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Green GBH, Williams MB, Brandom JL, Chehade SB, Fay CX, Morrow CD, Lawrence AL, Bej AK, Watts SA. A Bacterial-Sourced Protein Diet Induces Beneficial Shifts in the Gut Microbiome of the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102077. [PMID: 38357379 PMCID: PMC10865222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial-sourced single-cell proteins (SCPs) offer an alternative protein source for diet formulation for Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other aquaculture models. In addition, the use of a single-cell bacterial protein source derived from multiple species provides a unique insight into the interplay among nutrients in the diet, microbial populations in the diet, and the gut microbiome in D. rerio. Objective Our objective in this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary replacement of fish protein hydrolysate in a standard reference (SR) with a single-cell bacterial protein source on D. rerio gut microbiome. Methods We investigated gut microbial compositions of D. rerio fed an open-formulation standard reference (SR) diet or a bacterial-sourced protein (BP) diet, utilizing microbial taxonomic co-occurrence networks, and predicted functional profiles. Results Microbial communities in the SR diet were primarily composed of Firmicutes. In contrast, the BP diet was mainly composed of Proteobacteria. Alpha diversity revealed significant differences in microbial communities between the 2 diets, and between the guts of D. rerio fed either of the 2 diets. D. rerio fed with the SR diet resulted in abundance of Aeromonas and Vibrio. In contrast, D. rerio fed with a BP diet displayed a large abundance of members from the Rhodobacteraceae family. Taxonomic co-occurrence networks display unique microbial interactions, and key taxons in D. rerio gut samples were dependent on diet and gender. Predicted functional profiling of the microbiome across D. rerio fed SR or BP diets revealed distinct metabolic pathway differences. Female D. rerio fed the BP diet displayed significant upregulation of pathways related to primary and secondary bile acid synthesis. Male D. rerio fed the BP diet revealed similar pathway shifts and, additionally, a significant upregulation of the polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis pathway. Conclusions The use of a BP dramatically affects the composition and activity of the gut microbiome. Future investigations should further address the interplay among biological systems and diet and may offer insights into potential health benefits in preclinical and translational animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- George BH Green
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael B Williams
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jeri L. Brandom
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sophie B Chehade
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christian X Fay
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Casey D Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Addison L Lawrence
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Agriculture and Life Sciences, TAMU College Station, TX, United States
| | - Asim K Bej
- J. Frank Barefield, Jr. Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen A Watts
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Williams MB, Green GBH, Palmer JW, Fay CX, Chehade SB, Lawrence AL, Barry RJ, Powell ML, Harris ML, Watts SA. Replacement of Dietary Fish Protein with Bacterial Protein Results in Decreased Adiposity Coupled with Liver Gene Expression Changes in Female Danio rerio. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102057. [PMID: 38234580 PMCID: PMC10792695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Effective use of Danio rerio as a preclinical model requires standardization of macronutrient sources to achieve scientific reproducibility across studies and labs. Objective Our objective was to evaluate a bacterial-based single-cell protein (SCP) for the production of open-source standardized diets with defined health characteristics for the zebrafish research community. Methods We completed a 16-wk feeding trial using juvenile D. rerio 31 d postfertilization (10 tanks per diet and 14 D. rerio per tank) with formulated diets containing either a typical fish protein ingredient [standard reference (SR) diet] or a novel bacterial SCP source [bacterial protein (BP) diet]. At the end of the feeding trial, growth metrics, body composition, reproductive success, and bulk transcriptomics of the liver (RNAseq on female D. rerio with confirmatory rtPCR) were performed for each diet treatment. Results D. rerio fed the BP diet had body weight gains equivalent to the D. rerio fed fish protein, and females had significantly lower total carcass lipid, indicating reduced adiposity. Reproductive success was similar between treatments, suggesting normal physiological function. Genes differentially expressed in female D. rerio fed the BP diet compared with females fed the SR diet were overrepresented in the gene ontologies of metabolism, biosynthesis of cholesterol precursors and products, and protein unfolding responses. Conclusion Protein source substantially affected body growth metrics and composition as well as gene expression. These data support the development of an open-source diet utilizing an ingredient that correlates with improved health profiles and reduced variability in notable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - George BH Green
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joseph W Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christian X Fay
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sophie B Chehade
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Addison L Lawrence
- Agriculture and Lifesciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Robert J Barry
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mickie L Powell
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Melissa L Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen A Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Williams M, Green GBH, Palmer JW, Fay CX, Chehade SB, Lawrence AL, Barry RJ, Powell ML, Harris ML, Watts SA. Replacement of Dietary Fish Protein With Bacterial Single Cell Protein Results in Decreased Adiposity Coupled With Liver Expression Changes in Female Danio Rerio. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3044822. [PMID: 37398488 PMCID: PMC10312982 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3044822/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Effective use of Danio rerio as a preclinical model requires standardization of macronutrient sources to achieve scientific reproducibility across studies and labs. Our objective was to evaluate single cell protein (SCP) for production of open-source standardized diets with defined heath characteristics for the zebrafish research community. We completed a 16-week feeding trial using juvenile D. rerio 31 days post-fertilization (dpf) (10 tanks per diet, 14 D. rerio per tank) with formulated diets containing either a typical fish protein ingredient or a novel bacterial SCP source. At the end of the feeding trial, growth metrics, body composition, reproductive success, and bulk transcriptomics of the liver (RNAseq on female D. rerio only with confirmatory rtPCR) were performed for each diet treatment. Results D. rerio fed the SCP containing diet had body weight gains equivalent to the D. rerio fed fish protein, and females had significantly lower total carcass lipid, indicating reduced adiposity. Reproductive success was similar between treatments. Genes differentially expressed in female D. rerio provided the bacterial SCP compared to females given fish protein were overrepresented in the gene ontologies of metabolism, biosynthesis of cholesterol precursors and products, and protein unfolding responses. Conclusion These data support the development of an open-source diet utilizing an ingredient that correlates with improved health profiles and reduced variability in notable outcomes.
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Green GB, Williams MB, Chehade SB, Flowers JT, Morrow CD, Lawrence AL, Bej AK, Watts SA. Body Metrics and the Gut Microbiome in Response to Macronutrient Limitation in the Zebrafish Danio rerio. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100065. [PMID: 37304849 PMCID: PMC10257228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthy and predictable physiologic homeostasis is paramount in animal models for biomedical research. Proper macronutrient intake is an essential and controllable environmental factor for maintaining animal health and promoting experimental reproducibility. Objective and Methods Evaluate reductions in dietary macronutrient composition on body weight metrics, composition, and gut microbiome in Danio rerio. Methods D. rerio were fed reference diets deficient in either protein or lipid content for 14 weeks. Results Diets of reduced-protein or reduced-fat resulted in lower weight gain than the standard reference diet in male and female D. rerio. Females fed the reduced-protein diet had increased total body lipid, suggesting increased adiposity compared with females fed the standard reference diet. In contrast, females fed the reduced-fat diet had decreased total body lipid compared with females fed the standard reference diet. The microbial community in male and female D. rerio fed the standard reference diet displayed high abundances of Aeromonas, Rhodobacteraceae, and Vibrio. In contrast, Vibrio spp. were dominant in male and female D. rerio fed a reduced-protein diet, whereas Pseudomonas displayed heightened abundance when fed the reduced-fat diet. Predicted functional metagenomics of microbial communities (PICRUSt2) revealed a 3- to 4-fold increase in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) functional category of steroid hormone biosynthesis in both male and female D. rerio fed a reduced-protein diet. In contrast, an upregulation of secondary bile acid biosynthesis and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies was concomitant with a downregulation in steroid hormone biosynthesis in females fed a reduced-fat diet. Conclusions These study outcomes provide insight into future investigations to understand nutrient requirements to optimize growth, reproductive, and health demographics to microbial populations and metabolism in the D. rerio gut ecosystem. These evaluations are critical in understanding the maintenance of steady-state physiologic and metabolic homeostasis in D. rerio. Curr Dev Nutr 20xx;x:xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B.H. Green
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael B. Williams
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sophie B. Chehade
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Flowers
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Casey D. Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Addison L. Lawrence
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Agriculture and Life Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Asim K. Bej
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- J. Frank Barefield, Jr. Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Yuan Y, Chehade SB, Jensen KE, Barry RJ, Fowler LA, Makowsky R, Powell ML, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. Feed Intake as an Estimation of Attractability in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 2021; 532:736041. [PMID: 34992326 PMCID: PMC8730358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple bioassay that quantifies feed intake as an estimation of relative attractability of feeds containing different ingredients in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is described. Fish meal (FM), fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), squid meal (SqM) and casein (CN) were assessed at the same dietary level for their relative influence on feed intake rates of Litopenaeus vannamei. A bland diet containing 92% whole wheat grain meal, 6% diatomaceous earth and 2% alginate with a known low attractability was used as the standard control or base diet. Ingredients were added to the bland base control diet at a level of 3% as fed. Shrimp were stocked into 80 L glass tanks (n= 20 per tank) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Tanks were randomly assigned to one of five diet treatments (3tanks/treatment). Experiments measuring the attractability of each feed were conducted twice daily at 0900 hours and 1330 hours over a five day period. For each experiment, 40 feed pellets (ca. 1 g) corresponding to the assigned treatment were provided to each tank. To calculate the rate of feed intake, pellets remaining in each tank were counted at six minute intervals for a seventy-two minute period. Differences in rate of feed intake among diets were evaluated using Cox Regression Analysis. This attractability assay required only small amounts of ingredients and incorporated ingredients into a bland feed, which significantly reduces the influence from other ingredients or compound in the pellets. All of the test protein ingredients, especially SqM, in the feeds significantly increased the feed consumption rate. The diet containing SqM was consumed at a significantly higher rate than those containing casein and FM but not FPH. FPH and CN containing diets were not significantly different but consumed at a higher rate than the diet containing FM. Results of these trials indicate that the presence of certain ingredients can increase feed intake, thereby increasing nutrient availability of the diets. This reported method to determine consumption of diets containing certain ingredients can be considered as a valid method to estimate attractability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Sophie Bru Chehade
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Karen E. Jensen
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Robert J. Barry
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - L. Adele Fowler
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Robert Makowsky
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Mickie L. Powell
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
| | - Addison L. Lawrence
- Texas A&M University System, Texas AgriLife Research, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 534 John Kimbrough Blvd #2258, College Station, TX. 77843
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL. 35294
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Lawrence JM, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. Ingestion, digestion, and digestibility of regular sea urchins. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819570-3.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Taylor AM, Heflin LE, Powell ML, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate on Weight Gain and Gonad Production in Small Sea Urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. Aquac Nutr 2017; 23:375-386. [PMID: 28479861 PMCID: PMC5415342 DOI: 10.1111/anu.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In experiment 1, juvenile sea urchins (n = 80, 0.088 ± 0.001 g wet weight and 5.72 ± 0.04 mm diameter) were held individually and fed ad libitum one of three semi-purified formulated diets (n = 16 individuals treatment-1). In the diets, protein was held constant (310g kg-1 dry, as fed) and carbohydrate level varied (190, 260, or 380 g kg-1 dry, as fed). Wet weights were measured every 2 weeks. Total wet weight gain was inversely proportional to dietary carbohydrate level and energy content of the respective diet. In experiment 2, sea urchins (5.60 ± 0.48g wet weight, n= 40) fed 190 g kg-1 carbohydrate consumed significantly more dry feed than those fed 260 g kg-1, but not more than those fed 380 g kg-1 carbohydrate. Based on differential feed intake rates, sea urchins that consumed more feed also consumed higher levels of protein and had the highest weight gain. Consequently, protein content and/or protein: energy ratio may be important in determining feed utilization and growth among sea urchins in this study. The average digestible energy intake was approximately 70 kcal kg-1 body weight day-1, suggesting daily caloric intake of juvenile Lytechinus variegatus is lower than in shrimp and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Taylor
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374A, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laura E Heflin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374A, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mickie L Powell
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374A, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Addison L Lawrence
- Texas A&M University, Texas AgriLIFE Mariculture Research Laboratory, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, Texas 78373
| | - Stephen A Watts
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 375, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Heflin LE, Makowsky R, Taylor JC, Williams MB, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE IN THE CULTURE OF JUVENILE SEA URCHIN Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture 2016; 463:51-60. [PMID: 28082753 PMCID: PMC5221704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (ca. 3.95± 0.54 g) were fed one of 10 formulated diets with different protein (ranging from 11- 43%) and carbohydrate (12 or 18%; brackets determined from previous studies) levels. Urchins (n= 16 per treatment) were fed a daily sub-satiation ration equivalent to 2.0% of average body weight for 10 weeks. Our objective was (1) to create predictive models of growth, production and efficiency outcomes and (2) to generate economic analysis models in relation to these dietary outcomes for juvenile L. variegatus held in culture. At dietary protein levels below ca. 30%, models for most growth and production outcomes predicted increased rates of growth and production among urchins fed diets containing 18% dietary carbohydrate levels as compared to urchins fed diets containing 12% dietary carbohydrate. For most outcomes, growth and production was predicted to increase with increasing level of dietary protein up to ca. 30%, after which, no further increase in growth and production were predicted. Likewise, dry matter production efficiency was predicted to increase with increasing protein level up to ca. 30%, with urchins fed diets with 18% carbohydrate exhibiting greater efficiency than those fed diets with 12% carbohydrate. The energetic cost of dry matter production was optimal at protein levels less than those required for maximal weight gain and gonad production, suggesting an increased energetic cost (decreased energy efficiency) is required to increase gonad production relative to somatic growth. Economic analysis models predict when cost of feed ingredients are low, the lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 18% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 25- 30% dietary protein. In contrast, lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 12% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 35- 40% dietary protein when feed ingredient costs are high or average. For both 18 and 12% levels of dietary carbohydrate, cost per gram of wet weight gain is predicted to be maximized at low dietary protein levels, regardless of feed ingredient costs. These models will compare dietary requirements and growth outcomes in relation to economic costs and provide insight for future commercialization of sea urchin aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Heflin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 205-934-8313,
| | | | - J. Christopher Taylor
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 205-934-8313,
| | - Michael B. Williams
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 374, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 205-934-2045,
| | - Addison L. Lawrence
- Texas A&M University, Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Laboratory, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, TX 78373,
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd., CH 375, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 205-934-2045
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Gibbs VK, Heflin LE, Jones WT, Powell ML, Lawrence AL, Makowsky R, Watts SA. Optimizing dietary levels of menhaden and soybean oils and soybean lecithin for pre-gonadal somatic growth in juveniles of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture 2015; 446:198-205. [PMID: 26146422 PMCID: PMC4487859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids serve as important sources of energy and essential fatty acids for aquatic animals. Sources of animal and plant oils are increasingly limited as well as expensive, and dietary requirements associated with the inclusion of these oils must be carefully evaluated to facilitate sustainable and affordable formulations. In this study, we investigated quantities of menhaden oil (MO) with and without soybean lecithin or soybean oil (SO) to determine appropriate levels for optimal somatic growth for pre-gonadal juvenile Lytechinus variegatus. We prepared semi-purified diets that varied in neutral lipid content (0, 2, 4, or 8% dry matter) and soy lecithin (0 or 2%) and exchanged lipids reciprocally with purified starch while holding constant all other nutrients. We maintained laboratory-reared juvenile L. variegatus (average initial wet weight 82 ± 0.7 mg, mean ± SE , n = 9 treatment-1) in recirculating seawater systems and fed each daily a sub-satiation ration for five weeks. We assessed wet weights and test diameters every two weeks and at the end of the experiment (5 wk). Level of MO with or without soybean lecithin did not significantly affect wet weight gain; however, increasing levels of SO in the diet reduced wet weight gain and dry matter production efficiency and increased feed conversion ratio. Dry gut weight was positively correlated with level of MO. Lipid level in the gut increased with increasing dietary lipid level, regardless of source. These data suggest the composition of the SO is inhibitory for either nutrient absorption or metabolic processes associated with growth at this life stage. Diets containing total lipid levels of approximately 5 to 6% that include sources of n-3 fatty acids may support optimal growth for pre-gonadal juvenile L. variegatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K. Gibbs
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Laura E. Heflin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Warren T. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Mickie L. Powell
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Addison L. Lawrence
- Texas AgriLife Mariculture Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University System, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, Texas, 78373, USA
| | - Robert Makowsky
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
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Drew SL, Lawrence AL, Sherburn MS. Unified total synthesis of the natural products endiandric acid A, kingianic acid E, and kingianins A, D, and F. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3886-3890. [PMID: 29218159 PMCID: PMC5707472 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A measure of the strength of a synthetic strategy is its versatility: specifically, whether it allows structurally distinct targets to be prepared. Herein we disclose a unified approach for the total synthesis of natural products of three distinct structural types, all of which occur naturally as racemic mixtures. The point of divergence involves the terminal alkylation of a conjugated tetrayne, and culminates in a significantly shortened synthesis of endiandric acid A (8 steps), the first total synthesis of kingianic acid E (8 steps), and a second-generation synthesis of kingianins A, D, and F (11 steps). Evidence for redox catalysis in the biosynthesis of kingianic acid E is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Drew
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - A L Lawrence
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - M S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
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Lawrence AL, Brown GK, Peters B, Spielman DS, Morin-Adeline V, Šlapeta J. High phylogenetic diversity of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) at two mitochondrial DNA markers. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28:330-336. [PMID: 24548270 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Bouché), is the most common flea species found on cats and dogs worldwide. We investigated the genetic identity of the cosmopolitan subspecies C. felis felis and evaluated diversity of cat fleas from Australia, Fiji, Thailand and Seychelles using mtDNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and II (cox2) genes. Both cox1 and cox2 confirmed the high phylogenetic diversity and paraphyletic origin of C. felis felis. The African subspecies C. felis strongylus (Jordan) is nested within the paraphyletic C. felis felis. The south East Asian subspecies C. felis orientis (Jordan) is monophyletic and is supported by morphology. We confirm that Australian cat fleas belong to C. felis felis and show that in Australia they form two distinct phylogenetic clades, one common with fleas from Fiji. Using a barcoding approach, we recognize two putative species within C. felis (C. felis and C. orientis). Nucleotide diversity was higher in cox1 but COX2 outperformed COX1 in amino acid diversity. COX2 amino acid sequences resolve all phylogenetic clades and provide an additional phylogenetic signal. Both cox1 and cox2 resolved identical phylogeny and are suitable for population structure studies of Ctenocephalides species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lawrence
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lawrence JM, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. Feeding, Digestion and Digestibility of Sea Urchins. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396491-5.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Heflin LE, Gibbs VK, Powell ML, Makowsky R, Lawrence JM, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS ON WEIGHT GAIN AND GONAD PRODUCTION IN THE SEA URCHIN LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS. Aquaculture 2012; 358-359:253-261. [PMID: 24994942 PMCID: PMC4076750 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult Lytechinus variegatus were fed eight formulated diets with different protein (ranging from 12 to 36%) and carbohydrate (ranging from 21 to 39 %) levels. Each sea urchin (n = 8 per treatment) was fed a daily sub-satiation ration of 1.5% of average body weight for 9 weeks. Akaike information criterion analysis was used to compare six different hypothesized dietary composition models across eight growth measurements. Dietary protein level and protein: energy ratio were the best models for prediction of total weight gain. Diets with the highest (> 68.6 mg P kcal--1) protein: energy ratios produced the most wet weight gain after 9 weeks. Dietary carbohydrate level was a poor predictor for most growth parameters examined in this study. However, the model containing a protein × carbohydrate interaction effect was the best model for protein efficiency ratio (PER). PER decreased with increasing dietary protein level, more so at higher carbohydrate levels. Food conversion ratio (FCR) was best modeled by total dietary energy levels: Higher energy diets produced lower FCRs. Dietary protein level was the best model of gonad wet weight gain. These data suggest that variations in dietary nutrients and energy differentially affect organismal growth and growth of body components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Heflin
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Victoria K Gibbs
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Mickie L Powell
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Robert Makowsky
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - John M Lawrence
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Addison L Lawrence
- Texas A&M University, Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Laboratory, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, TX 78373
| | - Stephen A Watts
- University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
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Heflin LE, Gibbs VK, Powell ML, Makowsky R, Lawrence AL, Lawrence JM. EFFECT OF DIET QUALITY ON NUTRIENT ALLOCATION TO THE TEST AND ARISTOTLE'S LANTERN IN THE SEA URCHIN LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS (LAMARCK, 1816). J Shellfish Res 2012; 31:867-874. [PMID: 25431520 PMCID: PMC4243522 DOI: 10.2983/035.031.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Small adult (19.50 ± 2.01g wet weight) Lytechinus variegatus were fed eight formulated diets with different protein (12 to 36% dry weight as fed) and carbohydrate (21 to 39 % dry weight) levels. Each sea urchin (n = 8 per treatment) was fed a daily ration of 1.5% of the average body weight of all individuals for 9 weeks. Akaike information criterion scores were used to compare six different dietary composition hypotheses for eight growth measurements. For each physical growth response, different mathematical models representing a priori hypotheses were compared using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score. The AIC is one of many information-theoretic approaches that allows for direct comparison of non-nested models with varying number of parameters. Dietary protein level and protein: energy ratio were the best models for prediction of test diameter increase. Dietary protein level was the best model of test with spines wet weight gain and test with spines dry matter production. When the Aristotle's lantern was corrected for size of the test, there was an inverse relationship with dietary protein level. Log transformed lantern to test with spines index was also best associated with the dietary protein model. Dietary carbohydrate level was a poor predictor for growth parameters. However, the protein × carbohydrate interaction model was the best model of organic content (% dry weight) of the test without spines. These data suggest that there is a differential allocation of resources when dietary protein is limiting and the test with spines, but not the Aristotle's lantern, is affected by availability of dietary nutrients.
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Abstract
1. The electrical potential and concentration differences of Na, K, and Cl in the mucosal and serosal solutions of everted sacs of gut from Cryptochiton stelleri were determined.2. The parameters were used to determine if active ion transport was present in segments from the anterior and posterior intestine.3. The electrical potentials were of the order of 0.5 mV, serosa negative, in the anterior intestine, and 1 mV, serosa positive, in the posterior intestine. The potentials, although small, were significantly different from zero.4. The potentials of all segments responded to anoxia and incubation at different temperatures in a manner indicating that they were of active origin.5. Ions were accumulated against electrical potentials in some segments but did not respond to anoxia or incubation at different temperatures in a consistent fashion.6. It was concluded that active ion transport was present but no evidence for active transport of Na, K or Cl across the gut could be found.7. K leaked from the gut during incubation at non-physiological temperatures or during hypoxia and was removed upon restoration of physiological conditions.
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Wilkenfeld JS, Lawrence AL, Kuban FD. SURVIVAL, METAMORPHOSIS AND GROWTH OF PENAEID SHRIMP LARVAE REARED ON A VARIETY OF ALGAL AND ANIMAL FOODS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1984.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fenucci JL, Fenucci AC, Lawrence AL, Zein-Eldin ZP. THE ASSIMILATION OF PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE FROM PREPARED DIETS BY THE SHRIMP, Penaeus stylirostris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1982.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Castille FL, Lawrence AL. THE EFFECTS OF EDTA (ETHYLENEDINITROTETRAACETIC ACID) ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHRIMP NAUPLII (Penaeus stylirostris STIMPSON) AND THE INTERACTIONS OF EDTA WITH THE TOXICITIES OF CADMIUM, CALCIUM, AND PHENOL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chamberlain GW, Lawrence AL. EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND MALE AND FEMALE EYESTALK ABLATION ON REPRODUCTION OF Penaeus stylirostris AND P. vannamei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee PG, Lawrence AL. EFFECTS OF DIET AND SIZE ON GROWTH, FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND DIGESTIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE MARINE SHRIMP, Penaeus setiferus LINNAEUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1985.tb00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuban FD, Wilkenfeld JS, Lawrence AL. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus L. AND Penaeus aztecus IVES LARVAE FED Artemia BEGINNING AT THE PROTOZOEA-TWO SUBSTAGE VERSUS THE MYSIS-ONE SUBSTAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1983.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fenucci JL, Lawrence AL, Zein-Eldin ZP. THE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACID AND SHRIMP MEAL COMPOSITION OF PREPARED DIETS ON GROWTH OF JUVENILE SHRIMP, Penaeus stylirostris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lawrence AL, Fox J, Castille FL. DECREASED TOXICITY OF COPPER AND MANGANESE IONS TO SHRIMP NAUPLII (Penaeus stylirostris STIMPSON) IN THE PRESENCE OF EDTA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bray WA, Leung-Trujillo JR, Lawrence AL, Robertson SM. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, BACTERIAL INOCULATION, AND EDTA ON SPERM QUALITY IN CAPTIVE Penaeus setiferus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1985.tb00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fenucci JL, Zein-Eldin ZP, Lawrence AL. THE NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF TWO PENAEID SPECIES TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF SQUID MEAL IN A PREPARED FEED1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1980.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jennings NA, Pezzementi L, Lawrence AL, Watts SA. Acetylcholinesterase in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: characterization and developmental expression in larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:401-9. [PMID: 18166494 PMCID: PMC2292118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus has been characterized. Kinetic parameters V(max), K(m), K(ss), and b were 2594+/-1048 nmol ATCh hydrolyzed/min/mg tissue wet weight, 185+/-11 microM, 308+/-100 mM, and 0.2, respectively for the substrate ATCh and 17.8+/-6.87 nmol BTCh hydrolyzed/min/mg tissue wet weight, 654+/-424 microM, 36+/-31 mM, and 0.6, respectively for BTCh. Pharmacologic analyses were performed with four inhibitors of cholinesterases, physostigmine, BW284c51, ethopropazine, and iso-OMPA, and yielded IC(50) values of 106+/-4 nM, 718+/-118 nM, 2.57+/-0.6 mM, and >0.0300 M, respectively. Both kinetic and pharmacologic results confirmed the existence of AChE in larval L. variegatus. Dimeric and tetrameric globular forms (determined by velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients) were present in L. variegatus larvae. Activity of AChE increased significantly as larvae progressed in development from embryos to eight-arm larvae. Acetylcholinesterase activity of F1 larvae derived from sea urchins collected from wild populations and of F1 larvae derived from sea urchins cultured in the laboratory and fed two different diets suggest that the nutritional and/or environmental history of the adult sea urchin affect the developmental progression of AChE activity in the F1 offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Jennings
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1170, USA.
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Li P, Burr GS, Gatlin DM, Hume ME, Patnaik S, Castille FL, Lawrence AL. Dietary supplementation of short-chain fructooligosaccharides influences gastrointestinal microbiota composition and immunity characteristics of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in a recirculating system. J Nutr 2007; 137:2763-8. [PMID: 18029496 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has been shown to confer benefits on nutrient utilization, growth, and disease resistance of various animal species through improved gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. However, potential uses of prebiotics for shrimp have not been defined. A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the effects of scFOS supplementation on growth performance, immune functions, and GI microbiota composition of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). scFOS was supplemented in a nutritionally complete diet (35% crude protein) at 0.025, 0.0500, 0.075, 0.100, 0.200, 0.400, and 0.800% by weight. After 6 wk of feeding, shrimp fed 0, 0.1, and 0.8% scFOS were sampled for assays of immune function and GI microbiota. Dietary supplementation of scFOS did not improve weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or survival of shrimp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis suggested the intestinal tract microbial community from shrimp fed the basal diet was different from that of shrimp fed the scFOS diets [similarity coefficient (SC) = 74.9%)], although the intestinal tract microbial community from shrimp fed the scFOS-supplemented diets was very similar (SC = 92.3%). All the bacterial species contributing to the GI microbial differences were identified, although most of them are uncultured species. Both total hemocyte count and hemocyte respiratory burst increased (P < 0.05) by incremental dietary supplementation of scFOS (0-0.8%). This study is the first to our knowledge to show that dietary scFOS can selectively support growth of certain bacterial species in the GI tract of shrimp and enhance immunity, which may facilitate development of alternative strategies, including novel probiotics and synbiotics, for shrimp growth and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA
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Milner M, Bansode AG, Lawrence AL, Nevagi SA, Patwardhan V, Modak SP. Molecular phylogeny in 3-D. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2004; 6:189-200. [PMID: 15119827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic trees are constructed in three dimensions relative to the distribution of MW and pl classes and immunocrossreactivity against polyclonal antibodies to lens crystallins, as well as multiple sequence alignment between amino acid sequences, coding nucleotide sequences and the gene nucleotide sequences for beta-globin. Euclidian distances are estimated to position species in x, y, z space by multidimensional scaling and merged with bootstrap-tested branching pattern of Fitch & Margoliash plots to obtain 3-D phylogenetic tree. Compared to single attributes, phylogenetic trees based on multiple parameters allow significant repositioning of rodents, chiroptera and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milner
- Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
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Lawrence JM, Plank LR, Lawrence AL. The effect of feeding frequency on consumption of food, absorption efficiency, and gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 134:69-75. [PMID: 12507609 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of feeding in the field is variable in sea urchins, ranging from nearly continuous to diel or intermittent. It is essential to know the effect of feeding interval on physiological and metabolic processes to understand the basis for production. Lytechinus variegatus (50 mm horizontal diameter) were collected in January 1999 and held in closed-circuit aquaria at 25 degrees C and 35 per thousand salinity. After 9 days without food, individuals were fed one of three treatments: food available ad libitum, food available for 1 day every 2 days or food available for 1 day every 4 days for 28 days. The rate of food consumption per day of all individuals was high the first week of feeding. It then decreased to a lower, constant rate in those fed ad libitum but remained high in those fed one day every 2 or 4 days. The total amount eaten was directly related to frequency of feeding. The apparent dry matter digestibility (absorption efficiency) did not vary with frequency of feeding. As the total amount of energy absorbed was directly related to the frequency of feeding, the increase in the rate of food consumption does not compensate for a decrease in frequency of feeding. Gonad production efficiency was directly related to frequency of feeding. Gonad gross production (assimilation) efficiencies were 8.4, 3.9 and 3.4% for individuals fed every day, or fed one day every 2 and 4 days, respectively. The corresponding gonad net assimilation efficiencies were 12.5, 5.5, and 4.8%. A decrease in frequency of food availability results in use of a greater proportion of the food consumed for maintenance and less for gonad production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33620, USA.
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Lawrence AL, Mason RP. Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury and methylmercury by the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Environ Pollut 2001; 111:217-31. [PMID: 11202725 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of inorganic mercury (HgI) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) by benthic organisms and subsequent trophic transfer couples the benthic and pelagic realms of aquatic systems and provides a mechanism for transfer of sedimentary contaminants to aquatic food chains. Experiments were performed to investigate the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of particle-associated HgI and MMHg by the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus to further understand the controls on bioaccumulation by benthic organisms. HgI and MMHg are particle reactive and have a strong affinity for organic matter, a potential food source for amphipods. Microcosm laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effects of organic matter on Hg bioaccumulation and to determine the major route of Hg uptake (i.e. sediment ingestion, uptake from water/porewater, or uptake from 'food'). Amphipods living in organic-rich sediment spiked with Hg accumulated less Hg than those living in sediments with a lower organic matter content. Feeding had a significant impact on the amount of HgI and MMHg accumulated. Similarly, amphipods living in water with little organic matter accumulated more Hg than those living in water with a greater percentage of organic matter. MMHg was more readily available for uptake than HgI. Experimental results, coupled with results from a bioaccumulation model, suggest that accumulation of HgI and MMHg from sediment cannot be accurately predicted based solely on the total Hg, or even the MMHg, concentration of the sediment, and sediment-based bioaccumulation factors. All routes of exposure need to be considered in determining the accumulation of HgI and MMHg from sediment to benthic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lawrence
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, PO Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
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Jiang D, Lawrence AL, Neill WH, Gong H. Effects of temperature and salinity on nitrogenous excretion by Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2000; 253:193-209. [PMID: 11033364 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Excretion rates of ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (3.85+/-0.83 g) were quantified in response to nine different combinations of temperature (24, 28, and 32 degrees C) and salinity (10, 25, and 40 ppt) under laboratory conditions. Results indicated that L. vannamei is ammonotelic, with ammonia-N accounting for 61.9-84.3% of total nitrogen (TN) excretion. There were significant effects of temperature and salinity, but no significant interaction between them, on ammonia-N excretion rate (R(AN)). R(AN) increased with increasing temperature, over the interval 24-32 degrees C. R(AN) was lower at 25 ppt than at 10 and 40 ppt, at all temperatures. DON excretion rate (R(DON)) was not significantly influenced by either temperature or salinity; the overall mean R(DON) was about 5.24 µg-N g -1 h -1. However, the percentages of DON in TN (P(DON)) varied from 15.4 to 36.4% under the various temperature-salinity combinations. P(DON) at 28 and 32 degrees C was significantly lower than at 24 degrees C, and P(DON) at 10 ppt was significantly lower than at 25 and 40 ppt. Only very small amounts of nitrogen were excreted by L. vannamei as nitrite-N and nitrate-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jiang
- Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, 1300 Port Street, 78373, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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Padungchaichot P, Wong JY, Natoli AL, Massalas JS, Finkelstein DI, Lawrence AL, Drago J. Early direct and transneuronal effects in mice with targeted expression of a toxin gene to D1 dopamine receptor neurons. Neuroscience 2000; 95:1025-33. [PMID: 10682709 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemical profile was examined at postnatal day 3-4 in mutant mice generated by in vivo Cre mediated activation of an attenuated diphtheria toxin gene inserted into the D1 dopamine receptor gene locus. An earlier study of this model had shown that D1 dopamine receptor, substance P and dynorphin were not expressed in the striatum. Quantitative in situ hybridization analysis showed an increase in D2 dopamine receptor and enkephalin messenger RNA expression. The nigrostriatal pathway in the mutant pups was intact with a normal number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area in addition to a normal pattern of striatal dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Quantitative analysis of striatal dopamine transporter density using [3H]mazindol showed a reduction of 26% suggesting a degree of transneuronal down-regulation. There was also a 49% reduction of striatal GABA receptor binding and a 36% reduction of striatal muscarinic receptor binding in mutant pups. The number of healthy striatal neuropeptide Y-containing interneurons was also substantially down-regulated in the mutant striatum. In contrast, there was an increase in the number of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Down-regulated cortical GABA receptor and muscarinic receptor binding was also observed in addition to subtle morphological changes in the neuropeptide Y-expressing population of cortical neurons. The changes reflect the early cascade of events which follows the ablation of D1 dopamine receptor-positive cells. Although extensive changes in a number of striatal and cortical neurons were demonstrated, only subtle transneuronal effects were seen in the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padungchaichot
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Sugar and amino acid transport and diffusion from the uterine lumen were evaluated in either castrated rats 4 or 24 h after iv injection of 17 beta-estradiol (0.1--10 microgram) or in estrogen-primed castrated rats 12 or 24 h after iv injection of progesterone (25--250 microgram). Uptake phenomena were evaluated by selectively exposing the uterine luminal surface to a Ringer's solution containing [U-14C]D-mannitol and [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose or [3H]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid for a 30-sec incubation. Diffusion (D-mannitol uptake) decreased significantly 4 h (but not 24 h) after estrogen and 12 and 24 h after progesterone treatment. [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport increased significantly both 4 h (120--380%) and 24 h (50--200%) after estrogen. Although [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport was not significantly changed from that in the vehicle-injected control 12 or 24 h after progesterone, comparison of the transport at 12 h (reduced) to that at 24 h (increased) revealed a significant difference in the responses to progesterone treatment at these two times. [3H]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport increased significantly 4 and 24 h after only a pharmacological dose of 17 beta-estradiol and was unchanged 24 h after progesterone administration. In summary, uterine luminal diffusion and transport phenomena are hormone sensitive, with estrogen exerting a more pronounced effect on transport than does progesterone. Thus, through modulation of luminal transport mechanisms, these hormones may regulate substrate levels and, hence, their availability to the developing conceptus during different reproductive states in the rat.
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Castille FL, Lawrence AL. The effect of salinity on the osmotic, sodium, and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of the freshwater shrimps, Macrobrachium ohione smith and Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Castille FL, Lawrence AL. A comparison of the capabilities of juvenile and adult Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus stylirostris to regulate the osmotic, sodium, and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Castille FL, Lawrence AL. The effect of salinity on the osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of the rock shrimps, Sicyonia brevirostris and Sicyonia dorsalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)92563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Middleditch BS, Missler SR, Hines HB, McVey JP, Brown A, Ward DG, Lawrence AL. Metabolic profiles of penaied shrimp: dietary lipids and ovarian maturation. J Chromatogr A 1980; 195:359-68. [PMID: 7410512 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The major impediment to the culture of penaeid shrimp in captivity in the United States has been an inability to obtain ovarian maturation and spawning. Lipid profiles of tissues (gonads, hepatopancreas, and tail muscle) of Penaeus setiferus caught at sea have shown that cholesterol is the dominant sterol and that polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be essential in man comprise a significant portion of the fatty acid fraction. A prioprietary marine ration contains cholesterol, but is devoid of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ovarian maturation and spawning were obtained when the shrimp diet was supplemented with an annelid rich in lipids containing these compounds. The biochemical significance of these findings is discussed.
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Lawrence AL. The framework: state boards of nursing. NLN Publ 1974:61-5. [PMID: 4499732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
1. The effect of various monosaccharides on the potential difference across the intestine of the invertebrate, Cryptochiton stelleri, was studied using an everted sac technique.2. D-Glucose, when present in the mucosal solution, increased the transmural potential across the anterior intestine but had no effect on electrical potentials across the posterior intestine.3. D-Galactose, when present in the mucosal solution, increased the transmural potential across the posterior intestine but had no effect on electrical potentials across the anterior intestine.4. D-Fructose and D-mannose, metabolizable but non-transported sugars, increased anterior intestinal potentials but not posterior intestinal potentials.5. 3-O-methylglucose, an actively transported (across the anterior intestine) but non-metabolizable sugar, did not alter potentials across either the anterior or posterior intestine.6. The addition of D-glucose to the serosal solution increased anterior intestinal potentials, but the serosal addition of D-galactose did not affect posterior intestinal potentials.7. NaF, phlorizin and anoxia prevented the increase in potential across the anterior intestine and phlorizin (10(-4) but not 10(-6)M) and NaF but not anoxia prevented the increase in potential across the posterior intestine.8. It was suggested that the effect of glucose on anterior intestinal potentials was a metabolic effect, whereas the effect of galactose on posterior intestinal potentials was related to the active transport of that sugar from mucosa to serosa.
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Hanisch ME, Lawrence AL. Purine and pyrimidine absorption by the gut of the chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1972; 42:601-10. [PMID: 4404259 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lawrence AL. Scope of practice. Chart 1972; 69:41-4. [PMID: 4480756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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