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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Bringe NA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Selected Soybean Varieties Regulate Hepatic LDL-Cholesterol Homeostasis Depending on Their Glycinin:β-Conglycinin Ratio. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010020. [PMID: 36670883 PMCID: PMC9855081 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that the consumption of soybean protein might reduce cholesterol and LDL levels preventing the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, soybean variety can influence soybean protein profile and therefore affect soybean protein health-promoting properties. This study investigated the composition and effects of nineteen soybean varieties digested under simulated gastrointestinal conditions on hepatic cholesterol metabolism and LDL oxidation in vitro. Soybean varieties exhibited a differential protein hydrolysis during gastrointestinal digestion. Soybean varieties could be classified according to their composition (high/low glycinin:β-conglycinin ratio) and capacity to inhibit HMGCR (IC50 from 59 to 229 µg protein mL−1). According to multivariate analyses, five soybean varieties were selected. These soybean varieties produced different peptide profiles and differently reduced cholesterol concentration (43−55%) by inhibiting HMGCR in fatty-acid-stimulated HepG2 hepatocytes. Selected digested soybean varieties inhibited cholesterol esterification, triglyceride production, VLDL secretion, and LDL recycling by reducing ANGPTL3 and PCSK9 and synchronously increasing LDLR expression. In addition, selected soybean varieties hindered LDL oxidation, reducing the formation of lipid peroxidation early (conjugated dienes) and end products (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal). The changes in HMGCR expression, cholesterol esterification, triglyceride accumulation, ANGPTL3 release, and malondialdehyde formation during LDL oxidation were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the glycinin:β-conglycinin ratio. Soybean varieties with lower glycinin:β-conglycinin exhibited a better potential in regulating cholesterol and LDL homeostasis in vitro. Consumption of soybean flour with a greater proportion of β-conglycinin may, consequently, improve the potential of the food ingredient to maintain healthy liver cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-217-244-3196
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Swallah MS, Yang X, Li J, Korese JK, Wang S, Fan H, Yu H, Huang Q. The Pros and Cons of Soybean Bioactive Compounds: An Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Joseph Kudadam Korese
- Agricultural Mechanization and Irrigation Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development StudiesDepartment of, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
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Song B, Qiu Z, Li M, Luo T, Wu Q, Krishnan HB, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S, Liu S. Breeding of ‘DND358’: A new soybean cultivar for processing soy protein isolate with a hypocholesterolemic effect similar to that of fenofibrate. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Shan S, Yin R, Shi J, Zhang L, Liu F, Qiao Q, Li Z. Bowman-Birk Major Type Trypsin Inhibitor Derived from Foxtail Millet Bran Attenuate Atherosclerosis via Remodeling Gut Microbiota in ApoE-/- Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:507-519. [PMID: 34989223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet proteins and their hydrolysates have the potential to prevent atherosclerosis (AS). In our present study, a novel Bowman-Birk type major trypsin inhibitor from foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI) with an anti-AS effect was obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal bionic digestion. Further, the anti-AS activity of FMB-BBTI was verified by the classic apoE-/- mice model, characterized by the decreases of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and atherosclerotic plaque. Importantly, FMB-BBTI remodeled the structure of gut microbiota in apoE-/- mice, including the increase of Firmicutes at the phylum level, and the abundance alteration of five genera at the genus level, especially significant enrichment of Lactobacillus. Collectively, FMB-BBTI markedly restrains the AS progress, suggesting that the remodeling of gut microbiota induced by FMB-BBTI may be the critical factor for its anti-AS activity. This study indicates that FMB-BBTI may serve as a vital functional component contributing to the anti-AS potential of foxtail millet bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Shan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruopeng Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiangying Shi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fengming Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qinqin Qiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Abstract
Legumes are an essential food source worldwide. Their high-quality proteins, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and relatively low-fat content make these an important functional food. Known to possess a multitude of health benefits, legume consumption is associated with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Legume crude protein isolates and purified peptides possess many cardiopreventive properties. Here, we review selected economically valued legumes, their taxonomy and distribution, biochemical composition, and their protein components and the mechanism(s) of action associated with cardiovascular health. Most of the legume protein studies had shown upregulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor leading to increased binding and uptake, in effect significantly reducing total lipid levels in the blood serum and liver. This is followed by decreased biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. To understand the relationship of identified genes from legume studies, we performed gene network analysis, pathway, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment. Results showed that the genes were functionally interrelated while enrichment and pathway analysis revealed involvement in lipid transport, fatty acid and triglyceride metabolic processes, and regulatory processes. This review is the first attempt to collate all known mechanisms of action of legume proteins associated with cardiovascular health. This also provides a snapshot of possible targets leading to systems-level approaches to further investigate the cardiometabolic potentials of legumes.
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Din JU, Sarwar A, Li Y, Aziz T, Hussain F, Shah SMM, Yi G, Liu X. Separation of Storage Proteins (7S and 11S) from Soybean Seed, Meals and Protein Isolate Using an Optimized Method Via Comparison of Yield and Purity. Protein J 2021; 40:396-405. [PMID: 33893910 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to extract β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) from soybean seed, soybean meals and soybean protein isolate and compare their yield and purity. The previous methods were modified for the extraction and isolation of 7S and 11S globulins. The adjustment mainly included sample to solution ratio of 1:10 (previously 1:15). Comparing the yield of 11S fraction in Tris-HCl and water as extractable solutions, it was almost doubled in soybean seed (16.97% to 32.41%) with purity from 96 to 98% respectively. In case of soybean meal, samples yield increased from 45.46 to 61.86% with purity from 94 to 98%. On contrary, 7S yield was significantly improved in soybean protein isolate sample from 30.33 to 53.81% along with no contamination in its purity while soybean seed and soybean meal samples had less increase in both yield and purity in Tris-HCl and water as extractable solutions. Results of this study will bring new insights into soybean 7S and 11S separation and purification techniques as well as pave the way for their application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Ud Din
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Abid Sarwar
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - You Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fida Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Guofu Yi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the incidence and complications of atherosclerosis, there are relatively limited data in the clinical and preclinical literature to rigorously address mechanisms underlying sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis. In multiple histological and imaging studies, overall plaque burden and markers of inflammation appear to be greater in men than women and are predictive of cardiovascular events. However, while younger women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease, by the seventh decade, the incidence of myocardial infarction in women ultimately surpasses that of men, suggesting an interaction between sex and age. Most preclinical studies in animal atherosclerosis models do not examine both sexes, and even in those that do, well-powered direct statistical comparisons for sex as an independent variable remain rare. This article reviews the available data. Overall, male animals appear to have more inflamed yet smaller plaques compared to female animals. Plaque inflammation is often used as a surrogate end point for plaque vulnerability in animals. The available data support the notion that rather than plaque size, plaque inflammation may be more relevant in assessing sex-specific mechanisms since the findings correlate with the sex difference in ischemic events and mortality and thus may be more reflective of the human condition. Overall, the number of preclinical studies directly comparing plaque inflammation between the sexes is extremely limited relative to the vast literature exploring atherosclerosis mechanisms. Failure to include both sexes and to address age in mechanistic atherosclerosis studies are missed opportunities to uncover underlying sex-specific mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms driving sex as a biological variable in atherosclerotic disease is critical to future precision medicine strategies to mitigate what is still the leading cause of death of men and women worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Man
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua A. Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Iris Z. Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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The α' subunit of β-conglycinin and various glycinin subunits of soy are not required to modulate hepatic lipid metabolism in rats. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1157-1168. [PMID: 28324208 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effect of soy proteins with depletion of different subunits of the two major storage proteins, β-conglycinin and glycinin, on hepatic lipids and proteins involved in lipid metabolism in rats, since the bioactive component of soy responsible for lipid-lowering is unclear. METHODS Weanling Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 20% casein protein in the absence (casein) or presence (casein + ISF) of isoflavones or 20% alcohol-washed soy protein isolate (SPI) or 20% soy protein concentrates derived from a conventional (Haro) or 2 soybean lines lacking the α' subunit of β-conglycinin and the A1-3 (1TF) or A1-5 (1a) subunits of glycinin. After 8 weeks, the rats were necropsied and liver proteins and lipids were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The results showed that soy protein diets reduced lipid droplet accumulation and content in the liver compared to casein diets. The soy protein diets also decreased the level of hepatic mature SREBP-1 and FAS in males, with significant decreases in diets 1TF and 1a compared to the casein diets. The effect of the soy protein diets on female hepatic mature SREBP-1, FAS, and HMGCR was confounded since casein + ISF decreased these levels compared to casein alone perhaps muting the decrease by soy protein. A reduction in both phosphorylated and total STAT3 in female livers by ISF may account for the gender difference in mechanism in the regulation and protein expression of the lipid modulators. CONCLUSIONS Overall, soy protein deficient in the α' subunit of β-conglycinin and A1-5 subunits of glycinin maintain similar hypolipidemic function compared to the conventional soy protein. The exact bioactive component(s) warrant identification.
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9
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Kar SK, Jansman AJM, Boeren S, Kruijt L, Smits MA. Protein, peptide, amino acid composition, and potential functional properties of existing and novel dietary protein sources for monogastrics1,2. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Morishita S, Kawaguchi H, Ono T, Miura N, Murakoshi M, Sugiyama K, Kato H, Tanimoto A, Nishino H. Enteric lactoferrin attenuates the development of high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Microminipigs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:295-303. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previously, we found that enteric lactoferrin (eLF) could reduce the visceral fat accumulation known to associate strongly with metabolic syndrome symptoms and consequently with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. In this study, the atherosclerosis-preventive potential of LF was assessed in a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis model using Microminipig™. Eight-week orally administered eLF remarkably reduced the HFCD-induced serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. A histological analysis of 15 arteries revealed that eLF systemically inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Pathway analysis using identified genes that characterized eLF administration in liver revealed significant changes in the steroid biosynthesis pathway (ssc00100) and all affected genes in this pathway were upregulated, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis inhibited by HFCD was recovered by eLF. In summary, eLF could potentially prevent the hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis through protecting homeostasis from HFCD-induced dysfunction of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Morishita
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- “Food for Life,” Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoji Ono
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michiaki Murakoshi
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keikichi Sugiyama
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- “Food for Life,” Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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11
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Impact of germination on flour, protein and starch characteristics of lentil (Lens culinari) and horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L.) lines. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Beneficial effects of soy supplementation on postmenopausal atherosclerosis are dependent on pretreatment stage of plaque progression. Menopause 2015; 22:289-96. [PMID: 25072952 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use a well-established monkey model of atherosclerosis to determine how life stage and preexisting atherosclerosis influence the effectiveness of high-isoflavone soy diet in inhibiting progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS For 34 months, premenopausal monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet, with protein derived primarily from either animal sources (casein-lactalbumin [CL], n = 37) or high-isoflavone soy beans (Soy, n = 34). Animals were ovariectomized and randomized to groups fed the same diet (CL-CL, n = 20; Soy-Soy, n = 17) or an alternate diet (CL-Soy, n = 17; Soy-CL, n = 17) for an additional 34 months. At ovariectomy, the left common iliac artery was removed to determine the amount of premenopausal atherosclerosis. At necropsy, the right common iliac artery and coronary arteries were collected, and atherosclerosis extent was quantified. CL-CL condition was considered "control." RESULTS Modeling Asian women who remain in Asia, monkeys fed soy protein both premenopausally and postmenopausally had a markedly reduced extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis relative to CL controls (P = 0.008). The subset of animals that modeled Asian women who migrate to a Western country (consuming soy premenopausally and CL postmenopausally) had increased progression of postmenopausal iliac artery atherosclerosis (P = 0.003) and was not protected against the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis relative to controls. Relevant to the administration of soy diets to postmenopausal Western women, monkeys fed CL premenopausally and switched to soy postmenopausally derived atheroprotective benefits only if they began the postmenopausal treatment period with relatively small (below the median) plaques. Relative to controls, this group (with small plaques at ovariectomy) had reduced progression of iliac atherosclerosis (P = 0.038) and smaller coronary artery plaques (P = 0.0001) that were less complicated (P = 0.05) relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that significant atheroprotective benefits of dietary soy are derived from treatment that begins premenopausally and continues postmenopausally or from treatment that is started during early postmenopause (when plaques are still small).
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Tanigawa T, Shibata R, Kondo K, Katahira N, Kambara T, Inoue Y, Nonoyama H, Horibe Y, Ueda H, Murohara T. Soybean β-Conglycinin Prevents Age-Related Hearing Impairment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137493. [PMID: 26348726 PMCID: PMC4562634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related complications are associated with the development of age-related hearing impairment. β-Conglycinin (β-CG), one of the main storage proteins in soy, offers multiple health benefits, including anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Here, to elucidate the potential therapeutic application of β-CG, we investigated the effect of β-CG on age-related hearing impairment. Male wild-type mice (age 6 months) were randomly divided into β-CG-fed and control groups. Six months later, the body weight was significantly lower in β-CG-fed mice than in the controls. Consumption of β-CG rescued the hearing impairment observed in control mice. Cochlear blood flow also increased in β-CG-fed mice, as did the expression of eNOS in the stria vascularis (SV), which protects vasculature. β-CG consumption also ameliorated oxidative status as assessed by 4-HNE staining. In the SV, lipofuscin granules of marginal cells and vacuolar degeneration of microvascular pericytes were decreased in β-CG-fed mice, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. β-CG consumption prevented loss of spiral ganglion cells and reduced the frequencies of lipofuscin granules, nuclear invaginations, and myelin vacuolation. Our observations indicate that β-CG ameliorates age-related hearing impairment by preserving cochlear blood flow and suppressing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Tanigawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rei Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Katahira
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kambara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Horibe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Rayaprolu S, Hettiarachchy N, Horax R, Satchithanandam E, Chen P, Mauromoustakos A. Amino Acid Profiles of 44 Soybean Lines and ACE-I Inhibitory Activities of Peptide Fractions from Selected Lines. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lule VK, Garg S, Pophaly SD, Hitesh, Tomar SK. "Potential health benefits of lunasin: a multifaceted soy-derived bioactive peptide". J Food Sci 2015; 80:R485-94. [PMID: 25627564 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins, fermentation with proteolytic starter cultures, and gastrointestinal digestion. These peptides have positive impacts on a number of physiological functions in living beings. Lunasin, a soy-derived bioactive peptide, is one of the most promising among them. Lunasin encoded within 2S albumin (GM2S-1) gene, identified as a novel peptide extracted from soybean seed. It is composed of 43 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 5.5 kDa. Extensive scientific studies have shown that lunasin possesses inherent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous properties and could also play a vital role in regulating of cholesterol biosynthesis in the body. Its high bioavailability and heat stable nature allow its potential use as dietary supplement. The present review summarizes some of the potential health and therapeutic benefits of lunasin reported hitherto.
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Ferreira ES, Amaral ALS, Demonte A, Zanelli CF, Capraro J, Duranti M, Neves VA. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of rat-administered oral doses of the isolated 7S globulins from cowpeas and adzuki beans. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e7. [PMID: 26090103 PMCID: PMC4463012 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of seed proteins, especially soyabean 7S globulins, in controlling dyslipidaemia is widely acknowledged. Amino acid sequence homology among the proteins of this family could reflect similar biological functions in other species. The aim of the present study was to unveil a hypolipidaemic effect of the 7S globulins from cowpeas (7S-C) and adzuki beans (7S-A), administered orally to rats fed a hypercholesterolaemic (HC; high cholesterol and TAG) diet for 28 d. A total of forty-five rats were divided into five groups (nine rats per group): (1) standard (STD) diet; (2) HC diet; (3) HC diet + 7S-C (300 mg/kg per d); (4) HC diet + 7S-A (300 mg/kg per d); and (5) HC diet + simvastatin (SVT; 50 mg/kg per d), as a control. Significant decreases in food intake and final body weight of rats receiving HC + 7S-C and HC + 7S-A diets compared with groups fed the HC and STD diets were observed. Significant decreases in serum total and non-HDL-cholesterol of 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups were also observed. HDL-cholesterol levels increased in the 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups, while hepatic cholesterol and TAG concentrations were significantly lower than in the HC diet group for the 7S-C-supplemented group only. Faecal excretions of fat and cholesterol in HC diet groups were considerably higher in animals consuming the 7S globulins. The results show that cowpea and adzuki bean 7S globulins promote cholesterol-decreasing effects in hypercholesterolaemic rats even at low dosages, as already observed for other legume seed storage proteins of this family. This main effect is discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederlan S. Ferreira
- Department of Bromatological Analysis,
School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia,
Barão de Jeremoabo Road, 147, 40170-115,
Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia S. Amaral
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aureluce Demonte
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleslei F. Zanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University,
Rodovia Araraquara – Jaú, km 1,
14801-902, Araraquara,
SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Capraro
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional
Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via G. Celoria, 2,
20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Duranti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional
Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via G. Celoria, 2,
20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valdir A. Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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17
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Schutkowski A, Hirche F, Geissler S, Radtke J, Stangl GI. Additive effects of lupin protein and phytic acid on aortic calcification in ApoE deficient mice. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2014; 2:6-13. [PMID: 29159103 PMCID: PMC5684972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupin proteins have repeatedly been shown to exhibit lipid lowering properties and reduce aortic calcification in atherosclerosis models. Despite many efforts on its identification, the component which is responsible for the observed effects is still under debate. Phytic acid which is generally associated with lupin protein isolates has currently been described as bioactive plant compound. The objective of the study was to determine the role of associated phytic acid for the described lupin protein effects. A two-factorial study with ApoE knockout mice was conducted in which mice received lupin protein isolate or casein with or without phytase. Phytic acid was added to the casein diets to a final concentration identical to the lupin protein diets. Here we show that the serum concentrations of cholesterol, lathosterol and desmosterol were lower and the faecal bile acid excretion was higher in the groups fed lupin proteins than in the groups fed casein (p < 0.05). Mice that received the lupin protein diet containing phytic acid were characterized by a lower aortic calcification than mice of the other three groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that the cholesterol lowering properties of lupin protein isolate were not caused by phytic acid. However, the hypocalcific action of lupin proteins appears to depend on the combination of lupin proteins and phytic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schutkowski
- Corresponding author. Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. Tel.: +49(0) 345 5522746; fax: +49(0) 345 5527124Corresponding authorInstitute of Agricultural and Nutritional SciencesMartin-Luther University Halle-WittenbergVon-Danckelmann-Platz 2Tel.: +49(0) 345 5522746; fax: +49(0) 345 5527124Halle (Saale)06120Germany
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18
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Yeh WJ, Yang HY, Chen JR. Soy β-conglycinin retards progression of diabetic nephropathy via modulating the insulin sensitivity and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in rats fed with high salt diet. Food Funct 2014; 5:2898-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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20
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He XT, Yang XQ, Zhang JB. Effects of pepsin hydrolysis on the soyβ-conglycinin aggregates formed by heat treatment at different pH. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ting He
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins; Department of Food Science and Technology; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins; Department of Food Science and Technology; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jin-Bo Zhang
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins; Department of Food Science and Technology; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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21
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Ma D, Taku K, Zhang Y, Jia M, Wang Y, Wang P. Serum lipid-improving effect of soyabean β-conglycinin in hyperlipidaemic menopausal women. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1680-4. [PMID: 23561330 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of treatment with β-conglycinin, a major soyabean protein, on blood lipids in menopausal women, we recruited 100 hyperlipidaemic women aged 40-60 years old. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: placebo group (n 34, four casein tablets/d); low dose group (n 33, four tablets containing 2·3 g β-conglycinin/d); high-dose group (n 33, eight tablets containing 4·6 g β-conglycinin/d). The mean serum TAG concentration was significantly reduced after 6 and 12 weeks of β-conglycinin intervention by 0·44 (sd 0·20) and 0·78 (sd 1·03) mmol/l in the low-dose group, and by 0·46 (sd 0·17) and 1·25 (sd 1·06) mmol/l in the high-dose group, respectively. One-way ANOVA revealed that serum TAG concentrations in the low-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lowered compared with the placebo group at weeks 6 and 12 (P< 0·05). The low dose and high dose consumptions of β-conglycinin significantly decreased the LDL-cholesterol concentration by 0·46 (sd 0·72) and 0·52 (sd 0·97) mmol/l at week 12, respectively (P< 0·05). Compared with the changes from baseline in the placebo group, apoB and NEFA were significantly lowered in both the low-dose and high-dose β-conglycinin groups (P< 0·05). In conclusion, the results suggest that β-conglycinin intake significantly decreases serum TAG and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Ma
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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22
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Yan L, Graef GL, Claycombe KJ, Johnson LK. Effects of voluntary running and soy supplementation on diet-induced metabolic disturbance and inflammation in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9373-9379. [PMID: 24011182 DOI: 10.1021/jf401588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of diet (AIN93G or high-fat), physical activity (sedentary or voluntary running), and protein source (casein or soy protein isolate (SPI)) and their interactions on metabolic disturbance and inflammation in mice. After 14 weeks of feeding, the high-fat diet increased body weight gain by 34.5% (p < 0.01), whereas running reduced weight gain by 30.5% (p < 0.01) compared to their respective AIN93G and sedentary controls; SPI did not affect weight gain. The high-fat diet significantly increased plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, leptin, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1); running and SPI significantly reduced these parameters compared to their respective controls. The high-fat diet significantly increased and running significantly reduced plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. A unique finding was that SPI supplementation to the high-fat diet reduced plasma insulin by 11% (p < 0.05), MCP-1 by 21% (p = 0.03), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by 50% (p = 0.05) compared to casein. As adipose tissues produce many adipocytokines, including MCP-1 and TNF-α, that contribute to a state of chronic low grade systemic inflammation and facilitate metabolic disturbance in obesity, further investigations are warranted into the roles of soy protein in reducing the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center , Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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23
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Stanojevic SP, Barac MB, Pesic MB, Jankovic VS, Vucelic-Radovic BV. Bioactive proteins and energy value of okara as a byproduct in hydrothermal processing of soy milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9210-9. [PMID: 23978042 DOI: 10.1021/jf4012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional properties of raw okara obtained as a byproduct from six soybean varieties during hydrothermal cooking (HTC) of soy milk were assessed. The composition and residual activity (rTIA) of trypsin inhibitors (TIs), contents of lectin, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and energy values (EV) were correlated with the respective physicochemical properties of soybean and okara. Kunitz (KTI) and Bowman-Birk (BBI) TIs both comprised okara rTIA. TIs content was higher in okara (5.19-14.40%) than in soybean (3.10-12.17%), which additionally enriched okara by cysteine. Contents of KTI (r = 1.00;p < 0.05) and BBI (r = 0.89;p < 0.05) as well as BBI monomeric (r = 0.89;p < 0.05) and polymeric forms (r = 0.95;p < 0.05) in okara and in soybean were strongly correlated. Low urease index activity indicated that okara was heated adequately to inactivate antinutritional factors. The proximate composition of raw okara, advantageous rTIA, and a very low EV (2.74-3.78 kJ/g) qualify this byproduct for potential application in food preparation as a functional ingredient in dietary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana P Stanojevic
- Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade , Nemanjina 6, P.O. Box 14, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
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24
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Burris RL, Ng HP, Nagarajan S. Soy protein inhibits inflammation-induced VCAM-1 and inflammatory cytokine induction by inhibiting the NF-κB and AKT signaling pathway in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:135-48. [PMID: 23468309 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and cancer. Isoflavone-free soy protein diet (SPI(-)) has been shown to reduce atherosclerotic lesions in a hyperlipidemic mouse model compared to casein (CAS)-fed mice, despite unchanged serum lipid levels. However, possible mechanisms contributing to the athero-protective effect of soy protein remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether and how SPI(-) diet inhibits inflammatory responses associated with atherosclerosis. METHODS Apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice (5-week) were fed CAS or SPI(-) diet for 1 or 5 week to determine LPS- and hyperlipidemia-induced acute and chronic inflammatory responses, respectively. Expression of NF-κB-dependent inflammation mediators such as VCAM-1, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were determined in aorta and liver. NF-κB, MAP kinase, and AKT activation was determined to address mechanisms contributing to the anti-inflammatory properties of soy protein/peptides. RESULTS Isoflavone-free soy protein diet significantly reduced LPS-induced VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression in aorta compared to CAS-fed mice. Reduced VCAM-1 expression in SPI(-)-fed mice also paralleled attenuated monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, a critical and primary processes during inflammation. Notably, VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression in lesion-prone aortic arch was significantly reduced in apoE-/- mice fed SPI(-) for 5 weeks compared with CAS-fed mice. Moreover, dietary SPI(-) potently inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and the subsequent upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. Interestingly, SPI(-) inhibited NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by targeting I-κB phosphorylation and AKT activation with no effect on MAP kinase pathway. Of the five putative soy peptides, four of the soy peptides inhibited LPS-induced VCAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 protein expression in human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-inflammatory properties of component(s) of soy protein/peptides may be a possible mechanism for the prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Endogenous androgen deficiency enhances diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:319-28. [PMID: 22981166 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous clinical and animal studies, the role of sex steroid hormones on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis remain controversial. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effects of endogenous estrogen and testosterone on lipoprotein levels and atherosclerosis using mice fed a low-fat diet with no added cholesterol. METHODS Male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice were fed an open stock low-fat diet (10% of kcals from fat) for 2, 4, or 17 weeks. Ovariectomy, orchidectomy, or sham surgeries were performed to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of endogenous hormones on lipid levels, lipoprotein distribution, and atherosclerosis development. RESULTS Female mice fed the study diet for 17 weeks had a marked increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein-B containing lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis compared with male mice. Surprisingly, ovariectomy in female mice had no effect on any of these parameters. In contrast, castration of male mice markedly increased total cholesterol concentrations, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, and atherosclerotic lesion formation compared with male and female mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that endogenous androgens protect against diet-induced increases in cholesterol concentrations, formation of proatherogenic lipoproteins, and atherosclerotic lesions formation. Conversely orchidectomy, which decreases androgen concentrations, promotes increases in cholesterol concentrations, proatherogenic lipoprotein formation, and atherosclerotic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice in response to a low-fat diet.
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Tong LT, Fujimoto Y, Shimizu N, Tsukino M, Akasaka T, Kato Y, Iwamoto W, Shiratake S, Imaizumi K, Sato M. Rice α-globulin decreases serum cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Chem 2012; 132:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Jiang J, Johnson LC, Knight J, Callahan MF, Riedel TJ, Holmes RP, Lowther WT. Metabolism of [13C5]hydroxyproline in vitro and in vivo: implications for primary hyperoxaluria. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G637-43. [PMID: 22207577 PMCID: PMC3311310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00331.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline (Hyp) metabolism is a key source of glyoxylate production in the body and may be a major contributor to excessive oxalate production in the primary hyperoxalurias where glyoxylate metabolism is impaired. Important gaps in our knowledge include identification of the tissues with the capacity to degrade Hyp and the development of model systems to study this metabolism and how to suppress it. The expression of mRNA for enzymes in the pathway was examined in 15 different human tissues. Expression of the complete pathway was identified in liver, kidney, pancreas, and small intestine. HepG2 cells also expressed these mRNAs and enzymes and were shown to metabolize Hyp in the culture medium to glycolate, glycine, and oxalate. [(18)O]- and [(13)C(5)]Hyp were synthesized and evaluated for their use with in vitro and in vivo models. [(18)O]Hyp was not suitable because of an apparent tautomerism of [(18)O]glyoxylate between enol and hydrated forms, which resulted in a loss of isotope. [(13)C(5)]Hyp, however, was metabolized to [(13)C(2)]glycolate, [(13)C(2)]glycine, and [(13)C(2)]oxalate in vitro in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice infused with [(13)C(5)]Hyp. These model systems should be valuable tools for exploring various aspects of Hyp metabolism and will be useful in determining whether blocking Hyp catabolism is an effective therapy in the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael F. Callahan
- 3Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Knight J, Holmes RP, Cramer SD, Takayama T, Salido E. Hydroxyproline metabolism in mouse models of primary hyperoxaluria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F688-93. [PMID: 22189945 PMCID: PMC3311317 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00473.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) and type 2 (PH2) are rare genetic diseases that result from deficiencies in glyoxylate metabolism. The increased oxalate synthesis that occurs can lead to kidney stone formation, deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidney and other tissues, and renal failure. Hydroxyproline (Hyp) catabolism, which occurs mainly in the liver and kidney, is a prominent source of glyoxylate and could account for a significant portion of the oxalate produced in PH. To determine the sensitivity of mouse models of PH1 and PH2 to Hyp-derived oxalate, animals were fed diets containing 1% Hyp. Urinary excretions of glycolate and oxalate were used to monitor Hyp catabolism and the kidneys were examined to assess pathological changes. Both strains of knockout (KO) mice excreted more oxalate than wild-type (WT) animals with Hyp feeding. After 4 wk of Hyp feeding, all mice deficient in glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR KO) developed severe nephrocalcinosis in contrast to animals deficient in alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT KO) where nephrocalcinosis was milder and with a lower frequency. Plasma cystatin C measurements over 4-wk Hyp feeding indicated no significant loss of renal function in WT and AGXT KO animals, and significant and severe loss of renal function in GRHPR KO animals after 2 and 4 wk, respectively. These data suggest that GRHPR activity may be vital in the kidney for limiting the conversion of Hyp-derived glyoxylate to oxalate. As Hyp catabolism may make a major contribution to the oxalate produced in PH patients, Hyp feeding in these mouse models should be useful in understanding the mechanisms associated with calcium oxalate deposition in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Knight
- Dept. of Urology, Wake Forest Univ. Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Quiroga AV, Aphalo P, Ventureira JL, Martínez EN, Añón MC. Physicochemical, functional and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) 7S globulin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:397-403. [PMID: 21834100 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amaranth 7S globulin is a minor globulin component and its impact on the properties of an amaranth protein ingredient depends on its proportion in the variety of amaranth being considered. Some physicochemical, functional and angiotesin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of amaranth vicilin were studied in this work and compared with the 11S globulin. RESULTS Fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated that 7S globulin tryptophans were more exposed to the solvent and, by calorimetry, the 7S globulin denaturation temperature (T(d) ) was found lower than the 11S globulin T(d) , suggesting a more flexible structure. The 7S globulin surface hydrophobicity was higher than that of the 11S globulin, which is in agreement with the better emulsifying properties of the 7S globulin. The solubility in neutral buffer of the 7S globulin (851 ± 25 g kg(-1) ) was also higher than that of the 11S globulin (195 ± 6 g kg(-1) ). Bioinformatic analyses showed the presence of ACE inhibitory peptides encrypted in 7S tryptic sequences and peptides released after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed a high ACE-inhibitory capacity (IC(50) = 0.17 g L(-1) ), similar to that of 11S globulin peptides. CONCLUSION Compared with the 11S globulin, the 7S globulin presents similar ACE inhibitory activity and some functional advantages, better solubility and emulsifying activity, which suits some food requirements. The functional behavior has been related with the structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Quiroga
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 47 y 116, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Ferreira ES, Silva MA, Demonte A, Neves VA. β-conglycinin combined with fenofibrate or rosuvastatin have exerted distinct hypocholesterolemic effects in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:11. [PMID: 22243700 PMCID: PMC3285525 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in non-pharmacological control of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma and diet-drug association represent an important area of studies. The objective of this study was to observe the hypocholesterolemic effect of soybean β-conglycinin (7S protein) alone and combined with fenofibrate and rosuvastatin, two hypolipidemic drugs. METHODS The protein and drugs were administered orally once a day to rats and the effects were evaluated after 28 days. Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 9): hypercholesterolemic diet (HC), HC+7S protein (300 mg.kg-1 day-1) (HC-7S), HC+fenofibrate (30 mg.kg-1 day-1)(HC-FF), HC+rosuvastatin (10 mg.kg-1 day-1)(HC-RO), HC+7S+fenofibrate (HC-7S-FF) and HC+7S+rosuvastatin (HC-7S-RO). RESULTS Animals in HC-7S, HC-FF and HC-RO exhibited reductions of 22.9, 35.8 and 18.8% in total plasma cholesterol, respectively. In HC-7S-FF, animals did not show significant alteration of the level in HC+FF while the group HC-7S-RO showed a negative effect in comparison with groups taking only protein (HC-7S) or drug (HC-RO). The administration of the protein, fenofibrate and rosuvastatin alone caused increases in the plasma HDL-C of the animals, while the protein-drug combinations led to an increase compared to HC-FF and HC-RO. The plasma concentration of triacylgycerides was significantly reduced in the groups without association, while HC-7S-FF showed no alteration and HC-7S-RO a little reduction. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that conglycinin has effects comparable to fenofibrate and rosuvastatin on the control of plasma cholesterol, HDL-C and triacylglycerides, when given to hypercholesterolemic rats, and suggests that the association of this protein with rosuvastatin alters the action of drug in the homeostasis of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederlan S Ferreira
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraiza A Silva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aureluce Demonte
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdir A Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Chou CJ, Affolter M, Kussmann M. A Nutrigenomics View of Protein Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:51-74. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Villanueva M, Yokoyama W, Hong Y, Barttley G, Rupérez P. Effect of high-fat diets supplemented with okara soybean by-product on lipid profiles of plasma, liver and faeces in Syrian hamsters. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ferreira EDS, Silva MA, Demonte A, Neves VA. Soy β-Conglycinin (7S Globulin) Reduces Plasma and Liver Cholesterol in Rats Fed Hypercholesterolemic Diet. J Med Food 2011; 14:94-100. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ederlan de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maraiza Aparecida Silva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aureluce Demonte
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdir Augusto Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Burris RL, Xie CH, Thampi P, Wu X, Melnyk SB, Nagarajan S. Dietary rice protein isolate attenuates atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by upregulating antioxidant enzymes. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:107-15. [PMID: 20839391 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rice-based diets may have been reported to protect against the development of atherosclerosis; however, the underlying mechanism(s) for this protection remains unknown. In this report, the mechanism(s) contributing to the atheroprotective effects of rice-based diet was addressed using the apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice fed rice protein isolate (RPI) or casein (CAS). Reduced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in aortic sinus and enface analyses of the descending aorta in RPI-fed apoE-/- mice compared with CAS-fed mice. Plasma total- and HDL-cholesterol levels were not different amongst the two groups, suggesting alternative mechanism(s) could have contributed to the atheroprotective effect of rice-based diets. Plasma oxLDL and anti-oxLDL IgG levels were significantly decreased in RPI-fed compared to CAS-fed animals. Plasma and aortic tissue GSH levels and GSH:GSSG ratio were higher in RPI-fed mice compared to CAS-fed group. Interestingly, RPI feeding increased mRNA and protein expression of superoxide dismutase, and mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, key antioxidant enzymes implicated inhibiting oxidative stress leading to atherosclerosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the reduction in atherosclerotic lesions observed in mice fed the rice-based diet is mediated in part by inhibiting oxidative stress and subsequent oxLDL generation that could result in reduced foam cell formation, an early event during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona L Burris
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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β-Conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) exert a hypocholesterolemic effect comparable to that of fenofibrate in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Daleprane JB, Chagas MA, Vellarde GC, Ramos CF, Boaventura GT. The impact of non- and genetically modified soybean diets in aorta wall remodeling. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T126-31. [PMID: 21535576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nongenetically modified soybean (non-GMS) and genetically modified soybean (GMS) meal on growth and cardiometabolic parameters in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n= 10): non-GMS, GMS, and control group (CG). All animals received water and an isocaloric diet ad libitum for 455 d. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture, and serum was separated for subsequent biochemical analyses (total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, glucose, and testosterone). The aorta was quickly harvested and fixed; the body fat mass was removed and weighed. Non-GMS and GMS had a growth index (GI) similar to CG but with a lower body weight (P < 0.05) and a lower amount of body fat mass (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose concentrations, and aortic tunics were reduced (P < 0.05) in non-GMS and GMS compared to CG. Non-GMS and GMS are able to reduced serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, and aortic remodeling in aged rats. No differences were observed between non-GMS and GMS in all parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio B Daleprane
- Dept. of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense Univ., 24020-140, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Liu ZS, Chang SKC. Chemical Characteristics of Low-Fat Soymilk Prepared by Low-Speed Centrifugal Fractionation of the Raw Soymilk. J Food Sci 2010; 75:C420-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Klein MA, Nahin RL, Messina MJ, Rader JI, Thompson LU, Badger TM, Dwyer JT, Kim YS, Pontzer CH, Starke-Reed PE, Weaver CM. Guidance from an NIH workshop on designing, implementing, and reporting clinical studies of soy interventions. J Nutr 2010; 140:1192S-1204S. [PMID: 20392880 PMCID: PMC2869505 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIH sponsored a scientific workshop, "Soy Protein/Isoflavone Research: Challenges in Designing and Evaluating Intervention Studies," July 28-29, 2009. The workshop goal was to provide guidance for the next generation of soy protein/isoflavone human research. Session topics included population exposure to soy; the variability of the human response to soy; product composition; methods, tools, and resources available to estimate exposure and protocol adherence; and analytical methods to assess soy in foods and supplements and analytes in biologic fluids and other tissues. The intent of the workshop was to address the quality of soy studies, not the efficacy or safety of soy. Prior NIH workshops and an evidence-based review questioned the quality of data from human soy studies. If clinical studies are pursued, investigators need to ensure that the experimental designs are optimal and the studies properly executed. The workshop participants identified methodological issues that may confound study results and interpretation. Scientifically sound and useful options for dealing with these issues were discussed. The resulting guidance is presented in this document with a brief rationale. The guidance is specific to soy clinical research and does not address nonsoy-related factors that should also be considered in designing and reporting clinical studies. This guidance may be used by investigators, journal editors, study sponsors, and protocol reviewers for a variety of purposes, including designing and implementing trials, reporting results, and interpreting published epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite A. Klein
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Richard L. Nahin
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mark J. Messina
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jeanne I. Rader
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Lilian U. Thompson
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Johanna T. Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Young S. Kim
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Carol H. Pontzer
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Pamela E. Starke-Reed
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Fraser GE, Franke AA, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Bennett H. Reliability of serum and urinary isoflavone estimates. Biomarkers 2010; 15:135-9. [PMID: 19863459 DOI: 10.3109/13547500903335927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic intake and short half-lives of serum or urinary biomarkers may make serum and urinary isoflavones quite unreliable indicators of longer-term dietary soy intake. In 26 participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) we obtained two measures of fasting morning serum isoflavones, 1-2 years apart. In another 76 subjects we obtained an overnight urine sample and six 24-h dietary recalls over a period encompassing the time of the urine sample. Intraclass correlations (ICC) values for serum isoflavones were 0.11 (log(daidzein)) and 0.28 (log(genistein)). Assuming that the correlation (true dietary intake, true urinary excretion) <0.90, it is shown that this implies an ICC for urinary estimates that exceeds 0.56. As expected, the previous day's soy intake, and its timing, influenced the next morning's serum levels. These results suggest that fasting morning serum isoflavone estimates will provide a poor index of long-term soy intake, but that overnight urinary estimates perform much better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Fraser
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Nagarajan S. Mechanisms of anti-atherosclerotic functions of soy-based diets. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:255-60. [PMID: 19954957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soy-based diets have been reported to protect against the development of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for this protection remains unknown. Although atherosclerosis was traditionally considered a disease associated with impaired lipid metabolism, in recent years the inflammatory components of atherosclerosis have been explored. Recent studies have convincingly delineated that uncontrolled chronic inflammation is the principal contributing factor for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Interaction between activated monocytes and vascular endothelial cells is an early event in atherogenesis. The adhesion of leukocytes, including monocytes, to the inflamed-vascular endothelium and their transmigration into intima initiate the inflammatory processes. Following transmigration, monocytes in the intima are transformed to macrophages, which take up oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) to generate lipid-laden macrophages, also known as foam cells. Hence, in this review article the inflammatory processes associated with atherosclerosis and possible anti-inflammatory functions of soy-based diets contributing to the prevention of atherosclerosis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Nagarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Woo Y, Fung W, Easa A, Liong M. Probiotic-fermented soyfoods: Benefits and enhanced bioactivities. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2009.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu Y, South T, Huang XF. Inter-meal interval is increased in mice fed a high whey, as opposed to soy and gluten, protein diets. Appetite 2009; 52:372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Teng Z, Liu C, Yang X, Li L, Tang C, Jiang Y. Fractionation of Soybean Globulins Using Ca2+ and Mg2+: A Comparative Analysis. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sirtori CR, Galli C, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. Nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis prevention: Focus on dietary proteins. Atherosclerosis 2009; 203:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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45
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Alimentary proteins, amino acids and cholesterolemia. Amino Acids 2009; 38:15-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Halm BM, Franke AA, Ashburn LA, Hebshi SM, Wilkens LR. Oral antibiotics decrease urinary isoflavonoid excretion in children after soy consumption. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:14-22. [PMID: 18444131 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701586747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How oral antibiotics (OABX) alter isoflavones (IFLs) in soy-consuming children is unknown. We evaluated OABX effects on urinary IFL excretion rates (UIERs) in 17 children, ages 4 to 17 yr, who provided 2 urine collections in pairs of a baseline urine and an overnight urine collection after consuming a body-weight-adjusted dose of soy nuts. The first collection was during OABX treatment for a bacterial infection and the second when healthy and off antibiotics. IFL food levels and UIERs were measured for nonmetabolites (NM), namely, daidzein, genistein (GE), and glycitein, and the metabolites (M) dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin (DMA), by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Urinary IFLs were hypothesized to change after OABX due to intestinal microflora alterations. A total of 11 children completed the study correctly. During OABX use, UIER (nmol/h/kg) for GE (6.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.1 +/- 1.6), all NM (27.5 +/- 4.8 vs. 36.2 +/- 4.7), and total IFLs (all NM + all M; 29.4 +/- 5.0 vs. 38.8 +/- 4.8) was reduced (P < 0.05) vs. when healthy. In contrast, a trend toward more DMA production during OABX was observed (1.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.3, P = 0.13). The reduction in urinary IFL appearance could be due to the changes of intestinal bacteria by OABX and/or due to processes related to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhild M Halm
- Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, Cancer Prevention & Control Program and Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Gardner CD, Messina M, Kiazand A, Morris JL, Franke AA. Effect of two types of soy milk and dairy milk on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 26:669-77. [PMID: 18187432 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two commercially available soy milks (one made using whole soy beans, the other using soy protein isolate) with low-fat dairy milk on plasma lipid, insulin, and glucose responses. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial, cross-over design. SUBJECTS Participants were 30-65 years of age, n = 28, with pre-study LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations of 160-220 mg/dL, not on lipid lowering medications, and with an overall Framingham risk score of <or=10%. INTERVENTION Participants were required to consume sufficient milk to provide 25 g protein/d from each source. The protocol included three 4-week treatment phases, each separated from the next by a wash-out period of >or=4 weeks. RESULTS Mean LDL-C concentration at the end of each phase (+/- SD) was 161 +/- 20, 161 +/- 26 and 170 +/- 24 mg/dL for the whole bean soy milk, the soy protein isolate milk, and the dairy milk, respectively (p = 0.9 between soy milks, p = 0.02 for each soy milk vs. dairy milk). No significant differences by type of milk were observed for HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, or glucose. CONCLUSION A 25 g dose of daily soy protein from soy milk led to a modest 5% lowering of LDL-C relative to dairy milk among adults with elevated LDL-C. The effect did not differ by type of soy milk and neither soy milk significantly affected other lipid variables, insulin or glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Nagarajan S, Burris RL, Stewart BW, Wilkerson JE, Badger TM. Dietary soy protein isolate ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice potentially by inhibiting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. J Nutr 2008; 138:332-7. [PMID: 18203900 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.2.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-based diets reportedly protect against the development of atherosclerosis; however, the underlying mechanism(s) for this protection remains unknown. In this report, the mechanism(s) contributing to the atheroprotective effects of a soy-based diet was addressed using the apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice fed soy protein isolate (SPI) associated with or without phytochemicals (SPI+ and SPI-, respectively) or casein (CAS). Reduced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in aortic sinus and enface analyses of the descending aorta in SPI+- or SPI(-)-fed apoE-/- mice compared with CAS-fed mice. SPI+-fed mice showed 20% fewer lesions compared with SPI(-)-fed mice. Plasma lipid profiles did not differ among the 3 groups, suggesting alternative mechanism(s) could have contributed to the atheroprotective effect of soy-based diets. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses of proximal aorta showed reduced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a monocyte chemokine, in mice fed both soy-based diets compared with the CAS-fed mice. These findings paralleled the reduced number of macrophages observed in the lesion site in the aorta of SPI+- or SPI(-)-fed mice compared with CAS-fed mice. In an in vitro LPS-induced inflammation model, soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and equol alone or in combination) dose dependently inhibited LPS-induced MCP-1 secretion by macrophages, suggesting a role for soy isoflavones for the protective in vivo effects. Collectively, these findings suggest that the reduction in atherosclerotic lesions observed in mice fed the soy-based diet is mediated in part by inhibition of MCP-1 that could result in reduced monocyte migration, an early event during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Nagarajan
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Soy protein without isoflavones reduces aortic total and cholesterol ester concentrations greater than soy protein with isoflavones compared with casein in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Halm BM, Ashburn LA, Franke AA. Isoflavones from soya foods are more bioavailable in children than adults. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:998-1005. [PMID: 17623490 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507771866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether children experience a higher systemic exposure to isoflavonoids when consuming a body weight-adjusted dose of soya compared with adults. Forty study participants were recruited from a local Waldorf school, including twenty-one children and nineteen adults. Participants collected a baseline urine sample and ate immediately thereafter a body weight-adjusted dose of soya nuts (15 g/54.4 kg equivalent to 0.615 (SD 0.036) mg total isoflavones/kg) followed by a 12 h urine collection. Nineteen children and eighteen adults completed the protocol correctly (fourteen child-parent pairs). Children, compared with adults, showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05 by unpaired t test) higher urinary isoflavone excretion rate for daidzein (+39%), genistein (+44%), all non-metabolites (daidzein + genistein + glycitein; +41%) and total isoflavonoids (+32%). Isoflavones are more bioavailable in children v. adults. Urine is an excellent medium to determine systemic isoflavone exposure in children due to its non-invasiveness and high compliance, in particular when collected overnight; it also allows evaluation of completeness of specimen collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhild M Halm
- Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI, USA
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