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Elkanawati RY, Sumiwi SA, Levita J. Impact of Lipids on Insulin Resistance: Insights from Human and Animal Studies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3337-3360. [PMID: 39100221 PMCID: PMC11298177 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s468147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex pathological condition central to metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This review evaluates the impact of lipids on insulin resistance (IR) by analyzing findings from human and animal studies. The articles were searched on the PubMed database using two keywords: (1) "Role of Lipids AND Insulin Resistance AND Humans" and (2) "Role of Lipids AND Insulin Resistance AND Animal Models". Studies in humans revealed that elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TGs) are closely associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, and interventions like metformin and omega-3 fatty acids show potential benefits. In animal models, high-fat diets disrupt insulin signaling and increase inflammation, with lipid mediators such as diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramides playing significant roles. DAG activates protein kinase C, which eventually impairs insulin signaling, while ceramides inhibit Akt/PKB, further contributing to IR. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for IR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Yulifah Elkanawati
- Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jawa Barat, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adi Sumiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Jutti Levita
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhao H, Li L, Yu S, Liu M, Jiang L. Ceramide on the road to insulin resistance and immunometabolic disorders in transition dairy cows: driver or passenger? Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321597. [PMID: 38274826 PMCID: PMC10808295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows must undergo profound metabolic and endocrine adaptations during their transition period to meet the nutrient requirements of the developing fetus, parturition, and the onset of lactation. Insulin resistance in extrahepatic tissues is a critical component of homeorhetic adaptations in periparturient dairy cows. However, due to increased energy demands at calving that are not followed by a concomitant increase in dry matter intake, body stores are mobilized, and the risk of metabolic disorders dramatically increases. Sphingolipid ceramides involved in multiple vital biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Three typical pathways generate ceramide, and many factors contribute to its production as part of the cell's stress response. Based on lipidomic profiling, there has generally been an association between increased ceramide content and various disease outcomes in rodents. Emerging evidence shows that ceramides might play crucial roles in the adaptive metabolic alterations accompanying the initiation of lactation in dairy cows. A series of studies also revealed a negative association between circulating ceramides and systemic insulin sensitivity in dairy cows experiencing severe negative energy balance. Whether ceramide acts as a driver or passenger in the metabolic stress of periparturient dairy cows is an unknown but exciting topic. In the present review, we discuss the potential roles of ceramides in various metabolic dysfunctions and the impacts of their perturbations. We also discuss how this novel class of bioactive sphingolipids has drawn interest in extrahepatic tissue insulin resistance and immunometabolic disorders in transition dairy cows. We also discuss the possible use of ceramide as a new biomarker for predicting metabolic diseases in cows and highlight the remaining problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang C, Shao Q, Liu M, Wang X, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Cuan S, Li X, Wang J, Li Y, He L, Huang Y, Liu G, Lei L. Liver fibrosis is a common pathological change in the liver of dairy cows with fatty liver. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2700-2715. [PMID: 36823013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver (i.e., hepatic lipidosis) is a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cows during the transition period, characterized by excess hepatic accumulation of triglyceride (TG), tissue dysfunction, and cell death. Detailed pathological changes, particularly hepatic fibrosis, during fatty liver remain to be determined. Liver fibrosis occurs as a consequence of liver damage, resulting from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, which distorts the architecture of the normal liver, compromising its normal synthetic and metabolic functions. Thus, we aimed to investigate liver fibrosis status and its potential causal factors including oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, and production of inflammatory cytokines in the liver of cows with fatty liver. Forty-five dairy cows (parity, 3-5) were selected, and liver biopsy and blood were collected on the second week postpartum (days in milk, 10-14 d). On the basis of the degree of lipid accumulation in liver, selected cows were categorized into normal (n = 25; TG <1% wet wt), mild fatty liver (n = 15; 1% ≤ TG <5% wet wt), and moderate fatty liver (n = 5; 5% ≤ TG <10% wet wt). Compared with normal cows, blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, along with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, were greater in the cows with fatty liver (mild and moderate). Hepatic extracellular matrix deposition, as indicated by Picrosirius red staining, was greater in cows with fatty liver than those with normal ones. In addition, we observed an increased proportion of collagen type I fiber in extracellular matrix with increased lipid accumulation in the liver. Compared with normal cows, the area of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive staining along with the mRNA abundance of collagen type I α 1 (COL1A1), ACTA2 (gene encoding α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) were greater in cows with fatty liver. Compared with normal cows, hepatic contents of malondialdehyde, glutathione disulfide, and 8-isoprostane were greater, whereas total antioxidant capacity, the hepatic content of glutathione, and activities of antioxidant indicators, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, were lower in cows with fatty liver. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells and abundance of apoptosis-related molecules BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9 were greater in cows with fatty liver. However, mRNA abundance of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 did not differ. The mRNA abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA), interleukin-1β (IL1B), and interleukin-6 (IL6) was greater in the liver of cows with fatty liver. Overall, the present study indicated that fibrosis is a common pathological response to liver damage and is associated with oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Shunan Cuan
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanxiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Javaid A, Wang F, Horst EA, Diaz-Rubio ME, Wang LF, Baumgard LH, McFadden JW. Effects of acute intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration on the plasma lipidome and metabolome in lactating Holstein cows experiencing hyperlipidemia. Metabolomics 2022; 18:75. [PMID: 36125563 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of lipopolysaccharides (i.e., endotoxin; LPS) on metabolism are poorly defined in lactating dairy cattle experiencing hyperlipidemia. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to explore the effects of acute intravenous LPS administration on metabolism in late-lactation Holstein cows experiencing hyperlipidemia induced by intravenous triglyceride infusion and feed restriction. METHODS Ten non-pregnant lactating Holstein cows (273 ± 35 d in milk) were administered a single bolus of saline (3 mL of saline; n [Formula: see text] 5) or LPS (0.375 [Formula: see text]g of LPS/kg of body weight; n [Formula: see text] 5). Simultaneously, cows were intravenously infused a triglyceride emulsion and feed restricted for 16 h to induce hyperlipidemia in an attempt to model the periparturient period. Blood was sampled at routine intervals. Changes in circulating total fatty acid concentrations and inflammatory parameters were measured. Plasma samples were analyzed using untargeted lipidomics and metabolomics. RESULTS Endotoxin increased circulating serum amyloid A, LPS-binding protein, and cortisol concentrations. Endotoxin administration decreased plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations and increased select plasma ceramide concentrations. These outcomes suggest modulation of the immune response and insulin action. Lipopolysaccharide decreased the ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanomanine, which potentially indicate a decrease in the hepatic activation of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and triglyceride export. Endotoxin administration also increased plasma concentrations of pyruvic and lactic acids, and decreased plasma citric acid concentrations, which implicate the upregulation of glycolysis and downregulation of the citric acid cycle (i.e., the Warburg effect), potentially in leukocytes. CONCLUSION Acute intravenous LPS administration decreased circulating LPC concentrations, modified ceramide and glycerophospholipid concentrations, and influenced intermediary metabolism in dairy cows experiencing hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Javaid
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Feiran Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - M Elena Diaz-Rubio
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lin F Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joseph W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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The Role of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cognitive Dysfunction in Diabetes. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2158-2172. [PMID: 35661963 PMCID: PMC9352619 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a well known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Mitochondria are the center of intracellular energy metabolism and the main source of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a key factor in diabetes-associated brain alterations contributing to neurodegenerative events. Defective insulin signaling may act in concert with neurodegenerative mechanisms leading to abnormalities in mitochondrial structure and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers neuronal energy exhaustion and oxidative stress, leading to brain neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. The normality of mitochondrial function is basically maintained by mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. In T2DM, defects in the mitochondrial quality control pathway in the brain have been found to lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Here, we discuss the association of mitochondrial dysfunction with T2DM and cognitive impairment. We also review the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control and impacts of mitochondrial quality control on the progression of cognitive impairment in T2DM.
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Lamb CL, Giesy SL, McGuckin MM, Perfield JW, Butterfield A, Moniruzzaman M, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW, Boisclair YR. Fibroblast growth factor-21 improves insulin action in nonlactating ewes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R170-R180. [PMID: 35018810 PMCID: PMC8816633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During metabolically demanding physiological states, ruminants and other mammals coordinate nutrient use among tissues by varying the set point of insulin action. This set point is regulated in part by metabolic hormones with some antagonizing (e.g., growth hormone and TNFα) and others potentiating (e.g., adiponectin) insulin action. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) was recently identified as a sensitizing hormone in rodent and primate models of defective insulin action. FGF21 administration, however, failed to improve insulin action in dairy cows during the naturally occurring insulin resistance of lactation, raising the possibility that ruminants as a class of animals or lactation as a physiological state are unresponsive to FGF21. To start addressing this question, we asked whether FGF21 could improve insulin action in nonlactating ewes. Gene expression studies showed that the ovine FGF21 system resembles that of other species, with liver as the major site of FGF21 expression and adipose tissue as a target tissue based on high expression of the FGF21 receptor complex and activation of p44/42 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) following exogenous FGF21 administration. FGF21 treatment for 13 days reduced plasma glucose and insulin over the entire treatment period and improved glucose disposal during a glucose tolerance test. FGF21 increased plasma adiponectin by day 3 of treatment but had no effect on the plasma concentrations of total, C16:0-, or C18:0-ceramide. Overall, these data confirm that the insulin-sensitizing effects of FGF21 are conserved in ruminants and raise the possibility that lactation is an FGF21-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Giesy
- 1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - James W. Perfield
- 2Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- 3Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- 3Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kong F, Li Y, Diao Q, Bi Y, Tu Y. The crucial role of lysine in the hepatic metabolism of growing Holstein dairy heifers as revealed by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1152-1161. [PMID: 34754957 PMCID: PMC8556487 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected Lys based on a Lys-deficient diet on liver metabolism in growing Holstein heifers. The experiment was conducted for 3 months with 36 Holstein heifers (initial body weight: 200 ± 9.0 kg; 7-month-old). Heifers were randomly assigned to 2 diets based on corn, soybean meal, alfalfa hay, and wheat bran: control, Lys-deficient diet (LD; 0.66% Lys in diet), and Lys-adequate diet (LA; 1.00% Lys in diet). The results showed no difference in growth performance between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). However, there was a clear trend of increasing feed conversion rate with Lys supplementation (0.05 < P < 0.01). The serum urea nitrogen concentration was significantly decreased, and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio was significantly decreased by Lys supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, growing heifers fed a Lys-adequate diet had lower levels of urine nitrogen excretion and higher levels of the biological value of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed that 5 types of phosphatidylcholine and 3 types of ceramide were significantly increased and enriched in sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism (P < 0.05). His, Leu, and Asp levels were significantly decreased in the liver following Lys supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Lys supplementation may promote the synthesis of body tissue proteins, as evidenced by significantly decreased amino acids in the liver and urine N excretion, it also improves hepatic lipid metabolism by providing lipoprotein precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanlin Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanliang Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Smith BI, Liefeld A, Vásquez-Hidalgo MA, Vonnahme KA, Grazul-Bilska AT, Swanson KC, Mishra N, Reed SA, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Mid- to late- gestational maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation alters development and lipid composition of liver and skeletal muscles in ovine fetuses. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6404494. [PMID: 34668541 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrient restriction during gestation adversely affects offspring growth and development of liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Realimentation following nutrient restriction may alleviate these negative impacts on development but may alter metabolism and tissue composition. Forty-eight ewes, pregnant with singletons, were fed to meet 100% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations starting at the beginning of gestation. On d 50 of gestation, 7 ewes were euthanized (BASE), and fetal liver, skeletal muscles, and blood samples were collected. The remaining animals were fed either 100% of NRC recommendations (CON) or 60% NRC recommendations (RES), a subset were euthanized at d 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal samples were collected. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n = 6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to the alternate diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n = 7/treatment). On d 130 of gestation, the remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples were collected. At d 130 of gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation (RES-RES and CON-RES) decreased fetal liver weight (P < 0.01) and cross-sectional area in triceps brachii (P = 0.01; TB), longissimus dorsi (P = 0.02; LM), and semitendinosus (P = 0.05; STN) muscles. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased hepatocyte vacuole size at d 130 of gestation. Late-gestational maternal nutrient restriction increased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (P < 0.01), glycogen synthase 2 (P = 0.01; GYS2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (P < 0.01; PDHK1) in the liver and IGF receptor 1 (P = 0.05) in the LM. Lipid concentration in the LM was decreased by late-gestational nutrient restriction (P = 0.01) and increased by mid-gestational nutrient restriction in STN (P = 0.03) and TB (P < 0.01). Principal component analysis of lipidomics data demonstrated clustering of principal components by day of gestation and elastic net regression identified 50, 44, and 29 lipids that classified the treatments in the fetal liver, LM, and blood, respectively. In conclusion, restricting maternal nutrition impacts fetal liver and muscle morphology, gene expression, and lipid metabolism, whereas realimentation attenuated some of these effects. Therefore, realimentation may be a viable strategy to reduce the impacts of nutrient restriction, but can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon I Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Amanda Liefeld
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Rico JE, Sandri EC, Sarmiento AC, Lévesque J, Kenéz Á, Rico DE. Modulation of Plasma and Milk Sphingolipids in Dairy Cows Fed High-Starch Diets. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100711. [PMID: 34677426 PMCID: PMC8540507 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced sphingolipid synthesis. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows (120 ± 52 DIM; 35.5 ± 8.9 kg of milk/d; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to treatment in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) High starch (HS), (2) Control. The HS diet contained 29% starch, 24% NDF, and 2.8% fatty acids (FA), whereas the Control diet contained 20% starch, 31% NDF, and 2.3% FA. Plasma and milk samples were obtained on d 21 of each period and sphingolipids were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses of generalized log-transformed and Pareto-scaled data included ANOVA (fixed effects of treatment) and discriminant analysis. The lipidomics analysis detected 71 sphingolipids across plasma and milk fat, including sphinganines (n = 3), dihydro-ceramides (n = 8), ceramides (Cer; n = 15), sphingomyelins (SM; n = 17), and glycosylated ceramides (n = 28). Followed by Cer, SM were the most abundant sphingolipids detected in milk and plasma, with a preponderance of 16:0-, 23:0-, and 24:0-carbon sidechains. Although no effects of HS diets were observed on plasma sphingolipids, we detected consistent reductions in the concentrations of several milk Cer (e.g., 22:0- and 24:0-Cer) and SM (17:0- and 23:0-SM) in response to HS. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolite separation of HS and Control groups, with several Cer and SM being distinctively predictive of dietary treatment. We conclude that HS diets can reduce the secretion of milk Cer and SM, even in the absence of changes in circulating sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eduardo Rico
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (J.E.R.); (D.E.R.)
| | | | | | - Janie Lévesque
- CRSAD, Deschambault, QC G0A1S0, Canada; (E.C.S.); (A.C.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Daniel E. Rico
- CRSAD, Deschambault, QC G0A1S0, Canada; (E.C.S.); (A.C.S.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.R.); (D.E.R.)
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10
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Davis AN, Myers WA, Eduardo Rico J, Feng Wang L, Chang C, Richards AT, Moniruzzaman M, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW. Effects of serine palmitoyltransferase inhibition by myriocin in ad libitum-fed and nutrient-restricted ewes. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6330562. [PMID: 34324668 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal isolate myriocin inhibits serine palmitoyltransferase and de novo ceramide synthesis in rodents; however, the effects of myriocin on ceramide concentrations and metabolism have not been previously investigated in ruminants. In our study, 12 non-lactating crossbred ewes received an intravenous bolus of myriocin (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg/body weight [BW]; CON, LOW, MOD, or HIGH) every 48 h for 17 d. Ewes consumed a high-energy diet from day 1 to 14 and were nutrient-restricted (straw only) from day 15 to 17. Blood was collected preprandial and at 1, 6, and 12 h relative to bolus and nutrient restriction. Tissues were collected following euthanasia on day 17. Plasma was analyzed for free fatty acids (FFAs), glucose, and insulin. Plasma and tissue ceramides were quantified using mass spectrometry. HIGH selectively decreased metabolizable energy intake, BW, and plasma insulin, and increased plasma FFA (Dose, P < 0.05). Myriocin linearly decreased plasma very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide and dihydroceramide (DHCer) by day 13 (Linear, P < 0.05). During nutrient restriction, fold-change in FFA was lower with increasing dose (P < 0.05). Nutrient restriction increased plasma C16:0-Cer, an effect suppressed by MOD and HIGH (Dose × Time, P < 0.05). Myriocin linearly decreased most ceramide and DHCer species in the liver and omental and mesenteric adipose, VLC ceramide and DHCer in the pancreas, and C18:0-Cer in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (Linear, P ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the intravenous delivery of 0.3 mg of myriocin/kg of BW/48 h decreases circulating and tissue ceramide without modifying energy intake in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA
| | - William A Myers
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Lin Feng Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zengzhou 450002, China
| | - Crystal Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew T Richards
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joseph W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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11
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Leung YH, Kenéz Á, Grob AJ, Feige K, Warnken T. Associations of plasma sphingolipid profiles with insulin response during oral glucose testing in Icelandic horses. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2009-2018. [PMID: 34105193 PMCID: PMC8295691 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids modulate insulin sensitivity in mammals. Increased synthesis of ceramides is linked to decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues. Conversely, activation of the insulin signaling pathway can downregulate ceramide synthesis. Elucidating the association between sphingolipid metabolism and insulin response during oral glucose testing may help explain the pathophysiology of insulin dysregulation in horses. HYPOTHESES Horses with insulin dysregulation will have a plasma sphingolipid profile characterized by increased ceramide concentrations. The plasma sphingolipid profile will have decreased ceramide concentrations after acute activation of the insulin signaling pathway by oral glucose testing. ANIMALS Twelve Icelandic horses. METHODS Horses were subjected to an oral glucose test (0.5 g/kg body weight glucose), with plasma insulin concentrations measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes postglucose administration. Plasma samples were collected at 0 and 120 minutes for sphingolipid profiling using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Eighty-three species of sphingolipids were detected, including 3-ketosphinganines, dihydroceramides, ceramides, dihydrosphingomyelins, sphingomyelins, galatosylceramides, glucosylceramides, lactosylceramides, and ceramide-1-phosphates. RESULTS Glucose administration did not significantly alter plasma sphingolipid profiles. C22:0-ceramide, C24:1-ceramide, C23:0-ceramide, C16:1-sphingomyelin, C22:0-dihydroceramide, and C24:0-ceramide were positively correlated with the insulin response (area under the curve). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Positive correlation between the insulin response and sphingolipid concentrations implies upregulated sphingolipid metabolism in insulin dysregulated horses. A high plasma ceramide concentration can indicate insulin dysregulation in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hei Leung
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Anne Julia Grob
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHanoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHanoverGermany
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHanoverGermany
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12
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Davis AN, Myers WA, Chang C, Tate BN, Rico JE, Moniruzzaman M, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW. Somatotropin increases plasma ceramide in relation to enhanced milk yield in cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106480. [PMID: 32615506 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) changes metabolism to spare glucose for milk synthesis in cows. Ceramides inhibit insulin responsiveness in bovine adipocytes and are associated with insulin resistance and milk production in cows. The mechanisms by which rBST supports lactation may involve ceramide. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were enrolled in a 2 × 2 replicated Latin square design with 14-d periods. Cows received a single rBST injection (Posilac; Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN; 0.062 mg/kg BW) or no injection (CON). An epinephrine challenge, insulin tolerance test, and liver biopsy were performed. Somatotropin enhanced the conversion of feed nutrients into milk components and increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations (P < 0.01). Area-under-the-curves for FFA in response to epinephrine and insulin were greater in rBST-treated cows. In response to insulin, glucose concentrations (20- and 30-min post-challenge) and insulin area-under-the-curve were higher with rBST treatment (P < 0.05, <0.10, and <0.01), suggesting insulin resistance. Somatotropin modified the plasma lipidome. For example, rBST decreased plasma di- and triacylglycerol levels (eg, DG-50:1 and TG-18:0/16:0/16:1), phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins (P < 0.05). Somatotropin increased plasma total and very-long-chain (C22:0-, C24:0-, C26:0-) ceramide concentrations (P < 0.01). Liver ceramide concentrations were not modified. Plasma ceramides were positively correlated with circulating FFA (r ~ 0.57; P < 0.05) and milk yield (r ~ 0.63; P < 0.05). We conclude that rBST administration modifies the bovine lipidome and increases plasma ceramide concentrations in association with increased milk production in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W A Myers
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - C Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - B N Tate
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M Moniruzzaman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - N J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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Sphingolipid Profiling Reveals Different Extent of Ceramide Accumulation in Bovine Retroperitoneal and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110473. [PMID: 33228142 PMCID: PMC7699355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that can modulate insulin sensitivity, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis in a tissue-specific manner. However, their comparative profiles in bovine retroperitoneal (RPAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) are currently unknown. We aimed to characterize the sphingolipid profiles using a targeted lipidomics approach and to assess whether potentially related sphingolipid pathways are different between SCAT and RPAT. Holstein bulls (n = 6) were slaughtered, and SCAT and RPAT samples were collected for sphingolipid profiling. A total of 70 sphingolipid species were detected and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, including ceramide (Cer), dihydroceramide (DHCer), sphingomyelin (SM), dihydrosphingomyelin (DHSM), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), galactosylceramide (GalCer), glucosylceramide (GluCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), sphinganine (DHSph), and sphingosine (Sph). Our results showed that sphingolipids of the de novo synthesis pathway, such as DHSph, DHCer, and Cer, were more concentrated in RPAT than in SCAT. Sphingolipids of the salvage pathway and the sphingomyelinase pathway, such as Sph, S1P, C1P, glycosphingolipid, and SM, were more concentrated in SCAT. Our results indicate that RPAT had a greater extent of ceramide accumulation, thereby increasing the concentration of further sphingolipid intermediates in the de novo synthesis pathway. This distinctive sphingolipid distribution pattern in RPAT and SCAT can potentially explain the tissue-specific activity in insulin sensitivity, proinflammation, and oxidative stress in RPAT and SCAT.
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14
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Horst EA, van den Brink LM, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Kvidera SK, Caixeta LS, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9620-9633. [PMID: 32773314 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation appears to be a predisposing factor and key component of hepatic steatosis in a variety of species. Objectives were to evaluate effects of inflammation [induced via intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion] on metabolism and liver lipid content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic lactating cows. Cows (765 ± 32 kg of body weight; 273 ± 35 d in milk) were enrolled in 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (5 d), baseline data were obtained. At the start of P2 (2 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) intralipid plus control (IL-CON; 3 mL of saline; n = 5) or (2) intralipid plus LPS (IL-LPS; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of body weight; n = 5). Directly following intravenous bolus (saline or LPS) administration, intralipid (20% fat emulsion) was intravenously infused continuously (200 mL/h) for 16 h to induce hyperlipidemia during which feed was removed. Blood samples were collected at -0.5, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h relative to bolus administration, and liver biopsies were obtained on d 1 of P1 and at 16 and 48 h after the bolus. By experimental design (feed was removed during the first 16 h of d 1), dry matter intake decreased in both treatments on d 1 of P2, but the magnitude of reduction was greater in LPS cows. Dry matter intake of IL-LPS remained decreased on d 2 of P2, whereas IL-CON cows returned to baseline. Milk yield decreased in both treatments during P2, but the extent and duration was longer in LPS-infused cows. Administering LPS increased circulating LPS-binding protein (2-fold) at 8 h after bolus, after which it markedly decreased (84%) below baseline for the remainder of P2. Serum amyloid A concentrations progressively increased throughout P2 in IL-LPS cows (3-fold, relative to controls). Lipid infusion gradually increased nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides in both treatments relative to baseline (3- and 2.5-fold, respectively). Interestingly, LPS infusion blunted the peak in nonesterified fatty acids, such that concentrations peaked (43%) higher in IL-CON compared with IL-LPS cows and heightened the increase in serum triglycerides (1.5-fold greater relative to controls). Liver fat content remained similar in IL-LPS relative to P1 at 16 h; however, hyperlipidemia alone (IL-CON) increased liver fat (36% relative to P1). No treatment differences in liver fat were observed at 48 h. In IL-LPS cows, circulating insulin increased markedly at 4 h after bolus (2-fold relative to IL-CON), and then gradually decreased during the 16 h of lipid infusion. Inducing inflammation with simultaneous hyperlipidemia altered the characteristic patterns of insulin and LPS-binding protein but did not cause fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - R P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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15
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Abstract
Coordinated changes in energy metabolism develop to support gestation and lactation in the periparturient dairy cow. Maternal physiology involves the partitioning of nutrients (i.e. glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (FA)) for fetal growth and milk synthesis. However, the inability of the dairy cow to successfully adapt to a productive lactation may trigger metabolic stress characterized by uncontrolled adipose tissue lipolysis and reduced insulin sensitivity. A consequence is lipotoxicity and hepatic triglyceride deposition that favors the development of fatty liver disease (FLD) and ketosis. This review describes contemporary perspectives pertaining to FA surfeit and complex lipid metabolism in the transition dairy cow. The role of saturated and unsaturated FA as bioactive signaling molecules capable of modulating insulin secretion and sensitivity is explored. Moreover, the metabolic fate of FA as influenced by mitochondrial function is considered. This includes the influence of inadequate mitochondrial oxidation on acylcarnitine status and the use of FA for lipid mediator synthesis. Lipid mediators, including the sphingolipid ceramide and diacylglycerol, are evaluated considering their established ability to inhibit insulin signaling and glucose transport in non-ruminant diabetics. The mechanisms of FLD in the transition cow are revisited with attention centered on glycerophospholipid phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride secretion. The relationship between oxidative stress and oxylipids within the context of insulin antagonism, hepatic steatosis and inflammation is also reviewed. Lastly, peripartal hormonal involvement or lack thereof of adipokines (i.e. leptin, adiponectin) and hepatokines (i.e. fibroblast growth factor-21) is described. Similarities and differences in ruminant and non-ruminant physiology are routinely showcased. Unraveling the lipidome of the dairy cow has generated breakthroughs in our understanding of periparturient lipid biology. Therapeutic approaches that target FA and complex lipid metabolism holds promise to enhance cow health, well-being and productive lifespan.
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16
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McFadden JW, Rico JE. Invited review: Sphingolipid biology in the dairy cow: The emerging role of ceramide. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7619-7639. [PMID: 31301829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The physiological control of lactation through coordinated adaptations is of fundamental importance for mammalian neonatal life. The putative actions of reduced insulin sensitivity and responsiveness and enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis spare glucose for the mammary synthesis of milk. However, severe insulin antagonism and body fat mobilization may jeopardize hepatic health and lactation in dairy cattle. Interestingly, lipolysis- and dietary-derived fatty acids may impair insulin sensitivity in cows. The mechanisms are undefined yet have major implications for the development of postpartum fatty liver disease. In nonruminants, the sphingolipid ceramide is a potent mediator of saturated fat-induced insulin resistance that defines in part the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In ruminants including the lactating dairy cow, the functions of ceramide had remained virtually undescribed. Through a series of hypothesis-centered studies, ceramide has emerged as a potential antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues in dairy cattle. Importantly, bovine data suggest that the ability of ceramide to inhibit insulin action likely depends on the lipolysis-dependent hepatic synthesis and secretion of ceramide during early lactation. Although these mechanisms appear to fade as lactation advances beyond peak milk production, early evidence suggests that palmitic acid feeding is a means to augment ceramide supply. Herein, we review a body of work that focuses on sphingolipid biology and the role of ceramide in the dairy cow within the framework of hepatic and fatty acid metabolism, insulin function, and lactation. The potential involvement of ceramide within the endocrine control of lactation is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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17
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Davis AN, Rico JE, Myers WA, Coleman MJ, Clapham ME, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW. Circulating low-density lipoprotein ceramide concentrations increase in Holstein dairy cows transitioning from gestation to lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5634-5646. [PMID: 30904311 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ceramide causes insulin resistance in obese diabetic nonruminants. Because previous work suggests that liver-derived ceramide may impair insulin action in postpartum cows, our objectives were to characterize peripartal changes in lipoprotein ceramides. We further studied the effects of prepartum adiposity on lipoprotein ceramide levels. Twenty-eight pregnant Holstein cows (parity = 3.65 ± 1.62) with lean (body condition score, BCS = 2.97 ± 0.16; body weight, BW = 630 ± 55.2 kg; n = 15) or overweight (BCS = 3.93 ± 0.27; BW = 766 ± 46.1 kg; n = 13) body condition 28 d before expected parturition were evaluated. Sampling occurred on d -20.5 ± 1.74, -13.8 ± 1.71, -7.84 ± 4.07, -6.71 ± 1.00, -3.92 ± 0.64, and -1.28 ± 0.61 (before parturition); daily until d 8 postpartum; and on d 10, 12, 14, 21, and 28. Adipose tissue and liver were biopsied on d -7.84 ± 4.07 and 10. Postpartum insulin sensitivity was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Lipoprotein fractions were isolated using liquid chromatography. Sphingolipids were quantified using mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures. Overweight cows had a higher BCS and BW at enrollment relative to lean cows, but BCS and BW were similar postpartum. Overweight cows lost more body condition (0.97 ± 0.36 vs. 0.55 ± 0.16 BCS units) and BW (291 ± 67.3 vs. 202 ± 54.5 kg) during transition relative to lean cows. Adipocyte volume and counts declined from prepartum to postpartum (50.4 and 13.7%, respectively), and adipocyte volume was greater (48.2%) in overweight cows prepartum relative to lean cows. Although DMI was comparable between BCS groups, milk yield tended to be greater in overweight cows. Plasma free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate and liver lipid levels were 40, 16, and 37% greater, respectively, in overweight cows compared with lean cows. Glucose infusion rate during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tended to be lower in overweight cows. Ceramide levels within triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fractions declined postpartum, whereas LDL ceramide increased postpartum. Overweight cows had lower triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein C16:0-ceramide levels relative to lean cows. Prepartum LDL C24:0-ceramide levels were greater in overweight cows relative to lean cows. Independent of prepartum adiposity, we concluded that serum LDL ceramide levels are elevated in early-lactation cows experiencing adipose tissue free fatty acid mobilization and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - W A Myers
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - M J Coleman
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - M E Clapham
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - N J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505.
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