae, improves defecation frequency. However, its functional ingredients and mechanism of action remain unclear. To compare the effects of koji amazake and a placebo beverage on defecation frequency and to identify the functional ingredients and mechanism of action, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel-group comparative trial was performed on two groups. The koji amazake had 302 ± 15.5 mg/118 g of A. oryzae cells, which was not in the placebo. Compared with the placebo group, the koji amazake group showed a significant increase in weekly defecation frequency at 2 weeks (5.09 days vs. 4.14 days), 3 weeks (5.41 days vs. 4.18 days), and 4 weeks (5.09 days vs. 3.95 days), along with an increase in the weekly fecal weight at 4 weeks (724 g vs. 501 g). The intake of koji amazake did not induce significant intergroup differences in the fecal SCFA concentration, whereas it significantly decreased the relative abundance of Blautia and significantly increased that of Bacteroides at 3 weeks. Therefore, koji amazake intake improved defecation frequency, and A. oryzae cells played potentially important roles as functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kurahashi
- Hakkaisan Brewery Co., Ltd., 1051 Nagamori, Minamiuonuma City, Niigata 949-7112, Japan; (T.E.); (Y.O.); (A.K.-N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-788-0910
| | - Toshihiko Enomoto
- Hakkaisan Brewery Co., Ltd., 1051 Nagamori, Minamiuonuma City, Niigata 949-7112, Japan; (T.E.); (Y.O.); (A.K.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshifumi Oguro
- Hakkaisan Brewery Co., Ltd., 1051 Nagamori, Minamiuonuma City, Niigata 949-7112, Japan; (T.E.); (Y.O.); (A.K.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Ayana Kojima-Nakamura
- Hakkaisan Brewery Co., Ltd., 1051 Nagamori, Minamiuonuma City, Niigata 949-7112, Japan; (T.E.); (Y.O.); (A.K.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuya Kodaira
- Hakkaisan Brewery Co., Ltd., 1051 Nagamori, Minamiuonuma City, Niigata 949-7112, Japan; (T.E.); (Y.O.); (A.K.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 754 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Ozaki
- Niigata Medical Association of Occupational Health Inc., 1185-3 Kitaba, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-1187, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Niigata Bio-Research Park Inc., 316-2 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 956-0841, Japan; (H.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Masao Hirayama
- Niigata Bio-Research Park Inc., 316-2 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 956-0841, Japan; (H.G.); (M.H.)
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11
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Effects of gastrointestinal digested polyphenolic enriched extracts of Chilean currants (Ribes magellanicum and Ribes punctatum) on in vitro fecal microbiota. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Farag MA, El Hawary EA, Elmassry MM. Rediscovering acidophilus milk, its quality characteristics, manufacturing methods, flavor chemistry and nutritional value. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3024-3041. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1675584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas A. El Hawary
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moamen M. Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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He X, Parenti M, Grip T, Lönnerdal B, Timby N, Domellöf M, Hernell O, Slupsky CM. Fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed bovine MFGM supplemented formula or standard formula with breast-fed infants as reference: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11589. [PMID: 31406230 PMCID: PMC6690946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk delivers an array of bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development and maintain healthy gut microbiota. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a biologically functional fraction of milk increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in infants through protection from pathogens, modulation of the immune system and improved neurodevelopment. In the present study, we characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM supplemented experimental formula (EF) and compared to infants fed standard formula (SF) and a breast-fed reference group. The impact of MFGM on the fecal microbiome was moderate; however, the fecal metabolome of EF-fed infants showed a significant reduction of several metabolites including lactate, succinate, amino acids and their derivatives from that of infants fed SF. Introduction of weaning food with either human milk or infant formula reduces the distinct characteristics of breast-fed- or formula-fed- like infant fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher levels of protein in infant formula and the lack of human milk oligosaccharides promote a shift toward amino acid fermentation in the gut. MFGM may play a role in shaping gut microbial activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tove Grip
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Rudinsky AJ, Rowe JC, Parker VJ. Nutritional management of chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:570-578. [PMID: 30110216 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.5.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the gut microbiome is involved in the aetiology of obesity and obesity-related complications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The gut microbiota is able to ferment indigestible carbohydrates (for example, dietary fibre), thereby yielding important metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and succinate. Numerous animal studies and a handful of human studies suggest a beneficial role of these metabolites in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Interestingly, the more distal colonic microbiota primarily ferments peptides and proteins, as availability of fermentable fibre, the major energy source for the microbiota, is limited here. This proteolytic fermentation yields mainly harmful products such as ammonia, phenols and branched-chain fatty acids, which might be detrimental for host gut and metabolic health. Therefore, a switch from proteolytic to saccharolytic fermentation could be of major interest for the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic diseases. This Review focuses on the role of products derived from microbial carbohydrate and protein fermentation in relation to obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance, T2DM and NAFLD, and discusses the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Paley EL. Diet-Related Metabolic Perturbations of Gut Microbial Shikimate Pathway-Tryptamine-tRNA Aminoacylation-Protein Synthesis in Human Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919834550. [PMID: 30944520 PMCID: PMC6440052 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919834550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut bacterial Na(+)-transporting NADH:ubiquinone reductase (NQR) sequence is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, Alzheimer disease-associated sequence (ADAS) is further characterized in cultured spore-forming Clostridium sp. Tryptophan and NQR substrate ubiquinone have common precursor chorismate in microbial shikimate pathway. Tryptophan-derived tryptamine presents in human diet and gut microbiome. Tryptamine inhibits tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) with consequent neurodegeneration in cell and animal models. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase inhibition causes protein biosynthesis impairment similar to that revealed in AD. Tryptamine-induced TrpRS gene-dose reduction is associated with TrpRS protein deficiency and cell death. In animals, tryptamine treatment results in toxicity, weight gain, and prediabetes-related hypoglycemia. Sequence analysis of gut microbiome database reveals 89% to 100% ADAS nucleotide identity in American Indian (Cheyenne and Arapaho [C&A]) Oklahomans, of which ~93% being overweight or obese and 50% self-reporting type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alzheimer disease-associated sequence occurs in 10.8% of C&A vs 1.3% of healthy American population. This observation is of considerable interest because T2D links to AD and obesity. Alzheimer disease-associated sequence prevails in gut microbiome of colorectal cancer, which linked to AD. Metabolomics revealed that tryptamine, chorismate precursor quinate, and chorismate product 4-hydroxybenzoate (ubiquinone precursor) are significantly higher, while tryptophan-containing dipeptides are lower due to tRNA aminoacylation deficiency in C&A compared with non-native Oklahoman who showed no ADAS. Thus, gut microbial tryptamine overproduction correlates with ADAS occurrence. Antibiotic and diet additives induce ADAS and tryptamine. Mitogenic/cytotoxic tryptamine cause microbial and human cell death, gut dysbiosis, and consequent disruption of host-microbe homeostasis. Present analysis of 1246 participants from 17 human gut metagenomics studies revealed ADAS in cell death diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Expert BioMed, Inc., Miami Dade, FL, USA.,Stop Alzheimers Corp, Miami Dade, FL, USA.,Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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de Vries J, Le Bourgot C, Calame W, Respondek F. Effects of β-Fructans Fiber on Bowel Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E91. [PMID: 30621208 PMCID: PMC6356805 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of β-fructan supplementation on bowel function in healthy volunteers and patients. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the Pubmed and EUPMC database until December 2017, plus two unpublished studies, to identify studies evaluating the impact of β-fructans on bowel movement and stool parameters. Forty-seven publications were selected for inclusion. Primary parameter was frequency of bowel movements, evaluated by the number of defecations per day during the study period. Secondary outcomes were stool consistency, stool dry and wet weights, and transit time. Short-chain (DP < 10) β-fructans contributed to increased stool frequency (0.36 defecation +/- 0.06 per day; p < 0.001), while no significant effect was reported with long-chain (DP ≥ 10) β-fructans (-0.03 +/- 0.11, p = 0.82). A minimal increase in stool wet weight was also statistically demonstrated with short-chain β-fructans. Moreover, the meta-analysis highlighted significant differences in stool consistency in contrast to fecal dry weight after β-fructan supplementation. This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that short-chain β-fructan supplementation has a positive effect on bowel function by significantly increasing the frequency of bowel movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- De Vries Nutrition Solutions Inc., 7213 CE Gorssel, The Netherlands.
| | - Cindy Le Bourgot
- R & D Department, Tereos, Rue de Senlis, 77230 Moussy-Le-Vieux, France.
| | - Wim Calame
- StatistiCal BV, 2241 MN Wassenaar, The Netherlands.
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18
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Jinendiran S, Nathan AA, Ramesh D, Vaseeharan B, Sivakumar N. Modulation of innate immunity, expression of cytokine genes and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by dietary supplementation with Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:458-469. [PMID: 30312666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic strains play an increasing role in the production of healthy animals used as a food source. Elucidating the mechanisms of action that allow probiotic-driven immunomodulation may facilitate different applications such as the prevention of infectious diseases in food organisms. This study elucidates the probiotic effects of Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 on the growth, haematological profile, innate immune capacity, expression of cytokine genes, and resistance to diseases of Carassius auratus caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Three fish groups were fed with the following diets containing different doses of E. acetylicum S01 (CFU g-1): basal diet 0 (BD, without probiotic), 2.5 × 107 (DI) and 2.7 × 109 (DII)-CFU g-1 for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the fish were injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila and the percentage of survival was recorded over 21 days of post-challenge. Results revealed that dietary supplementation of E. acetylicum S01 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the growth, haematological profile and cellular immune responses including respiratory burst, phagocytic activities and antimicrobial enzymes (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme) and total immunoglobulin levels were improved by probiotic feeding at both occasions. Comparatively, expression of c- and g-type lysozyme followed by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10 and TGFβ) was up-regulated in kidney, head-kidney and spleen. Moreover, fish fed with diet DII had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival rate (73.2%) after challenging. The survival rate was only 33.2% of the BD group against A. hydrophila infection. Our results revealed that E. acetylicum S01 delivered probiotic in feed exerts its influence on growth performance and provides disease resistance by stimulating the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels in C. auratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Jinendiran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India
| | - Dharmaraj Ramesh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology (NFMC), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 004, India
| | - Natesan Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India.
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19
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Paley EL, Perry G. Towards an Integrative Understanding of tRNA Aminoacylation-Diet-Host-Gut Microbiome Interactions in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040410. [PMID: 29587458 PMCID: PMC5946195 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) preclinical experiments do not recapitulate the human disease. In our models, the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) deficiency with consequent neurodegeneration in cells and mice. Dietary supplements, antibiotics and certain drugs increase tryptamine content in vivo. TrpRS catalyzes tryptophan attachment to tRNAtrp at initial step of protein biosynthesis. Tryptamine that easily crosses the blood–brain barrier induces vasculopathies, neurodegeneration and cell death via TrpRS competitive inhibition. TrpRS inhibitor tryptophanol produced by gut microbiome also induces neurodegeneration. TrpRS inhibition by tryptamine and its metabolites preventing tryptophan incorporation into proteins lead to protein biosynthesis impairment. Tryptophan, a least amino acid in food and proteins that cannot be synthesized by humans competes with frequent amino acids for the transport from blood to brain. Tryptophan is a vulnerable amino acid, which can be easily lost to protein biosynthesis. Some proteins marking neurodegenerative pathology, such as tau lack tryptophan. TrpRS exists in cytoplasmic (WARS) and mitochondrial (WARS2) forms. Pathogenic gene variants of both forms cause TrpRS deficiency with consequent intellectual and motor disabilities in humans. The diminished tryptophan-dependent protein biosynthesis in AD patients is a proof of our model-based disease concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Expert Biomed, Inc., 11933 SW 271st TER Homestead, Miami Dade, FL 33032-3305, USA.
- Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami Dade, FL 33032, USA.
- Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
| | - George Perry
- Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami Dade, FL 33032, USA.
- University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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20
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Ackerman DL, Craft KM, Townsend SD. Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function. Carbohydr Res 2017; 437:16-27. [PMID: 27883906 PMCID: PMC6172010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Kelly M Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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21
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Short‐chain fructooligosaccharides from sucrose and maintenance of normal defecation: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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Verbeke KA, Boobis AR, Chiodini A, Edwards CA, Franck A, Kleerebezem M, Nauta A, Raes J, van Tol EAF, Tuohy KM. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:42-66. [PMID: 26156216 PMCID: PMC4501371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- Formerly ILSI Europe, Box 6, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 83, BE-1200, Brussels, Belgium; now European Commission, Research Executive Agency (REA) Unit B2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine A. Edwards
- Human Nutrition School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven; VIB, Leuven; DBIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kieran M. Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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Schaafsma G, Slavin JL. Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:37-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Schaafsma
- Advisory Services in Food; Health and Safety; Rembrandtlaan 12, 3925 VD Scherpenzeel The Netherlands
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Minnesota; 1334 Eckles Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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Windey K, François I, Broekaert W, De Preter V, Delcour JA, Louat T, Herman J, Verbeke K. High dose of prebiotics reduces fecal water cytotoxicity in healthy subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2206-18. [PMID: 25164793 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In vitro and animal studies have shown differential colonic fermentation of structurally different prebiotics. We evaluated the impact of two structurally different prebiotics (wheat bran extract (WBE, containing arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides) and oligofructose) on colonic fermentation and markers of bowel health in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS Nineteen healthy subjects completed a double-blind, cross-over randomized controlled trial. Interventions with WBE, oligofructose or placebo for 2 wk (week 1: 15 g/day; week 2: 30 g/day) were separated by 2-wk wash-out periods. At the end of each study period, colonic fermentation was characterized through a metabolomics approach. Fecal water genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were determined using the comet and WST-1 assay, respectively, as parameters of gut health. Cluster analysis revealed differences in effects of WBE and oligofructose on colonic fermentation. WBE, but not oligofructose, reduced fecal p-cresol (p = 0.009) and isovaleric acid concentrations (p = 0.022), markers of protein fermentation. Fecal water cytotoxicity was significantly lower after intake of WBE (p = 0.015). Both WBE- and oligofructose-intake tended to reduce fecal water genotoxicity compared to placebo (WBE: p = 0.060; oligofructose: p = 0.057). Changes in fermentation were not related to changes in fecal water toxicity. CONCLUSION Structurally different prebiotics affect colonic fermentation and gut health in a different way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Windey
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Song SK, Beck BR, Kim D, Park J, Kim J, Kim HD, Ringø E. Prebiotics as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:40-48. [PMID: 24973515 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are indigestible fibers that increase beneficial gut commensal bacteria resulting in improvements of the host's health. The beneficial effects of prebiotics are due to the byproducts generated from their fermentation by gut commensal bacteria. In this review, the direct effects of prebiotics on the innate immune system of fish are discussed. Prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharide, mannanoligosaccharide, inulin, or β-glucan, are called immunosaccharides. They directly enhance innate immune responses including: phagocytic activation, neutrophil activation, activation of the alternative complement system, increased lysozyme activity, and more. Immunosaccharides directly activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRR) expressed on innate immune cells. They can also associate with microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate innate immune cells. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in innate immune cell activation need to be further explored. Many studies have indicated that immunosaccharides are beneficial to both finfish and shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Song
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Ram Beck
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - John Park
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Seoul 130-741, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Duk Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Einar Ringø
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
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26
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Jurgoński A, Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Matusevicius P, Kołodziejczyk K. Polyphenol-rich extract from blackcurrant pomace attenuates the intestinal tract and serum lipid changes induced by a high-fat diet in rabbits. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1603-13. [PMID: 24500372 PMCID: PMC4242980 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The consumption of a high level of dietary extract from blackcurrant pomace rich in polyphenols was hypothesised to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile, the markers of insulin resistance and the antioxidant status of the host without negative changes in the intestinal tract. Methods This hypothesis was tested on 20 male New Zealand white rabbits randomly assigned to four groups of five individuals each. For 4 weeks, the animals were subjected to the following dietary treatments: two control groups were fed a standard or a high-fat diet (7 and 32 % energy from fat, respectively), and two experimental groups were fed a standard or a high-fat diet with the addition of 1.5 % blackcurrant polyphenolic extract. The extract obtained from blackcurrant fruit pomaces was characterised by high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols (48.9 and 17.9 %, respectively). Results The high-fat feeding regimen led to a series of unfavourable changes, such as increased body weight, disturbance of fermentative processes in the hindgut as well the induction of oxidative stress, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance. Dietary supplementation with blackcurrant extract decreased the concentration of putrefactive metabolites (ammonia and putrefactive SCFA) and β-glucuronidase activity in the hindgut digesta. Additionally, the extract ameliorated hyperlipidaemia by decreasing triglyceride, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and free fatty acid concentrations in the serum and increased the antioxidant capacity of the serum. Conclusion This study suggests that a polyphenol-rich extract from blackcurrant pomace ingested at relatively high amounts may be a useful therapeutic option in the reversal of dysfunctions related to obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jurgoński
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Street, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland,
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Gagné JW, Wakshlag JJ, Simpson KW, Dowd SE, Latchman S, Brown DA, Brown K, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Effects of a synbiotic on fecal quality, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the microbiome of healthy sled dogs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:246. [PMID: 24313995 PMCID: PMC4029452 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sled dogs commonly suffer from diarrhea. Although multiple etiologies exist there are limited field studies using synbiotics as a supplement to prevent or treat diarrhea. The objective of this study was to examine alterations in fecal quality, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the fecal microbiome in two groups of training sled dogs fed a synbiotic or microcrystalline cellulose placebo. Twenty clinically healthy training sled dogs randomized into two cohorts (9 synbiotic-fed, 8 placebo-fed) for a 6 week prospective study were examined. Fecal pH and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were measured and tag-encoded FLX 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) and quantitative real-time PCR were performed at baseline (10 d prior to the study) and after 2 weeks of treatment with a total treatment time of 6 weeks. Fecal scores for all dogs were assessed at baseline and every day for 6 wk after initiation of treatment. Results Alterations in the fecal microbiome were observed with a significant rise in Lactobacillaceae in the synbiotic group (P = 0.004) after 2 wk of treatment. A positive correlation was found between Lactobacillaceae and overall butyrate concentration (R = 0.62, p = 0.011) in all dogs. After 5 wk of treatment, there was an improved fecal score and fewer days of diarrhea (Χ2 = 5.482, P = 0.019) in the dogs given synbiotic, which coincided with a presumed contagious outbreak shared by all dogs in the study. Conclusions Use of this synbiotic results in an increase in presumed beneficial bacterial flora of the host colon which was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of diarrhea in training sled dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Gilad GM, Gilad VH. Evidence for oral agmatine sulfate safety – A 95-day high dosage pilot study with rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:758-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ramezani A, Raj DS. The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:657-70. [PMID: 24231662 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut harbors >100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we review the quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota of patients with CKD that lead to disturbance of this symbiotic relationship, how this may contribute to the progression of CKD, and targeted interventions to re-establish symbiosis. Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria incites a powerful inflammatory response in the host organism. Furthermore, protein fermentation by gut microbiota generates myriad toxic metabolites, including p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate. Disruption of gut barrier function in CKD allows translocation of endotoxin and bacterial metabolites to the systemic circulation, which contributes to uremic toxicity, inflammation, progression of CKD, and associated cardiovascular disease. Several targeted interventions that aim to re-establish intestinal symbiosis, neutralize bacterial endotoxins, or adsorb gut-derived uremic toxins have been developed. Indeed, animal and human studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics may have therapeutic roles in maintaining a metabolically-balanced gut microbiota and reducing progression of CKD and uremia-associated complications. We propose that further research should focus on using this highly efficient metabolic machinery to alleviate uremic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ramezani
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington DC
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Pre-, pro-, and synbiotics: do they have a role in reducing uremic toxins? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:673631. [PMID: 23316359 PMCID: PMC3536316 DOI: 10.1155/2012/673631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This paper assessed the effectiveness of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics on reducing two protein-bound uremic toxins, p-cresyl sulphate (PCS) and indoxyl sulphate (IS). Methods. English language studies reporting serum, urinary, or fecal PCS and/or IS (or their precursors) following pre-, pro-, or synbiotic interventions (>1 day) in human adults were included. Population estimates of differences in the outcomes between the pre- and the postintervention were estimated for subgroups of studies using four meta-analyses. Quality was determined using the GRADE approach. Results. 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, 14 in healthy adults and five in haemodialysis patients. Eight studies investigated prebiotics, six probiotics, one synbiotics, one both pre- and probiotics, and three studies trialled all three interventions. The quality of the studies ranged from moderate to very low. 12 studies were included in the meta-analyses with all four meta-analyses reporting statistically significant reductions in IS and PCS with pre- and probiotic therapy. Conclusion. There is a limited but supportive evidence for the effectiveness of pre- and probiotics on reducing PCS and IS in the chronic kidney disease population. Further studies are needed to provide more definitive findings before routine clinical use can be recommended.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbes have important roles in the nutritional, immunological, and physiologic processes of the host. Traditional cultivation techniques have revealed bacterial density ranges from 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/g in the stomach, from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g in the small intestine, and from 10(9) to 10(11) CFU/g in the colon of healthy dogs. As a small number of bacterial species can be grown and studied in culture, however, progress was limited until the recent emergence of DNA-based techniques. In recent years, DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have allowed for better phylogenetic and functional/metabolic characterization of the canine gut microbiome. Predominant phyla include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Studies using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene pyrosequencing have demonstrated spatial differences along the GI tract and among microbes adhered to the GI mucosa compared to those in intestinal contents or feces. Similar to humans, GI microbiome dysbiosis is common in canine GI diseases such as chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel diseases. DNA-based assays have also identified key pathogens contributing to such conditions, including various Clostridium, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia spp. Moreover, nutritionists have applied DNA-based techniques to study the effects of dietary interventions such as dietary fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics on the canine GI microbiome and associated health indices. Despite recent advances in the field, the canine GI microbiome is far from being fully characterized and a deeper characterization of the phylogenetic and functional/metabolic capacity of the GI microbiome in health and disease is needed. This paper provides an overview of recent studies performed to characterize the canine GI microbiome.
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De Preter V, Falony G, Windey K, Hamer HM, De Vuyst L, Verbeke K. The prebiotic, oligofructose-enriched inulin modulates the faecal metabolite profile: an in vitro analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 54:1791-801. [PMID: 20568238 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Health benefits of prebiotic administration have been judged mainly from the increased numbers of bifidobacteria and the enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids in the colon. Only a few studies have focused on the capacity of prebiotics to decrease the proteolytic fermentation, which might contribute to health as well. METHODS AND RESULTS The influence of the prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN) on the pattern of volatile organic compounds was characterized using an in vitro faecal model. Faecal slurries, obtained from healthy subjects, were anaerobically incubated at 37 °C with and without different doses of OF-IN (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg) and changes in the metabolite pattern and pH were evaluated. A total of 107 different volatile organic compounds were identified and classified according to their chemical classes. The concentration of esters and acids significantly increased with increasing doses of OF-IN. Similar effects were observed for some aldehydes. To the contrary, OF-IN dose-dependently inhibited the formation of S-compounds. Also, the generation of other protein fermentation metabolites such as phenolic compounds was inhibited in the presence of OF-IN. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed a clear dose-dependent stimulation of saccharolytic fermentation. Importantly, a significant decrease in toxic protein fermentation metabolites such as sulphides attended these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky De Preter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Research and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Centre (LFoRCe), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Keynan O, Mirovsky Y, Dekel S, Gilad VH, Gilad GM. Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2010; 11:356-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Van Loo J. The specificity of the interaction with intestinal bacterial fermentation by prebiotics determines their physiological efficacy. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 17:89-98. [PMID: 19079918 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of prebiotic food ingredients is an important recent development in nutrition. The concept has attracted a great deal of attention, and many food ingredients (mainly dietary carbohydrates) have been claimed to be 'prebiotic'. It is emphasised that in order to be called prebiotic, a compound should be: (1) non-digestible; (2) fermentable; (3) fermentable in a selective way. These properties should be demonstrated in human volunteers in at least two independent dietary intervention trials. On the basis of published and unpublished results, it is shown in the present paper that the way in which a prebiotic influences intestinal fermentation is the key to its physiological properties. This statement is illustrated mainly by considering an established group of prebiotics, the beta(2-1) fructans. These linear molecules show a strong discontinuity in physicochemical properties as the chains become longer. The beta(2-1) fructans with a chain length of up to ten monomer units are very soluble and are particularly 'bifidogenic'. Longer chains (ten to sixty-five monomer units) are poorly soluble in water, they have less pronounced bifidogenic properties, and they are fermented more slowly. It was observed that a combination of short-chain and long-chain fructans (Synergy 1) is physiologically (for example, increasing mineral absorption, suppressing carcinogenesis, modulating lipid metabolism, etc) more active than the individual fractions. A possible mechanism is described in the present review. From an in-depth overview of the literature it is confirmed that for prebiotic action, the 'selectivity principle' for intestinal fermentation is determinative for the type and for the efficiency of physiological activity. It is confirmed that prebiotics act through their influence on intestinal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Loo
- ORAFTI, Aandorenstraat 1, B3300 Tienen, Belgium.
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Feliciano M, Saad F, Logato P, Aquino A, José V, Roque N. Efeitos de probióticos sobre a digestibilidade, escore fecal e características hematológicas em cães. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação de dois tipos de probióticos para cães filhotes, que receberam dois tipos de dieta - de alta e de baixa qualidade -, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, escore fecal e parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram utilizados 18 animais, distribuídos em três tratamentos. No tratamento 1, controle, os cães receberam somente a ração; no tratamento 2, ração com probiótico 1 (Bifidobacterium) e, no tratamento 3, ração com probiótico 2 (Lactobacillus). O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. Verificaram-se que os valores médios do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta (CMEB) na fase 1, caracterizada pela troca da dieta Super Premium para a dieta Standard, apresentaram resultados significativos (P<0,05), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos nos animais que receberam o probiótico 2. Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para o escore fecal e para as análises hematológicas.
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Indole acts as an extracellular cue regulating gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3504-16. [PMID: 19329638 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01240-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole has been proposed to act as an extracellular signal molecule influencing biofilm formation in a range of bacteria. For this study, the role of indole in Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation was examined. It was shown that indole activates genes involved in vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) production, which is essential for V. cholerae biofilm formation. In addition to activating these genes, it was determined using microarrays that indole influences the expression of many other genes, including those involved in motility, protozoan grazing resistance, iron utilization, and ion transport. A transposon mutagenesis screen revealed additional components of the indole-VPS regulatory circuitry. The indole signaling cascade includes the DksA protein along with known regulators of VPS production, VpsR and CdgA. A working model is presented in which global control of gene expression by indole is coordinated through sigma(54) and associated transcriptional regulators.
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Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Jurgoński A, Brzuzan Ł, Godycka-Kłos I, Zary-Sikorska E. Extract of green tea leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin-induced changes in antioxidant status and gastrointestinal functioning in rats. Nutr Res 2009; 28:343-9. [PMID: 19083430 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rats with severe streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were subjected to dietary green tea extract supplementation at 2 doses (0.01% and 0.2%; GTL and GTH groups, respectively) to evaluate their effects on antioxidant, gastrointestinal, and renal parameters of experimental animals. The lower dietary supplementation reflects daily consumption of 3 cups of green tea for an average adult weighing 70 kg. Supplementation of a diet with green tea extract had no influence on elevated food intake, body weight loss, increased glucose concentration, or declined antioxidant capacity of water-soluble substances in plasma in the diabetic rats. In cases of intestinal maltase activity, attenuation of liver and kidney hypertrophy, triacylglycerol concentration, and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the serum, both dietary treatments normalized metabolic disorders caused by STZ injection to a similar extent. Unlike the GTL group, the GTH treatment significantly ameliorated development of diabetes-induced abnormal values for small intestinal saccharase and lactase activities, renal microalbuminuria, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content in kidney tissue, as well as total antioxidant status in the serum of rats. The GTH group was also characterized by higher antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble substances in plasma and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum. Although the higher dose of green tea extract did not completely protect against STZ-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in experimental rats, this study suggests that green tea extract ingested at high amounts may prove to be a useful therapeutic option in the reversal of diabetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Science, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
Probiotics and prebiotics share a unique role in human nutrition, largely centering on manipulation of populations or activities of the bacteria that colonize our bodies. Benefits of regular consumption of probiotics or prebiotics include enhanced immune function, improved colonic integrity, decreased incidence and duration of intestinal infections, down-regulated allergic response, and improved digestion and elimination. Research has shown that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful in achieving these and other positive effects, provided that proper strain, product selection, and dosing guidelines of commercial products are followed. There is a need to consolidate the basic and applied research on probiotics and prebiotics into useful tools for food and nutrition professionals. Information on probiotic species, applications for specific strains, dosages and forms, safety, and shelf life is not sufficiently summarized to allow practical and consistent recommendations to be made by most food and nutrition professionals. In addition, prebiotic fibers-although providing nutraceutical and nutritional value-are a group of diverse carbohydrate ingredients that are poorly understood in regard to their origin, fermentation profiles, and dosages required for health effects. The science and practice-based guidelines presented here will enhance clinician and client understanding of probiotics and prebiotics, with the aim of improving appropriate recommendation and informed use of these emerging dietary ingredients and the products containing them.
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de Preter V, Vanhoutte T, Huys G, Swings J, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K. Baseline microbiota activity and initial bifidobacteria counts influence responses to prebiotic dosing in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:504-13. [PMID: 18081736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intervention with prebiotics can cause changes in the colonic microbiota and their metabolic activities. AIM To investigate whether the response to prebiotic dosing is influenced by the baseline metabolic activity of the colonic flora and bifidobacteria counts. METHODS The 4-week effect of lactulose (10 g bid.; n = 29) and oligofructose-enriched inulin (10 g bid.; n = 19) was evaluated in healthy human volunteers. Lactose-[(15)N, (15)N]-ureide was used to study the colonic NH(3)-metabolism. Urine (48 h) and faeces (72 h) were collected and analysed for p-cresol and (15)N-content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometer, respectively. Faecal bifidobacteria were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After the 4-week prebiotic administration period, the urinary excretion of p-cresol and (15)N was significantly decreased in both groups (P < 0.05) corresponding to a significantly higher faecal excretion of (15)N (P < 0.05). The decrease in urinary (15)N and p-cresol excretion significantly correlated with baseline (15)N and p-cresol levels (P < 0.05), indicating that subjects with higher baseline levels showed a higher response to prebiotic dosing. Furthermore, a significant correlation was seen between baseline bifidobacteria counts and the effect of prebiotic intake (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The response to prebiotic dosing, as indicated by the fate of NH(3), p-cresol and bifidobacteria, is determined by the initial colonic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V de Preter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Research, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Li P, Burr GS, Gatlin DM, Hume ME, Patnaik S, Castille FL, Lawrence AL. Dietary supplementation of short-chain fructooligosaccharides influences gastrointestinal microbiota composition and immunity characteristics of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in a recirculating system. J Nutr 2007; 137:2763-8. [PMID: 18029496 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has been shown to confer benefits on nutrient utilization, growth, and disease resistance of various animal species through improved gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. However, potential uses of prebiotics for shrimp have not been defined. A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the effects of scFOS supplementation on growth performance, immune functions, and GI microbiota composition of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). scFOS was supplemented in a nutritionally complete diet (35% crude protein) at 0.025, 0.0500, 0.075, 0.100, 0.200, 0.400, and 0.800% by weight. After 6 wk of feeding, shrimp fed 0, 0.1, and 0.8% scFOS were sampled for assays of immune function and GI microbiota. Dietary supplementation of scFOS did not improve weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or survival of shrimp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis suggested the intestinal tract microbial community from shrimp fed the basal diet was different from that of shrimp fed the scFOS diets [similarity coefficient (SC) = 74.9%)], although the intestinal tract microbial community from shrimp fed the scFOS-supplemented diets was very similar (SC = 92.3%). All the bacterial species contributing to the GI microbial differences were identified, although most of them are uncultured species. Both total hemocyte count and hemocyte respiratory burst increased (P < 0.05) by incremental dietary supplementation of scFOS (0-0.8%). This study is the first to our knowledge to show that dietary scFOS can selectively support growth of certain bacterial species in the GI tract of shrimp and enhance immunity, which may facilitate development of alternative strategies, including novel probiotics and synbiotics, for shrimp growth and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA
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Juśkiewicz J, Semaskaite A, Zduńczyk Z, Wróblewska M, Gružauskas R, Juśkiewicz M. Minor effect of the dietary combination of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici with fructooligosaccharides or polysaccharidases on beneficial changes in the cecum of rats. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Blachier F, Mariotti F, Huneau JF, Tomé D. Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino Acids 2006; 33:547-62. [PMID: 17146590 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the amount of alimentary proteins, between 6 and 18 g nitrogenous material per day enter the large intestine lumen through the ileocaecal junction. This material is used as substrates by the flora resulting eventually in the presence of a complex mixture of metabolites including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, short and branched-chain fatty acids, amines; phenolic, indolic and N-nitroso compounds. The beneficial versus deleterious effects of these compounds on the colonic epithelium depend on parameters such as their luminal concentrations, the duration of the colonic stasis, the detoxication capacity of epithelial cells in response to increase of metabolite concentrations, the cellular metabolic utilization of these metabolites as well as their effects on colonocyte intermediary and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, the effects of metabolites on electrolyte movements through the colonic epithelium must as well be taken into consideration for such an evaluation. The situation is further complicated by the fact that other non-nitrogenous compounds are believed to interfere with these various phenomenons. Finally, the pathological consequences of the presence of excessive concentrations of these compounds are related to the short- and, most important, long-term effects of these compounds on the rapid colonic epithelium renewing and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Blachier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris, France.
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Liong M, Shah NE. Optimization of Growth ofLactobacillus casei ASCC292 and Production of Organic Acids in the Presence of Fructooligosaccharide and Maltodextrin. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zduńczyk Z, Król B, Juśkiewicz J, Wróblewska M. Biological properties of fructooligosaccharides with different contents of kestose and nystose in rats. Arch Anim Nutr 2005; 59:247-56. [PMID: 16320813 DOI: 10.1080/17450390500216944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a four-week experiment on rats' diets containing 5% of sucrose or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) diversified in terms of kestose and nystose contents: 6:1 (FOS-K), 3:1 (FOS-KN), and 0.5:1 (FOS-N) were applied. All FOS preparations, primarily FOS-N, considerably increased the mass of caecum, lowered pH of caecal digesta, and increased concentrations of protein. The glycolytic activity of the caecal digesta was generally alike in all groups, except for the control group where the activity of beta-glucosidase was negligibly lower and that of alpha-galactosidase higher. The administration of FOS preparation with a diet increased the concentration and the pool of total VFA in the caecal digesta, especially in the case of butyric and propionic acids and decreased the concentration of iso-butyric and valeric acids. When compared with the kestose-rich preparation, the nystose-rich preparation increased the production of total VFA in the caecum, primarily of n-butyrate and propionate. Different length of kestose and nystose chains had no effect on the activity of bacterial enzymes in the caecum nor the biochemical indices of serum, concentration of cholesterol, glucose, urea, Ca, P and Mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
GOAL To investigate the literature from 1980 to 2004 for the types of studies and organisms used as probiotics in human studies and diseases. METHODS PubMed search for probiotic organisms used in studies from 1980 to August 2004. The data from those papers were evaluated for organisms used, dose, vehicle, frequency, and investigator's report of positive or negative results. RESULTS A total of 185 manuscripts were identified. Investigators reported results of both single and multiple organisms in the same manuscript. A single organism was used in 125 reports, and multiple organisms, ranging from 2 to 9, were used in 60 reports. Positive results were reported in 239 clinical situations and negative results reported in 49 in a total of 288 clinical conclusions drawn by the respective investigators. The studies are tabulated in this review. CONCLUSION There is a large literature available in credible journals that report benefit of probiotic administration using a wide range of doses, organisms, and clinical situations. Most of the studies are simple reports of a clinical situation and require additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montrose
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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