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Kimble LL, Perry D, Bach KP. Curds in the way: A milk curd obstruction review and normal sonographic bowel appearances using a novel scoring system in neonates on fortified breast milk feeds. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38185883 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fortified expressed breast milk (FEBM) is a standard of care for premature and low birth weight neonates, but comes with an elevated risk of a rare but re-emergent pathology called milk curd obstruction (MCO). Little is known about normal sonographic appearances of bowel contents in this feeding setting, making the recognition of abnormalities difficult. Thus, we aimed to describe appearances that may be considered typical pre- and post-fortifier inclusion. METHODS Ten neonates of <32 weeks' gestation or a birth weight of <1,800 g recruited from Auckland City Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care between 1/5/2019 and 10/9/2019 received bowel ultrasounds within 24 h before and 10-14 days after starting FEBM. Bowel contents in six abdominal regions were assigned scores of 1-6 based on increasing solidification. RESULTS Lower gestational age was correlated with more solid contents on the pre-fortifier ultrasound (P = 0.02). Fortifier was significantly associated with increasing solidity, particularly in the left abdomen (P < 0.001). The left lower quadrant and rectum accounted for much of this change (P = 0.012 and P = 0.002). One subject who subsequently developed a clinical picture consistent with early MCO had uniquely demonstrated non-rectal solid contents (score 6). The interobserver kappa score for two assessors was 0.91 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) on still images. CONCLUSION This small cohort demonstrated increasing bowel content solidification after breast milk fortification using a novel ultrasound scoring system with good interobserver agreement. Non-rectal solid contents (score 6) appeared atypical. Ultrasound shows promise for its non-irradiating diagnostic utility in the setting of early milk curd disease evaluation of the premature neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara L Kimble
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Perry
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katinka P Bach
- Newborn Intensive Care Unit, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Kiefner-Burmeister A, Heilman CC. A Century of Influences on Parental Feeding in America. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:594-602. [PMID: 37921918 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Childhood obesity, food deserts, food prices, and a lack of nutritional knowledge are rising concerns in the USA. Parental feeding goals and practices have shifted greatly in the past century and families now rely almost solely on the corporate food industry. Industrial farming and corporate production of food stuffs can be damaging to the environment, animal ethics, and the health of children and families. This review examines how the history of the USA intertwines with parental feeding along with maternal and child health and well-being. RECENT FINDINGS Grass roots efforts are underway to educate the public in nutrition and gardening. Knowledge of food basics, cooking, and animal husbandry can have a positive influence on the health of children and families, especially those living in food deserts. The proliferation of farmers' markets may provide a safe-hold for those wishing to feed local, ethically produced foods to their families. Historical information on how US families became dependent upon factory farmed foods and lost their knowledge of food growth may help guide future communities on educational programming. Children who are educated on healthy foods have more interest in eating nourishing, clean foods. Family education and school programming on nutrition and gardening may work to ease absolute dependence on factory farmed foods and help to lower childhood obesity and related diseases.
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Harahsheh MM, Mukattash TL, Al-shatnawi S, Abu-Farha R, D’Arcy D, Jarab A, Abuhammad S. Breastfeeding friendly pharmacy from pharmacists perspective. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
<b>Objective:</b> The primary goals of our research were to explore pharmacists’ perception of breastfeeding friendly pharmacy (BFPh) requirements and factors associated with their awareness about these requirements.<br />
<b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study design was conducted using a self-administered survey. A convenience sample (n=381) of community pharmacists, was recruited through social media resources. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 35. The frequency or percentages were used for categorical variables while means and standard deviations were used for continuous variables. Also, linear regression analysis was used to evaluate factors affecting pharmacists’ awareness about BFPh requirements.<br />
<b>Results:</b> The majority of recruited pharmacists were female (n=329, 86.4%), aged between 23 to 30 years of age (78.7%, n=300). The most common steps to describe a pharmacy as a BFPh from the perspective of surveyed pharmacists were training all pharmacy staff to develop the necessary skills (n=239, 62.7%)) followed by informing all pregnant women about the benefits of breastfeeding (n=225, 59.1%)) and having a written policy on feeding infants and young children according to the recommendations of the WHO and in compliance with the international code (n=209, 54.9%)). Furthermore, pharmacists aging 40 years or less showed a significantly higher awareness about BFPh requirements compared to those aging above 40 years (beta=-0.013, p= 0.045). In addition, 37% (n=142) of pharmacists perceived that answering general questions or concerns on general medication intake while breastfeeding babies is their major role in breastfeeding support.<br />
<b>Conclusion:</b> Breastfeeding support is a promising area for promoting professional pharmacy services. Training all pharmacy staff and informing all pregnant about the benefit of breastfeeding are the most common two steps to describe a pharmacy as BFPh. Additionally, the awareness of BFPh requirement was associated with pharmacists age. Future focus should be placed on implementing BFPh project in Jordanian pharmacies, where the steps of this project are modified in line with the capabilities of pharmacies in Jordan within governmental pharmaceutical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mea’ad M Harahsheh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JORDAN
| | - Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JORDAN
| | - Samah Al-shatnawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JORDAN
| | - Rana Abu-Farha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, JORDAN
| | - Deirdre D’Arcy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Anan Jarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JORDAN
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sawsan Abuhammad
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JORDAN
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Vargas AJ, Assar C, Bremer AA, Carlson SJ, Fasano J, Gahche J, Gibbs K, Hansen PA, Lotze A, McKinnon RA, Morissette R, Potischman N, Kaneko K. Science surrounding the safe use of bioactive ingredients in infant formula: federal comment. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02512-6. [PMID: 36759748 PMCID: PMC10382303 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Vargas
- Eunice Kennedy Shrive National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carrie Assar
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Eunice Kennedy Shrive National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan J Carlson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeremiah Fasano
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jaime Gahche
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberlea Gibbs
- Eunice Kennedy Shrive National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrea Lotze
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robin A McKinnon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Nancy Potischman
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kotaro Kaneko
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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5
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Whittaker J. Dietary trends and the decline in male reproductive health. Hormones (Athens) 2023; 22:165-197. [PMID: 36725796 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the twentieth century, male reproductive health has suffered a substantial decline, as evidenced by decreases in sperm counts and testosterone levels and increases in reproductive pathologies. At the same time, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome has risen dramatically. Metabolic and reproductive health are highly interconnected, suggesting that their respective trends are intertwined and, given the timeframe of such trends, environmental and not genetic factors are most likely to be the primary causes. Industrialization, which began in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century, has resulted in profound changes to our diet, lifestyle, and environment, many of which are causal factors in the rise in chronic diseases. Industrialization results in a nutrition transition from an agricultural unprocessed to a modern processed diet, incorporating increases in sugar, vegetable oils, ultra-processed foods, linoleic acid, trans-fats, and total energy. This dietary shift has incurred numerous adverse effects on metabolic and reproductive health, characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Moreover, these effects appear to multiply across subsequent generations via epigenetic inheritance. Men's fertility is markedly affected by obesity and diabetes, with an increase in total energy via processed food intake arguably being the key factor driving the diabesity pandemic. In contrast, wholefoods rich in micronutrients and phytonutrients support male fertility and a healthy body weight. Therefore, men wanting to maximize their fertility should consider making positive dietary changes, such as replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods that support metabolic and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Whittaker
- The School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK.
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6
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Elliott MJ, Golombek SG. Evolution of Preterm Infant Nutrition from Breastfeeding to an Exclusive Human Milk Diet: A Review. Neoreviews 2022; 23:e558-e571. [PMID: 35909104 DOI: 10.1542/neo.23-8-e558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of feeding human milk to human infants are well-established. Preterm infants, particularly those born with very low birthweight (VLBW; <1,500 g), are a uniquely vulnerable population at risk for serious, life-threatening complications as well as disruptions in normal growth and development that can affect their lives into adulthood. Feeding VLBW preterm infants an exclusive human milk diet (EHMD) from birth that consists of the mother's own milk or donor human milk plus a nutritional fortifier made exclusively from human milk has been associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality and improved early growth and developmental metrics. Preliminary evidence suggests that the health benefits of adopting an EHMD (or avoiding cow milk products) early in life may last into adulthood. This review briefly summarizes the history of breastfeeding and describes the available evidence on the benefits of an EHMD among VLBW preterm infants as well as the importance of high-quality manufacturing standards for producing safe and effective human milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Elliott
- Department of Neonatology, Pediatrix Medical Group of Maryland, Rockville, MD
| | - Sergio G Golombek
- Prolacta Bioscience, Duarte, CA.,Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
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7
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Icoutchika KLM, Ahozonlin MC, Mitchikpe CES, Bouraima O, Aboh AB, Dossa LH. Socio-Economic Determinants of Goat Milk Consumption by Rural Households in the Niger Valley of Benin and Implications for the Development of a Smallholder Dairy Goat Program. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.901293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats, more popular than cattle in rural Benin, are mainly kept for meat production. Their milk is still unpopular but can provide the much-needed nutrients for children in food-insecure households. This study explored the socio-economic factors affecting the attitude of rural households in the Niger Valley of Benin toward goat milk consumption. Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews of 721 heads of households or their representatives. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to test the association between socioeconomic variables and goat milk consumption. Goat milk and its products were consumed in 14.7% of the surveyed households and were not part of the traditional diets of remaining 81.8%. Their sensory qualities were further reasons reported by 18.4% of respondents for their non-consumption. A household's likelihood to consume goat milk or its derivatives was significantly influenced by the sociocultural background of its head and whether it kept goats or not. The odds of consuming goat milk and/or its derivatives were 2.285 and 2.017 times higher, respectively, for households from Dendi and Peulh socio-cultural groups. Despite the recorded cultural barriers, there is room for increasing goat milk consumption by rural households by increasing its availability and raising awareness of its nutritional and health benefits.
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8
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Barrett-Reis B, Shakeel F, Dennis L, Baggs G, Masor ML. Acidified Feedings in Preterm Infants: A Historical and Physiological Perspective. Am J Perinatol 2022; 40:141-148. [PMID: 35640617 PMCID: PMC9803586 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of acidified milk for feeding infants has a long, interesting history that appears to have developed from the use of buttermilk in Holland as early as the late 19th century for feeding infants with diarrhea. Physicians in the early 20th century assumed that the observed benefits were from buttermilk's acidity leading to the practice of acidifying infant formula. The historical and physiological perspective on the use of acidified infant formula is now especially relevant with the emergence of an acidified liquid human milk fortifier for preterm infants. Here, we review that history, with a deeper dive into the contemporary research on the use of acidified human milk fortifiers, the consequences for preterm infants, and the underlying physiological mechanisms. KEY POINTS: · In the late 19th and early 20th century acidified feedings were in common use for sick infants.. · By the mid-20th century, acidified feedings tested in preterm infants resulted in acidic physiology and poor growth.. · The current practice of acidifying feedings in preterm infants has been associated with metabolic acidosis, poor tolerance, and delayed growth..
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Barrett-Reis
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, Ohio,Address for correspondence Bridget Barrett-Reis, PhD Associate Research Fellow, Abbott Nutrition R&DBldg ES1 East, 2900 Easton Square Place, Columbus, OH 43219
| | - Fauzia Shakeel
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Laura Dennis
- Mercy San Juan Medical Center NICU, Carmichael, California
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9
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Anspaugh LR, Bouville A, Thiessen KM, Hoffman FO, Beck HL, Gordeev KI, Simon SL. A Methodology for Calculation of Internal Dose Following Exposure to Radioactive Fallout from the Detonation of a Nuclear Fission Device. HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 122:84-124. [PMID: 34898517 PMCID: PMC8677618 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology for the calculation of internal doses of radiation following exposure to radioactive fallout from the detonation of a nuclear fission device. Reliance is on methodology previously published in the open literature or in reports not readily available, though some new analysis is also included. Herein, we present two methodologic variations: one simpler to implement, the other more difficult but more flexible. The intention is to provide in one place a comprehensive methodology. Pathways considered are (1) the ingestion of vegetables and fruits contaminated by fallout directly, (2) the ingestion of vegetables and fruits contaminated by continuing deposition by rain- or irrigation-splash and resuspension, (3) the ingestion of vegetables and fruits contaminated by absorption of radionuclides by roots after tillage of soil, (4) the non-equilibrium transfer of short-lived radionuclides through the cow-milk and goat-milk food chains, (5) the equilibrium transfer of long lived radionuclides through milk and meat food chains, and (6) inhalation of descending fallout. Uncertainty in calculated results is considered. This is one of six companion papers that describe a comprehensive methodology for assessing both external and internal dose following exposures to fallout from a nuclear detonation. Input required to implement the dose-estimation model for any particular location consists of an estimate of the post-detonation external gamma-exposure rate and an estimate of the time of arrival of the fallout cloud. The additional data required to make such calculations are included in the six companion papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn R. Anspaugh
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Emeritus, Henderson, NV
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10
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Schulz EV, Wagner CL. Powdered to Liquid Human Milk Fortifiers in the Preterm Infant. Neoreviews 2021; 22:e360-e369. [PMID: 34074641 DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-6-e360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In preterm infants, the goal of aggressive extrauterine nutritional management is to mimic in utero growth and nutrient accretion. Over the latter half of the 20th century, nutritional optimization through the practice of fortifying human milk rose to practice with increased survival rates in preterm infants of younger gestational age. The quest for optimal preterm fortification and nutrition remains a contentious area of debate. This review aims to summarize the historical perspectives of human milk fortification as well as the current literature advocating for the use of liquid human milk fortifiers in enterally fed premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carol L Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Charleston, SC
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11
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Page AE, Emmott EH, Myers S. Testing the buffering hypothesis: Breastfeeding problems, cessation, and social support in the UK. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23621. [PMID: 34056792 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical breastfeeding problems can lead women to terminate breastfeeding earlier than planned. In high-income countries such as the UK, breastfeeding problems have been attributed to the cultural and individual "inexperience" of breastfeeding, ultimately leading to lower breastfeeding rates. Yet, cross-cultural evidence suggests breastfeeding problems still occur in contexts where breastfeeding is common, prolonged, and seen publicly. This suggests breastfeeding problems are not unusual and do not necessarily lead to breastfeeding cessation. As humans evolved to raise children cooperatively, what matters for breastfeeding continuation may be the availability of social support during the postnatal period. Here, we test the hypothesis that social support buffers mothers from the negative impact breastfeeding problems have on duration. METHODS We run Cox models on a sample of 565 UK mothers who completed a retrospective online survey about infant feeding and social support in 2017-2018. RESULTS Breastfeeding problems were important predictors of cessation; however, the direction of the effect was dependent on the problem type and type of support from a range of supporters. Helpful support for discomfort issues (blocked ducts, too much milk) was significantly associated with reduced hazards of cessation, as predicted. However, helpful support for reported milk insufficiency was assoicated with an increased hazard of cessation. CONCLUSIONS Experiencing breastfeeding problems is the norm, but its impact may be mitigated via social support. Working from an interdisciplinary approach, our results highlight that a wide range of supporters who provide different types of support have potential to influence maternal breastfeeding experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Page
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily H Emmott
- UCL Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Myers
- UCL Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,BirthRites Independent Max Planck Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Alabduljabbar S, Zaidan SA, Lakshmanan AP, Terranegra A. Personalized Nutrition Approach in Pregnancy and Early Life to Tackle Childhood and Adult Non-Communicable Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060467. [PMID: 34073649 PMCID: PMC8224671 DOI: 10.3390/life11060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of childhood and adult non-communicable diseases (NCD) is associated with environmental factors, starting from intrauterine life. A new theory finds the roots of epigenetic programming in parental gametogenesis, continuing during embryo development, fetal life, and finally in post-natal life. Maternal health status and poor nutrition are widely recognized as implications in the onset of childhood and adult diseases. Early nutrition, particularly breastfeeding, also plays a primary role in affecting the health status of an individual later in life. A poor maternal diet during pregnancy and lack of breastfeeding can cause a nutrient deficiency that affects the gut microbiota, and acts as a cofactor for many pathways, impacting the epigenetic controls and transcription of genes involved in the metabolism, angiogenesis, and other pathways, leading to NCDs in adult life. Both maternal and fetal genetic backgrounds also affect nutrient adsorption and functioning at the cellular level. This review discusses the most recent evidence on maternal nutrition and breastfeeding in the development of NCD, the potentiality of the omics technologies in uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying it, with the future prospective of applying a personalized nutrition approach to prevent and treat NCD from the beginning of fetal life.
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13
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Baker P, Russ K, Kang M, Santos TM, Neves PAR, Smith J, Kingston G, Mialon M, Lawrence M, Wood B, Moodie R, Clark D, Sievert K, Boatwright M, McCoy D. Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry. Global Health 2021; 17:58. [PMID: 34020657 PMCID: PMC8139375 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global milk formula market has 'boomed' in recent decades, raising serious concerns for breastfeeding, and child and maternal health. Despite these developments, few studies have investigated the global expansion of the baby food industry, nor the market and political practices corporations have used to grow and sustain their markets. In this paper, our aim is to understand the strategies used by the baby food industry to shape 'first-foods systems' across its diverse markets, and in doing so, drive milk formula consumption on a global scale. We used a theoretically guided synthesis review method, which integrated diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources. RESULTS Global milk formula sales grew from ~US$1.5 billion in 1978 to US$55.6 billion in 2019. This remarkable expansion has occurred along two main historical axes. First, the widening geographical reach of the baby food industry and its marketing practices, both globally and within countries, as corporations have pursued new growth opportunities, especially in the Global South. Second, the broadening of product ranges beyond infant formula, to include an array of follow-up, toddler and specialized formulas for a wider range of age groups and conditions, thereby widening the scope of mother-child populations subject to commodification. Sophisticated marketing techniques have been used to grow and sustain milk formula consumption, including marketing through health systems, mass-media and digital advertising, and novel product innovations backed by corporate science. To enable and sustain this marketing, the industry has engaged in diverse political practices to foster favourable policy, regulatory and knowledge environments. This has included lobbying international and national policy-makers, generating and deploying favourable science, leveraging global trade rules and adopting corporate policies to counter regulatory action by governments. CONCLUSION The baby food industry uses integrated market and political strategies to shape first-foods systems in ways that drive and sustain milk formula market expansion, on a global scale. Such practices are a major impediment to global implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, and other policy actions to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. New modalities of public health action are needed to negate the political practices of the industry in particular, and ultimately to constrain corporate power over the mother-child breastfeeding dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Thiago M. Santos
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. R. Neves
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Julie Smith
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gillian Kingston
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Clark
- Independent Consultant on Public Health Law, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Sievert
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Monique Boatwright
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David McCoy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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14
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Lopez C, Adelfio A, Wall AM, Molloy B, Holton TA, Khaldi N. Human milk and infant formulae: Peptide differences and the opportunity to address the functional gap. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 3:217-226. [PMID: 33426531 PMCID: PMC7782925 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine-derived formula milk (FM) is a common substitute to human milk (HM), but lacks key functional benefits associated with HM. Accordingly, there have been significant efforts to humanise FM. Recent research has demonstrated that HM-derived peptides convey an array of beneficial bioactivities. Given that peptides serve as important signalling molecules offering high specificity and potency, they represent a prime opportunity to humanise FM. To further understand how HM-derived peptides contribute to infant health, we used peptidomics and bioinformatics to compare the peptide profile of HM to commercially available FM. We found clear and substantial differences between HM and FM in terms of peptide physicochemical properties, protein coverage and abundance. We additionally identified 618 peptides specific to HM that represent an important untapped source to be explored for novel bioactivities. While further study is required, our findings highlight the potential of a peptide-based approach to address the functional gap in FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Lopez
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | | | - Audrey M. Wall
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | - Brendan Molloy
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | | | - Nora Khaldi
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
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15
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Cadwell K, Blair A, Turner-Maffei C, Gabel M, Brimdyr K. Powdered Baby Formula Sold in North America: Assessing the Environmental Impact. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:671-679. [PMID: 32758012 PMCID: PMC7575352 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas emissions must decline by around 45% by 2030 and reach net zero in 2050. Biofuels, solar, and wind energy are obvious choices for reduction of the 75% of emissions from the energy sector (including transportation), but making reductions in the remaining 25%, the food sector, is more of a challenge. One way is to change our diets to increase low-carbon food alternatives. Objective: We chose to examine the impact of powdered baby formula products. The aim of this study is to compute a minimal estimate of green house gas (GHG) emissions for powdered baby formula products sold in North America comprising Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Results: We found that in 2016, the North America Greenhouse Gas emissions (in tons of CO2 eq.) attributable to sales of powdered formula for Canada was 70,256, for Mexico, 435,820, and for the United States, 655,956. The North American per capita emissions based on infants and toddlers from birth to 36 months of age in 2016 was, at a minimum, 59.06 kg of CO2 eq. Conclusion: The environmental and Greenhouse Gas impact of powdered baby formula, and related hazards arising from climate change, can be a relevant factor for health care providers in their advice to families on infant feeding. This study makes an innovative and potentially useful addition to the emerging evidence on this issue and should be considered when developing and funding infant and young child feeding policies and supportive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Cadwell
- Healthy Children Project, East Sandwich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Blair
- Healthy Children Project, East Sandwich, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Maret Gabel
- Healthy Children Project, East Sandwich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kajsa Brimdyr
- Healthy Children Project, East Sandwich, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Etowa J, Etowa E, Nare H, Mbagwu I, Hannan J. Social Determinants of Breastfeeding Preferences among Black Mothers Living with HIV in Two North American Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6893. [PMID: 32967193 PMCID: PMC7557830 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study is motivated by the need to understand the social determinants of breastfeeding attitudes among HIV-positive African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) mothers. To address the central issue identified in this study, analysis was conducted with datasets from two North American cities, where unique country-specific guidelines complicate infant feeding discourse, decisions, and practices for HIV-positive mothers. These national infant feeding guidelines in Canada and the US present a source of conflict and tension for ACB mothers as they try to navigate the spaces between contradictory cultural expectations and national guidelines. Analyses in this paper were drawn from a broader mixed methods study guided by a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to examine infant feeding practices among HIV-positive Black mothers in three countries. The survey were distributed through Qualtrics and SPSS was used for data cleaning and analysis. Results revealed a direct correlation between social determinants and breastfeeding attitude. Country of residence, relatives' opinion, healthcare providers' advice and HIV-related stigma had statistically significant association with breastfeeding attitude. While the two countries' guidelines, which recommend exclusive formula feeding, are cardinal in preventing vertical transmission, they can also be a source of stress. We recommend due consideration of the cultural contexts of women's lives in infant feeding guidelines, to ensure inclusion of diverse women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Etowa
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Egbe Etowa
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminology, Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;
| | - Hilary Nare
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Ikenna Mbagwu
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Jean Hannan
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Academic Centre 3, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
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17
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Archer E, Arjmandi B. Falsehoods and facts about dietary sugars: a call for evidence-based policy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3725-3739. [PMID: 32799555 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1804320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugar, tobacco, and alcohol have been demonized since the seventeenth century. Yet unlike tobacco and alcohol, there is indisputable scientific evidence that dietary sugars were essential for human evolution and are essential for human health and development. Therefore, the purpose of this analytic review and commentary is to demonstrate that anti-sugar rhetoric is divorced from established scientific facts and has led to politically expedient but ill-informed policies reminiscent of those enacted about alcohol a century ago in the United States. Herein, we present a large body of interdisciplinary research to illuminate several misconceptions, falsehoods, and facts about dietary sugars. We argue that anti-sugar policies and recommendations are not merely unscientific but are regressive and unjust because they harm the most vulnerable members of our society while providing no personal or public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Arjmandi
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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18
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Louis-Jacques AF, Marhefka SL, Brumley J, Schafer EJ, Taylor TI, Brown AJ, Livingston TA, Spatz DL, Miller EM. Historical Antecedents of Breastfeeding for African American Women: from the Pre-Colonial Period to the Mid-Twentieth Century. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:1003-1012. [PMID: 32124420 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African American women have much lower breastfeeding rates than other racial and ethnic groups in the USA. While researchers are beginning to explore contemporary factors contributing to this inequality, much less research has been devoted to the historical conditions that have contributed to these disparities. AIM The aim of this paper was to describe the social, economic, and political factors that have influenced African American breastfeeding behavior in the USA from the colonial era through the mid-twentieth century. METHODS A thematic analysis was conducted across multiple databases and sources. A social history framework, which focuses on the experiences of ordinary people and events, was used to identify and integrate themes found within the reviewed literature. RESULTS Three themes emerged: (1) Labor forces and other socio-cultural factors affected feeding practices and communal caregiving; (2) history of supplementation; and (3) influence of medicalization of birth and mobility on infant feeding in the twentieth century. These themes illustrate how African American women's ability to breastfeed has been significantly constrained throughout the U.S. HISTORY Supplementation with non-human milk substitutes and communal caregiving helped African American women navigate infant rearing under adverse socioeconomic circumstances. CONCLUSIONS Social, political, and economic factors have contributed significantly to African American women's ability to breastfeed throughout the U.S. HISTORY Understanding the influences of historical antecedents on breastfeeding decisions over time may be key to finding effective interventions that might increase breastfeeding rates within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetola F Louis-Jacques
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, 6th floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA.
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Marhefka
- College of Public Health and The Chiles Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Brumley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Midwifery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ellen J Schafer
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Tomaro I Taylor
- University of South Florida Libraries, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alyssa J Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, 6th floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | - Taylor A Livingston
- College of Public Health and The Chiles Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Diane L Spatz
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing & The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Emmott EH, Page AE, Myers S. Typologies of postnatal support and breastfeeding at two months in the UK. Soc Sci Med 2020; 246:112791. [PMID: 31927156 PMCID: PMC7014584 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence to suggest that social support improves breastfeeding outcomes. Building on this evidence-base, public health services and interventions aiming to improve breastfeeding rates have primarily targeted informational and emotional support to mothers, reflecting an individual behaviour-change approach. However, mothers exist within a wider social network, and the characteristics of their broader support networks may be an important predictor of breastfeeding outcomes. Here we explore the typologies of postnatal support for mothers in the UK; a population with one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe. Using retrospective data from an online survey (data collection period December 2017 - February 2018), we carry out a latent class regression (n = 432) to identify "clusters" of postnatal support in our data. Mothers in our sample were most likely to report receiving practical and emotional support from partners and maternal grandmothers, and breastfeeding information from health professionals. We identify three distinct typologies of postnatal support: 1) Extensive support, where mothers received support from a wide range of supporters including partners, maternal grandmothers, friends and health professionals, but mothers were the only ones to feed the infant; 2) Family support, where mothers received support from partners and maternal grandmothers, including with infant feeding, but less likely to receive support from health professionals; and 3) Low support, where mothers primarily received support from partners. 94% of women with extensive support were predicted to be breastfeeding at two months, followed by 48% of mothers in the low support group, and 13% in the family support group. Our findings highlight the complexities of family support and its potential impact on breastfeeding, as well as the significance of professional support. Overall, our results hint at the potential value for health professionals to engage with wider family in order to achieve extensive support for mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Emmott
- UCL Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK.
| | - Abigail E Page
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Myers
- UCL Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
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20
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Masum A, Huppertz T, Chandrapala J, Adhikari B, Zisu B. Physicochemical properties of spray-dried model infant milk formula powders: Influence of whey protein-to-casein ratio. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Hare DJ, Braat S, Cardoso BR, Morgan C, Szymlek-Gay EA, Biggs BA. Health outcomes of iron supplementation and/or food fortification in iron-replete children aged 4-24 months: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:253. [PMID: 31676010 PMCID: PMC6824107 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct supplementation or food fortification with iron are two public health initiatives intended to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in 4-24-month-old infants. In most high-income countries where IDA prevalence is < 15%, the recommended daily intake levels of iron from supplements and/or consumption of fortified food products are at odds with World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines that recommend shorter-term (3 months/year) supplementation only in populations with IDA prevalence > 40%. Emerging concerns about delayed neurological effects of early-life iron overexposure have raised questions as to whether recommended guidelines in high-income countries are unnecessarily excessive. This systematic review will gather evidence from supplementation/fortification trials, comparing health outcomes in studies where iron-replete children did or did not receive additional dietary iron; and determine if replete children at study outset were not receiving additional iron show changes in haematological indices of ID/IDA over the trial duration. METHODS We will perform a systematic review of the literature, including all studies of iron supplementation and/or fortification, including study arms with confirmed iron-replete infants at the commencement of the trial. This includes both dietary iron intervention or placebo/average dietary intakes. One reviewer will conduct searches in electronic databases of published and ongoing trials (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, EBSCO [e.g. CINAHL Complete, Food Science and Technology Abstracts], Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu and who.it/trialsearch), digital theses and dissertations (WorldCat, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, DART-Europe E-theses Portal, Australasian Digital Theses Program, Theses Canada Portal and ProQuest). For eligible studies, one reviewer will use a data extraction form, and a second reviewing entered data for accuracy. Both reviewers will independently perform quality assessments before qualitative and, if appropriate, quantitative synthesis as a meta-analysis. We will resolve any discrepancies through discussion or consult a third author to resolve discrepancies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement will be used as the basis for reporting. DISCUSSION Recommended iron supplementation and food fortification practices in high-income countries have been criticised for being both excessive and based on outdated or underpowered studies. This systematic review will build a case for revisiting iron intake guidelines for infants through the design of new trials where health effects of additional iron intake in iron-replete infants are the primary outcome. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018093744.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Sabine Braat
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Bárbara R. Cardoso
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Christopher Morgan
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 235 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
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22
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Wang Y, Eastwood B, Yang Z, de Campo L, Knott R, Prosser C, Carpenter E, Hemar Y. Rheological and structural characterization of acidified skim milks and infant formulae made from cow and goat milk. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Quin C, Gibson DL. Dietary Fatty Acids and Host-Microbial Crosstalk in Neonatal Enteric Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2064. [PMID: 31484327 PMCID: PMC6770655 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the best nutritional choice for infants. However, in instances where breastfeeding is not possible, infant formulas are used as alternatives. While formula manufacturers attempt to mimic the performance of human breast milk, formula-fed babies consistently have higher incidences of infection from diarrheal diseases than those breastfed. Differences in disease susceptibility, progression and severity can be attributed, in part, to nutritional fatty acid differences between breast milk and formula. Despite advances in our understanding of breast milk properties, formulas still present major differences in their fatty acid composition when compared to human breast milk. In this review, we highlight the role of distinct types of dietary fatty acids in modulating host inflammation, both directly and through the microbiome-immune nexus. We present evidence that dietary fatty acids influence enteric disease susceptibility and therefore, altering the fatty acid composition in formula may be a potential strategy to improve infectious outcomes in formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus ASC 386, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus ASC 386, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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24
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van Dellen SA, Wisse B, Mobach MP, Dijkstra A. The effect of a breastfeeding support programme on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity: a quasi-experiment. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:993. [PMID: 31340787 PMCID: PMC6657127 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding has important positive long-term health consequences for infants and mothers. The World Health Organization recommends that all infants should be exclusively breastfed for six months or longer, and advises continuation of breastfeeding for two years or beyond. However, these recommendations are not met in many countries. This study examined whether a comprehensive, evidence-based breastfeeding intervention, the Breastfeeding Support Programme (BSP), promotes prolonged duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding among its participants. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used to compare breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in the BSP group (N = 66) to breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in a control group (N = 72). Participants who followed the BSP were provided with 6 consults delivered by a lactation consultant. The consults started during pregnancy and continued up until 10 weeks after delivery. Participants in the control group did not follow the BSP. Pretest and posttest questionnaires were administered through the internet. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cessation of any and exclusive breastfeeding, while controlling for differences at baseline. Results The effect of the BSP on survival rates for any and exclusive breastfeeding were significant while controlling for differences between the two groups at baseline (respectively HR = 0.34, p < .001 [95% CI = 0.18–0.61] and HR = 0.46, p < .001 [95% CI = 0.29–0.72]). Among mothers in the BSP group there was on average 66% less risk of cessation of any breastfeeding and on average 54% less risk of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding at any point in time compared to those in the control group. Conclusions The BSP appears to be an effective means to delay cessation of any and exclusive breastfeeding cessation and therefore to increase breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. This is an important finding, because earlier cessation of breastfeeding than desired is a common problem in many countries. Future research into the effectiveness of the BSP could consider random assignment to conditions and test the effectiveness of the intervention in other populations to investigate further whether wide-scale implementation of this intervention could be useful to promote breastfeeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7331-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A van Dellen
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, P.O. Box 70030, 9704, AA, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Wisse
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Durham University Business School, Millhill Lane, Durham, DH1 3LB, UK
| | - M P Mobach
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, P.O. Box 70030, 9704, AA, Groningen, The Netherlands.,The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, P.O. Box 70030, 9704, AA, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Dijkstra
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Comparison of bovine milk fat and vegetable fat for infant formula: Implications for infant health. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Human milk fat substitutes: Past achievements and current trends. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:69-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Borewicz K, Suarez-Diez M, Hechler C, Beijers R, de Weerth C, Arts I, Penders J, Thijs C, Nauta A, Lindner C, Van Leusen E, Vaughan EE, Smidt H. The effect of prebiotic fortified infant formulas on microbiota composition and dynamics in early life. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2434. [PMID: 30792412 PMCID: PMC6385197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota composition differs between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Today's infant formulas are often fortified with prebiotics to better mimic properties of human milk with respect to its effect on GI microbiota composition and function. We used Illumina HiSeq sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments to investigate the composition of faecal microbiota in 2-12 week old infants receiving either breastmilk, infant formulas fortified with prebiotics, or mixed feeding. We compared these results with results from infants fed traditional formulas used in the Netherlands in 2002-2003, which contained no added prebiotics. We showed that today's formulas supplemented with either scGOS (0.24-0.50 g/100 ml) or scGOS and lcFOS (at a 9:1 ratio; total 0.6 g/100 ml) had a strong bifidogenic effect as compared to traditional formulas, and they also resulted in altered patterns of microbial colonisation within the developing infant gastrointestinal tract. We identified three microbial states (or developmental stages) in the first 12 weeks of life, with a gradual transition pattern towards a bifidobacteria dominated state. In infants receiving only fortified formulas, this transition towards the bifidobacteria dominated state was accelerated, whereas in infants receiving mixed feeding the transition was delayed, as compared to exclusively breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen & Research University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Hechler
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Arts
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Universiteitssingel 50 6229ER Maastricht; and Maastricht Center for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Thijs
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Cordula Lindner
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Van Leusen
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine E Vaughan
- Sensus B.V. (Royal Cosun), Borchwerf 3, 4704 RG, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Nε-carboxymethyllysine in nutritional milk formulas for infants. Food Chem 2019; 274:886-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Tahir MJ, Michels KB, Willett WC, Forman MR. Age at Introduction of Solid Food and Obesity Throughout the Life Course. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1611-1618. [PMID: 30204942 PMCID: PMC6168355 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between age at solid food (SF) introduction and obesity throughout the life course. METHODS Among 31,816 mother- nurse daughter dyads in the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort Study and the Nurses' Health Study II, information was collected on age at SF introduction, body somatotype at ages 5 and 10, and Body Mass Index at age 18 and in adulthood. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for obesity throughout life were estimated using logistic regression models with adjustment for parental and nurse daughter covariates. RESULTS Nurse daughters introduced to SF at ≥ 9 months versus 6 to 9 months had marginally higher age-adjusted (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.47) and covariate-adjusted (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.47) odds of obesity at age 5. Age at SF introduction was not related to obesity at ages 10 and 18 or in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Late age at SF introduction was marginally associated with obesity at age 5, but this association did not persist throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna J. Tahir
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Karin B. Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michele R. Forman
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Abstract
Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life - from conception to two years - has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short and long-term health outcomes, many of which can be prevented through nutritional modifications. Recommended globally, breastfeeding is recognised as the gold standard of infant nutrition; providing key nutrients to achieve optimal health, growth and development, and conferring immunologic protective effects against disease. Nevertheless, infant formulas are often the sole source of nutrition for many infants during the first stage of life. Producers of infant formula strive to supply high quality, healthy, safe alternatives to breast milk with a comparable balance of nutrients to human milk imitating its composition and functional performance measures. The concept of 'nutritional programming', and the theory that exposure to specific conditions, can predispose an individual's health status in later life has become an accepted dictum, and has sparked important nutritional research prospects. This review explores the impact of early life nutrition, specifically, how different feeding methods affect health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Finn
- Nutrition and Health Science from Cork Institute of Technology
| | | | | | - Roy D. Sleator
- University College Cork and National University of Ireland
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Lucas K, James P, Choh AC, Lee M, Czerwinski SA, Demerath EW, Johnson W. The positive association of infant weight gain with adulthood body mass index has strengthened over time in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:476-484. [PMID: 29493107 PMCID: PMC8782254 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant weight gain is positively related to adulthood body mass index (BMI), but it is unknown whether or not this association is stronger for individuals born during (compared with before) the obesity epidemic. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine how the infant weight gain-adulthood BMI association might have changed across successive birth year cohorts spanning most of the 20th century. METHODS The sample comprised 346 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Confounder-adjusted regression models were used to test the associations of conditional weight-for-length Z-score, capturing weight change between ages 0-2 years, with young adulthood BMI and blood pressure, including cohort [1933-1949 {N = 137}, 1950-1969 {N = 108}, 1970-1997 {N = 101}] as an effect modifier. RESULTS Conditional weight-for-length Z-score was positively related to adulthood BMI, but there was significant effect modification by birth year cohort such that the association was over two times stronger in the 1970-1997 cohort (β 2.31; 95% confidence interval 1.59, 3.03) compared with the 1933-1949 (0.98; 0.31, 1.65) and 1950-1969 (0.87; 0.21, 1.54) cohorts. A similar pattern was found for systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The infant weight gain-adulthood BMI association was over two times stronger among a cohort born during the obesity epidemic era compared with cohorts born earlier in the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Lucas
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - P. James
- MRC Unit, The Gambia and MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - A. C. Choh
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - M. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - S. A. Czerwinski
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - E. W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - W. Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Abstract
The present narrative review outlines the use of milk products in infant and young child feeding from early history until today and illustrates how research findings and technical innovations contributed to the evolution of milk-based strategies to combat undernutrition in children below the age of 5 years. From the onset of social welfare initiatives, dairy products were provided by maternal and child health services to improve nutrition. During the last century, a number of aetiological theories on oedematous forms of undernutrition were developed and until the 1970s the dogma of protein deficiency was dominant. Thereafter, a multifactorial concept gained acceptance and protein quality was emphasised. During the last decades, research findings demonstrated that the inclusion of dairy products in the management of severe acute malnutrition is most effective. For children suffering from moderate acute malnutrition the evidence for the superiority of milk-based diets is less clear. There is an unmet need for evaluating locally produced milk-free alternatives at lower cost, especially in countries that rely on imported dairy products. New strategies for the dietary management of childhood undernutrition need to be developed on the basis of research findings, current child feeding practices, socio-cultural conditions and local resources. Exclusive and continued breast-feeding supported by community-based nutrition programmes using optimal combinations of locally available complementary foods should be compared with milk product-based interventions.
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Amiel Castro RT, Glover V, Ehlert U, O'Connor TG. Antenatal psychological and socioeconomic predictors of breastfeeding in a large community sample. Early Hum Dev 2017; 110:50-56. [PMID: 28595128 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite much work to publicise the benefits of breastfeeding most women do not persist for the first 6months, as recommended by the WHO. Successful breastfeeding for 6months may depend on several factors, including perinatal mental health. We aimed to investigate the impact of antenatal depressive symptoms, attitudes towards breastfeeding and socio-demographic factors in predicting breastfeeding for 6months in a large community sample. METHODS The sample was based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n=9479), a large-scale birth cohort. Breastfeeding was assessed at multiple time-points, from postnatal day 1 until 6months postnatal. Self-reported symptoms of maternal depression were assessed at 18 and 32weeks gestation and at 8weeks postnatal. Antenatal attitudes towards breastfeeding were assessed at 32weeks gestation. Antenatal, obstetric, psychosocial and socio-demographic variables were also assessed. RESULTS Antenatal depressive symptoms at both 18 and 32weeks gestation were associated with decreased breastfeeding initiation and duration. However, the prediction of breastfeeding by these symptoms was confounded by socio-demographic and psychosocial covariates. A positive antenatal attitude towards breastfeeding was the strongest predictor and was associated with a 20-30% increase in breastfeeding initiation and maintenance at all time points. CONCLUSION This study highlights the wide range of factors that independently predict breastfeeding, and suggests that an intervention program to improve antenatal attitudes especially warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita T Amiel Castro
- Imperial College London, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Du Cane Rd., W120NN London, UK; University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Vivette Glover
- Imperial College London, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Du Cane Rd., W120NN London, UK
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- University of Rochester Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA
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Constable A, Mahadevan B, Pressman P, Garthoff JA, Meunier L, Schrenk D, Speijers G, O’Sullivan A, Hayes AW. An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317707370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, infant foods and their constituent ingredients are subject to rigorous risk analysis and are strictly regulated by many authorities. Various jurisdictions have approved only a limited number of additives specifically with regard to infant foods to fulfill specific technical requirements of quality. As part of the approval process, a rigorous safety assessment is essential to confirm that the use of additives does not pose any health risk for the consumer. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be derived from the toxicological databases. However, the ADI may not be applicable to infants because of the possible developmental sensitivities and potentially high exposure scenarios, leading to possible lower margins of safety than would often be determined for adult populations. There is interest in defining better food safety assessment approaches for pre-weaned infants aged less than 12–16 weeks. To confirm safe use in infants, we reviewed the suitability of the existing safety databases of six additives with historical uses in infant nutrition products. To determine further toxicity testing strategies, it is necessary to understand whether the chemical used in the additives is identical to endogenous physiological metabolites and/or whether immature organs of infants are targets of toxicity. Combined with an in-depth review of the existing relevant toxicological and nutritional studies, this integrated approach will facilitate decision-making. We propose a decision tree as a tool within this approach to help guide appropriate data requirements and identify data gaps. In cases of reasonable uncertainty, studies of targeted juvenile should be considered to investigate the safe use levels in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Pressman
- Division of Medicine, Public Health & Nutrition, The Daedalus Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | - Leo Meunier
- Danone Food Safety Center, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron O’Sullivan
- Danone Trading Medical BV, Schiphol Boulevard, Schiphol Airport, The Netherlands
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA and Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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36
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Hare DJ, Cardoso BR, Raven EP, Double KL, Finkelstein DI, Szymlek-Gay EA, Biggs BA. Excessive early-life dietary exposure: a potential source of elevated brain iron and a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28649601 PMCID: PMC5460187 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-016-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates gradually in the ageing brain. In Parkinson's disease, iron deposition within the substantia nigra is further increased, contributing to a heightened pro-oxidant environment in dopaminergic neurons. We hypothesise that individuals in high-income countries, where cereals and infant formulae have historically been fortified with iron, experience increased early-life iron exposure that predisposes them to age-related iron accumulation in the brain. Combined with genetic factors that limit iron regulatory capacity and/or dopamine metabolism, this may increase the risk of Parkinson's diseases. We propose to (a) validate a retrospective biomarker of iron exposure in children; (b) translate this biomarker to adults; (c) integrate it with in vivo brain iron in Parkinson's disease; and (d) longitudinally examine the relationships between early-life iron exposure and metabolism, brain iron deposition and Parkinson's disease risk. This approach will provide empirical evidence to support therapeutically addressing brain iron deposition in Parkinson's diseases and produce a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease risk in preclinical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW Australia
| | - Bárbara Rita Cardoso
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika P Raven
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington DC, USA
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kay L Double
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Gribble K, Berry N, Kerac M, Challinor M. Volume marker inaccuracies: A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding bottles. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 27730750 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional examination of the accuracy of volume markers on infant feeding bottles available for sale in Australia between December 2013 and February 2014 was carried out. Ninety-one bottles representing 28 different brands were examined. Eighty-eight bottles were hard sided. Volumes in these bottles were marked in a combination of milliliters and ounces. Thirty-six (41%) bottles claimed compliance with the European standard EN14350, five (6%) with non-existent Australian standards, and forty-seven (54%) bottles had no standard claim. Nineteen bottles (22%) had at least one measured marking outside the tolerance of EN14350. Bottles claiming compliance with EN14350 were not less likely to have inaccurate markings than those that made no claim. More expensive bottles did not have fewer inaccurate markings. Three bottles were disposable liner systems and had particularly large volume inaccuracies (up to 43% outside the marked volume). Inaccurate volume markers on infant feeding bottles are a previously neglected but potentially important source of error in the reconstitution of infant formula. Over-concentrated and under-concentrated infant formula can cause serious illness or malnutrition. Over-concentrated infant formula may contribute to obesity. Bottles with inaccurate volume markers are unfit for purpose; disposable liner bottles are particularly poor in this regard and should be prohibited from having volume markers on the bottle casing. To avoid individual or public harms, well-enforced standards are needed. Guidance for parents, carers, and health professionals is needed to ensure that infant formula is accurately reconstituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karleen Gribble
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina Berry
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Challinor
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
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Upson K, Harmon QE, Baird DD. Soy-Based Infant Formula Feeding and Ultrasound-Detected Uterine Fibroids among Young African-American Women with No Prior Clinical Diagnosis of Fibroids. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:769-775. [PMID: 26565393 PMCID: PMC4892927 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life soy phytoestrogen exposure has been shown in Eker rats to increase uterine fibroid incidence in adulthood. Two large epidemiologic cohorts have provided some support for increased fibroid risk with infant soy formula feeding in women, but both cohorts relied on self-report of clinically diagnosed fibroids. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relationship between infant soy formula feeding and ultrasound-detected fibroids. METHODS The Study of Environment, Lifestyle & Fibroids (SELF) is an ongoing cohort study of 1,696 African-American women ages 23-34 years with baseline ultrasound screening to detect and measure fibroids ≥ 0.5 cm in diameter. Questionnaire data on soy formula feeding during infancy was ascertained for 1,553 participants (89% based on mother's report), of whom 345 were found to have fibroids. We estimated the association between soy formula feeding and fibroid prevalence and tumor number using log-binomial regression. Among those with fibroids, we compared fibroid size between soy formula-exposed and unexposed women using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS We did not observe an association between soy formula feeding and fibroid prevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.9, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.3]. Nor were exposed women with fibroids more likely to have ≥ 2 tumors than unexposed women with fibroids (aPR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.6). However, exposed women with fibroids had significantly larger fibroids than unexposed women with fibroids. On average, soy formula feeding was associated with a 32% increase in the diameter of the largest fibroid (95% CI: 6%, 65%) and a 127% increase in total tumor volume (95% CI: 12%, 358%). CONCLUSIONS Our observation that women fed soy formula as infants have larger fibroids than unexposed women provides further support for persistent effects of early life phytoestrogen exposure on the uterus. CITATION Upson K, Harmon QE, Baird DD. 2016. Soy-based infant formula feeding and ultrasound-detected uterine fibroids among young African-American women with no prior clinical diagnosis of fibroids. Environ Health Perspect 124:769-775; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510082.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Upson
- Address correspondence to K. Upson, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Rall Building 101, MD A3-05 NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 316-4506. E-mail:
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Ryan AS, Hay WW. Challenges of infant nutrition research: a commentary. Nutr J 2016; 15:42. [PMID: 27103229 PMCID: PMC4840881 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in the field of infant feeding research. The last few decades have witnessed the expansion in the number of studies on the composition and benefits of human milk. The practice of breastfeeding and use of human milk represent today’s reference standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Additional research regarding the benefits of breastfeeding is needed to determine which factors in human milk and in the act of breastfeeding itself, singly or in combination, are most important for producing the beneficial effects on infant growth, body composition, and neurodevelopmental outcome. We examine evidence that breastfeeding confers health benefits and offer suggestions on how best to interpret the data and present it to the public. We also describe some examples of well-designed infant nutrition studies that provide useful and clinically meaningful data regarding infant feeding, growth, and development. Because not all mothers choose to breastfeed or can breastfeed, other appropriate feeding options should be subjected to critical review to help establish how infant formula and bottle feeding can confer benefits similar to those of human milk and the act of breastfeeding. We conclude with the overarching point that the goal of infant feeding research is to promote optimal infant growth and development. Since parents/families may take different paths to feeding their infants, it is fundamental that health professionals understand how best to interpret research studies and their findings to support optimal infant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL, 33473, USA.
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop F441, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Impact of α-lactalbumin:β-lactoglobulin ratio on the heat stability of model infant milk formula protein systems. Food Chem 2016; 194:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nichols BL, Diaz-Sotomayor M, Avery SE, Chacko SK, Hadsell DL, Baker SS, Hamaker BR, Yan LK, Lin HM, Quezada-Calvillo R. Milk glucosidase activity enables suckled pup starch digestion. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:4. [PMID: 26830109 PMCID: PMC4735098 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ᅟ Starch requires six enzymes for digestion to free glucose: two amylases (salivary and pancreatic) and four mucosal maltase activities; sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase. All are deficient in suckling rodents. Objective The objective of this study is to test 13C-starch digestion before weaning by measuring enrichment of blood 13C-glucose in maltase-glucoamylase-null and wild-type mice. Methods Maltase-glucoamylase gene was ablated at the N-terminal. Dams were fed low 13C-diet and litters kept on low 13C-diet. Pups were weaned at 21 days. Digestion was tested at 13 and 25 days by intragastric feeding of amylase predigested 13C-α-limit dextrins. Blood 13C-glucose enrichment was measured by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCRMS) using penta-acetate derivatives. Results Four hours after feeding, blood 13C-glucose was enriched by 26 × 103 in null and 18 × 103 in wild-type mice at 13 days and 0.3 × 103 and 0.2 × 103 at 25 days (vs. fasting p = 0.045 and p = 0.045). By jejunal enzyme assay, immunohistochemistry, or Western blots, there was no maltase activity or brush border staining with maltase-glucoamylase antibodies at 13 days, but these were fully developed in the wild-type mice by 25 days. In 13-day null mice, luminal contents were stained by maltase-glucoamylase antibodies. Lactating the mammary gland revealed maltase-glucoamylase antibody staining of alveolar cells. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) of lactating glands revealed a secreted form of maltase-glucoamylase. Conclusions (1) 13C-α-limit dextrins were rapidly digested to 13C-glucose in 13-day mice independent of maltase-glucoamylase genotype or mucosal maltase activity. (2) This experiment demonstrates that a soluble maltase activity is secreted in mouse mother’s milk which enables suckling pup starch digestion well before brush border enzyme development. (3) This experiment with 13C-α-limit dextrins needs to be repeated in human breast fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Nichols
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - M Diaz-Sotomayor
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - S E Avery
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - S K Chacko
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - D L Hadsell
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - S S Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - B R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - L K Yan
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - H M Lin
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - R Quezada-Calvillo
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Kleinman RE, Coletta FA. Historical Overview of Transitional Feeding Recommendations and Vegetable Feeding Practices for Infants and Young Children. NUTRITION TODAY 2016; 51:7-13. [PMID: 27003950 PMCID: PMC4770272 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although recommendations for introducing solid foods to infants and young children have changed significantly since the beginning of the 20th century, vegetable consumption recommendations have always been an important part of the child-feeding repertoire. In 1958, the first report of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition stated that developmental maturity of the gut and neuromuscular system, growth rate, and activity level were good indicators for determining when to introduce solid foods to infants than age. All 7 editions of the AAP Pediatric Nutrition Handbook use an evidence-based model for recommendations concerning the complementary feeding of infants and young children. The model includes developmental readiness principles, feeding practices, and age-appropriate nutrient requirements. Dietary patterns and nutrient consumption among infants and young children have been analyzed using data from the 2002 and 2008 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS). The 2008 FITS also collected information concerning participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Since 1972, WIC has been a cost-effective means of improving the diets and health of infants and young children from low-income families. Data from the 2008 FITS showed that many young children did not consume recommended amounts of fiber or potassium, and vegetable and fruit intakes continued to be lower than recommended. Low vegetable consumption and limited variety were also seen among WIC participants and nonparticipants aged 6 months to 4 years prior to changes in the WIC food package. Increasing children's consumption of all vegetables should continue to be a focus going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Kleinman
- is physician-in-chief of Massachusetts General Hospital for Children; chair of the Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Charles Wilder Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School
| | - Frances A Coletta
- is physician-in-chief of Massachusetts General Hospital for Children; chair of the Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Charles Wilder Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School
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Nicklas TA, Kleinman RE, Storey ML. Foreword. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:209S-210S. [PMID: 26773028 PMCID: PMC4717897 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Nicklas
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX;
| | - Ronald E Kleinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
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Brown A. Breast is best, but not in my back-yard. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:57-9. [PMID: 25662875 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding may be the biological norm, but in Western culture it is not the social norm. Although intention to breastfeed is high, new mothers emerge into a formula-feeding culture where formula milk appears as the solution to the public harassment, negative attitudes, and lack of support that breastfeeding women face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brown
- Department of Public Health and Policy Studies, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study early-life factors in relation to endometriosis risk in adulthood. DESIGN Population-based case-control study. SETTING Integrated healthcare system. PATIENT(S) Cases (n = 310) were women diagnosed for the first time with endometriosis between the years 1996 and 2001, and controls (n = 727) were women without a diagnosis of endometriosis randomly selected from the healthcare system population. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between intrauterine diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, maternal smoking, mother's age at delivery, firstborn status, birth weight, fetal number, prematurity, and regular soy formula feeding during infancy and endometriosis were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for frequency matching and confounding variables. Information on early-life factors was ascertained retrospectively by in-person interview, with information on maternal DES use and regular soy formula feeding directly gathered from the participant's mother or other family member. RESULT(S) We observed that women who were regularly fed soy formula as infants had more than twice the risk of endometriosis compared with unexposed women (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.9). Our data also suggested increased endometriosis risk with prematurity (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.1) and maternal use of DES (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.8-4.9, adjusting only for frequency matching variables), although these confidence intervals included the null. CONCLUSION(S) Our results support the hypothesis that disruption of development during fetal and infant periods may increase the risk of endometriosis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Upson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Delia Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victoria L Holt
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Emmott EH, Mace R. Practical Support from Fathers and Grandmothers Is Associated with Lower Levels of Breastfeeding in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133547. [PMID: 26192993 PMCID: PMC4507871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers face trade-offs between infant care and subsistence/economic activities. In traditional populations, allomothers such as fathers and grandmothers support mothers with young infants, allowing them to reduce labour activities and focus on breastfeeding. Similarly, the positive impact of social support on breastfeeding has been highlighted in developed populations. However, these studies have generally focused on emotional support from fathers, peers and healthcare professionals. Given the availability of formula milk in developed populations, an evolutionary anthropological perspective highlights that practical support, unlike emotional support, may have negative associations with breastfeeding by enabling substitution of maternal care. Other kin, mainly grandmothers, may also be important allomothers influencing maternal breastfeeding levels. Here we explore the associations between different types of social support mothers receive from fathers/grandmothers and breastfeeding in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. We find frequent grandmother contact and father’s parenting involvement are both associated with lower levels of breastfeeding, suggesting a negative relationship between practical support and breastfeeding. In contrast, father presence, potentially capturing emotional support, is associated with greater breastfeeding initiation. Our findings suggest that practical support and emotional support functions differently, and practical support may not encourage breastfeeding in developed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Emmott
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, England
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, England
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Bjerregaard LG, Rasmussen KM, Michaelsen KF, Skytthe A, Mortensen EL, Baker JL, Sørensen TIA. Effects of body size and change in body size from infancy through childhood on body mass index in adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1305-11. [PMID: 24942870 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight and weight gain throughout infancy are related to later obesity, but whether the strength of the associations varies during the infancy period is uncertain. AIMS Our aims were to identify the period of infancy when change in body weight has the strongest association with adult body mass index (BMI) and also the extent to which these associations during infancy are mediated through childhood BMI. METHODS The Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort, in which participants were followed from birth through 42 years of age, provided information on weight at 12 months and BMI at 42 years for 1633 individuals. Information on weight at birth, 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months was retrieved from health visitors' records and information on BMI at ages 7 and 13 years from school health records. The associations of infant weight and weight gain standard deviation scores (SDS) with adult BMI-SDS were analyzed using multiple linear regression and path analysis. RESULTS Higher-weight-SDS at all ages from birth to an age 12 months were associated with higher-BMI-SDS at 42 years (regression coefficients 0.08-0.12). Infant weight gain-SDS was associated with greater BMI-SDS at 42 years only between birth and 3 months (0.09, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.04, 0.15) driven by an association between 2 and 3 months (0.12, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20). The latter was partly mediated through later BMI in the path analysis. Infant weight gain-SDS between 3 and 12 months was not associated with greater BMI-SDS at 42 years. CONCLUSIONS Faster weight gain during only the first 3 months of infancy was associated with increased adult BMI, although not in a consistent monthly pattern. Adult BMI is more sensitive to high weight gain during early infancy than late infancy, but not specifically to the first month of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Bjerregaard
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K M Rasmussen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Skytthe
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - E L Mortensen
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J L Baker
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T I A Sørensen
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kelishadi R, Farajian S. The protective effects of breastfeeding on chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood: A review of evidence. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:3. [PMID: 24600594 PMCID: PMC3929058 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.124629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc., are the major causes of mortality in the world, notably in low- and middle-income countries. A growing body of evidence suggests that NCDs have a complex etiology resulting from the interaction of genetic factors, gender, age, ethnicity, and the environmental factors. It is well-documented that chronic diseases in adulthood origins in early life. In recent years, much attention has been focused on primordial and primary prevention of NCD risk factors. There are many biological and epidemiological studies on beneficial effects of breastfeeding during infancy on chronic diseases in adulthood, particularly on hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular diseases. This review article aims to summarize the current literature on the long-term effects of breastfeeding on prevention of NCDs and their risk factors. The current literature is controversial about these effects; however, a growing body of evidence suggests that breastfeeding has protective roles against obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type II diabetes mellitus during adulthood. In addition to its short-term benefits, encouraging breastfeeding can have long-term beneficial health effects at individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Professor of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanam Farajian
- MSc of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wen X, Shenassa ED, Paradis AD. Maternal smoking, breastfeeding, and risk of childhood overweight: findings from a national cohort. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:746-55. [PMID: 22714798 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine the association between exposure to tobacco compounds in breast milk and risk of childhood overweight, we used historical data for a subset of 21,063 mother-child pairs in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Based on self-reports, mothers were classified as non-smokers, light (1-9 cigarettes/day), moderate (10-19), or heavy (20+) smokers. Feeding type (exclusive breastfeeding or bottle-feeding) was observed during nursery stay after birth. We stratified children by maternal smoking and feeding type, and then fit interaction terms to isolate exposure to tobacco compounds via breast milk from exposure in uterus and in ambient air after birth. Using measured weight and height, overweight at age 7 was defined as a body mass index ≥85th percentile by sex and age. Among exclusively bottle-fed children, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of overweight at age 7 were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.38; vs. non-smoking) for light maternal smoking, 1.43 (95% CI, 1.25-1.63) for moderate maternal smoking, and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.28-1.66) for heavy maternal smoking. Among exclusively breastfed children, the corresponding ORs were 1.33 (95% CI, 0.96-1.84) for light, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.27-2.73) for moderate, and 2.22 (95% CI, 1.53-3.20) for heavy maternal smoking. There was a modest positive interaction between breastfeeding and heavy maternal smoking on overweight risk at age 7. Tobacco compounds via breast milk of smoking mothers (significantly for heavy smokers) appear to be associated with a modest elevation in childhood overweight risk at 7 years of age. More aggressive intervention is needed to help pregnant and breastfeeding women to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wen
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Veile A, Martin M, McAllister L, Gurven M. Modernization is associated with intensive breastfeeding patterns in the Bolivian Amazon. Soc Sci Med 2013; 100:148-58. [PMID: 24444850 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For many traditional, non-industrialized populations, intensive and prolonged breastfeeding buffers infant health against poverty, poor sanitation, and limited health care. Due to novel influences on local economies, values, and beliefs, the traditional and largely beneficial breastfeeding patterns of such populations may be changing to the detriment of infant health. To assess if and why such changes are occurring in a traditional breastfeeding population, we document breastfeeding patterns in the Bolivian Tsimane, a forager-horticulturalist population in the early stages of modernization. Three predictions are developed and tested to evaluate the general hypothesis that modernizing influences encourage less intensive breastfeeding in the Tsimane: 1) Tsimane mothers in regions of higher infant mortality will practice more intensive BF; 2) Tsimane mothers who are located closer to a local market town will practice more intensive BF; and 3) Older Tsimane mothers will practice more intensive BF. Predictions were tested using a series of maternal interviews (from 2003 to 2011, n = 215) and observations of mother-infant dyads (from 2002 to 2007, n = 133). Tsimane breastfeeding patterns were generally intensive: 72% of mothers reported initiating BF within a few hours of birth, mean (±SD) age of CF introduction was 4.1 ± 2.0 months, and mean (±SD) weaning age was 19.2 ± 7.3 months. There was, however, intra-population variation in several dimensions of breastfeeding (initiation, frequency, duration, and complementary feeding). Contrary to our predictions, breastfeeding was most intensive in the most modernized Tsimane villages, and maternal age was not a significant predictor of breastfeeding patterns. Regional differences accounted for variation in most dimensions of breastfeeding (initiation, frequency, and complementary feeding). Future research should therefore identify constraints on breastfeeding in the less modernized Tsimane regions, and examine the formation of maternal beliefs regarding infant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Veile
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA.
| | - Melanie Martin
- Integrative Anthropological Sciences Program, Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lisa McAllister
- Integrative Anthropological Sciences Program, Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Integrative Anthropological Sciences Program, Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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