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Martchenko A, Papaelias A, Bolz SS. Physiologic effects of the maqui berry ( Aristotelia chilensis): a focus on metabolic homeostasis. Food Funct 2024; 15:4724-4740. [PMID: 38618933 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence and socioeconomic impact of metabolic diseases is rapidly growing. The limited availability of effective and affordable treatments has fuelled interest in the therapeutic potential of natural compounds as they occur in selected food sources. These compounds might help to better manage the current problems of treatment availability, affordability, and adverse effects that, in combination, limit treatment duration and efficacy at present. Specifically, berries garnered interest given a strong epidemiological link between their consumption and improved metabolic functions, making the analysis of their phytochemical composition and the identification and characterization of biologically active ingredients an emerging area of research. In this regard, the present review focuses on the South American maqui berry Aristotelia chilensis, which has been extensively used by the indigenous Mapuche population for generations to treat a variety of disease conditions. An overview of the maqui plant composition precedes a review of pre-clinical and clinical studies that investigated the effects of maqui berries and their major components on metabolic homeostasis. The final part of the review highlights possible technologies to conserve maqui berry structural and functional integrity during passage through the small intestine, ultimately aiming to augment their systemic and luminal bioavailability and biological effects. The integration of the various aspects discussed herein can assist in the development of effective maqui-based therapies to benefit the growing population of metabolically compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martchenko
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at The Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Papaelias
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at The Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Steffen-Sebastian Bolz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at The Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
- Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Cremonini E, Da Silva LME, Lanzi CR, Marino M, Iglesias DE, Oteiza PI. Anthocyanins and their metabolites promote white adipose tissue beiging by regulating mitochondria thermogenesis and dynamics. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116069. [PMID: 38387526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption and excess nutrient availability can cause alterations in mitochondrial function and dynamics. We previously showed that anthocyanins (AC) decreased HFD-induced body weight gain and fat deposition. This study investigated: i) the capacity of AC to mitigate HFD-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and thermogenesis in mouse subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), and ii) the underlying mechanisms of action of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G), and their gut metabolites on mitochondria function/dynamics in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitate. Mice were fed control or HFD diets, added or not with 40 mg AC/kg body weight (BW). Compared to control and AC-supplemented mice, HFD-fed mice had fewer sWAT mitochondria that presented alterations of their architecture. AC supplementation prevented HFD-induced decrease of proteins involved in mitochondria biogenesis (PPARγ, PRDM16 and PGC-1α), and thermogenesis (UCP-1), and decreased AMPK phosphorylation. AC supplementation also restored the alterations in sWAT mitochondrial dynamics (Drp-1, OPA1, MNF-2, and Fis-1) and mitophagy (BNIP3L/NIX) caused by HFD consumption. In mature 3T3-L1, C3G, D3G, and their metabolites protocatechuic acid (PCA), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HB), and gallic acid (GA) differentially affected palmitate-mediated decreased cAMP, PKA, AMPK, and SIRT-1 signaling pathways. C3G, D3G, and metabolites also prevented palmitate-mediated decreased expression of PPARγ, PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1. Results suggest that consumption of select AC, i.e. cyanidin and delphinidin, could promote sWAT mitochondriogenesis and improve mitochondria dynamics in the context of HFD/obesity-induced dysmetabolism in part by regulating PKA, AMPK, and SIRT-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leane M E Da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Mirko Marino
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Dario E Iglesias
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Dafne VJ, Manuel MA, Rocio CV. Chronobiotics, satiety signaling, and clock gene expression interplay. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 126:109564. [PMID: 38176625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The biological clock regulates the way our body works throughout the day, including releasing hormones and food intake. Disruption of the biological clock (chronodisruption) may deregulate satiety, which is strictly regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters, leading to health problems like obesity. Nowadays, using bioactive compounds as a coadjutant for several pathologies is a common practice. Phenolic compounds and short-chain fatty acids, called "chronobiotics," can modulate diverse mechanisms along the body to exert beneficial effects, including satiety regulation and circadian clock resynchronization; however, the evidence of the interplay between those processes is limited. This review compiles the evidence of natural chronobiotics, mainly polyphenols and short-chain fatty acids that affect the circadian clock mechanism and process modifications in genes or proteins resulting in a signaling chain that modulates satiety hormones or hunger pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velásquez-Jiménez Dafne
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Miranda-Anaya Manuel
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Teaching and Research (UMDI), School of Sciences, Autonomous National University of Mexico, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Campos-Vega Rocio
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.
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Fraga CG, Cremonini E, Galleano M, Oteiza PI. Natural Products and Diabetes: (-)-Epicatechin and Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38421444 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that occurs when cells do not respond normally to insulin, a condition called insulin resistance, which leads to high blood glucose levels. Although it can be treated pharmacologically, dietary habits beyond carbohydrate restriction can be highly relevant in the management of T2D. Emerging evidence supports the possibility that natural products (NPs) could contribute to managing blood glucose or counteract the undesirable effects of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. This chapter summarizes the relevant preclinical evidence involving the flavonoid (-)-epicatechin (EC) in the optimization of glucose homeostasis, reducing insulin resistance and/or diabetes-associated disorders. Major effects of EC are observed on (i) intestinal functions, including digestive enzymes, glucose transporters, microbiota, and intestinal permeability, and (ii) redox homeostasis, including oxidative stress and inflammation. There is still a need for further clinical studies to confirm the in vitro and rodent data, allowing recommendations for EC, particularly in prediabetic and T2D patients. The collection of similar data and the lack of clinical evidence for EC is also applicable to other NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Qiao L, Lu C, Zang T, Dzyuba B, Shao J. Maternal GLP-1 receptor activation inhibits fetal growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E268-E276. [PMID: 38197791 PMCID: PMC11193516 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) regulates food intake, insulin production, and metabolism. Our recent study demonstrated that pancreatic α-cells-secreted (intraislet) GLP-1 effectively promotes maternal insulin secretion and metabolic adaptation during pregnancy. However, the role of circulating GLP-1 in maternal energy metabolism remains largely unknown. Our study aims to investigate systemic GLP-1 response to pregnancy and its regulatory effect on fetal growth. Using C57BL/6 mice, we observed a gradual decline in maternal blood GLP-1 concentrations. Subsequent administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide (Sem) to dams in late pregnancy revealed a modest decrease in maternal food intake during initial treatment. At the same time, no significant alterations were observed in maternal body weight or fat mass. Notably, Sem-treated dams exhibited a significant decrease in fetal body weight, which persisted even following the restoration of maternal blood glucose levels. Despite no observable change in placental weight, a marked reduction in the placenta labyrinth area from Sem-treated dams was evident. Our investigation further demonstrated a substantial decrease in the expression levels of various pivotal nutrient transporters within the placenta, including glucose transporter one and sodium-neutral amino acid transporter one, after Sem treatment. In addition, Sem injection led to a notable reduction in the capillary area, number, and surface densities within the labyrinth. These findings underscore the crucial role of modulating circulating GLP-1 levels in maternal adaptation, emphasizing the inhibitory effects of excessive GLP-1 receptor activation on both placental development and fetal growth.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study reveals a progressive decline in maternal blood glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentration. GLP-1 receptor agonist injection in late pregnancy significantly reduced fetal body weight, even after restoration of maternal blood glucose concentration. GLP-1 receptor activation significantly reduced the placental labyrinth area, expression of some nutrient transporters, and capillary development. Our study indicates that reducing maternal blood GLP-1 levels is a physiological adaptation process that benefits placental development and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Cindy Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Tianyi Zang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Brianna Dzyuba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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6
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Mostofinejad Z, Cremonini E, Kang J, Oteiza PI. Effects of (-)-epicatechin on hepatic triglyceride metabolism. Food Funct 2024; 15:326-337. [PMID: 38086683 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) consumption is associated with an improvement of hyperlipemia and other metabolic changes linked to obesity and western-style diets. This work investigated the effects of EC on triglyceride (TG) metabolism both in vivo, where mice were supplemented with EC (2 and 20 mg EC per kg body weight), and in vitro, when human HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of EC and the main EC metabolites found in human plasma. Increased hepatic TG levels were only observed after 24 weeks supplementation with EC (20 mg per kg body weight), with a preserved liver structure and absence of inflammation or oxidative stress. EC caused increased expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT2), key enzymes in TG synthesis, and the upregulation of PPARα, which promotes free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation. On the other hand, incubation of HepG2 cells in the presence of high concentrations of EC (1-10 μM) did not affect TG deposition nor DGAT2 expression. In summary, in mouse liver, EC upregulated mechanisms that can neutralize the potential toxicity of FFA, i.e. TG synthesis and FFA β-oxidation. Results in mouse liver and HepG2 cells stress the safety of EC in terms of TG metabolism and development of hepatopathies in doses within the limits given by a rational time and dose for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mostofinejad
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jiye Kang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Dewi NKSM, Ramona Y, Saraswati MR, Wihandani DM, Wirasuta IMAG. The Potential of the Flavonoid Content of Ipomoea batatas L. as an Alternative Analog GLP-1 for Diabetes Type 2 Treatment-Systematic Review. Metabolites 2023; 14:29. [PMID: 38248832 PMCID: PMC10819535 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ipomoea batatas L. (IBL) has gained significant popularity as a complementary therapy or herbal medicine in the treatment of anti-diabetes. This review seeks to explore the mechanism by which flavonoid compounds derived from IBL exert their anti-diabetic effects through the activation of GLP-1. The review article refers to the PRISMA guidelines. In order to carry out the literature search, electronic databases such as Science Direct, Crossref, Scopus, and Pubmed were utilized. The search query was based on specific keywords, including Ipomoea batatas OR sweet potato AND anti-diabetic OR hypoglycemic. After searching the databases, we found 1055 articles, but only 32 met the criteria for further review. IBL contains various compounds, including phenolic acid, flavonols, flavanols, flavones, and anthocyanins, which exhibit activity against anti-diabetes. Flavonols, flavanols, and flavones belong to a group of flavonoids that possess the ability to form complexes with AlCl3 and Ca2+. The intracellular L cells effectively retain Ca2+, leading to the subsequent release of GLP-1. Flavonols, flavones, and flavone groups have been found to strongly interact with DPP-IV, which inhibits the degradation of GLP-1. The anti-diabetic activity of IBL is attributed to the mechanism that effectively increases the duration of GLP-1 in the systemic system, thereby prolonging its half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Kadek Santi Maha Dewi
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia;
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
| | - Yan Ramona
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia;
| | - Made Ratna Saraswati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia;
| | - Desak Made Wihandani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia;
| | - I Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
- Forensic Sciences Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
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Ye X, Chen W, Yan FJ, Zheng XD, Tu PC, Shan PF. Exploring the Effects of Cyanidin-3- O-Glucoside on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights into Gut Microbiome Modulation and Potential Antidiabetic Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20047-20061. [PMID: 38085678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Berries and their functional components have been put forward as an alternative to pharmacological treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and more attention has been paid to the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Thus, we tried to examine the metabolic impact of red bayberry-derived cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and investigate whether the antidiabetic effects of C3G were associated with the gut microbiome. As a result, C3G administration was found to reduce blood glucose levels of diabetic db/db mice, accompanied by increased levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and insulin. Moreover, 16S rRNA analysis showed that the dominant microbiota modulated by C3G were pivotal in the glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the modulation of C3G on metabolic activities of gut bacteria leads to an increase in intestinal levels of key metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids. This contribution helps in promoting the secretion of GLP-1, which in turn increases insulin release with the purpose of reducing blood glucose levels. Overall, these findings may offer new thoughts concerning C3G against metabolic disorders in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Centre for Information, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Jie Yan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng-Fei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Centre for Information, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Naomi R, Teoh SH, Halim S, Embong H, Hasain Z, Bahari H, Kumar J. Unraveling Obesity: Transgenerational Inheritance, Treatment Side Effects, Flavonoids, Mechanisms, Microbiota, Redox Balance, and Bioavailability-A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1549. [PMID: 37627544 PMCID: PMC10451614 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is known as a transgenerational vicious cycle and has become a global burden due to its unavoidable complications. Modern approaches to obesity management often involve the use of pharmaceutical drugs and surgeries that have been associated with negative side effects. In contrast, natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids, have emerged as a promising alternative due to their potential health benefits and minimal side effects. Thus, this narrative review explores the potential protective role of flavonoids as a natural antioxidant in managing obesity. To identify recent in vivo studies on the efficiency of flavonoids in managing obesity, a comprehensive search was conducted on Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Nature, and ScienceDirect. The search was limited to the past 10 years; from the search, we identified 31 articles to be further reviewed. Based on the reviewed articles, we concluded that flavonoids offer novel therapeutic strategies for preventing obesity and its associated co-morbidities. This is because the appropriate dosage of flavonoid compounds is able to reduce adipose tissue mass, the formation of intracellular free radicals, enhance endogenous antioxidant defences, modulate the redox balance, and reduce inflammatory signalling pathways. Thus, this review provides an insight into the domain of a natural product therapeutic approach for managing obesity and recapitulates the transgenerational inheritance of obesity, the current available treatments to manage obesity and its side effects, flavonoids and their sources, the molecular mechanism involved, the modulation of gut microbiota in obesity, redox balance, and the bioavailability of flavonoids. In toto, although flavonoids show promising positive outcome in managing obesity, a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the advantageous impacts of flavonoids-achieved through translation to clinical trials-would provide a novel approach to inculcating flavonoids in managing obesity in the future as this review is limited to animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Soo Huat Teoh
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia;
| | - Shariff Halim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Technology Mara (UiTM) Pulau Pinang, Bertam Campus, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia;
| | - Hashim Embong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Zubaidah Hasain
- Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Oteiza PI, Cremonini E, Fraga CG. Anthocyanin actions at the gastrointestinal tract: Relevance to their health benefits. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101156. [PMID: 36379746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (AC) are flavonoids abundant in the human diet, which consumption has been associated to several health benefits, including the mitigation of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and neurological disorders. It is widely recognized that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is not only central for food digestion but actively participates in the regulation of whole body physiology. Given that AC, and their metabolites reach high concentrations in the intestinal lumen after food consumption, their biological actions at the GI tract can in part explain their proposed local and systemic health benefits. In terms of mechanisms of action, AC have been found to: i) inhibit GI luminal enzymes that participate in the absorption of lipids and carbohydrates; ii) preserve intestinal barrier integrity and prevent endotoxemia, inflammation and oxidative stress; iii) sustain goblet cell number, immunological functions, and mucus production; iv) promote a healthy microbiota; v) be metabolized by the microbiota to AC metabolites which will be absorbed and have systemic effects; and vi) modulate the metabolism of GI-generated hormones. This review will summarize and discuss the latest information on AC actions at the GI tract and their relationship to overall health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Rucker R. Allometric Scaling: Comparison of Interspecies Nutritional Relationships and Requirements. J Nutr 2022; 152:2626-2627. [PMID: 36774128 PMCID: PMC9644180 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rucker
- From the Department of Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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12
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Egea MB, Pierce G, Park SH, Lee SI, Heger F, Shay N. Consumption of Antioxidant-Rich “Cerrado” Cashew Pseudofruit Affects Hepatic Gene Expression in Obese C57BL/6J High Fat-Fed Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172543. [PMID: 36076729 PMCID: PMC9455023 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudofruit of A. othonianum Rizzini, “Cerrado” cashew pulp, has been described as rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C. The objective of this work was to evaluate the beneficial health effects seen with the addition of “Cerrado” cashew pulp (CP) to an obesogenic high fat diet provided to C57BL/6J male mice. In week 9, the HF-fed group had a significantly higher baseline glucose concentration than the LF- or HF+CP-fed groups. In RNAseq analysis, 4669 of 5520 genes were found to be differentially expressed. Among the genes most upregulated with the ingestion of the CP compared to HF were Ph1da1, SLc6a9, Clec4f, and Ica1 which are related to glucose homeostasis; Mt2 that may be involved steroid biosynthetic process; and Ciart which has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm. Although “Cerrado” CP intake did not cause changes in the food intake or body weight of fed mice with HF diet, carbohydrate metabolism appeared to be improved based on the observed changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Buranelo Egea
- Goiano Federal Institute, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Gavin Pierce
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Si-Hong Park
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Sang-In Lee
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Fabienne Heger
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Neil Shay
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chun JH, Henckel MM, Knaub LA, Hull SE, Pott GB, Ramirez DG, Reusch JEB, Keller AC. (-)-Epicatechin Reverses Glucose Intolerance in Rats Housed at Thermoneutrality. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:735-744. [PMID: 35777366 PMCID: PMC9343939 DOI: 10.1055/a-1843-9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a life-threatening and debilitating disease with pathological hallmarks, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Plant compounds are a source of novel and effective therapeutics, and the flavonoid (-)-epicatechin, common to popular foods worldwide, has been shown to improve carbohydrate metabolism in both clinical studies and preclinical models. We hypothesized that (-)-epicatechin would alleviate thermoneutral housing-induced glucose intolerance. Male rats were housed at either thermoneutral (30 °C) or room temperature (24 °C) for 16 weeks and gavaged with either 1 mg/kg body weight or vehicle for the last 15 days before sacrifice. Rats housed at thermoneutrality had a significantly elevated serum glucose area under the curve (p < 0.05) and reduced glucose-mediated insulin secretion. In contrast, rats at thermoneutrality treated with (-)-epicatechin had improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin secretion (p < 0.05). Insulin tolerance tests revealed no differences in insulin sensitivity in any of the four groups. Pancreatic immunohistochemistry staining showed significantly greater islet insulin positive cells in animals housed at thermoneutrality. In conclusion, (-)-epicatechin improved carbohydrate tolerance via increased insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge without a change in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Chun
- Aquillius Corp., San Diego, CA, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melissa M. Henckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Leslie A. Knaub
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sara E. Hull
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Greg B. Pott
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David G. Ramirez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jane E.-B. Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy C. Keller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Anghel SA, Badea RA, Chiritoiu G, Patriche DS, Alexandru PR, Pena F. Novel luciferase-based GLP-1 reporter assay reveals naturally-occurring secretagogues. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4738-4753. [PMID: 35736785 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to feeding, and, in turn, acts as a critical regulator of insulin release. Modulating GLP-1 secretion thus holds promise as a strategy for controlling blood glucose levels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To dissect GLP-1 regulation and to discover specific secretagogues, we engineered a reporter cell line introducing a luciferase within proglucagon sequence in GLUTag cells. The assay was validated using western blotting and ELISA. A focused natural compounds library was screened. We measured luminescence, glucose uptake and ATP to investigate the mechanism by which newly found secretagogues potentiate GLP-1 secretion. KEY RESULTS The newly created reporter cell line is ideal for the rapid, sensitive and quantitative assessment of GLP-1 secretion. The small molecule screen identified non-toxic GLP-1 modulators. Quercetin is the most potent newly found GLP-1 secretagogue, while other flavonoids also potentiate GLP-1 secretion. Quercetin requires glucose and extracellular calcium to act as GLP-1 secretagogue. Our results support a mechanism whereby flavonoids cause GLUTag cells to utilize glucose more efficiently, leading to elevated ATP levels, followed by KATP channel blockade and GLP-1 exocytosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our methodology enables finding of new GLP-1 secretagogues. Quercetin is a potent, naturally occuring GLP-1 secretagogue. Mechanistic studies of newly found secretagogues are possible in newly created reporter cell line. Further validation in more physiological systems, such as primary L-cells or whole organisms is needed. GLP-1 secretagogues might serve as leads for developing alternative glucose-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Andreea Anghel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Aura Badea
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Sebastian Patriche
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta Ramona Alexandru
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Pena
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Panchal SK, John OD, Mathai ML, Brown L. Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple. Nutrients 2022; 14:2161. [PMID: 35631301 PMCID: PMC9142943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of extraction. Dark-coloured fruits, cereals and vegetables are current sources of these compounds. The range of potential sustainable sources is much larger and includes non-commercialised native plants from around the world and agri-waste containing anthocyanins. In the last 5 years, there have been significant advances in developing the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in chronic human diseases. Anthocyanins exert their beneficial effects through improvements in gut microbiota, oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of neuropeptides such as insulin-like growth factor-1. Their health benefits in humans include reduced cognitive decline; protection of organs such as the liver, as well as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys; improvements in bone health and obesity; and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarises some of the sources of anthocyanins and their mechanisms and benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia;
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Oliver D. John
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; or
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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16
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Cremonini E, Daveri E, Iglesias DE, Kang J, Wang Z, Gray R, Mastaloudis A, Kay CD, Hester SN, Wood SM, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of anthocyanins on inflammatory and metabolic responses to a high-fat meal in healthy subjects. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102273. [PMID: 35255426 PMCID: PMC8902616 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementation with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) on the postprandial dysmetabolism, inflammation, and redox and insulin signaling, triggered by the consumption of a high fat meal (HFM) in healthy individuals. Participants (n = 25) consumed a 1026-kcal HFM simultaneously with either the CDRE providing 320.4 mg of anthocyanins (90% cyanidin and delphinidin) or placebo. Diets were randomly assigned in a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Blood was collected prior to (fasted, time 0), and for 5 h after meal consumption; plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. AC metabolites were detected in serum as early as 30 min after CDRE consumption. The CDRE mitigated HFM-induced endotoxemia, reducing increases in plasma LPS and LPS-binding protein. The CDRE also reduced other events associated with HFM-triggered postprandial dysmetabolism including: i) plasma glucose and triglyceride increases; ii) TNFα and NOX4 upregulation in PBMC; and iii) JNK1/2 activation in PBMC. The CDRE did not significantly affect HFM-mediated increases in plasma insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, and IKK phosphorylation in PBMC. In summary, dietary AC, i.e. cyanidin and delphinidin, exerted beneficial actions against unhealthy diets by modulating the associated postprandial dysmetabolism, endotoxemia, alterations of glycemia and lipidemia, and redox and insulin signaling.
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Cheatham CL, Nieman DC, Neilson AP, Lila MA. Enhancing the Cognitive Effects of Flavonoids With Physical Activity: Is There a Case for the Gut Microbiome? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833202. [PMID: 35273477 PMCID: PMC8902155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive changes can be the first indication of the progression to dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease. These changes may be driven by a complex interaction of factors including diet, activity levels, genetics, and environment. Here we review the evidence supporting relationships between flavonoids, physical activity, and brain function. Recent in vivo experiments and human clinical trials have shown that flavonoid-rich foods can inhibit neuroinflammation and enhance cognitive performance. Improved cognition has also been correlated with a physically active lifestyle, and with the functionality and diversity of the gut microbiome. The great majority (+ 90%) of dietary flavonoids are biotransformed into phytoactive phenolic metabolites at the gut microbiome level prior to absorption, and these prebiotic flavonoids modulate microbiota profiles and diversity. Health-relevant outcomes from flavonoid ingestion may only be realized in the presence of a robust microbiome. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accelerates the catabolism and uptake of these gut-derived anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory metabolites into circulation. The gut microbiome exerts a profound influence on cognitive function; moderate exercise and flavonoid intake influence cognitive benefits; and exercise and flavonoid intake influence the microbiome. We conclude that there is a potential for combined impacts of flavonoid intake and physical exertion on cognitive function, as modulated by the gut microbiome, and that the combination of a flavonoid-rich diet and routine aerobic exercise may potentiate cognitive benefits and reduce cognitive decline in an aging population, via mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiome. Mechanistic animal studies and human clinical interventions are needed to further explore this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Cheatham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Andrew P. Neilson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary Ann Lila,
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18
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Cremonini E, Iglesias DE, Matsukuma KE, Hester SN, Wood SM, Bartlett M, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Supplementation with cyanidin and delphinidin mitigates high fat diet-induced endotoxemia and associated liver inflammation in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:781-794. [PMID: 34981106 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of high fat diets (HFD) and the associated metabolic endotoxemia can initiate liver inflammation and lipid deposition that with time can progress to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We previously observed that 14 weeks supplementation with the anthocyanidins cyanidin and delphinidin mitigated HFD-induced metabolic endotoxemia and liver insulin resistance, steatosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. This work investigated if a 4-week supplementation of mice with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) could mitigate or reverse HFD (60% calories from lard fat)-induced liver steatosis and inflammation. After a first 4-weeks period on the HFD, mice showed increased endotoxemia and activation of liver proinflammatory signaling cascades. Supplementation with CDRE between weeks 4 and 8 did not mitigate liver steatosis or the altered lipid and glucose plasma levels. However, CDRE supplementation reverted HFD-induced metabolic endotoxemia, in parallel with the mitigation of the overexpression of hepatic TLR2 and TLR4, and of the activation of: (i) NF-κB, (ii) AP-1 and upstream mitogen-activated kinases p38 and ERK1/2, and (iii) HIF-1. Thus, even a short-term consumption of cyanidin and delphinidin could help mitigate the adverse consequences, i.e. metabolic endotoxemia and associated liver inflammation, triggered by the regular consumption of diets rich in fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dario E Iglesias
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Matsukuma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven M Wood
- Pharmanex Research, NSE Products, Inc., Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mark Bartlett
- Pharmanex Research, NSE Products, Inc., Provo, UT, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ikeda Y, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs via the modulation of AKT-signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:104-113. [PMID: 34904048 PMCID: PMC8637616 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly. It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are related to the AD. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate, which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment. Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD. The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit. They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes. Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, being currently used for DM therapy, may also be effective for AD treatment. The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models. Although further studies for mTOR, GLP1, and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required, they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments. We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis, the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/ or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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( -)-Epicatechin and cardiometabolic risk factors: a focus on potential mechanisms of action. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:99-115. [PMID: 34812946 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of ( -)-epicatechin (EC) attenuating major cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e., dyslipidemias, obesity (adipose tissue dysfunction), hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), and hypertension (endothelial dysfunction). Studies in humans are revised and complemented with experiments in animal models, and cultured cells, aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in EC-mediated effects. Firstly, an assessment of EC metabolism gives relevance to both conjugated-EC metabolites product of host metabolism and microbiota-derived species. Integration and analysis of results stress the maintenance of redox homeostasis and mitigation of inflammation as relevant processes associated with cardiometabolic diseases. In these processes, EC appears having significant effects regulating NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidant production, nitric oxide (NO) production, and energy homeostasis (mitochondrial biogenesis and function). The potential participation of cell membranes and membrane-bound receptors is also discussed in terms of direct molecular action of EC and EC metabolites reaching cells and tissues.
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21
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Heiss C, Rodriguez-Mateos A. Experimental Evidence that (-)-Epicatechin and Anthocyanins Modulate Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Metabolism: Relevant For Humans? J Nutr 2021; 151:1365-1366. [PMID: 33834197 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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