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Pasero C, D'Agostino I, De Luca F, Zamperini C, Deodato D, Truglio GI, Sannio F, Del Prete R, Ferraro T, Visaggio D, Mancini A, Guglielmi MB, Visca P, Docquier JD, Botta M. Alkyl-guanidine Compounds as Potent Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents: Chemical Library Extension and Biological Characterization. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9162-9176. [PMID: 30265809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria represents a serious threat to public health, and the lack of new antibiotics is becoming a global emergency. Therefore, research in antibacterial fields is urgently needed to expand the currently available arsenal of drugs. We have recently reported an alkyl-guanidine derivative (2), characterized by a symmetrical dimeric structure, as a good candidate for further developments, with a high antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. In this study, starting from its chemical scaffold, we synthesized a small library of analogues. Moreover, biological and in vitro pharmacokinetic characterizations were conducted on some selected derivatives, revealing notable properties: broad-spectrum profile, activity against resistant clinical isolates, and appreciable aqueous solubility. Interestingly, 2 seems neither to select for resistant strains nor to macroscopically alter the membranes, but further studies are required to determine the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pasero
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Filomena De Luca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l. , Via Vittorio Alfieri 31 , I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga , Italy
| | - Davide Deodato
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Giuseppina I Truglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Rosita Del Prete
- Department of Medical Biotechnology , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Teresa Ferraro
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l. , Via Vittorio Alfieri 31 , I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga , Italy
| | - Daniela Visaggio
- Department of Sciences , Roma Tre University , Rome 00146 , Italy
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy
| | | | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Sciences , Roma Tre University , Rome 00146 , Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Department of Medical Biotechnology , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l. , Via Vittorio Alfieri 31 , I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga , Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Siena , I-53100 Siena , Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l. , Via Vittorio Alfieri 31 , I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga , Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Temple University , BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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Kuda T, Nakamura S, An C, Takahashi H, Kimura B, Nishizawa M. Effects of holdfast of Laminaria japonica on listeria invasion on enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and NO production of macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:928-35. [PMID: 22893519 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) causes food poisoning in humans mainly through consumption of ready-to-eat foods. Immunocompromised persons are at the highest risk for infection. We investigated effects of crude soluble polysaccharides (SPS) and ethanolic extract (EE) fractions of frond (kombu) and holdfast (ganiashi) parts of Laminaria japonica on Lm invasion into human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and immune and/or inflammatory reactions of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Recovery and viscosity were high in kombu SPS. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and Fe-reducing power) were higher in ganiashi EE. EE of ganiashi, rather than kombu, suppressed the Lm invasion into the differentiated Caco-2 cells, though the inhibitory effect of SPS was not significant. Ganiashi SPS increased the nitric oxide (NO) production of intact RAW 264.7 cells. On the other hand, the NO production from Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide-activated cells was suppressed by kombu SPS and ganiashi EE. These results suggest that L. japonica, particularly ganiashi, might suppress the invasion and infection of Lm and also the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel induced in genetically susceptible subjects by gluten ingestion. Diarrhoea, weight loss and malabsorption represent the major clinical presentation of the disease. Here we examined the possible alteration in the expression and localization of water channels [AQPs (aquaporins)] and some solute transporters in duodenal mucosa of celiac disease patients. Duodenal biopsies from untreated celiacs, treated celiacs, healthy controls and disease controls were considered in the present study. The expressions of some AQPs and transporter mRNAs in human duodenal biopsies were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. The localization of AQPs 3, 7 and 10 and of SGLT1 (Na+/glucose co-transporter 1), PEPT1 (H+/oligopeptide transporter 1) and NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger 3) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AQPs 3, 7, 10 and 11, SGLT, PEPT and NHE, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) and NKCC (Na-K-2Cl co-transporter) mRNAs were expressed in duodenal biopsies of healthy controls, treated celiac patients and disease controls. The expression of transcripts was virtually absent in duodenal biopsies of untreated celiac disease patients except for CFTR and NKCC. In healthy controls, immunohistochemistry revealed a labelling in the apical membrane of surface epithelial cells of the duodenum. The immunolabelling was heavily reduced or absent in untreated celiac patients, while it was normal in patients consuming a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the main routes for water and solute absorption are deficient in celiac disease and may play a role in the onset of malabsorption symptoms.
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Wang Y, Cao J, Wang X, Zeng S. Stereoselective transport and uptake of propranolol across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Chirality 2010; 22:361-8. [PMID: 19575464 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The transport and uptake of individual propranolol (PPL) enantiomers were studied in human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers, and a reversed-phase HPLC-UV assay was used for quantitative analysis. S-PPL and R-PPL across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined in the concentrations range of 10-500 microM in both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) and BL to AP directions. S-PPL exhibited greater permeability than R-PPL in the AP to BL direction, whereas in the BL to AP direction S-enantiomer transported less than R-enantiomer. Uptake of R-PPL was significantly higher than that of S-PPL either from AP side or from BL side. The statistically significant differences in uptake were observed at the concentrations range from 10 to 50 microM. Furthermore, the apparent Michaelis constant (K(m)) and maximal velocity (V(max)) also showed significant difference between the two enantiomers. Moreover, the AP to BL transport of PPL enantiomer was markedly decreased by lowering the pH of the apical side but it did not affect the stereoselectivity of PPL across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transport and uptake of PPL in the BL to AP direction was not influenced by several protein inhibitors. The results suggest that PPL enantiomers showed stereoselective transport and uptake across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. A special transport mechanism capable of directing the PPL enantiomers might be present in the Caco-2 monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, People's Republic of China
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Oda M, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi M, Saitoh H. Bacampicillin uptake is shared with thiamine in Caco-2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1344-9. [PMID: 17603179 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacampicillin was developed as a prodrug to improve the intestinal absorption of its metabolite ampicillin. This study was undertaken to characterize bacampicillin transport in Caco-2 cells. The uptake of bacampicillin in Caco-2 cells was significantly greater than those of ampicillin and pivampicillin. An Eadie-Hofstee plot obtained from 5-min uptake of 0.2-5 mM bacampicillin was linear, indicating the presence of a saturable transport system for bacampicillin with K(m) and V(max) of 3.6 mM and 23.9 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Hydrophilic organic cations such as choline, cimetidine, guanidine, nicotinamide, 1-methylnicotiamide, and tetraethylammonium failed to modulate bacampicillin uptake in Caco-2 cells whereas diphenhydramine, procainamide, and thiamine significantly depressed it. Moreover, when thiamine was preloaded in Caco-2 cells, bacampicillin uptake was significantly increased, indicating that this cationic vitamin was capable of trans-stimulating bacampicillin transport across the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells. However, trans-stimulated bacampicillin uptake was not observed in the presence of diphenhydramine. Bacampicillin uptake increased with elevation of the medium pH, and the known modulators of thiamine transport such as amiloride and oxythiamine significantly inhibited bacampicillin uptake. Thiamine also significantly decreased the apical-to-basolateral transport of bacampicillin across Caco-2 cell monolayers. However, thiamine did not exert any modulating effect on pivampicillin uptake and its apical-to-basolateral permeation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that bacampicillin is transported in Caco-2 cells, sharing a carrier-mediated system with thiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kim MK, Shim CK. The transport of organic cations in the small intestine: current knowledge and emerging concepts. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:605-16. [PMID: 16903083 DOI: 10.1007/bf02969273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of drugs and endogenous bioactive amines are organic cations (OCs). Approximately 40% of all conventional drugs on the market are OCs. Thus, the transport of xenobiotics or endogenous OCs in the body has been a subject of considerable interest, since the discovery and cloning of a family of OC transporters, referred to as organic cation transporter (OCTs), and a new subfamily of OCTs, OCTNs, leading to the functional characterization of these transporters in various systems including oocytes and some cell lines. Organic cation transporters are critical in drug absorption, targeting, and disposition of a drug. In this review, the recent advances in the characterization of organic cation transporters and their distribution in the small intestine are discussed. The results of the in vitro transport studies of various OCs in the small intestine using techniques such as isolated brush-border membrane vesicles, Ussing chamber systems and Caco-2 cells are discussed, and in vivo knock-out animal studies are summarized. Such information is essential for predicting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and in the design and development of new cationic drugs. An understanding of the mechanisms that control the intestinal transport of OCs will clearly aid achieving desirable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Kyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Transporters Targeted Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Carr G, Haslam IS, Simmons NL. Voltage Dependence of Transepithelial Guanidine Permeation Across Caco-2 Epithelia Allows Determination of the Paracellular Flux Component. Pharm Res 2006; 23:540-8. [PMID: 16518580 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate transepithelial ionic permeation via the paracellular pathway of human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers and its contribution to absorption of the base guanidine. METHODS Confluent monolayers of Caco-2 epithelial cells were mounted in Ussing chambers and the transepithelial conductance and electrical potential difference (p.d.) determined after NaCl dilution or medium Na substitution (bi-ionic conditions). Guanidine absorption (Ja-b) was measured +/- transepithelial potential gradients using bi-ionic p.d.'s. RESULTS Basal NaCl replacement with mannitol gives a transepithelial dilution p.d. of 28.0 +/- 3.1 mV basal solution electropositive (PCl/PNa = 0.34). Bi-ionic p.d.'s (basal replacements) indicate a cation selectivity of NH4+ > K+ approximately Cs+ > Na+ > Li+ > tetraethylammonium+ > N-methyl-D: -glucamine+ approximately choline+. Transepithelial conductances show good correspondence with bi-ionic potential data. Guanidine Ja-b was markedly sensitive to imposed transepithelial potential difference. The ratio of guanidine to mannitol permeability (measured simultaneously) increased from 3.6 in the absence of an imposed p.d. to 13.8 (basolateral negative p.d.). CONCLUSIONS Hydrated monovalent ions preferentially permeate the paracellular pathway (Eisenman sequence 2 or 3). Guanidine may access the paracellular pathway because absorptive flux is sensitive to the transepithelial potential difference. An alternative method to assess paracellular-mediated flux of charged organic molecules is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Carr
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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