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Baindara P, Mandal SM. Gut-Antimicrobial Peptides: Synergistic Co-Evolution with Antibiotics to Combat Multi-Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 38136766 PMCID: PMC10740742 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to huge diversity and dynamic competition, the human gut microbiome produces a diverse array of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in human health. The gut microbiome has an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by the AMPs and by interacting with other human organs via established connections such as the gut-lung, and gut-brain axis. Additionally, gut AMPs play a synergistic role with other gut microbiota and antimicrobials to maintain gut homeostasis by fighting against multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) bacteria. Further, conventional antibiotics intake creates a synergistic evolutionary pressure for gut AMPs, where antibiotics and gut AMPs fight synergistically against MAR. Overall, gut AMPs are evolving under a complex and highly synergistic co-evolutionary pressure created by the various interactions between gut microbiota, gut AMPs, and antibiotics; however, the complete mechanism is not well understood. The current review explores the synergistic action of gut AMPs and antibiotics along with possibilities to fight against MAR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Radiation Oncology, NextGen Precision Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
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2
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Liu T, Sun Z, Yang Z, Qiao X. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: Focused on host defense peptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114586. [PMID: 36989711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The byproducts of bacterial fermentation known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are chemically comprised of a carboxylic acid component and a short hydrocarbon chain. Recent investigations have demonstrated that SCFAs can affect intestinal immunity by inducing endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) and their beneficial effects on barrier integrity, gut health, energy supply, and inflammation. HDPs, which include defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins, perform a significant function in innate immunity in gastrointestinal mucosal membranes. SCFAs have been demonstrated to stimulate HDP synthesis by intestinal epithelial cells via interactions with G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, and the cell growth pathways. Furthermore, SCFA butyrate has been demonstrated to enhance the number of HDPs released from macrophages. SCFAs promote monocyte-to-macrophage development and stimulate HDP synthesis in macrophages by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). Understanding the etiology of many common disorders might be facilitated by studies into the function of microbial metabolites, such as SCFAs, in the molecular regulatory processes of immune responses (e.g., HDP production). This review will focus on the current knowledge of the role and mechanism of microbiota-derived SCFAs in influencing the synthesis of host-derived peptides, particularly HDPs.
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Eom KH, Li S, Lee EG, Kim JH, Kim JR, Kim I. Synthetic Polypeptides with Cationic Arginine Moieties Showing High Antimicrobial Activity in Similar Mineral Environments to Blood Plasma. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091868. [PMID: 35567037 PMCID: PMC9104764 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation of cell-penetrating peptides is promoted by incorporated arginine or other guanidinium groups. However, relatively little research has considered the role of these functional groups on antimicrobial peptide activity. A series of cationic linear-, star- and multi-branched-poly(L-arginine-co-L-phenylalanine) have been synthesized via the ring-opening copolymerizations of corresponding N-carboxyanhydride monomers followed by further modifications using the N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalyst. All the polymers are characterized by the random coiled microstructure. Antibacterial efficacy, tested by the gram-positive B. subtilis bacteria and the gram-negative E. coli bacteria, was sensitive to the structure and relative composition of the copolymer and increased in the order of linear- < star- < multi-branched structure. The multi-branched-p[(L-arginine)23-co-(L-phenylalanine)7]8 polymer showed the best antibacterial property with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration values of 48 μg mL−1 for E. coli and 32 μg mL−1 for B. subtilis. The efficacy was prominent for B. subtilis due to the anionic nature of its membrane. All of the resultant arginine moiety-containing polypeptides showed excellent blood compatibility. The antibiotic effect of the copolymers with arginine moieties was retained even in the environment bearing Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ ions similar to blood plasma. The cationic arginine-bearing copolypeptides were also effective for the sterilization of naturally occurring sources of water such as lakes, seas, rain, and sewage, showing a promising range of applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen Hee Eom
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (K.H.E.); (S.L.); (E.G.L.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Shuwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (K.H.E.); (S.L.); (E.G.L.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Eun Gyeong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (K.H.E.); (S.L.); (E.G.L.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si 50612, Korea;
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (K.H.E.); (S.L.); (E.G.L.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehag-ro 63-2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (K.H.E.); (S.L.); (E.G.L.); (J.R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Zong X, Fu J, Xu B, Wang Y, Jin M. Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:389-396. [PMID: 33364454 PMCID: PMC7750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is comprised of a diverse array of microorganisms that interact with immune system and exert crucial roles for the health. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participate in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly increasing interactions between AMP and microbiota have been found in the gut. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which AMP help to maintain a balanced microbiota and advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota, which should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Antibacterial Properties and Efficacy of a Novel SPLUNC1-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide, α4-Short, in a Murine Model of Respiratory Infection. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00226-19. [PMID: 30967458 PMCID: PMC6456746 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00226-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of superbugs underscores the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the ability to kill superbugs regardless of resistance to traditional antibiotics. However, AMPs often display a lack of efficacy in vivo. Sequence optimization and engineering are promising but may result in increased host toxicity. We report here the optimization of a novel AMP (α4-short) derived from the multifunctional respiratory protein SPLUNC1. The AMP α4-short demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against superbugs as well as in vivo efficacy in the P. aeruginosa pneumonia model. Further exploration for clinical development is warranted. Multidrug resistance (MDR) by bacterial pathogens constitutes a global health crisis, and resistance to treatment displayed by biofilm-associated infections (e.g., cystic fibrosis, surgical sites, and medical implants) only exacerbates a problem that is already difficult to overcome. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of therapeutics that may be useful in the battle against antibiotic resistance, although certain limitations have hindered their clinical development. The goal of this study was to examine the therapeutic potential of novel AMPs derived from the multifunctional respiratory host defense protein SPLUNC1. Using standard growth inhibition and antibiofilm assays, we demonstrated that a novel structurally optimized AMP, α4-short, was highly effective against the most common group of MDR bacteria while showing broad-spectrum bactericidal and antibiofilm activities. With negligible hemolysis and toxicity to white blood cells, the new peptide also demonstrated in vivo efficacy when delivered directly into the airway in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced respiratory infection. The data warrant further exploration of SPLUNC1-derived AMPs with optimized structures to assess the potential application to difficult-to-cure biofilm-associated infections.
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6
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Ciumac D, Gong H, Hu X, Lu JR. Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 537:163-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yu Z, Deslouches B, Walton WG, Redinbo MR, Di YP. Enhanced biofilm prevention activity of a SPLUNC1-derived antimicrobial peptide against Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203621. [PMID: 30216370 PMCID: PMC6138395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SPLUNC1 is a multifunctional protein of the airway with antimicrobial properties. We previously reported that it displayed antibiofilm activities against P. aeruginosa. The goal of this study was to determine whether (1) the antibiofilm property is broad (including S. aureus, another prevalent organism in cystic fibrosis); (2) the α4 region is responsible for such activity; and (3), if so, this motif could be structurally optimized as an antimicrobial peptide with enhanced activities. We used S. aureus biofilm-prevention assays to determine bacterial biomass in the presence of SPLUNC1 and SPLUNC1Δα4 recombinant proteins, or SPLUNC1-derived peptides (α4 and α4M1), using the well-established crystal-violet biofilm detection assay. The SPLUNC1Δα4 showed markedly reduced biofilm prevention compared to the parent protein. Surprisingly, the 30-residue long α4 motif alone demonstrated minimal biofilm prevention activities. However, structural optimization of the α4 motif resulted in a modified peptide (α4M1) with significantly enhanced antibiofilm properties against methicillin–sensitive (MSSA) and–resistant (MRSA) S. aureus, including six different clinical strains of MRSA and the well-known USA300. Hemolytic activity was undetectable at up to 100μM for the peptides. The data warrant further investigation of α4-derived AMPs to explore the potential application of antimicrobial peptides to combat bacterial biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - William G. Walton
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Y. Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cacho NT, Lawrence RM. Innate Immunity and Breast Milk. Front Immunol 2017; 8:584. [PMID: 28611768 PMCID: PMC5447027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a dynamic source of nutrients and bioactive factors; unique in providing for the human infant's optimal growth and development. The growing infant's immune system has a number of developmental immune deficiencies placing the infant at increased risk of infection. This review focuses on how human milk directly contributes to the infant's innate immunity. Remarkable new findings clarify the multifunctional nature of human milk bioactive components. New research techniques have expanded our understanding of the potential for human milk's effect on the infant that will never be possible with milk formulas. Human milk microbiome directly shapes the infant's intestinal microbiome, while the human milk oligosaccharides drive the growth of these microbes within the gut. New techniques such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and glycomics are being used to describe this symbiotic relationship. An expanded role for antimicrobial proteins/peptides within human milk in innate immune protection is described. The unique milieu of enhanced immune protection with diminished inflammation results from a complex interaction of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative factors provided by human milk to the intestine. New data support the concept of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and its contribution to the cellular content of human milk. Human milk stem cells (hMSCs) have recently been discovered. Their direct role in the infant for repair and regeneration is being investigated. The existence of these hMSCs could prove to be an easily harvested source of multilineage stem cells for the study of cancer and tissue regeneration. As the infant's gastrointestinal tract and immune system develop, there is a comparable transition in human milk over time to provide fewer immune factors and more calories and nutrients for growth. Each of these new findings opens the door to future studies of human milk and its effect on the innate immune system and the developing infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Theresa Cacho
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert M Lawrence
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Lashua LP, Melvin JA, Deslouches B, Pilewski JM, Montelaro RC, Bomberger JM. Engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide (eCAP) prevents Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth on airway epithelial cells. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2200-7. [PMID: 27231279 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic infections with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for the majority of the morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While P. aeruginosa infections may initially be treated successfully with standard antibiotics, chronic infections typically arise as bacteria transition to a biofilm mode of growth and acquire remarkable antimicrobial resistance. To address the critical need for novel antimicrobial therapeutics that can effectively suppress chronic bacterial infections in challenging physiological environments, such as the CF lung, we have rationally designed a de novo engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide, the 24-residue WLBU2, with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity for pan-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa in liquid culture. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that WLBU2 also prevents P. aeruginosa biofilm growth. METHODS Using abiotic and biotic biofilm assays, co-culturing P. aeruginosa with polarized human airway epithelial cells, we examined the ability of WLBU2 to prevent biofilm biogenesis alone and in combination with currently used antibiotics. RESULTS We observed a dose-dependent reduction in biofilm growth on an abiotic surface and in association with CF airway epithelial cells. WLBU2 prevented P. aeruginosa biofilm formation when co-cultured with mucus-producing primary human CF airway epithelial cells and using CF clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, even at low pH and high salt conditions that mimic the CF airway. When used in combination, WLBU2 significantly increases killing by the commonly used antibiotics tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and meropenem. CONCLUSIONS While other studies have demonstrated the ability of natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides to prevent abiotic bacterial biofilm formation, the current studies for the first time demonstrate the effective peptide treatment of a biotic bacterial biofilm in a setting similar to the CF airway, and without negative effects on human airway epithelial cells, thus highlighting the unique potential of this engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide for treatment of human respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Lashua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Melvin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald C Montelaro
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Deslouches B, Hasek ML, Craigo JK, Steckbeck JD, Montelaro RC. Comparative functional properties of engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides consisting exclusively of tryptophan and either lysine or arginine. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:554-565. [PMID: 27046192 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a series of de novo engineered cationic antibiotic peptides (eCAPs) consisting exclusively of arginine and tryptophan (WR) that display potent activity against diverse multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. In this study, we sought to examine the influence of arginine compared to lysine on antibacterial properties by direct comparison of the WR peptides (8-18 residues) with a parallel series of engineered peptides containing only lysine and tryptophan. WR and WK series were compared for antibacterial activity by bacterial killing and growth inhibition assays and for mechanism of peptide-bacteria interactions by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Mammalian cytotoxicity was also assessed by flow cytometry, haemolytic and tetrazolium-based assays. The shortest arginine-containing peptides (8 and 10 mers) displayed a statistically significant increase in activity compared to the analogous lysine-containing peptides. The WR and WK peptides achieved maximum antibacterial activity at the 12-mer peptide (WK12 or WR12). Further examination of antibacterial mechanisms of the optimally active 12-mer peptides using surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry demonstrates stronger interactions with Pseudomonasaeruginosa, greater membrane permeabilizing activity, and lower inhibitory effects of divalent cations on activity and membrane permeabilization properties of WR12 compared to WK12 (P < 0.05). Importantly, WK12 and WR12 displayed similar negligible haemolytic and cytotoxic effects at peptide concentrations up to ten times the MIC or 20 times the minimum bactericidal concentration. Thus, arginine, compared to lysine, can indeed yield enhanced antibacterial activity to minimize the required length to achieve functional antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthony Deslouches
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Hasek
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jodi K Craigo
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Steckbeck
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald C Montelaro
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Das S, Sahoo GC, Das P, Singh UK, Jaiswal AK, Singh P, Kumar R, Kumar R. Evaluating the Impact of Breastfeeding on Rotavirus Antigenemia and Disease Severity in Indian Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146243. [PMID: 26828823 PMCID: PMC4734603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the contribution of breastfeeding to Rotavirus (RV)-induced antigenemia and/or RNAemia and disease severity in Indian children (<2 yrs age). Methods Paired stool and serum samples were collected from (a) hospitalized infants with diarrhea (n = 145) and (b) healthy control infants without diarrhea (n = 28). Stool RV-antigen was screened in both groups by commercial rapid-test and enzyme immunoassay. The disease severity was scored and real-time-PCR was used for viral-load estimation. Serum was evaluated for RV-antigenemia by EIA and RV-RNAemia by RT-PCR. Data was stratified by age-group and breastfeeding status and compared. Results Presence of RV-antigenemia and RV-RNAemia was positively related with presence of RV in stool. Disease severity and stool viral-load was significantly associated with RV-antigenemia[(r = 0.74; CI:0.66 to 0.84; P<0.0001,R2 = 0.59) and (r = -0.55; CI:-0.68 to -0.39; P<0.0001,R2 = 0.31) respectively], but not with RV-RNAemia. There was significant reduction in RV-antigenemiarate in the breast-fed group compared to non-breastfed infants, especially in 0–6 month age group (P<0.001). Non-breastfed infants were at risk for RV-antigenemia with severe disease manifestations in form of high Vesikari scores correlating with high fever, more vomiting episodes and dehydration. Conclusion RV-antigenemia was common in nonbreastfed children with severe RV-diarrhea and correlated with stool RV-load and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Utpal Kant Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
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12
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Engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides to overcome multidrug resistance by ESKAPE pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1329-33. [PMID: 25421473 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03937-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance constitutes a threat to the medical achievements of the last 50 years. In this study, we demonstrated the abilities of two de novo engineered cationic antibiotic peptides (eCAPs), WLBU2 and WR12, to overcome resistance from 142 clinical isolates representing the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and to display a lower propensity to select for resistant bacteria in vitro compared to that with colistin and LL37. The results warrant an exploration of eCAPs for use in clinical settings.
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Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Kent RM, Guinane CM, O'Connor PM, Fitzgerald GF, Hill C, Stanton C, Ross RP. Production of the antimicrobial peptides Caseicin A and B by Bacillus isolates growing on sodium caseinate. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:141-8. [PMID: 22642665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify Bacillus isolates capable of degrading sodium caseinate and subsequently to generate bioactive peptides with antimicrobial activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Sodium caseinate (2.5% w/v) was inoculated separately with 16 Bacillus isolates and allowed to ferment overnight. Protein breakdown in the fermentates was analysed using gel permeation-HPLC (GP-HPLC) and screened for peptides (<3-kDa) with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Caseicin A (IKHQGLPQE) and caseicin B (VLNENLLR), two previously characterized antimicrobial peptides, were identified in the fermentates of both Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. The caseicin peptides were subsequently purified by RP-HPLC and antimicrobial assays indicated that the peptides maintained the previously identified inhibitory activity against the infant formula pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii. CONCLUSIONS We report a new method using Bacillus sp. to generate two previously characterized antimicrobial peptides from casein. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the potential to exploit Bacillus sp. or the enzymes they produce for the generation of bioactive antimicrobial peptides from bovine casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kent
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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15
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Yurko Y, McDeavitt K, Kumar RS, Martin T, Prabhu A, Lincourt AE, Vertegel A, Heniford BT. Antibacterial mesh: a novel technique involving naturally occurring cellular proteins. Surg Innov 2011; 19:20-6. [PMID: 21742659 DOI: 10.1177/1553350611410716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides are possibly the "next frontier" in infection prevention. Binding them to mesh could reduce the rate of mesh infections. This study identifies an antimicrobial agent capable of significant antibacterial activity when bound to mesh. METHODS Lysozyme, human beta defensin (HBD-3), human cathelicidin (LL-37), and lysostaphin were adsorbed to polypropylene mesh at various concentrations. Treated meshes were placed in a suspension of 1 × 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial action was monitored by turbidimetric assay, fluorescent imaging, and a colony counting method. RESULTS A very high rate of lysis of S aureus cells was observed in the lysostaphin-treated group as measured by optical density; none survived as seen on colony count assays. Optical density for mesh coated with lysozyme, HBD-3, and LL-37 did not differ from untreated controls, with 100% survival rates by colony counts. CONCLUSION Lysostaphin had superior antibacterial activity following adsorption to mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Yurko
- Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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16
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Bifidobacterial utilization of human milk oligosaccharides. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:58-64. [PMID: 21342711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A promising strategy to improve health is the rational manipulation of one's beneficial microbiota via dietary interventions. This is observed in nature where specific bifidobacteria utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that are encountered within the breast-fed infant colon. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is regarded as the archetypical HMO consumer associated with the developing neonate. This review summarizes the known molecular mechanisms underlying HMO utilization, as determined for bifidobacterial commensals. In addition, future directions of HMO research are discussed with an emphasis on physiological, ecological and clinical approaches to understand bifidobacterial utilization of this intriguing substrate.
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17
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Dybvig T, Facci M, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Biological roles of host defense peptides: lessons from transgenic animals and bioengineered tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:213-25. [PMID: 21088855 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) have long been recognized as microbicidal agents, but their roles as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity have only more recently been appreciated. The study of transgenic animal and tissue models has provided platforms to improve our understanding of the immune modulatory functions of HDPs. Here, the characterization of transgenic animals or tissue models that over-express and/or are deficient for specific HDPs is reviewed. We also attempt to reconcile this data with evidence from human studies monitoring HDP expression at constitutive levels and/or in conjunction with inflammation, infection models, or disease states. We have excluded activities ascribed to HDPs derived exclusively from in vitro experiments. An appreciation of the way that HDPs promote innate immunity or influence the adaptive immune response is necessary in order to exploit their therapeutic or adjuvant potential and to open new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity. The potential applications for HDPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Dybvig
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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18
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Wilson HL, Kovacs-Nolan J, Latimer L, Buchanan R, Gomis S, Babiuk L, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. A novel triple adjuvant formulation promotes strong, Th1-biased immune responses and significant antigen retention at the site of injection. Vaccine 2010; 28:8288-99. [PMID: 20959153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OVA) was labeled with a near infra-red dye (*OVA) and formulated with the host defense peptide indolicidin (Indol), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 1826 (CpG) and/or poly(p-dicarboxylatophenoxy)-phosphazene (PP4). The immunogenicity of these *OVA formulations was evaluated in mice. All double and triple adjuvant combinations elicited strong antibody responses. *OVA formulated with CpG ODN in combination with indolicidin, PP4 or both induced only IFN-γ, while formulations with indolicidin and/or PP4 promoted predominantly IL-5 production. Overall, both IgG and IFN-γ production was superior when *OVA was combined with CpG/Indol/PP4. Furthermore, mice injected with *OVA formulated with CpG/Indol/PP4 contained detectable *OVA in the injection site two months post immunization. These results indicate that the CpG/Indol/PP4 combination promotes prolonged antigen retention and strong, antigen-specific Th1-biased immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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19
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Patgaonkar M, Aranha C, Bhonde G, Reddy KVR. Identification and characterization of anti-microbial peptides from rabbit vaginal fluid. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:176-86. [PMID: 21047689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as a first line of host defense and represent an important, though poorly understood components of the innate immune system. The present study was an attempt to identify and characterize the major molecules having anti-bacterial activities from the vaginal fluid of rabbit, Oryctologus cuniculus. AMPs from the rabbit vaginal fluid (RVF) were identified in the acid extracts of pooled RVF samples after RP-HPLC purification. The protein, RVFAMP was effective against gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacteria. The results of acid urea-PAGE-gel overlay assay (AU-PAGE-GOA) demonstrated clear zone of growth inhibition of E. coli corresponding to 6 and 15 kDa protein bands. LC-MS data of these proteins indicated that 15 kDa protein consists of lysozyme, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), hemoglobin-α and β subunits (Hb-α/β), whereas 9 kDa protein band consists of transthyretin and calcyclin while uteroglobulin and neutrophil antibacterial peptide-5 (NAMP-5) are present in the 6 kDa protein band. Of the eight proteins, Hb-α derived protein was further characterized, as it showed the highest Probability Based Mowse Score (PBMS) of 288. A 25mer peptide, RVFHbαp was active against several clinical pathogens as demonstrated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and radial diffusion assays (RDA). The interaction of RVFHbαP with bacterial liposome membrane was assessed by calcein dye leakage assay. RVFHbαP did not show cytotoxicity against human endocervical cells (End1/E6E7) or erythrocytes. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence results revealed the expression of RVFHbαP mRNA and protein in rabbit vaginal tissue. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report describing the detection of AMPs in RVFs. In conclusion, these studies indicated that vaginal epithelial cells (VEC) derived RVFHbαP may have therapeutic potential in the management of reproductive well being of rabbits. The major reason for undertaking this study in rabbits is that, it forms an excellent in vivo model system for human's studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Patgaonkar
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India
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20
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Sela DA, Mills DA. Nursing our microbiota: molecular linkages between bifidobacteria and milk oligosaccharides. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:298-307. [PMID: 20409714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the sole nutrition provided to infants, bioactive molecules dissolved in milk influence the development of our gut microbiota. Accordingly, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are minimally digested by the infant and persist to negatively and positively regulate gut microbiota. Infant-type bifidobacteria utilize these soluble carbohydrate oligomers by convergent mechanisms. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis efficiently consumes several small mass HMOs and possesses a large gene cluster and other loci dedicated to HMO metabolism. In contrast, adult-associated bifidobacteria such as the closely related B. longum subsp. longum are deficient for HMO utilization, although they retain the capacity to ferment plant oligosaccharides and constituent pentose sugars. Thus, the ability to subsist on HMO could demark infant-associated ecotypes potentially adapted to colonize the nursing infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sela
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Palumbo D, Iannaccone M, Porta A, Capparelli R. Experimental antibacterial therapy with puroindolines, lactoferrin and lysozyme in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:538-45. [PMID: 20348006 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Puroindoline A and puroindoline B from plant seeds, bovine lactoferrin and chicken eggs lysozyme are antimicrobial proteins of innate immune system that lyse invading organisms. We investigate their potential antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse model. Bacteria were isolated from various organs for 7 days after challenge. Livers displayed consistently higher bacterial count (up to 10(7)cfu/g) than spleens, kidneys and brains. The efficacy of the AMPs was therefore established by measuring the infection level (cfu number) of these organs. Puroindoline A and puroindoline B (5mg/mouse), lactoferrin and lysozyme (1.25mg/mouse), intravenously injected individually, inhibited bacterial growth completely. Puroindoline A, puroindoline B and lactoferrin were effective when administered 24h before infection; lysozyme was effective at the time of infection or 5 days after. Their combined use resulted in the enhancement of individual antibacterial activities. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was observed using concurrently 0.059mg/mouse of puroindoline A and 0.019mg/mouse of puroindoline B, lactoferrin and lysozyme. Individual antimicrobial proteins reduced significantly the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, INF-gamma and TNF-alpha), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) and the T lymphocyte antigens CD4, CD8a, CD8b and CD25. These results suggest their potential use for the control of L. monocytogenes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Palumbo
- Chair of Immunology, School of Biotechnological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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22
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Wynn JL, Neu J, Moldawer LL, Levy O. Potential of immunomodulatory agents for prevention and treatment of neonatal sepsis. J Perinatol 2009; 29:79-88. [PMID: 18769381 PMCID: PMC3971053 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2008.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of neonatal infection-related mortality represents a significant global challenge particularly in the vulnerable premature population. The increased risk of death from sepsis is likely due to the specific immune deficits found in the neonate as compared to the adult. Stimulation of the neonatal immune system to prevent and/or treat infection has been attempted in the past largely without success. In this review, we identify some of the known deficits in the neonatal immune system and their clinical impact, summarize previous attempts at immunomodulation and the outcomes of these interventions, and discuss the potential of novel immunomodulatory therapies to improve neonatal sepsis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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23
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Deslouches B, Gonzalez IA, DeAlmeida D, Islam K, Steele C, Montelaro RC, Mietzner TA. De novo-derived cationic antimicrobial peptide activity in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:669-72. [PMID: 17623696 PMCID: PMC3584960 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe the antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of the de novo-derived antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 in an animal model of infection. METHODS For this study, an intravenous (iv) model of P. aeruginosa infection was established. The minimum lethal murine dose of P. aeruginosa strain PA01 was determined to be 3 x 10(7) cfu when bacteria were administered iv. Increasing concentrations of WLBU2 were instilled either prior to or following PA01 septic exposure. RESULTS For the mice given peptide post-bacterial infection, in the 1 mg/kg group, nine of nine animals died because of Pseudomonas sepsis; in the 3 mg/kg group, only one of nine succumbed to infection and in the 4 mg/kg group, all mice were protected (P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained when WLBU2 was given 1 h prior to Pseudomonas infection. CONCLUSIONS Although the therapeutic window in this model is narrow, the results nonetheless provide encouraging evidence for WLBU2 as a potential prophylactic or treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ivan A. Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dilhari DeAlmeida
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kazi Islam
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ronald C. Montelaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Timothy A. Mietzner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel: +1-412-648-9244; Fax: +1-412-624-1401; E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
Although the gene for cystic fibrosis was discovered in 1989, a definitive cure remains elusive for this deadly orphan disease. Advances in nutritional rehabilitation, antibiotics, mucolytics and delivery of care have improved survival to a median age of 37.5 years; however, the psychosocial, personal and financial burdens of this lifelong chronic illness remain considerable. The current portfolio of investigational therapeutics is explored here and placed in a context of therapeutic target and predicted clinical benefit. Partnership between large and small pharma, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and academia should be fostered to accelerate therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Zeitlin
- The John Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Building, 200 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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25
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Hayes M, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Putting microbes to work: Dairy fermentation, cell factories and bioactive peptides. Part II: Bioactive peptide functions. Biotechnol J 2007; 2:435-49. [PMID: 17407211 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A variety of milk-derived biologically active peptides have been shown to exert both functional and physiological roles in vitro and in vivo, and because of this are of particular interest for food science and nutrition applications. Biological activities associated with such peptides include immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-hypertensive and opioid-like properties. Milk proteins are recognized as a primary source of bioactive peptides, which can be encrypted within the amino acid sequence of dairy proteins, requiring proteolysis for release and activation. Fermentation of milk proteins using the proteolytic systems of lactic acid bacteria is an attractive approach for generation of functional foods enriched in bioactive peptides given the low cost and positive nutritional image associated with fermented milk drinks and yoghurt. In Part II of this review, we focus on examples of milk-derived bioactive peptides and their associated health benefits, to illustrate the potential of this area for the design and improvement of future functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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26
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Lawrence RM, Pane CA. Human breast milk: current concepts of immunology and infectious diseases. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2007; 37:7-36. [PMID: 17157245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Lawrence
- University of Florida Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Abstract
The neonatal adaptive immune system, relatively naïve to foreign antigens, requires synergy with the innate immune system to protect the intestine. Goblet cells provide mucins, Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides, and dendritic cells (DCs) present luminal antigens. Intracellular signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) elicits chemokines and cytokines that modulate inflammation. Enteric neurons and lymphocytes provide paracrine and endocrine signaling. However, full protection requires human milk. Breast-feeding reduces enteric infection and may reduce chronic disease in later life. Although human milk contains significant secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), most of its protective factors are constitutively expressed. Multifunctional milk components are nutrients whose partial digestion products inhibit pathogens. Cytokines, cytokine receptors, TLR agonists and antagonists, hormones, anti-inflammatory agents, and nucleotides in milk modulate inflammation. Human milk is rich in glycans (complex carbohydrates): As prebiotics, indigestible glycans stimulate colonization by probiotic organisms, modulating mucosal immunity and protecting against pathogens. Through structural homology to intestinal cell surface receptors, glycans inhibit pathogen binding, the essential first step of pathogenesis. Bioactive milk components comprise an innate immune system of human milk whereby the mother protects her nursing infant. Interactions between human milk glycans, intestinal microflora, and intestinal mucosa surface glycans underlie ontogeny of innate mucosal immunity, pathobiology of enteric infection, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Newburg
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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28
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Mookherjee N, Wilson HL, Doria S, Popowych Y, Falsafi R, Yu JJ, Li Y, Veatch S, Roche FM, Brown KL, Brinkman FSL, Hokamp K, Potter A, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ, Hancock REW. Bovine and human cathelicidin cationic host defense peptides similarly suppress transcriptional responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1563-74. [PMID: 16943385 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic approaches can be exploited to expose the complexities and conservation of biological systems such as the immune network across various mammalian species. In this study, temporal transcriptional expression profiles were analyzed in human and bovine monocytic cells in response to the TLR-4 agonist, LPS, in the presence or absence of their respective host defense peptides. The cathelicidin peptides, human LL-37 and bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide-27 (BMAP-27), are homologs, yet they have diverged notably in terms of sequence similarity. In spite of their low sequence similarities, both of these cathelicidin peptides demonstrated potent, antiendotoxin activity in monocytic cells at low, physiologically relevant concentrations. Microarray studies indicated that 10 ng/ml LPS led to the up-regulation of 125 genes in human monocytes, 106 of which were suppressed in the presence of 5 mug/ml of the human peptide LL-37. To confirm and extend these data, temporal transcriptional responses to LPS were assessed in the presence or absence of the species-specific host defense peptides by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptional trends of 20 LPS-induced genes were analyzed in bovine and human monocytic cells. These studies demonstrated conserved trends of gene responses in that both peptides were able to profoundly suppress many LPS-induced genes. Consistent with this, the human and bovine peptides suppressed LPS-induced translocation of NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65 into the nucleus of monocytic cells. However, there were also distinct differences in responses to LPS and the peptides; for example, treatment with 5 mug/ml BMAP-27 alone tended to influence gene expression (RELA, TNF-alpha-induced protein 2, MAPK phosphatase 1/dual specificity phosphatase 1, IkappaBkappaB, NFkappaBIL1, TNF receptor-associated factor 2) to a greater extent than did the same amount of human LL-37. We hypothesize that the immunomodulatory effects of the species-specific host defense peptides play a critical role in regulating inflammation and represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for maintaining homeostasis, although the sequence divergence of these peptides is substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Mookherjee N, Brown KL, Bowdish DME, Doria S, Falsafi R, Hokamp K, Roche FM, Mu R, Doho GH, Pistolic J, Powers JP, Bryan J, Brinkman FSL, Hancock REW. Modulation of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response by the endogenous human host defense peptide LL-37. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2455-64. [PMID: 16456005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sole human cathelicidin peptide, LL-37, has been demonstrated to protect animals against endotoxemia/sepsis. Low, physiological concentrations of LL-37 (< or =1 microg/ml) were able to modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting the release of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated human monocytic cells. Microarray studies established a temporal transcriptional profile and identified differentially expressed genes in LPS-stimulated monocytes in the presence or absence of LL-37. LL-37 significantly inhibited the expression of specific proinflammatory genes up-regulated by NF-kappaB in the presence of LPS, including NFkappaB1 (p105/p50) and TNF-alpha-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2). In contrast, LL-37 did not significantly inhibit LPS-induced genes that antagonize inflammation, such as TNF-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and the NF-kappaB inhibitor, NFkappaBIA, or certain chemokine genes that are classically considered proinflammatory. Nuclear translocation, in LPS-treated cells, of the NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65 was reduced > or =50% in the presence of LL-37, demonstrating that the peptide altered gene expression in part by acting directly on the TLR-to-NF-kappaB pathway. LL-37 almost completely prevented the release of TNF-alpha and other cytokines by human PBMC following stimulation with LPS and other TLR2/4 and TLR9 agonists, but not with cytokines TNF-alpha or IL-1beta. Biochemical and inhibitor studies were consistent with a model whereby LL-37 modulated the inflammatory response to LPS/endotoxin and other agonists of TLR by a complex mechanism involving multiple points of intervention. We propose that the natural human host defense peptide LL-37 plays roles in the delicate balancing of inflammatory responses in homeostasis as well as in combating sepsis induced by certain TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Breastfed infants have lower morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea than those fed artificially. This had been attributed primarily to the secretory antibodies and prebiotic factors in human milk. Oligosaccharides are the third largest component of human milk. They were initially considered to be functionless by-products of glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis during milk production. However, in the past few decades it has become apparent that the human milk oligosaccharides are composed of thousands of components, at least some of which protect against pathogens. Oligosaccharide protection against infectious agents may result in part from their prebiotic characteristics, but is thought to be primarily due to their inhibition of pathogen binding to host cell ligands. Most human milk oligosaccharides are fucosylated, and their production depends on enzymes encoded by the genes associated with expression of the Lewis blood group system. The expression of specific fucosylated oligosaccharides in milk thus varies in relation to maternal Lewis blood group type, and is significantly associated with the risk of infectious disease in breastfed infants. Specific fucosylated moieties of oligosaccharides and related glycoconjugates (glycans) are able to inhibit binding and disease by specific pathogens. This review presents the argument that specific glycans, especially the oligosaccharides, are the major constituent of an innate immune system of human milk whereby the mother protects her infant from enteric and other pathogens through breastfeeding. The large input of energy expended by the mother in the synthesis of milk oligosaccharides is consistent with the human reproductive strategy of large parental input into rearing relatively few offspring through a prolonged period of maturation. These protective glycans may prove useful as a basis for the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic agents that inhibit diseases caused by mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Newburg
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129-4404, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Human neonates are born with an immature and naive acquired immune system, and many of the innate components of mucosal immunity are not fully developed. Thus, the innate immune system of human milk is an important complement to the mucosal barrier of the developing gut. The nursing mother provides her infant many protective agents through milk, a growing number of which have been identified as isolates of milk in laboratory models of infection. The number, the potency, and the importance of these protective agents are probably greater than previously thought. For example, many potent protective agents are not found in milk until digestion releases antimicrobial agents such as fatty acids and peptides. An alternate conformer of alpha-lactalbumin forms from milk in the stomach and inhibits cancer cells. Many of the protective constituents of human milk inhibit different aspects of a pathogenic process, creating a synergy, where much lower concentrations of each component become protective. Some components have a temporal and a spatial specificity that would cause their protective role to go unrecognized by most laboratory models of infection. Some protective components had remained underappreciated because of technical challenges in their isolation and testing. Recent reports suggest that human milk contains a highly potent mixture of protective agents that constitute an innate immune system, whereby the mother protects her infant from enteric and other diseases. These human-milk components may represent a rich source of novel classes of therapeutic agents against human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Newburg
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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