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Dionisi T, Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, Mele MC, Gasbarrini G, Pellicano R, Vassallo GA, Gasbarrini A, Addolorato G, Gasbarrini GB. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare): an ancient grain, a novel choice for a healthy gluten-free diet. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2024; 70:231-241. [PMID: 36943204 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.23.03300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease related to gluten consumption. To date, the only effective therapy that can reverse symptoms and prevent complications is the gluten-free diet (GFD), which is challenging to maintain and has potential health risks. Identifying foods that can help diversify the GFD and that best match the nutritional needs of people with CD may improve the health and quality of life of celiac patients. This review, conducted through a non-systematic search of the available literature, aims to gather the most recent research on nutritional issues in CD and GFD. Moreover, it highlights how sorghum characteristics could provide health benefits to CD patients that counteract the nutritional problems due to CD and the nutritional consequences of GFD acceptance. Sorghum contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavones and tannins, that have shown anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical studies. They can also regulate blood sugar levels and lower cholesterol to reduce the effects of common chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Because it is gluten-free, its use in making foods for celiac patients is increasing, especially in the United States. In conclusion, sorghum is a fascinating grain with nutritional properties and health benefits for supplementing GFD. However, only one study confirms the short-term safety of sorghum inclusion in the GFD, and further long-term studies with a large sample are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Dionisi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Pauline Raoul
- Unit of Advanced Nutrition in Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Mele
- Unit of Advanced Nutrition in Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gasbarrini
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Pellicano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy -
| | - Gabriele A Vassallo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Barone Lombardo Hospital, Canicattì, Agrigento, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Addolorato
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Gasbarrini
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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2
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Stefoska-Needham A. Sorghum and health: An overview of potential protective health effects. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 38407549 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Whole-grain sorghum foods may elicit health-promoting effects when consumed regularly in the diet. This review discusses key functional sorghum grain constituents, including dietary fiber, slowly digestible and resistant starches, lipids, and phytochemicals and their effects on metabolic processes that are associated with the development of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. Currently, the range of sorghum food products available to consumers is limited globally, hindering the potential consumer benefits. A collaborative effort to innovate new product developments is therefore needed, with a focus on processing methods that help to retain the grain's favorable nutritive, health-enhancing, and sensory attributes. Evidence for sorghum's purported health effects, together with evidence of impacts of processing on different sorghum foods, are presented in this review to fully elucidate the potential of sorghum grain to confer health benefits to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Stefoska-Needham
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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3
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Khoddami A, Messina V, Vadabalija Venkata K, Farahnaky A, Blanchard CL, Roberts TH. Sorghum in foods: Functionality and potential in innovative products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1170-1186. [PMID: 34357823 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1960793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum grain is a staple food for about 500 million people in 30 countries in Africa and Asia. Despite this contribution to global food production, most of the world's sorghum grain, and nearly all in Western countries, is used as animal feed. A combination of the increasingly important ability of sorghum crops to resist heat and drought, the limited history of the use of sorghum in Western foods, and the excellent functional properties of sorghum grain in healthy diets, suggests a greater focus on the development of new sorghum-based foods. An understanding of the structural and functional properties of sorghum grain to develop processes for production of new sorghum-based foods is required. In this review, we discuss the potential of sorghum in new food products, including sorghum grain composition, the functional properties of sorghum in foods, processing of sorghum-based products, the digestibility of sorghum protein and starch compared to other grains, and the health benefits of sorghum. In the potential for sorghum as a major ingredient in new foods, we suggest that the gluten-free status of sorghum is of relatively minor importance compared to the functionality of the slowly digested starch and the health benefits of the phenolic compounds present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khoddami
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valeria Messina
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Asgar Farahnaky
- Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher L Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas H Roberts
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Khalid W, Arshad MS, Aslam N, Mukhtar S, Rahim MA, Ranjha MMAN, Noreen S, Afzal MF, Aziz A, Awuchi CG. Food applications of sorghum derived kafirins potentially valuable in celiac disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2135532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Noman Aslam
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shanza Mukhtar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, the University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sana Noreen
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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5
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Soujanya KV, Jayadeep AP. Obesity-associated biochemical markers of inflammation and the role of grain phytochemicals. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14257. [PMID: 35674206 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity or excessive fat accumulation in the body is increasing worldwide and has become one of the major growing health problems. Obese condition is linked with an increased level of body lipids, oxidative stress, and expression of inflammatory markers. This leads to plasma and hepatic hyperlipidemia, activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and transcriptional factors, which in turn lead to a high risk of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, asthma, rheumatological problem, and liver failure. Grains are the major staple food crops grown for consumption in most of the developing countries. Cereals and millets, such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet in the whole form with bran, germ, and endosperm, are found to be rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics acids, vitamin E, phytosterols, carotenoids, antioxidants, dietary fiber, which have a potential health benefit on various lifestyle disorders. In this article, we summarize the findings and investigations regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of various grain phytochemicals in in vitro and in vivo models and their potential health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The occurrence of obesity is rising globally and is becoming a major health concern. Obesity will lead to multiple health problems due to oxidative and inflammatory stress in the body. Whole forms of cereals and millets consumptions have shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disorders and several chronic diseases. Potential bioactive components in various grains will act on the inhibition ofbiochemical markers connected with inflammation and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kategowdru Vijayakumar Soujanya
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Appukuttan Padmanabhan Jayadeep
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
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6
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Apigeninidin-rich Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) extracts suppress A549 cells proliferation and ameliorate toxicity of aflatoxin B1-mediated liver and kidney derangement in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7438. [PMID: 35523904 PMCID: PMC9076626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor plant has a high abundance of 3-deoxyanthocyanins, flavonoids and other polyphenol compounds that have been shown to offer numerous health benefits. Epidemiological studies have linked increased intake of S. bicolor to reduced risk of certain cancer types, including lung adenocarcinoma. S. bicolor extracts have shown beneficial effects in managing hepatorenal injuries. This study investigated the cytotoxic potential of three apigeninidin-rich extracts of S. bicolor (SBE-05, SBE-06 and SBE-07) against selected cancer cell lines and their ameliorative effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-mediated hepatorenal derangements in rats. We observed that, among the three potent extracts, SBE-06 more potently and selectively suppressed the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) (IC50 = 6.5 μg/mL). SBE-06 suppressed the expression of STAT3 but increased the expression of caspase 3. In addition, SBE-05, SBE-06 and SBE-07 inhibited oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and preserved the histoarchitectural networks of the liver and kidney of rats treated with AFB1. These in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the potential of these cheap and readily accessible extracts for cancer therapy and as chemo-preventive agents in preventing aflatoxin-related health issues.
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7
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Khalid W, Ali A, Arshad MS, Afzal F, Akram R, Siddeeg A, Kousar S, Rahim MA, Aziz A, Maqbool Z, Saeed A. Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Sorghum bicolor L. used to prepare functional foods: a review on the efficacy against different chronic disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
- Food and Nutrition Society, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | | | - Fareed Afzal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramish Akram
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Safura Kousar
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Maqbool
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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8
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Galanakis CM. Sustainable Applications for the Valorization of Cereal Processing By-Products. Foods 2022; 11:241. [PMID: 35053973 PMCID: PMC8775229 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article revises the sustainable practices and applications to valorize valuable components recovered from cereal processing by-products. After introducing cereal processing by-products, their healthy compounds, and corresponding functional properties, the article explores reutilization opportunities of by-products emphasizing specific sources (e.g., oat and wheat bran, distillers' dried grains, etc.) and the biorefinery approach. Proteins and soluble dietary fibers such as arabinoxylans are of particular interest due to their content in the cereal processing by-products and their easy extraction based on conventional technologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction and membrane filtration. Non-thermal technologies have also been suggested to improve sustainability recovery approaches. Finally, the article discusses the different applications for the recovered high-added value compounds that span across biotechnology, foods, and bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis M. Galanakis
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, 73131 Chania, Greece;
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
- Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Frankowski J, Przybylska-Balcerek A, Stuper-Szablewska K. Concentration of Pro-Health Compound of Sorghum Grain-Based Foods. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020216. [PMID: 35053948 PMCID: PMC8774765 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 35% of the world sorghum seed production is a human food source. The main ingredient of fully ripe sorghum grains is starch. Sorghum does not contain gluten, and it is also a rich source of antioxidant compounds other than vitamins or macro- and microelements, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and sterols. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity and the content of selected bioactive compounds, i.e., total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, and total phytosterols, as well as determination of the qualitative and quantitative profile of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phytosterols in various food products, the basic ingredient of which was sorghum grain. It was found that antioxidant activity is related to the total phenolic compounds content. The ABTS•+ ranged from 319 to 885 µmol TROLOX/kg. However, white sorghum grain flour contained almost two times more polyphenols than red sorghum grain flour. The FPA ranged from 224 in raw pasta to 689 mgGAE/100 g in white sorghum grain. During this study, the quantitative profile of selected polyphenols in grain flour, wafers, pasta, and cookies containing sorghum grain was also investigated, as well as the content of 11 selected phenolic acids. Total content of the latter ranged from 445 to 2850 mg/kg. Phytosterols such as beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were found in all the analyzed products. Based on this research, it was investigated that the products containing sorghum grains can be classified as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Frankowski
- Department of Bioeconomy, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants-National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Przybylska-Balcerek
- The Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-101 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- The Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-101 Poznań, Poland;
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10
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Ducksbury C, Neale EP, Stefoska-Needham A. The effect of sorghum consumption on markers of chronic disease: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:159-177. [PMID: 34328387 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum requires fewer inputs for sustainable cultivation in harsh climates and has the potential to be utilized in modern food product innovations. Moreover, consumption of sorghum may elicit favorable health effects similar to other commonly consumed cereals, like wheat. Animal and human research exploring health effects of sorghum consumption indicates potential beneficial effects on blood glucose and lipid regulation, oxidative stress modulation, appetite regulation and weight management. However, a recent appraisal of the strength of evidence has not been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of sorghum consumption on metabolic indicators of chronic disease, including blood lipid and blood glucose levels, markers of oxidative stress, and factors associated with weight management. Using CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed and MEDLINE databases, a systematic review of intervention studies published up to May 2020 was conducted and 16 interventional studies met the criteria for inclusion. Evidence for favorable effects of sorghum consumption on indicators of chronic disease, including blood glucose responses, markers of oxidative stress, satiety measures and weight management was demonstrated. Evidence from this systematic review may assist to promote sorghum's potential health benefits globally, including in food markets where it is underutilized, stimulating more sorghum-based food innovations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily Ducksbury
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anita Stefoska-Needham
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Impact of sprouting on physicochemical and nutritional properties of sorghum: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Amarakoon D, Lou Z, Lee WJ, Smolensky D, Lee SH. A mechanistic review: potential chronic disease-preventive properties of sorghum. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2641-2649. [PMID: 33179254 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is one of the most widely cultivated crops, and is used in foods, domestic animal feedstuffs, alcohol production, and biofuels. Recently, many research groups have demonstrated that sorghum contains various components that are strongly associated with the prevention of major human chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and inflammation. However, to use sorghum more widely as a food for the potential prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases, more studies will be required to elucidate the biological mechanisms. In this review paper, we highlight multiple findings to propose a mechanistic link between sorghum consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshika Amarakoon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Wu-Joo Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dmitriy Smolensky
- Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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13
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High Fat-High Fructose Diet-Induced Changes in the Gut Microbiota Associated with Dyslipidemia in Syrian Hamsters. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113557. [PMID: 33233570 PMCID: PMC7699731 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to characterize the early effects of high fructose diets (with and without high fat) on both the composition of the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in Syrian hamsters, a reproducible preclinical model of diet-induced dyslipidemia. Methods: Eight-week-old male hamsters were fed diets consisting of high-fat/high-fructose, low-fat/high-fructose or a standard chow diet for 14 days. Stool was collected at baseline (day 0), day 7 and day 14. Fasting levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were monitored on day 0, day 7 and day 14, and nonfasting levels were also assayed on day 15. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples was used to determine gut microbial composition, and predictive metagenomics was performed to evaluate dietary-induced shifts in deduced microbial functions. Results: Both high-fructose diets resulted in divergent gut microbiota composition. A high-fat/high-fructose diet induced the largest shift in overall gut microbial composition, with dramatic shifts in the Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio, and changes in beta diversity after just seven days of dietary intervention. Significant associations between genus level taxa and dietary intervention were identified, including an association with Ruminococceace NK4A214 group in high-fat/high-fructose fed animals and an association with Butryimonas with the low-fat/high-fructose diet. High-fat/high-fructose feeding induced dyslipidemia with increases in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, and hepatomegaly. Dietary-induced changes in several genus level taxa significantly correlated with lipid levels over the two-week period. Differences in microbial metabolic pathways between high-fat/high-fructose and low-fat/high-fructose diet fed hamsters were identified, and several of these pathways also correlated with lipid profiles in hamsters. Conclusions: The high-fat/high-fructose diet caused shifts in the host gut microbiota. These dietary-induced alterations in gut microbial composition were linked to changes in the production of secondary metabolites, which contributed to the development of metabolic syndrome in the host.
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14
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Yu Y, Raka F, Adeli K. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122227. [PMID: 31861086 PMCID: PMC6947520 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to relative species abundance and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota and accompanying microbial metabolites differ substantially in those who are obese or have other metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence from germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated animal models suggests that altered intestinal gut microbiota contributes significantly to metabolic disorders involving impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. This review will summarize recent findings on potential mechanisms by which the microbiota affects intestinal lipid and lipoprotein metabolism including microbiota dependent changes in bile acid metabolism which affects bile acid signaling by bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5. Microbiota changes also involve altered short chain fatty acid signaling and influence enteroendocrine cell function including GLP-1/GLP-2-producing L-cells which regulate postprandial lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
| | - Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +416-813-8682
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15
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Xiong Y, Zhang P, Warner RD, Fang Z. Sorghum Grain: From Genotype, Nutrition, and Phenolic Profile to Its Health Benefits and Food Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:2025-2046. [PMID: 33336966 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Globally, sorghum is one of the most important but least utilized staple crops. Sorghum grain is a rich source of nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds. The phenolic profile of sorghum is exceptionally unique and more abundant and diverse than other common cereal grains. The phenolic compounds in sorghum are mainly composed of phenolic acids, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins. Studies have shown that sorghum phenolic compounds have potent antioxidant activity in vitro, and consumption of sorghum whole grain may improve gut health and reduce the risks of chronic diseases. Recently, sorghum grain has been used to develop functional foods and beverages, and as an ingredient incorporated into other foods. Moreover, the phenolic compounds, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins can be isolated and used as promising natural multifunctional additives in broad food applications. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of nutrition and phenolic compounds derived from sorghum and their related health effects, and demonstrate the potential for incorporation of sorghum in food systems as a functional component and food additive to improve food quality, safety, and health functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn Dorothy Warner
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Kaplan M. Assessment of grain minerals of Turkish sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) landraces by GT biplot analysis. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kaplan
- University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, 38090 Melikgazi, Turkey
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Briand F, Sulpice T, Giammarinaro P, Roux X. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 changes lipidemic profile and gut microbiota in a hamster hypercholesterolemic model. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:555-567. [PMID: 31090460 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a main risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Probiotics are a safe approach to reduce elevated cholesterol without any deleterious effect to human health. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 probiotic properties are well documented in a context of intestinal dysbiosis. Recent in vitro and preclinical studies have suggested its potential effects on dyslipidemia. This is the first controlled study investigating the effects of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 on lipidemic profile and gut microbiota in a hamster hypercholesterolemic model. Daily administration (3 g/kg) of S. boulardii for 21 or 39 days in hamsters fed a 0.3% cholesterol-diet significantly reduced total plasma cholesterol (P<0.001) and increased faecal total cholesterol (P<0.05) compared to vehicle-treated animals. S. boulardii significantly modified the gut microbiota composition of the hamster fed a 0.3% cholesterol-diet. These microbial abundancy modifications of the microbiota were correlated to variations of lipidemic values or liver genes expressions. In particularly we found that abundance of g_Allobaculum, the most modified taxon after S. boulardii treatment (+236%; P<0.05), was correlated to variations in plasmatic lipoproteins level and ABCG5 hepatic gene expression. We also observed a not previously described correlation between the levels of g_Oxalobacter in the gut microbiota and total cholesterol plasma concentration. In conclusion, we confirmed the cholesterol-lowering effects of S. boulardii intake and we demonstrated for the first time the S. boulardii effect on gut microbiota in the context of hypercholesterolemia in hamsters. Our results provide new insights for a beneficial and safe approach of hypercholesterolemia treatment and could be considered for clinical development, alone or in addition to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Briand
- 1 Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Labège-Innopole, Toulouse, France
| | - T Sulpice
- 1 Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Labège-Innopole, Toulouse, France
| | - P Giammarinaro
- 2 Microbiology Department, Biocodex, 3 Chemin d'Armancourt, Compiègne, France
| | - X Roux
- 2 Microbiology Department, Biocodex, 3 Chemin d'Armancourt, Compiègne, France
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Adebo OA, Kayitesi E, Tugizimana F, Njobeh PB. Differential metabolic signatures in naturally and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermented ting (a Southern African food) with different tannin content, as revealed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics. Food Res Int 2019; 121:326-335. [PMID: 31108755 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fermented whole grain (WG) sorghum food products including WG-ting can be obtained from different sample sources and fermentation conditions, leading subsequently to variations in the molecular composition of the products. There is however, a lack of detailed understanding and description of differential molecular profiles of these food products. Thus, the current study is a nontargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach to descriptively elucidate metabolic profiles of two WG-sorghum types [high tannin (HT) and low tannin (LT)] and their derived WG-ting products obtained via fermentation. Metabolites were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol and analyzed on a gas chromatography high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) system. Chemometric methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to mine the generated data. Our results showed that tannin contents influenced the composition of the raw sorghum and derived WG-ting samples. Metabolite signatures that differentiated raw HT- and LT-sorghum included cyclic compounds, pesticides, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, fatty acid esters, and sugar derivatives. Furthermore, fermentation of the HT- and LT-sorghum into WG-ting led to an increase in the levels of fatty acids, fatty acid esters and some other compounds which are vital from a dietary and health context. Equally observed were reduction of some phenols, cyclic compounds, a pesticide and ketone. Thus, the results demonstrated that the inherent metabolic composition of raw sorghum would lead to differential metabolic changes in the fermented products such as WG-ting, with subsequent dietary and health implications. Fermenting ting with Lactobacillus fermentum FUA 3321 was most desirable as relevant metabolites were observed in both HT- and LT-ting samples. Furthermore, the study highlights the applicability of GC-MS metabolomics in understanding WG-ting fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Eugenie Kayitesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, P.O. Box 524, Gauteng, South Africa; International R&D, Omnia Group, Ltd, P.O.Box 69888, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
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Mohammed S, Hemalatha R, Qadri SSYH, Annapurna VV. Semi-synthetic diet versus diet using natural ingredients-Comparative study in female Golden Syrian hamsters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:687-694. [PMID: 30659658 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semi-synthetic diets (SSD) are recommended and are widely used to carry out experiments in rodents. However, in our experiments planned to carry out generation studies in female Golden Syrian hamsters using semi-synthetic diets, it was observed that the hamsters did not conceive as a result of decreased food intake. In this paper, we present the effects of both semi-synthetic diets and natural source diets (NSD) on food intake, body weight and reproductive performance of this species. Four-week-old female hamsters were equally divided into 3 groups and initially acclimatized for 2 weeks on natural chow diet (NCD). Thereafter, they were fed either control diet, high fat diet (HFD) or low protein diet (LPD) based on semi-synthetic/natural source ingredients until 12 weeks. Daily food intake and weekly body weights were monitored. Hamsters were kept for mating for about 2 weeks from 10th week onwards, during which the pregnancy confirmation test was done using standard vaginal smear examination. In all the groups fed SSD, the food intake was very poor, hamsters lost body weight and did not conceive, thus preventing us from carrying out further experiments. Hamsters fed NCD/NSD ingested more than twice as much as hamsters fed SSD (7-8 g/day/hamster against 3 g/day/hamster on average respectively). Based on the results of the current research, we conclude that the routinely used semi-synthetic diet is not suitable for carrying out studies in female hamsters. We suggest that scientists must also consider the unusual biological characteristics of a given species besides other biological factors. It is therefore critical to select appropriate biological models and diets that provide optimal sensitivity and specificity to accomplish the research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujauddin Mohammed
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Sorghum contains a wide array of phytochemicals and their levels are affected by the genotype. Phytochemicals identified in sorghum include phenolic acids, flavonoids, condensed tannins, polycosanols, phytosterols, stilbenes, and phenolamides. Most of these phytochemicals are concentrated in the bran fraction and have been shown to have several potential health benefits, which include antidiabetic, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This chapter gives an overview of sorghum genetics relevant to phytochemicals, phytochemicals identified in sorghum grain, and their potential health benefits.
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Effect of atorvastatin on the gut microbiota of high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:662. [PMID: 29330433 PMCID: PMC5766553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in gut microbiota associated with hypercholesterolemia and treatment with atorvastatin, a commonly prescribed cholesterol-lowering drug. In this study, seven experimental groups of rats were developed based on diets [high-fat diet (HFD) and normal chow diet (NCD)] and various doses of atorvastatin in HFD and NCD groups. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota. Atorvastatin significantly reduced the cholesterol level in treated rats. Bacterial diversity was decreased in the drug-treated NCD group compared to the NCD control, but atorvastatin-treated HFD groups showed a relative increase in biodiversity compared to HFD control group. Atorvastatin promoted the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and reduced the abundance of Firmicutes in drug-treated HFD groups. Among the dominant taxa in the drug-treated HFD groups, Oscillospira, Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, unclassified CF231, YRC22 (Paraprevotellaceae), and SMB53 (Clostridiaceae) showed reversion in population distribution toward NCD group relative to HFD group. Drug-treated HFD and NCD groups both showed an increased relative abundance of Helicobacter. Overall, bacterial community composition was altered, and diversity of gut microbiota increased with atorvastatin treatment in HFD group. Reversion in relative abundance of specific dominant taxa was observed with drug treatment to HFD rats.
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de Morais Cardoso L, Pinheiro SS, Martino HSD, Pinheiro-Sant'Ana HM. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.): Nutrients, bioactive compounds, and potential impact on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:372-390. [PMID: 25875451 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.887057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is the fifth most produced cereal in the world and is a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for the human diet. We summarize the recent findings concerning the nutrients and bioactive compounds of sorghum and its potential impact on human health, analyzing the limitations and positive points of the studies and proposing directions for future research. Sorghum is basically composed of starch, which is more slowly digested than that of other cereals, has low digestibility proteins and unsaturated lipids, and is a source of some minerals and vitamins. Furthermore, most sorghum varieties are rich in phenolic compounds, especially 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and tannins. The results obtained in vitro and in animals have shown that phenolics compounds and fat soluble compounds (polycosanols) isolated from sorghum benefit the gut microbiota and parameters related to obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, and hypertension. The effects of whole sorghum and its fractions on human health need to be evaluated. In conclusion, sorghum is a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, especially 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, tannins, and polycosanols, which beneficially modulate, in vitro and in animals, parameters related to noncommunicable diseases. Studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of different processing on protein and starch digestibility of sorghum as well as on the profile and bioavailability of its bioactive compounds, especially 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and tannins. Furthermore, the benefits resulting from the interaction of bioactive compounds in sorghum and human microbiota should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraia Silva Pinheiro
- b Laboratory of Vitamins Analysis, Department of Nutrition and Health , Federal University of Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino
- c Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Health , Federal University of Viçosa , Viçosa, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Pinheiro-Sant'Ana
- b Laboratory of Vitamins Analysis, Department of Nutrition and Health , Federal University of Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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23
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Mineral content of sorghum genotypes and the influence of water stress. Food Chem 2017; 214:400-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Althwab S, Carr TP, Weller CL, Dweikat IM, Schlegel V. Advances in grain sorghum and its co-products as a human health promoting dietary system. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ortíz Cruz RA, Cárdenas López JL, González Aguilar GA, Astiazarán García H, Gorinstein S, Canett Romero R, Robles Sánchez M. Influence of Sorghum Kafirin on Serum Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Activity in Hyperlipidemic Rats (In Vitro and In Vivo Studies). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:164725. [PMID: 26634202 PMCID: PMC4637437 DOI: 10.1155/2015/164725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the antioxidant potential of sorghum kafirin and sorghum flour and their influence on lipids and antioxidant capacity in rats. The antioxidant activity in sorghum kafirin extract measured by the DPPH and TEAC methods was increased 30 and 65 times, respectively, compared to that of its counterpart, sorghum flour. According to electrophoresis assay, the kafirins tert-butanol extract showed a high proportion of α-kafirin monomers, and its amino acid composition revealed higher hydrophobic amino acid content such as alanine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine than sorghum flour extract. Diets supplemented with sorghum kafirin extract have improved lipid metabolism and increased the serum antioxidant potential (67%) especially in rats fed with added cholesterol. The bioactive peptides generated from kafirin in vivo hydrolysis appear to be associated with the positive effect on serum lipids and antioxidant activity. According to these results, sorghum kafirin extract at the levels used in this study apparently could be used for prevention of atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Ortíz Cruz
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas y Rosales, Colonia Centro, 83000 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
| | - José L. Cárdenas López
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas y Rosales, Colonia Centro, 83000 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A. González Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera a La Victoria, Km 0.6, 83304 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
| | - Humberto Astiazarán García
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera a La Victoria, Km 0.6, 83304 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
| | - Shela Gorinstein
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rafael Canett Romero
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas y Rosales, Colonia Centro, 83000 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
| | - Maribel Robles Sánchez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas y Rosales, Colonia Centro, 83000 Hermosillo Sonora, SON, Mexico
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Darvin P, Joung YH, S P N, Kang DY, Byun HJ, Hwang DY, Cho KH, Park KD, Lee HK, Yang YM. Sorghum polyphenol suppresses the growth as well as metastasis of colon cancer xenografts through co-targeting jak2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Stefoska-Needham A, Beck EJ, Johnson SK, Tapsell LC. Sorghum: An Underutilized Cereal Whole Grain with the Potential to Assist in the Prevention of Chronic Disease. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kim E, Kim S, Park Y. Sorghum extract exerts cholesterol-lowering effects through the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:308-13. [PMID: 25582172 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.1000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate that sorghum extract (SE) exerts cholesterol-lowering effects through the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism-related protein expression. C57BL/6 mice were fed a modified AIN-93G diet (NC) with saline, or a modified AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol and 0.25% cholic acid with either saline (HC) or 600 mg SE/kg body weight (HC-SE). Levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and liver were significantly lower in HC-SE than in HC. The expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, sterol regulatory elementary binding protein2 and fatty acid synthase were significantly lower, whereas phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase expression was significantly higher in HC-SE than in HC. Cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase expression was also significantly higher in mice given SE than in those given HC. These results suggest that the cholesterol-lowering effect of SE may be related to the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
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30
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Ross MC, Muzny DM, McCormick JB, Gibbs RA, Fisher-Hoch SP, Petrosino JF. 16S gut community of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 25763184 PMCID: PMC4355967 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns worldwide, and their prevalence has only increased in recent years. Mexican Americans are disproportionately afflicted by obesity and T2D, and rates are even higher in the United States-Mexico border region. To determine the factors associated with the increased risk of T2D, obesity, and other diseases in this population, the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort was established in 2004. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the 16S gut community of a subset of 63 subjects from this unique cohort. We found that these communities, when compared to Human Microbiome Project subjects, exhibit community shifts often observed in obese and T2D individuals in published studies. We also examined microbial network relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) and three additional datasets. We identified a group of seven genera that form a tightly interconnected network present in all four tested datasets, dominated by butyrate producers, which are often increased in obese individuals while being depleted in T2D patients. CONCLUSIONS Through a combination of increased disease prevalence and relatively high gut microbial homogeneity in the subset of CCHC members we examined, we believe that the CCHC may represent an ideal community to dissect mechanisms underlying the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. The lack of CCHC subject gut community segregation based on all tested metadata suggests that the community structure we observe in the CCHC likely occurs early in life, and endures. This persistent 'disease'-related gut microbial community in CCHC subjects may enhance existing genetic or lifestyle predispositions to the prevalent diseases of the CCHC, leading to increased attack rates of obesity, T2D, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Ross
- />Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Richard A Gibbs
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Joseph F Petrosino
- />Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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Taylor JRN, Duodu KG. Effects of processing sorghum and millets on their phenolic phytochemicals and the implications of this to the health-enhancing properties of sorghum and millet food and beverage products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:225-237. [PMID: 24771583 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum and millet grains are generally rich in phytochemicals, particularly various types of phenolics. However, the types and amounts vary greatly between and within species. The food-processing operations applied to these grains, i.e. dehulling and decortication, malting, fermentation and thermal processing, dramatically affect the quantity of phenolics present, most generally reducing them. Thus the levels of phytochemicals in sorghum and millet foods and beverages are usually considerably lower than in the grains. Notwithstanding this, there is considerable evidence that sorghum and millet foods and beverages have important functional and health-promoting effects, specifically antidiabetic, cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention, due to the actions of these phytochemicals. Also their lactic acid bacteria-fermented products may have probiotic effects related to their unique microflora. However, direct proof of these health-enhancing effects is lacking as most studies have been carried out on the grains or grain extracts and not the food and beverage products themselves, and also most research work has been in vitro or ex vivo and not in vivo. To provide the required evidence, better designed studies are needed. The sorghum and millet products should be fully characterised, especially their phytochemical composition. Most importantly, well-controlled human clinical studies and intervention trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R N Taylor
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being and Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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Lee BH, Carr TP, Weller CL, Cuppett S, Dweikat IM, Schlegel V. Grain sorghum whole kernel oil lowers plasma and liver cholesterol in male hamsters with minimal wax involvement. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Chávez-Santoscoy RA, Tovar AR, Serna-Saldivar SO, Torres N, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA. Conjugated and free sterols from black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed coats as cholesterol micelle disruptors and their effect on lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport in rat primary hepatocytes. GENES AND NUTRITION 2013; 9:367. [PMID: 24292989 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols have been widely studied for their cholesterol-lowering effect. Conjugated phytosterol forms have been found more active than free moieties. There are no reports about the sterol profile of black bean seed coats neither its effects on cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this research was to identify and quantify phytosterols from black bean seed coats and to determine their effects on cholesterol micellar solubility and on mRNA and key protein levels involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol transport in primary rat hepatocytes. Free phytosterols, acylated steryl glycosides, and steryl glycosides were extracted from black bean seed coats. They were identified through HPLC-MS-TOF and quantified through HPLC equipped with UV-visible and evaporative light-scattering detectors. Free and conjugated phytosterols from the coats significantly increased the inhibitory effect of cholesterol micelle formation compared with stigmasterol, which was used as control (P < 0.05). In addition, phytosterols of black bean seed coat decreased lipogenesis by the downregulation of lipogenic proteins such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in primary rat hepatocytes. Regarding β-oxidation, phytosterols upregulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and promoted the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. Phytosterols inhibited cholesterol micellar solubility and reduced the activation of the liver X receptor, decreasing hepatic FAS and promoting hepatic β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio A Chávez-Santoscoy
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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He X, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Emerging aspects of food and nutrition on gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9559-9574. [PMID: 24028159 DOI: 10.1021/jf4029046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human health. From an evolutionary perspective, human dietary history can be viewed as a central factor in the selection of the gut microbial community and stabilization of the mutualistic host-microbial interaction, that together drive host phenotype. Herein, current knowledge concerning the influence of major dietary macrostructure and individual food ingredients is presented. This knowledge will provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management and, ultimately, movement toward an era of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition and ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Buitimea-Cantúa NE, Torres-Chávez PI, Ledesma-Osuna AI, Ramírez-Wong B, Robles-Sánchez RM, Serna-Saldívar SO. Effect of defatting and decortication on distribution of fatty acids, phenolic and antioxidant compounds in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) bran fractions. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nydia E. Buitimea-Cantúa
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias y Tecnología de Alimentos; Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos; Universidad de Sonora; Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n Apdo Postal 1658 Col. Centro.; CP 83000; Hermosillo; Sonora; México
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chávez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos; Universidad de Sonora; Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n Apdo postal 1658 Col. Centro.; CP 83000; Hermosillo; Sonora; México
| | - Ana I. Ledesma-Osuna
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos; Universidad de Sonora; Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n Apdo postal 1658 Col. Centro.; CP 83000; Hermosillo; Sonora; México
| | - Benjamin Ramírez-Wong
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos; Universidad de Sonora; Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n Apdo postal 1658 Col. Centro.; CP 83000; Hermosillo; Sonora; México
| | - Rosario M. Robles-Sánchez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos; Universidad de Sonora; Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n Apdo postal 1658 Col. Centro.; CP 83000; Hermosillo; Sonora; México
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos; División de Biotecnología y Alimentos; Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey; CP 64849; Monterrey; Mexico
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Kim J, Park Y. Anti-diabetic effect of sorghum extract on hepatic gluconeogenesis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012. [PMID: 23186010 PMCID: PMC3545981 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that Sorghum, a rich source of phytochemicals, has a hypoglycemic effect, but the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the effects of oral administration of sorghum extract (SE) on hepatic gluconeogenesis and the glucose uptake of muscle in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for six weeks. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided in five groups (n=5 per group): normal control (NC), rats with STZ-induced diabetic mellitus (DM), diabetic rats administrated 0.4 g/kg body weight of SE (DM-SE 0.4) and 0.6 g/kg body weight of SE (DM-SE 0.6), and diabetic rats administrated 0.7 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide (DM-G). Results Administration of SE and G reduced the concentration of triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol and glucose, and the area under the curve of glucose during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests down to the levels observed in non-diabetic rats. In addition, administration of 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg SE and 0.7 mg/kg glibenclamide (G) significantly reduced the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the phosphor-p38/p38 ratio, while increased phosphor adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK ratio, but the glucose transporter 4 translocation and the phosphor-Akt/Akt ratio was significantly increased only by administration of G. Conclusions These results indicate that the hypoglycemic effect of SE was related to hepatic gluconeogenesis but not the glucose uptake of skeletal muscle, and the effect was similar to that of anti-diabetic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Korea.
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Moraes ÉA, Natal DIG, Queiroz VAV, Schaffert RE, Cecon PR, de Paula SO, Benjamim LDA, Ribeiro SMR, Martino HSD. Sorghum genotype may reduce low-grade inflammatory response and oxidative stress and maintains jejunum morphology of rats fed a hyperlipidic diet. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Park JH, Lee SH, Chung IM, Park Y. Sorghum extract exerts an anti-diabetic effect by improving insulin sensitivity via PPAR-γ in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:322-7. [PMID: 22977686 PMCID: PMC3439576 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.4.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that a sorghum extract exerts anti-diabetic effects through a mechanism that improves insulin sensitivity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) from adipose tissue. Seven C57BL/6 mice were fed an AIN-93M diet with fat consisting of 10% of total energy intake (LF) for 14 weeks, and 21 mice were fed a high-fat AIN diet with 60% of calories derived from fat (HF). From week 8, the HF diet-fed mice were orally administered either saline (HF group), 0.5% (0.5% SE group), or 1% sorghum extract (1% SE group) for 6 weeks (n = 7/group). Perirenal fat content was significantly lower in the 0.5% SE and 1% SE groups than that in the HF mice. Levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and the area under the curve for glucose were significantly lower in mice administered 0.5% SE and 1% SE than those in HF mice. Serum insulin level was significantly lower in mice administered 1% SE than that in HF mice or those given 0.5% SE. PPAR-γ expression was significantly higher, whereas the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly lower in mice given 1% SE compared to those in the HF mice. Adiponectin expression was also significantly higher in mice given 0.5% SE and 1% SE than that in the HF mice. These results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of SE may be related with the regulation of PPAR-γ-mediated metabolism in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Park JH, Darvin P, Lim EJ, Joung YH, Hong DY, Park EU, Park SH, Choi SK, Moon ES, Cho BW, Park KD, Lee HK, Kim MJ, Park DS, Chung IM, Yang YM. Hwanggeumchal sorghum induces cell cycle arrest, and suppresses tumor growth and metastasis through Jak2/STAT pathways in breast cancer xenografts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40531. [PMID: 22792362 PMCID: PMC3391253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the highly virulent diseases known to humankind with a high mortality rate. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Sorghum is a principal cereal food in many parts of the world, and is critical in folk medicine of Asia and Africa. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of HSE in metastatic breast cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Preliminary studies conducted on MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 xenograft models showed tumor growth suppression by HSE. Western blotting studies conducted both in vivo and in vitro to check the effect of HSE in Jak/STAT pathways. Anti-metastatic effects of HSE were confirmed using both MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 metastatic animal models. These studies showed that HSE can modulate Jak/STAT pathways, and it hindered the STAT5b/IGF-1R and STAT3/VEGF pathways not only by down-regulating the expression of these signal molecules and but also by preventing their phosphorylation. The expression of angiogenic factors like VEGF, VEGF-R2 and cell cycle regulators like cyclin D, cyclin E, and pRb were found down-regulated by HSE. In addition, it also targets Brk, p53, and HIF-1α for anti-cancer effects. HSE induced G1 phase arrest and migration inhibition in MDA-MB 231 cells. The metastasis of breast cancer to the lungs also found blocked by HSE in the metastatic animal model. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Usage of HS as a dietary supplement is an inexpensive natural cancer therapy, without any side effects. We strongly recommend the use of HS as an edible therapeutic agent as it possesses tumor suppression, migration inhibition, and anti-metastatic effects on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pramod Darvin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Joung Lim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Hee Joung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui U. Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Keun Choi
- Department of Culinary and Service Management, College of Hotel & Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eon-Soo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Chung-Ju, South Korea
| | - Byung Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Kyung Do Park
- Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Myong-Jo Kim
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Park
- Functional Food and Nutrition, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Seoul, South Korea
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Clarke SF, Murphy EF, Nilaweera K, Ross PR, Shanahan F, O’Toole PW, Cotter PD. The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: new insights. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:186-202. [PMID: 22572830 PMCID: PMC3427212 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity develops from a prolonged imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. However, the relatively recent discovery that the composition and function of the gut microbiota impacts on obesity has lead to an explosion of interest in what is now a distinct research field. Here, research relating to the links between the gut microbiota, diet and obesity will be reviewed under five major headings: (1) the gut microbiota of lean and obese animals, (2) the composition of the gut microbiota of lean and obese humans, (3) the impact of diet on the gut microbiota, (4) manipulating the gut microbiota and (5) the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can impact on weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan F. Clarke
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark; Fermoy, Cork, Ireland,Microbiology Department; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen F. Murphy
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Health Ltd.; Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul R. Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark; Fermoy, Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland,Department of Medicine; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- Microbiology Department; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark; Fermoy, Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland,Correspondence to: Paul D. Cotter,
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Rodríguez-Cantú LN, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Arriola-Vucovich J, Díaz-De La Garza RI, Fahey JW, Serna-Saldivar SO. Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) sprouts and extracts rich in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates affect cholesterol metabolism and genes involved in lipid homeostasis in hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1095-103. [PMID: 21254774 DOI: 10.1021/jf103513w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of broccoli sprouts (BS) on sterol and lipid homeostasis in Syrian hamsters with dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia. Treatments included freeze-dried BS containing 2 or 20 μmol of glucoraphanine (BSX, BS10X), glucoraphanine-rich BS extract (GRE), sulforaphane-rich BS extract (SFE), and simvastatin. Each experimental diet was offered to eight animals (male and female) for 7 weeks. Hepatic cholesterol was reduced by BS10X and SFE treatments in all animals. This correlated with a down-regulation of gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1 and -2) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) caused by GRE and SFE diets. BS10X caused changes in gene expression in a gender-specific manner; additionally, it increased coprostanol excretion in females. With the same concentration of glucoraphanin, consumption of broccoli sprouts (BS10X) had more marked effects on cholesterol homeostasis than GRE; this finding reinforces the importance of the matrix effects on the bioactivity of functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Rodríguez-Cantú
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Miranda-Velasquez L, Oranday-Cardenas A, Lozano-Garza H, Rivas-Morales C, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Cruz-Vega DE. Hypocholesterolemic activity from the leaf extracts of Cnidoscolus chayamansa. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 65:392-395. [PMID: 21104318 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-010-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the hypocholesterolemic activity of Cnidoscolus chayamansa. In an in vivo model, high-cholesterol diet administered to mice Balb/c induced hypercholesterolemia. Three extracts from Cnidoscolus chayamansa (ethanol, methanol and an aqueous extract) were tested on hypercholesterolemic mice. Active extracts were assessed against the in vitro inhibitory activity of the same three extracts on the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme by using Vero cells. The specific chemical groups present in the phytochemical extracts were also determined. Only the aqueous extract (at either doses employed) showed a significant cholesterol reduction (27.9 and 31.1%, for 50 and 100 mg kg(-1), respectively P<0.01). The extract did not inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, suggesting that its compounds act at another level in cholesterol metabolism. Reactions to secondary metabolites indicate the presence of alkaloids in the aqueous and ethanol extracts and phenol hydroxyls in the ethanol and methanol extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lylia Miranda-Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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Lee SH, Chung IM, Cha YS, Park Y. Millet consumption decreased serum concentration of triglyceride and C-reactive protein but not oxidative status in hyperlipidemic rats. Nutr Res 2010; 30:290-6. [PMID: 20534332 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that whole grain consumption would have beneficial effects on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and the inflammation state of hyperlipidemic rats compared to those resulting from a white rice (WR) diet. Forty-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) were fed a high-fat diet (188.3 kJ% energy as fat) for 8 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and were then randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6 each) that were fed diets containing WR (control), sorghum, foxtail millet (FM), or proso millet for the next 5 weeks. Blood lipid profiles, hepatic antioxidant parameters, and inflammation-related measurements were determined in all of the groups. The concentrations of serum triglycerides were significantly lower in the FM and proso millet groups compared to those of the WR and sorghum groups. The concentrations of serum total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were significantly higher in the sorghum group than in the WR, FM, and proso millet groups. Hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione activities, as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were not significantly different between the groups. Levels of C-reactive protein were significantly lower in the FM group than in the WR, sorghum, and proso millet groups. Inhibitor kappaB-alpha was expressed in the liver cytosolic fraction, and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (p65) into the liver nucleus was blocked in all groups. In conclusion, FM and proso millet may prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing plasma triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats; in contrast, sorghum increases total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sorghum distillers dried grain lipid extract increases cholesterol excretion and decreases plasma and liver cholesterol concentration in hamsters. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Comparative antioxidant, antiproliferative and phase II enzyme inducing potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Plant Sterol and Policosanol Characterization of Hexane Extracts from Grain Sorghum, Corn and their DDGS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Diet-induced metabolic improvements in a hamster model of hypercholesterolemia are strongly linked to alterations of the gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4175-84. [PMID: 19411417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00380-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota exerts a strong influence on host lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we have characterized the interplay among diet, gut microbial ecology, and cholesterol metabolism in a hamster model of hypercholesterolemia. Previous work in this model had shown that grain sorghum lipid extract (GSL) included in the diet significantly improved the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/non-HDL cholesterol equilibrium (T. P. Carr, C. L. Weller, V. L. Schlegel, S. L. Cuppett, D. M. Guderian, Jr., and K. R. Johnson, J. Nutr. 135:2236-2240, 2005). Molecular analysis of the hamsters' fecal bacterial populations by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA tags, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and Bifidobacterium-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the improvements in cholesterol homeostasis induced through feeding the hamsters GSL were strongly associated with alterations of the gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria, which significantly increased in abundance in hamsters fed GSL, showed a strong positive association with HDL plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.75; P = 0.001). The proportion of members of the family Coriobacteriaceae decreased when the hamsters were fed GSL and showed a high positive association with non-HDL plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.84; P = 0.0002). These correlations were more significant than those between daily GSL intake and animal metabolic markers, implying that the dietary effects on host cholesterol metabolism are conferred, at least in part, through an effect on the gut microbiota. This study provides evidence that modulation of the gut microbiota-host metabolic interrelationship by dietary intervention has the potential to improve mammalian cholesterol homeostasis, which has relevance for cardiovascular health.
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Wang L, Weller CL, Schlegel VL, Carr TP, Cuppett SL. Supercritical CO2 extraction of lipids from grain sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:1373-82. [PMID: 17383177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out on a lab supercritical CO(2) extraction system to determine the effects of extraction conditions, including mass ratio of CO(2) consumed to distillers dry grain with solubles (DDGS) extracted, extraction pressure, extraction temperature and time, on yield and composition of extracted lipids. A maximum lipid yield of 150 g/kg DDGS was achieved with a mass ratio approximately 45, an extraction pressure at 27.5 MPa, an extraction temperature at 70 degrees C and an extraction time of 4 h. Under these extraction conditions, the contents of tocols, phytosterols, policosanols and free fatty acids were 0.44, 15.6, 31.2 and 155.3 mg/g in the extract. Experimental results indicated that shorter extraction time and higher flow rate of CO(2) can achieve higher contents of tocols, phytosterols and policosanols but lower content of free fatty acids in the lipid extract. Extraction conditions had no observed effects on the composition of free fatty acids in the extract. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were three main free fatty acids extracted and constituted about 94% of all free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
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Park YK, Rasmussen HE, Ehlers SJ, Blobaum KR, Lu F, Schlegal VL, Carr TP, Lee JY. Repression of proinflammatory gene expression by lipid extract of Nostoc commune var sphaeroides Kützing, a blue-green alga, via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nutr Res 2008; 28:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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