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Zhou H, Liao Y, Chen D, Yu B. Effects of breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expression patterns of paired box genes and myogenic regulatory factors in pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 75:474-488. [PMID: 35227137 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2006542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expressions of paired box (Pax) genes and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in pigs. Thirty Large White (LW) barrows and thirty Chenghua (CH, a native breed of China) barrows were performed in experiment 1. Results exhibited that in the CH pigs the abundances of Pax3 at 105 and 220 d of age, Mrf4 at 63 d of age, Myf5 and Mrf4 at 220 d of age were higher than those in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expressions of MyHC-І and ІІa in the CH pigs were upregulated, and the abundance of MyHC-ІІb were downregulated compared with those in the LW pigs at 105 and 220 d of age (p < 0.05). Moreover, the meat quality of the CH pigs was better than in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, sixty LW pigs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments meeting their nutrient requirements (NRC) or a diet with moderately reduced digestible energy, crude protein and Lys level by 560 kJ/kg, 1.48% and 0.34%, respectively (LOW diet). The results showed that the reduced dietary nutrient level increased (p < 0.05) the expressions of MyoG and Mrf4 at 105 d of age, Pax3, Myf5, and Mrf4 at 220 d of age, and upregulated (p < 0.05) the abundance of MyHC-ІІa at 105 and 220 d of age in LW pigs. In addition, a decrease in dietary nutrient level improved the meat quality in LW pigs (p < 0.05). Collectively, the expressions of Pax genes and MRFs were markedly different between the CH and LW pigs. The CH pigs exhibited higher expression levels of Pax3, Myf5, Mrf4, MyHC-І and ІІa, which may improved the meat quality. A decrease in dietary nutrient level upregulated the abundances Pax3, Mrf4, Myf5, MyoG, and MyHC-ІІa, and might enhance the meat quality in the LW pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuxue Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Gunawan AM, Yen CN, Richert BT, Schinckel AP, Grant AL, Gerrard DE. Ractopamine-induced fiber type-specific gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles is independent of growth. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:6015031. [PMID: 33259597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding ractopamine (RAC), a β-adrenergic agonist (BAA), to pigs increases type IIB muscle fiber type-specific protein and mRNA expression. However, increases in the abundance of these fast-twitch fiber types occur with other forms of muscle hypertrophy and thus BAA-induced changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition may simply be associated with increased muscle growth known to occur in response to BAA feeding. The objective of this study was to determine whether RAC feeding could change the MyHC gene expression in the absence of maximal muscle growth. Pigs were fed either an adequate diet that supported maximal muscle hypertrophy or a low nutrient diet that limited muscle growth. RAC was included in diets at 0 or 20 mg/kg for 1, 2, or 4 wk. Backfat depth was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the low nutrient diet compared with the adequate diet but was not affected by RAC. Loin eye area was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed an adequate diet plus RAC at 1 wk but did not differ among remaining pigs. At 2 and 4 wk, however, pigs fed the adequate diet had greater loin eye areas (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the low nutrient diet regardless of RAC feeding. Gene expression of the MyHC isoforms, I, IIA, IIX, and IIB, as well as glycogen synthase, citrate synthase, β 1-adrenergic receptor (AR), and β 2-AR were determined in longissimus dorsi (LD) and red (RST) and white (WST) portions of the semitendinosus muscles. MyHC type I gene expression was not altered by RAC or diet. Feeding RAC decreased (P < 0.01) MyHC type IIA gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in WST and LD. MyHC type IIX gene expression was lower (P < 0.05) in WST and LD muscles in response to RAC but was not altered in RST muscles. RAC increased (P < 0.05) MyHC type IIB gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in RST. β 1-AR gene expression was unaffected by RAC or diet, whereas the expression of the β 2-AR gene was decreased (P < 0.001) by RAC. No significant RAC * diet interactions were observed in gene expression in this study, indicating that RAC altered MyHC and β 2-AR gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles independent of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Gunawan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Con-Ning Yen
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Brian T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Alan L Grant
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. The Role of Protein Intake and its Timing on Body Composition and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Nutr 2020; 150:1443-1460. [PMID: 32232404 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased protein intake has been suggested to improve gains in muscle mass and strength in adults. Furthermore, the timing of protein intake has been discussed as a margin of opportunity for improved prevention measures. OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigated the effect of protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function (strength and synthesis) in healthy adults, with an emphasis on the timing of protein intake. METHODS Randomized controlled trials were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase, up to March 2019. For meta-analyses, data on lean body mass (LBM), handgrip strength, and leg press strength were pooled by age group (mean age 18-55 or >55 y) and timing of protein intake. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. RESULTS Data from 65 studies with 2907 participants (1514 men and 1380 women, 13 unknown sex) were included in the review. Twenty-six, 8, and 24 studies were used for meta-analysis on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength, respectively. The protein supplementation was effective in improving (mean difference; 95% CI) LBM in adults (0.62 kg; 0.36, 0.88) and older adults (0.46 kg; 0.23, 0.70), but not handgrip strength (older adults: 0.26 kg; -0.51, 1.04) and leg press strength (adults: 5.80 kg; -0.33, 11.93; older adults: 1.97 kg; -2.78, 6.72). Sensitivity analyses removing studies without exercise training had no impact on the outcomes. Data regarding muscle synthesis were scarce and inconclusive. Subgroup analyses showed no beneficial effect of a specific timing of protein intake on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength. CONCLUSION Overall, the results support the positive impact of protein supplementation on LBM of adults and older adults, independently of intake timing. Effects on muscle strength and synthesis are less clear and need further investigation. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42019126742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Wirth
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine Hillesheim
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Brown MA, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Whey protein hydrolysate supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:324-330. [PMID: 29106812 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of different forms of protein and their analogues have been investigated for their efficacy in ameliorating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. Preliminary data regarding whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) supplementation are promising. However, its efficacy beyond acute eccentric/resistance exercise bouts or longer term training programmes are limited and all investigations have been conducted in male or mixed-sex groups. This study sought to elucidate whether the benefits of WPH previously reported can be demonstrated in females following repeated-sprint exercise. Twenty physically active females were assigned to consume 2 doses of 70 mL WPH or isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) for 4 days post-EIMD. Measures of muscle soreness, limb girth, flexibility, muscle function, and creatine kinase were collected before, immediately after, and 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Time effects were observed for all variables (p < 0.05) except limb girth, which is indicative of EIMD. Flexibility improved beyond baseline measures following WPH by 72 h, but had failed to recover in the CHO group (p = 0.011). Reactive strength index was higher throughout recovery in the WPH group compared with CHO (p = 0.016). Reductions in creatine kinase were greater following WPH compared with CHO at 48 h post-EIMD (p = 0.031). The findings suggest that 4-day supplementation of WPH is beneficial for reducing symptoms of EIMD and improving recovery of muscle function in physically active females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Brown
- a School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, GL2 9HW, UK.,b Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- c Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- d Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.,e Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Duan Y, Li F, Wang W, Guo Q, Wen C, Yin Y. Alteration of muscle fiber characteristics and the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis in skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed low-protein diets with varying branched-chain amino acid ratios. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107011-107021. [PMID: 29291007 PMCID: PMC5739792 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There mainly exists four major myosin heavy chains (MyHC) (i.e., I, IIa, IIx, and IIb) in growing pigs. The current study aimed to explore the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with varying branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on muscle fiber characteristics and the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis in skeletal muscles. Forty growing pigs (9.85 ± 0.35 kg) were allotted to 5 groups and fed with diets supplemented with varying leucine: isoleucine: valine ratios: 1:0.51:0.63 (20% crude protein, CP), 1:1:1 (17% CP), 1:0.75:0.75 (17% CP), 1:0.51:0.63 (17% CP), and 1:0.25:0.25 (17% CP), respectively. The skeletal muscles of different muscle fiber composition, that is, longissimus dorsi muscle (LM, a fast-twitch glycolytic muscle), biceps femoris muscle (BM, a mixed slow- and fast-twitch oxido-glycolytic muscle), and psoas major muscle (PM, a slow-twitch oxidative muscle) were collected and analyzed. Results showed that relative to the control group (1:0.51:0.63, 20% CP), the low-protein diets with the leucine: isoleucine: valine ratio ranging from 1:0.75:0.75 to 1:0.25:0.25 especially augmented the mRNA and protein abundance of MyHC I fibers in BM and lowered the mRNA abundance of MyHC IIb particularly in LM (P < 0.05), with a concurrent increase in the activation of AMPK and the mRNA abundance of SIRT and PGC-1α in BM (P < 0.05). The results reveal that low-protein diets supplemented with optimal BCAA ratio, i.e. 1:0.75:0.75-1:0.25:0.25, induce muscle more oxidative especially in oxido-glycolytic skeletal muscle of growing pigs. These effects are likely associated with the activation of the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Wang Z, Shang P, Li Q, Wang L, Chamba Y, Zhang B, Zhang H, Wu C. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals key proteins affecting muscle growth and lipid deposition in pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46717. [PMID: 28436483 PMCID: PMC5402282 DOI: 10.1038/srep46717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth rate and meat quality, two economically important traits in pigs, are controlled by multiple genes and biological pathways. In the present study, we performed a proteomic analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle from six-month-old pigs from two Chinese native mini-type breeds (TP and DSP) and two introduced western breeds (YY and LL) using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). In total, 4,815 peptides corresponding to 969 proteins were detected. Comparison of expression patterns between TP-DSP and YY-LL revealed 288 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 169 were up-regulated and 119 were down-regulated. Functional annotation suggested that 28 DEPs were related to muscle growth and 15 to lipid deposition. Protein interaction network predictions indicated that differences in muscle growth and muscle fibre between TP-DSP and YY-LL groups were regulated by ALDOC, ENO3, PGK1, PGK2, TNNT1, TNNT3, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, MYL3, MYH4, and TNNC2, whereas differences in lipid deposition ability were regulated by LPL, APOA1, APOC3, ACADM, FABP3, ACADVL, ACAA2, ACAT1, HADH, and PECI. Twelve DEPs were analysed using parallel reaction monitoring to confirm the reliability of the iTRAQ analysis. Our findings provide new insights into key proteins involved in muscle growth and lipid deposition in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Shang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 100086, China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangzom Chamba
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 100086, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Paoli A, Pacelli QF, Cancellara P, Toniolo L, Moro T, Canato M, Miotti D, Neri M, Morra A, Quadrelli M, Reggiani C. Protein Supplementation Does Not Further Increase Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Eight Weeks of Resistance Training in Novice Subjects, but Partially Counteracts the Fast-to-Slow Muscle Fiber Transition. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060331. [PMID: 27258300 PMCID: PMC4924172 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to resistance training and protein supplementation in the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) has never been investigated. We investigated the effects of resistance training (RT) and protein supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and fiber characteristics of the LDM. Eighteen healthy young subjects were randomly assigned to a progressive eight-week RT program with a normal protein diet (NP) or high protein diet (HP) (NP 0.85 vs. HP 1.8 g of protein·kg−1·day−1). One repetition maximum tests, magnetic resonance imaging for cross-sectional muscle area (CSA), body composition, and single muscle fibers mechanical and phenotype characteristics were measured. RT induced a significant gain in strength (+17%, p < 0.0001), whole muscle CSA (p = 0.024), and single muscle fibers CSA (p < 0.05) of LDM in all subjects. Fiber isometric force increased in proportion to CSA (+22%, p < 0.005) and thus no change in specific tension occurred. A significant transition from 2X to 2A myosin expression was induced by training. The protein supplementation showed no significant effects on all measured outcomes except for a smaller reduction of 2X myosin expression. Our results suggest that in LDM protein supplementation does not further enhance RT-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy nor influence mechanic muscle fiber characteristics but partially counteracts the fast-to-slow fiber shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Quirico F Pacelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Pasqua Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Marta Canato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Neri
- AIFeM (Italian Medicine and Fitness Federation), Ravenna 48121, Italy.
| | - Aldo Morra
- Euganea Medica, Diagnostic Centre, Via Colombo 13, Albignasego (Padova) 35020, Italy.
| | - Marco Quadrelli
- Euganea Medica, Diagnostic Centre, Via Colombo 13, Albignasego (Padova) 35020, Italy.
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
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8
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Probst Y, Zammit G. Predictors for Reporting of Dietary Assessment Methods in Food-based Randomized Controlled Trials over a Ten-year Period. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.816653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Bonnefoy M, Berrut G, Lesourd B, Ferry M, Gilbert T, Guérin O, Hanon O, Jeandel C, Paillaud E, Raynaud-Simon A, Ruault G, Rolland Y. Frailty and nutrition: searching for evidence. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:250-7. [PMID: 25732208 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that predicts disability, morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Poor nutritional status is one of the main risk factors for frailty. Macronutrients and micronutrients deficiencies are associated with frailty. Recent studies suggest that improving nutritional status for macronutrients and micronutrients may reduce the risk of frailty. Specific diets such as the Mediterranean diet rich in anti-oxidants, is currently investigated in the prevention of frailty. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current body of knowledge on the relations between nutrition and frailty, and provide recommendations for future nutritional research on the field of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonnefoy
- Marc Bonnefoy - service universitaire de gériatrie - Groupement Hospitalier Sud - 69495 Pierre-Bénite Cedex - France - tél 33 (0)4 78 86 15 80 - Fax 33 (0)4 78 86 57 27 -
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10
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Morales A, García H, Arce N, Cota M, Zijlstra RT, Araiza BA, Cervantes M. Effect of L-lysine on expression of selected genes, serum concentration of amino acids, muscle growth and performance of growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:701-9. [PMID: 25354230 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysine (Lys) is the first limiting amino acid (AA) in most feed formulations for pigs and most abundant, along with leucine, in muscle proteins. An experiment was conducted with 17 pigs (17.7 ± 0.05 kg initial BW) to identify a role of dietary Lys in the control of protein synthesis in pigs. Fourteen pigs were randomly assigned to one of the two wheat-based dietary treatments: Lys-deficient, 3.0 g/kg (DEF) and Lys-adequate, 10.8 g/kg (ADE). Samples from jejunum mucosa, liver, Longissumus and Semitendinosus muscles, and blood were collected. The other three pigs were sacrificed at the beginning of the trial to measure basal carcass composition. Weight gain, gain:feed ratio, Lys intake and loin eye area were greater in ADE than in DEF pigs (p < 0.01). Muscle-related carcass characteristics were better, and myosin heavy chain IIb expression (MyHC IIb) in Semitendinosus was higher in ADE than in DEF pigs. Expression of AA transporters CAT-1 was lower (p < 0.05), serum Lys was higher and serum Val was lower in pigs fed the ADE diet. The higher muscularity, MyHC IIb expression in Semitendinosus muscle and Lys serum of pigs fed the ADE diet suggest that Lys increases growth rate not only by functioning as protein construction unit but also as potential control of the protein synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - H García
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - N Arce
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - M Cota
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - R T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B A Araiza
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - M Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
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Cervantes-Ramírez M, Mendez-Trujillo V, Araiza-Piña B, Barrera-Silva M, González-Mendoza D, Morales-Trejo A. Supplemental leucine and isoleucine affect expression of cationic amino acid transporters and myosin, serum concentration of amino acids, and growth performance of pigs. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:115-26. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.january.24.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Alami-Durante H, Wrutniak-Cabello C, Kaushik SJ, Médale F. Skeletal muscle cellularity and expression of myogenic regulatory factors and myosin heavy chains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects of changes in dietary plant protein sources and amino acid profiles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:561-8. [PMID: 20434580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional regulation of skeletal muscle growth is very little documented in fish. The aim of the study presented here was to determine how changes in dietary plant protein sources and amino acid profiles affect the muscle growth processes of fish. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchys mykiss) were fed two diets containing fish meal and a mixture of plant protein sources either low (control diet) or rich in soybean meal (diet S). Both diets were supplemented with crystalline indispensable amino acids (IAA) to match the rainbow trout muscle IAA profile. Diet S was also supplemented with glutamic acid, an AA present in high quantities in trout muscle. Rainbow trout fed diets C and S were not significantly different in terms of overall somatic growth or daily nitrogen gain, although their parameters of dietary protein utilisation differed. Distribution of skeletal white muscle fibre diameter and expression of certain selected muscle genes were also affected by dietary changes. In the white muscle, diet S led to a significant decrease (x0.9) in the mean and median diameters of muscle fibres, to a significant decrease (x0.6) in the expression of MyoD and to a significant increase (x1.7) in the expression of fast-MHC, with no significant changes in myogenin expression. There was no change in the expression of the genes analysed in lateral red muscle (MyoD, MyoD2, myogenin and slow-MHC). These results demonstrated that changes occurred in skeletal white muscle cellularity and expression of MyoD and fast-MHC, although overall growth and protein accretion were not modified, when a diet rich in soybean meal and glutamic acid was ingested. Present findings also indicated that the white and red muscles of rainbow trout are differently affected by nutritional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alami-Durante
- UMR 1067 Nutrition Aquaculture et Génomique, INRA, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
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Bonnefoy M. Interventions pour restaurer la masse musculaire du sujet âgé. NUTR CLIN METAB 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nakazato K, Song H. Increased oxidative properties of gastrocnemius in rats fed on a high-protein diet. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Yeh SS, Lovitt S, Schuster MW. Pharmacological Treatment of Geriatric Cachexia: Evidence and Safety in Perspective. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007; 8:363-77. [PMID: 17619035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticachexic or antisarcopenic medications are prescribed worldwide for geriatric patients with poor appetite and associated weight loss. They represent a valuable treatment option for managing cachexia. However, the well-publicized adverse reports about these medications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in the cancer population has led to some concern and much subsequent discussion over the safety of these medications being used in geriatric population. This review looks at the evidence in relation to the benefits and risks of these medications and discusses what we know about their use in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Shing Yeh
- Northport VAMC, Geriatric division, Northport, NY 11768, USA.
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Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2006; 3:42-50. [PMID: 18500962 PMCID: PMC2129153 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a more than adequate protein intake in the general population, athletes have special needs and situations that bring it to the forefront. Overtraining is one example. Hard-training athletes are different from sedentary persons from the sub-cellular to whole-organism level. Moreover, competitive, "free-living" (less-monitored) athletes often encounter negative energy balance, sub-optimal dietary variety, injuries, endocrine exacerbations and immune depression. These factors, coupled with "two-a-day" practices and in-season demands require that protein not be dismissed as automatically adequate or worse, deleterious to health. When applying research to practice settings, one should consider methodological aspects such as population specificity and control variables such as energy balance. This review will address data pertinent to the topic of athletic protein needs, particularly from a standpoint of overtraining and soft tissue recovery. Research-driven strategies for adjusting nutrition and exercise assessments will be offered for consideration. Potentially helpful nutrition interventions for preventing and treating training complications will also be presented.
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17
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D'Antona G, Lanfranconi F, Pellegrino MA, Brocca L, Adami R, Rossi R, Moro G, Miotti D, Canepari M, Bottinelli R. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and structure and function of skeletal muscle fibres in male body builders. J Physiol 2005; 570:611-27. [PMID: 16339176 PMCID: PMC1479884 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Needle biopsy samples were taken from vastus lateralis muscle (VL) of five male body builders (BB, age 27.4+/-0.93 years; mean+/-s.e.m.), who had being performing hypertrophic heavy resistance exercise (HHRE) for at least 2 years, and from five male active, but untrained control subjects (CTRL, age 29.9+/-2.01 years). The following determinations were performed: anatomical cross-sectional area and volume of the quadriceps and VL muscles in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC) distribution of the whole biopsy samples by SDS-PAGE; cross-sectional area (CSA), force (Po), specific force (Po/CSA) and maximum shortening velocity (Vo) of a large population (n=524) of single skinned muscle fibres classified on the basis of MHC isoform composition by SDS-PAGE; actin sliding velocity (Vf) on pure myosin isoforms by in vitro motility assays. In BB a preferential hypertrophy of fast and especially type 2X fibres was observed. The very large hypertrophy of VL in vivo could not be fully accounted for by single muscle fibre hypertrophy. CSA of VL in vivo was, in fact, 54% larger in BB than in CTRL, whereas mean fibre area was only 14% larger in BB than in CTRL. MHC isoform distribution was shifted towards 2X fibres in BB. Po/CSA was significantly lower in type 1 fibres from BB than in type 1 fibres from CTRL whereas both type 2A and type 2X fibres were significantly stronger in BB than in CTRL. Vo of type 1 fibres and Vf of myosin 1 were significantly lower in BB than in CTRL, whereas no difference was observed among fast fibres and myosin 2A. The findings indicate that skeletal muscle of BB was markedly adapted to HHRE through extreme hypertrophy, a shift towards the stronger and more powerful fibre types and an increase in specific force of muscle fibres. Such adaptations could not be fully accounted for by well known mechanisms of muscle plasticity, i.e. by the hypertrophy of single muscle fibre (quantitative mechanism) and by a regulation of contractile properties of muscle fibres based on MHC isoform content (qualitative mechanism). Two BB subjects took anabolic steroids and three BB subjects did not. The former BB differed from the latter BB mostly for the size of their muscles and muscle fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Antona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Carroll J, Fearnley IM, Skehel JM, Runswick MJ, Shannon RJ, Hirst J, Walker JE. The Post-translational Modifications of the Nuclear Encoded Subunits of Complex I from Bovine Heart Mitochondria. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:693-9. [PMID: 15728260 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500014-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine complex I is an assembly of 46 different proteins. Seven of them are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, and the rest are nuclear gene products that are imported into the organelle. Fourteen of the nuclear encoded subunits have modified N termini. Many of these post-translational modifications have been deduced previously from intact protein masses. These assignments have been verified by mass spectrometric analysis of peptides. Thirteen of them are N-alpha-acetylated, and a 14th, subunit B18, is N-alpha-myristoylated. Subunit B18 forms part of the membrane arm of the complex, and the myristoyl group may attach subunit B18 to the membrane. One subunit, B12, has a particularly complex pattern of post-translational modification that has not been analyzed before. It is a mixture of the N-alpha-acetylated form and the form with a free N terminus. In addition, it has one, two, or three methyl groups attached to histidine residues at positions 4, 6, and 8 in various combinations. The predominant form is methylated on residues 4 and 6. There is no evidence for the methylation of histidine 2. Subunit B12 is also part of the membrane arm of complex I, and it probably spans the membrane once, but as its orientation is not known, the methylation sites could be in either the matrix or the intermembrane space. These experiments represent another significant step toward establishing the precise chemical composition of mammalian complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Carroll
- The Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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Iresjö BM, Svanberg E, Lundholm K. Reevaluation of amino acid stimulation of protein synthesis in murine- and human-derived skeletal muscle cells assessed by independent techniques. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E1028-37. [PMID: 15598673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00295.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine L6 and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were cultured standardized in low (0.28 mM) and normal (9 mM) amino acid (AA) concentrations to reevaluate by independent methods to what extent AA activate initiation of protein synthesis. Methods used were incorporation of radioactive AA into proteins, distribution analysis of RNA in density gradient, and Western blots on initiation factors of translation of proteins in cultured cells as well as in vivo (gastrocnemius, C57Bl mice) during starvation/refeeding. Incorporation rate of AA gave incorrect results in a variety of conditions, where phenylalanine stimulated the incorporation rate of phenylalanine into proteins, but not of tyrosine, and tyrosine stimulated incorporation of tyrosine but not of phenylalanine. Similar problems were observed when [35S]methionine was used for labeling of fractionated cellular proteins. However, the methods entirely independent of labeled AA incorporation indicated that essential AA activate initiation of translation, whereas nonessential AA did not. Branched-chain AA and glutamine, in combination with some other AA, also stimulated initiation of translation. Starvation/refeeding in vitro agreed qualitatively with results in vivo evaluated by initiation factors. Insulin at physiological concentrations (100 microM/ml) did not stimulate global protein synthesis at low or normal AA concentrations but did so at supraphysiological levels (3 mU/ml), confirmed by independent methods. Our results reemphasize that labeled AA should be used with caution for quantification of protein synthesis, since the precursor pool(s) for protein synthesis is not in complete equilibrium with surrounding AA. "Flooding" tracee experiments did not overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Iresjö
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Lunderberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
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Wilborn CD, Willoughby DS. The role of dietary protein intake and resistance training on Myosin heavy chain expression. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2004; 1:27-34. [PMID: 18500947 PMCID: PMC2129160 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-1-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During resistance training the muscle undergoes many changes. Possibly the most profound and significant changes are those that occur in the muscles contractile proteins. Increases in these contractile proteins are one of the primary factors contributing to myofibrillar hypertrophy. The most abundant muscle protein is myosin, which comprises 25% of the total muscle protein. Due to the large amount of skeletal muscle that is composed of myosin, changes in this fiber may have profound effects on skeletal muscle size and strength. The myosin molecule is made up of 6 subunits, 2 very large heavy chains, and 4 smaller light chains. The myosin heavy chain (MHC) accounts for 25–30% of all muscle proteins making its size an important factor in skeletal muscle growth. In conjunction with resistance training, dietary protein intake must be adequate to illicit positive adaptations. Although many studies have evaluated the role of dietary protein intake on skeletal muscle changes, few have evaluated the MHC specifically. Research has clearly defined the need for dietary protein and resistance training to facilitate positive changes in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of dietary protein and resistance training on the expression of the myosin heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, TX.
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Deibert P, König D, Schmidt-Trucksaess A, Zaenker KS, Frey I, Landmann U, Berg A. Weight loss without losing muscle mass in pre-obese and obese subjects induced by a high-soy-protein diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:1349-52. [PMID: 15303108 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine change of weight, body composition, metabolic and hormonal parameters induced by different intervention protocols. DESIGN Randomized, controlled study including participants exhibiting a BMI between 27.5 and 35. Three different interventions containing lifestyle education (LE-G), or a substitutional diet containing a high-soy-protein low-fat diet with (SD/PA-G) or without (SD-G) a guided physical activity program. SUBJECTS A total of 90 subjects (mean weight 89.9 kg; mean BMI 31.5), randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. MEASUREMENTS Change in body weight, fat mass and lean body mass measured with the Bod Pod device at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months; change in metabolic and hormonal parameters. RESULTS In all, 83 subjects completed the 6-months study. BMI dropped highly significantly in all groups (LE-G: -2.2+/-1.43 kg/m(2); SD-G: -3.1+/-1.29 kg/m(2); SD/PA-G: -3.0+/-1.29 kg/m(2)). Subjects in the SD-G and in the SD/PA-G lost more weight during the 6-months study (-8.9+/-3.9; -8.9+/-3.9 kg) than did those in the LE-G (-6.2+/-4.2 kg), and had a greater decrease in fat mass (-8.8+/-4.27; -9.4+/-4.54 kg) than those in the LE-G (-6.6+/-4.59 kg). In contrast, no significant intraindividual or between-group changes in the fat-free mass were seen. In all groups, metabolic parameters showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a high-soy-protein and low-fat diet can improve the body composition in overweight and obese people, losing fat but preserving muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deibert
- Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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