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Park S, Oh AY, Hong BS, Shin YJ, Jang H, Seo H, Kang SM, Woo TG, Park HP, Jeong J, Kim HJ, Kim BH, Kwon Y, Park BJ. The therapeutic effect of DX2 inhibition in nicotine-induced lung cancer progression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200875. [PMID: 39351074 PMCID: PMC11439892 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing products of AIMP2 and AIMP2-DX2 (DX2) have been reported to be associated with human lung cancer. In fact, DX2 expression is elevated in human lung cancers, and DX2 transgenic mice also develop lung cancer, in particular small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the mechanism by which DX2 is induced during cancer progression has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we show that DX2 is induced by nicotine, the main component of smoking-related chemicals, which can stabilize the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein and transcriptionally increase sonic hedgehog (Shh). Indeed, nicotine showed tumorigenicity via DX2 by promoting spheroid formation and in vivo lung and kidney cancer progression. Moreover, the elimination of DX2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or an optimized inhibitor (SNU-14) blocked the induction of HER2 and Shh and completely suppressed tumor sphere formation in response to nicotine. These results indicate that DX2 is critical for lung cancer progression, and a specific DX2 inhibitor would be useful for the treatment of human cancers, including SCLC and non-SCLC (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Oh
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Su Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunghwan Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So-mi Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Pin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of PRG S&Tech, PRG S&Tech Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Carcinogen-induced self-inflicted genome-wide DNA breaks in ‘habit-continued’ oral cancer: A possible survival strategy by cancer cells. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fakhoury MQ, Ghorayeb AM, Houlihan MD, Powers RJ, Hurley S, Wille MA, Freeman VL, Kim K, Psutka SP, Vidal P, Hollowell CM. Predictive Risk Factors for Continued Smoking after the Diagnosis of a Genitourinary Malignancy. Urology 2020; 147:178-185. [PMID: 32663556 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for continued smoking following a diagnosis of a genitourinary (GU) malignancy. Smoking is a well established risk factor in the development of cancers involving the GU tract. Unfortunately, a large percentage of patients continue to smoke or relapse after cancer diagnosis; by doing so, there is an increased risk of recurrence, poor survival rates, treatment complications, secondary primary cancers, and other chronic smoking related illnesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and five patients who presented to a Urologic Oncology clinic at a single tertiary treatment center were given smoking cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy, as well as a questionnaire which was used to identify smoking status, demographics, and behavioral/psychosocial characteristics. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year with a median length of follow up for 13 months. RESULTS 91% of patients enrolled in the study continued smoking at survey completion. After accounting for age, ethnicity, education and cigarettes consumed/day, 5 variables were independently associated with an increased risk of continued smoking: smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day, less than 2 prior quit attempts, anxiety and/or depression, fear of cancer recurrence, and home secondhand smoke exposure. CONCLUSION The role of the urologist is imperative for encouraging smoking cessation. While every patient should receive adequate counseling regarding smoking at the time of a GU malignancy diagnosis, identifying patients with the risk factors noted in this study and augmenting smoking cessation efforts may result in stronger efforts to quit and prevention of long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Q Fakhoury
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
| | - Antoine M Ghorayeb
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL.
| | - Matthew D Houlihan
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
| | - Ryan J Powers
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen Hurley
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark A Wille
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL; Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Vincent L Freeman
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kyeezu Kim
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah P Psutka
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL; Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Patricia Vidal
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
| | - Courtney Mp Hollowell
- Division of Urology, Cook County Hospital, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL
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Wu W, Karelia D, Pramanik K, Amin SG, Sharma AK, Jiang C, Lu J. Phenylbutyl isoselenocyanate induces reactive oxygen species to inhibit androgen receptor and to initiate p53-mediated apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1055-1066. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Deepkamal Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Kartick Pramanik
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu G. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
- Penn State Cancer Institute; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
- Penn State Cancer Institute; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
- Penn State Cancer Institute; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
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Design, synthesis, and identification of a novel napthalamide-isoselenocyanate compound NISC-6 as a dual Topoisomerase-IIα and Akt pathway inhibitor, and evaluation of its anti-melanoma activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:282-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nagai H, Kim YH. Cancer prevention from the perspective of global cancer burden patterns. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:448-451. [PMID: 28449441 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.02.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
| | - Young Hak Kim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
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Mendes ACR, Toscano CM, Barcellos RMDS, Ribeiro ALP, Ritzel JB, Cunha VDS, Duncan BB. Costs of the Smoking Cessation Program in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:66. [PMID: 27849293 PMCID: PMC5117528 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the costs of the Smoking Cessation Program in the Brazilian Unified Health System and estimate the cost of its full implementation in a Brazilian municipality. METHODS The intensive behavioral therapy and treatment for smoking cessation includes consultations, cognitive-behavioral group therapy sessions, and use of medicines. The costs of care and management of the program were estimated using micro-costing methods. The full implementation of the program in the municipality of Goiania, Goias was set as its expansion to meet the demand of all smokers motivated to quit in the municipality that would seek care at Brazilian Unified Health System. We considered direct medical and non-medical costs: human resources, medicines, consumables, general expenses, transport, travels, events, and capital costs. We included costs of federal, state, and municipal levels. The perspective of the analysis was that from the Brazilian Unified Health System. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying parameters concerning the amount of activities and resources used. Data sources included a sample of primary care health units, municipal and state secretariats of health, and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The costs were estimated in Brazilian Real (R$) for the year of 2010. RESULTS The cost of the program in Goiania was R$429,079, with 78.0% regarding behavioral therapy and treatment of smoking. The cost per patient was R$534, and, per quitter, R$1,435. The full implementation of the program in the municipality of Goiania would generate a cost of R$20.28 million to attend 35,323 smokers. CONCLUSIONS The Smoking Cessation Program has good performance in terms of cost per patient that quit smoking. In view of the burden of smoking in Brazil, the treatment for smoking cessation must be considered as a priority in allocating health resources. OBJETIVO Analisar os custos do Programa de Tratamento do Tabagismo no Sistema Único de Saúde e estimar o custo de sua implementação plena em um município brasileiro. MÉTODOS A abordagem intensiva e tratamento do tabagismo engloba consultas, sessões de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo e uso de medicamentos. Os custos do atendimento e gerenciamento do programa foram estimados utilizando a metodologia do microcusteio. A implementação plena do programa no município de Goiânia, Goiás, foi definida como sua expansão para suprir a demanda de todos os fumantes motivados a parar de fumar no município que seriam atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram considerados custos médicos e não médicos diretos: recursos humanos, medicamentos, material de consumo, despesas gerais, transporte, viagens, eventos e custos de capital. Foram incluídos custos dos níveis federal, estadual e municipal de gestão. A perspectiva da análise foi a do Sistema Único de Saúde. Análise de sensibilidade foi realizada variando parâmetros referentes à quantidade de atividades e aos recursos utilizados. As fontes de dados incluíram uma amostra de unidades de saúde da Atenção Primária, secretarias de saúde municipal e estadual e Ministério da Saúde. Os custos foram estimados em reais (R$) para o ano de 2010. RESULTADOS O custo do programa em Goiânia foi de R$429.079, sendo 78,0% referentes à abordagem e tratamento do tabagismo. O custo por paciente foi de R$534 e, por paciente que deixou de fumar, de R$1.435. A implementação plena do programa no município de Goiânia geraria custo de R$20,28 milhões, para atender 35.323 fumantes. CONCLUSÕES O Programa de Tratamento do Tabagismo tem bom desempenho em termos de custo por paciente que deixa de fumar. Tendo em vista a carga do tabagismo no Brasil, o tratamento para cessação de fumar deve ser considerado prioritário ao se programar a alocação de recursos de saúde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cristina Rosa Mendes
- Departamento de Economia da Saúde, Investimentos e Desenvolvimento. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Cristiana Maria Toscano
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Alvaro Luis Pereira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Economia da Saúde, Investimentos e Desenvolvimento. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Jonas Bohn Ritzel
- Departamento de Economia da Saúde, Investimentos e Desenvolvimento. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Valéria de Souza Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Ministério da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bruce Bartholow Duncan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Evans M, Paterson E, Barnes DM. An open label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of Spanish black radish on the induction of phase I and phase II enzymes in healthy male subjects. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:475. [PMID: 25490898 PMCID: PMC4295395 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Humans are exposed to toxins which accumulate in the body, and are detoxified primarily in the liver. Studies have shown that cruciferous vegetables (such as radishes) may be beneficial to health by aiding detoxification of toxins in the liver. Methods This single-centre, open-label, pilot study investigated the effect of a dietary supplement containing Spanish Black Radish on hepatic function in healthy males by monitoring the profiles of plasma and urine acetaminophen metabolites and serum hormone concentrations at baseline and after 4 weeks of supplementation. A paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment of plasma and urine acetaminophen metabolite profiles, serum hormone concentrations and safety end points. Results Area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 8 hours for the acetaminophen glucuronide metabolite and unchanged acetaminophen in plasma decreased from baseline to week 4 by 9% (P = 0.004) and 40% (P = 0.010), respectively. The AUC from 0 to 8 hours for acetaminophen sulfate and mercapturate metabolites in the urine increased by 11% (P = 0.010) and 37% (P = 0.024), respectively, from baseline to week 4. The AUC from 0 to 8 hours of serum estradiol-17β decreased by 10% from baseline to week 4 (P = 0.005). All measures of clinical safety remained within acceptable laboratory ranges, however a significant reduction in plasma γ-glutamyl transferase levels was noted after 4 weeks of Spanish Black Radish treatment (P = 0.002). Conclusions These changes in metabolite and hormone levels indicate that Spanish Black Radish supplements have a positive influence on the detoxification of acetaminophen suggesting up-regulation of phase I and phase II liver enzymes. This study was sponsored by Standard Process Inc. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration number
NCT02137590 (Date of registration: May 12, 2014)
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Menezes AHR, Dalmas JC, Scarinci IC, Maciel SM, Cardelli AAM. Fatores associados ao uso regular de cigarros por adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2014; 30:774-84. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00173412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudo epidemiológico transversal com objetivo de identificar fatores associados ao uso regular de cigarros por adolescentes. A amostra foi constituída por 517 alunos do 9o ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. O instrumento de coleta de dados incluiu características sociodemográficas, relações sociais e comportamentos de risco. Na análise estatística, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística com nível de significância em 5%. Relataram uso de cigarros, pelo menos, um dia nos últimos trinta dias 8,9% dos alunos. Os fatores idade ≥ 15 anos (OR = 2,28; IC95%: 1,21-4,32; p = 0,011) e possuir amigos fumantes (OR = 12,62; IC95%: 4,44-35,89; p < 0,0001) associaram-se ao uso regular de cigarros, tanto na análise univariada como na multivariada. Por outro lado, sexo, raça, classe social, morar com pai e mãe, religião, escolaridade materna, experimentação de álcool, atividade física e atividade remunerada não se associaram a essa prática. Esses achados podem subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias antitabágicas direcionadas à comunidade, tendo o adolescente como alvo.
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Faseru B, Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Krebill R, Choi WS, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Sanderson Cox L. Predictors of cessation in African American light smokers enrolled in a bupropion clinical trial. Addict Behav 2013; 38:1796-803. [PMID: 23254230 PMCID: PMC3558614 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to examine predictors of successful cessation in African American (AA) light smokers treated within a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion. METHODS We analyzed data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion and health education for 540 African American light smokers. African American light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day, cpd) were randomly assigned to receive 150mg bid bupropion SR (n=270) or placebo (n=270) for 7weeks. All participants received health education counseling at weeks 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7. Using chi-square tests, two sample t-tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses, we examined baseline psychosocial and smoking characteristics as predictors of cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence among study participants at the end treatment (Week 7) and at the end of follow-up (Week 26). RESULTS Participants who received bupropion were significantly more likely to quit smoking compared to those who received placebo (OR=2.72, 95% CI=1.60-4.62, P=0.0002). Greater study session attendance (OR=2.47, 95% CI=1.76-3.46, P=0.0001), and smoking non-menthol cigarettes increased the likelihood of quitting (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.01-3.36, P=0.05); while longer years of smoking (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-1.00, P=0.05) and higher baseline cotinine (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.99, P=0.002) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 7. Conversely, at the end of follow-up (Week 26), treatment with bupropion vs. placebo (OR=1.14, 95% CI=0.65-2.02, P=0.64) was not significantly associated with quitting and type of cigarette smoked (menthol vs. non-menthol) did not appear in the final logistic regression model. Greater study session attendance (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.44-2.66, P=0.0001); BMI (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.00-1.07, P=0.04); and weight efficacy (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, P=0.01) increased the likelihood of quitting at Week 26. Similar to our findings at Week 7, longer years of smoking (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.94-0.99, P=0.01) and higher baseline cotinine (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.99, P=0.02) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 26. CONCLUSIONS Baseline cotinine levels, number of years smoked and study session attendance are associated with both short- and long-term smoking cessation, while bupropion and the type of cigarette smoked were associated with quitting on short term only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalola Faseru
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and other animals that is required in very small amounts for proper growth and functioning. Several selenium compounds have shown promise as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. However, the negative outcome of the SELECT trial to some extent dampened the enthusiasm of selenium-related drug development. A look at the selenium compounds, their diverse mechanism of action, bioavailability and efficacy based on chemical structure, however, suggests that failure of SELECT that used selenomethionine supplement to prevent prostate cancer was not a failure of selenium compounds as a whole. This is certainly true in regard to therapeutic applications of selenium compounds. This article puts these arguments in perspective, and based on the literature reports, especially several newly developed selenium compounds, emphasizes the importance of selenium in the development of chemopreventive and particularly chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer in near future.
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Li D, Shu Y, Li P, Zhang W, Ni H, Cao Y. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of aliphatic isothiocyanate analogs as antibiotic agents. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Krishnegowda G, Prakasha Gowda AS, Tagaram HRS, Carroll KFSO, Irby RB, Sharma AK, Amin S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of isatin analogs as dual inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and Akt pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6006-14. [PMID: 21920762 PMCID: PMC3235409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 5,7-dibromoisatin analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines including colon HT29, breast MCF-7, lung A549 and melanoma UACC903. Analogs 6, 11 and 13 displayed good in vitro anticancer activity on the HT29 human colon cancer cell line in the 1 μM range. Analogs 5, 9 and 12, containing a selenocyanate group in the alkyl chain were the most promising compounds on the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Biological assays relating to apoptosis were performed to understand the mechanism of action of these analogs. Compounds 5 and 6 were found to inhibit tubulin polymerization to the same extent as the anticancer drug vinblastine sulfate, but compounds 11 and 13 inhibited significantly better than vinblastine. Further western blot analysis suggested that compound 6 at 2 μM reduced both levels and phosphorylation state of Akt. Compounds 11 and 13 at 1 μM caused reduced Akt protein levels and strongly suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt. Therefore, 11 and 13 were demonstrated as efficient dual inhibitors of both tubulin polymerization and the Akt pathway and good candidates for further study. More importantly, the strategy of microtubule and Akt dual inhibitors might be a promising direction for developing novel drugs for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowdahalli Krishnegowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Sk UH, Prakasha Gowda A, Crampsie MA, Yun JK, Spratt TE, Amin S, Sharma AK. Development of novel naphthalimide derivatives and their evaluation as potential melanoma therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Crampsie MA, Jones N, Das A, Aliaga C, Desai D, Lazarus P, Amin S, Sharma AK. Phenylbutyl isoselenocyanate modulates phase I and II enzymes and inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanone-induced DNA adducts in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1884-94. [PMID: 21795424 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most preventable forms of cancer with about 90% of cases attributed to cigarette smoking. Over the years, the development of chemopreventive agents that could inhibit, delay, or reverse the lung carcinogenesis process has been an active field of research, however, without much attainment. Through extensive structure-activity relationship studies, we recently identified a novel agent phenylbutyl isoselenocyanate (ISC-4), designed on the basis of naturally occurring isothiocyanates well known for their lung cancer prevention properties, as a potential chemopreventive agent. In this study, we used A/J mice to evaluate the lung cancer chemopreventive potential of ISC-4. A single intragastric dose of 1.25 μmol ISC-4 resulted in a time-dependent increase of selenium levels in serum, liver, and lung, suggesting that ISC-4 is orally bioavailable, a key requirement for a chemopreventive agent. This dose also resulted in a time-dependent inhibition of microsomal cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) activity and delayed increases in phase II UDP-glucuronyl transferase (Ugt) and glutathione-S-transferase (Gst) activity. ISC-4 was able to induce mRNA expression of Cyp, Ugt, and Gst enzyme isoforms in liver, but in lung, it inhibited Cyp isoforms while inducing Ugt and Gst isoforms. In addition, ISC-4 effectively inhibited methyl-DNA adduct formation in mice fed diet supplemented with ISC-4 for two weeks and then treated with the tobacco procarcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. These results suggest that ISC-4 is a strong candidate for development as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Crampsie
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, CH72, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Integration of a smoking cessation program in the treatment protocol for patients with head and neck and lung cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 269:659-65. [PMID: 21698416 PMCID: PMC3259364 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-011-1673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the main causative factor for development of head and neck and lung cancer. In addition, other malignancies such as bladder, stomach, colorectal, kidney and pancreatic cancer have a causative relation with smoking. Continued smoking after having been diagnosed with cancer has many negative consequences: effectiveness of radiotherapy is diminished, survival time is shortened and risks of recurrence, second primary malignancies and treatment complications are increased. In view of the significant health consequences of continued smoking, therefore, additional support for patients to stop smoking seems a logical extension of the present treatment protocols for smoking-related cancers. For prospectively examining the effect of nursing-delivered smoking cessation programme for patients with head and neck or lung cancer, 145 patients with head and neck or lung cancer enrolled into this programme over a 2-year period. Information on smoking behaviour, using a structured, programme specific questionnaire, was collected at baseline, and after 6 and 12 months. At 6 months, 58 patients (40%) had stopped smoking and at 12 months, 48 patients (33%) still had refrained from smoking. There were no differences in smoking cessation results between patients with head and neck and lung cancer. The only significant factor predicting success was whether the patient had made earlier attempts to quit smoking. A nurse-managed smoking cessation programme for patients with head and neck or lung cancer shows favourable long-term success rates. It seems logical, therefore, to integrate such a programme in treatment protocols for smoking-related cancers.
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Pillon SC, Jora NP, Amorim GP, Domingos JBC, Santos RAD. Tabagismo em usuários de um centro de atenção psicossocial alcool e drogas: um estudo piloto. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-21002011000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o padrão de consumo do tabaco em clientes de um serviço especializado no tratamento da dependência de substâncias psicoativas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa realizado, em 2009, em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas, situado no interior do Estado de São Paulo-SP. Aplicou-se um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas e o teste de Fargeström em 48 usuários atendidos, em um único dia, nesse serviço. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi caracterizada como sendo predominantemente adulta, com indivíduos do sexo masculino, solteiros, com baixo nível de escolaridade e com vínculo empregatício. Em relação ao consumo de tabaco, identificou-se uma frequência alta de fumantes atuais, com nível moderado de dependência do tabaco, motivados a mudarem o hábito de fumar. CONCLUSÃO: Conhecer o comportamento de fumar entre usuários de um serviço especializado auxiliará a repensar as ações preventivas e educacionais na área da saúde.
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Goulart D, Engroff P, Ely LS, Sgnaolin V, Santos EFD, Terra NL, De Carli GA. Tabagismo em idosos. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1809-98232010000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O tabagismo representa um importante acelerador do processo de envelhecimento, comprometendo não apenas a expectativa, mas a qualidade de vida também. Fumantes com idade superior a 50 anos apresentam maior dependência da nicotina, fumam há mais tempo e um maior número de cigarros, tendo mais problemas de saúde relacionados ao tabagismo, e dificuldade maior em parar de fumar. As principais causas de morte por tabagismo são as doenças cardiovasculares, a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e o câncer de pulmão. Atualmente, há uma série de estratégias farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas para o auxílio do abandono do tabagismo, que também podem ser uma alternativa para os idosos. O objetivo desta revisão é relatar dados do tabagismo no Brasil e no mundo, as patologias envolvidas e os efeitos tóxicos dos componentes do cigarro, bem como sugerir estratégias de tratamento, principalmente para os idosos. A revisão da literatura foi feita nas bases: Pubmed, Scielo, Portal Capes, Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, IBGE e Organização Mundial da Saúde. Concluiu-se, através da literatura consultada, que o tabagismo representa uma fonte de risco e a causa principal de inúmeras doenças. Porém, o desejo de parar de fumar é maior entre aqueles que reconhecem ser esse hábito prejudicial à saúde. Apesar de os benefícios, com a interrupção do hábito de fumar, serem maiores entre os mais jovens, o abandono do tabagismo, em qualquer idade, reduz o risco de morte e melhora a condição geral de saúde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Goulart
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Paula Engroff
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Moreno RS, Ventura RN, Brêtas JRS. Ambiente familiar e consumo de álcool e tabaco entre adolescentes. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822009000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência do ambiente familiar em relação ao uso de álcool e tabaco pelos adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, elaborado a partir da análise e aprofundamento da categoria referente ao uso de drogas lícitas e a influência familiar, presente em um questionário semiestruturado, contendo ao todo 25 questões sobre o uso álcool e tabaco, realizado junto a 1.533 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, tendo por critérios de inclusão: adolescentes entre dez e 20 anos de idade, matriculados e frequentando regularmente a sexta, a sétima ou a oitava séries do ensino fundamental e o primeiro, o segundo ou o terceiro anos do ensino médio das escolas estaduais situadas nas regiões de Santo Eduardo e Santa Emília, no município de Embu, no período matutino, e que aceitaram participar das oficinas de prevenção e promoção da saúde realizadas pelo Projeto Corporalidade e Promoção da Saúde. A análise estatística foi aplicada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado, ao nível de significância p<0,05, tendo como medida de risco a aplicação do Odds Ratio, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Os dados demonstraram que 66% dos adolescentes que não experimentaram bebidas alcoólicas não possuem familiares que bebem frequentemente (p<0,001) e 84% dos que são fumantes apresentam familiares que fumam (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O ambiente familiar induz e facilita o uso de álcool e tabaco por adolescentes, tornando-se fundamental a utilização deste conhecimento na elaboração de projetos de prevenção e educação em saúde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Souza Moreno
- Hospital São Paulo; Grupo de Estudos Sobre Corporalidade e Promoção da Saúde, Brasil
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Caram LMDO, Ferrari R, Tanni SE, Coelho LS, Godoy ID, Martin RDSES, Godoy ID. Characteristics of smokers enrolled in a public smoking cessation program. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35:980-5. [PMID: 19918630 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132009001000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the characteristics of smokers seeking treatment in a public smoking cessation program. METHODS This was a retrospective evaluation of data collected during the interview for enrollment in the smoking cessation program of the Smoking Outpatient Clinic of the Paulista State University School of Medicine in the city of Botucatu, Brazil, between April of 2003 and April of 2007. Demographic variables; previous use of the behavioral approach, medications or alternative treatments for smoking cessation; degree of nicotine dependence; and history of comorbidities were evaluated in 387 smokers. RESULTS In our sample, 63% of the smokers were female. The mean age of the subjects was 50 + or - 25 years. More than half of the subjects (61%) had up to eight years of schooling, and 66% had a monthly income of less than twice the national minimum wage. The degree of nicotine dependence was high/very high in 59%, medium in 17% and low/very low in 24% of the subjects. Although 95% of the patients presented comorbidities, only 35% had been referred to the program by a physician. More than half of the subjects (68%) had made at least one smoking-cessation attempt, 83% of whom did so without the help of a structured program. CONCLUSIONS Smokers seeking assistance for smoking cessation were socially disadvantaged, presented a high degree of nicotine dependence and had previously made smoking-cessation attempts without the benefit of a structured program. Therefore, in order to be effective, smoking control interventions should take into consideration the general characteristics of the smokers treated via the public health care system.
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Pierce JP, White MM, Messer K. Changing age-specific patterns of cigarette consumption in the United States, 1992-2002: association with smoke-free homes and state-level tobacco control activity. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:171-7. [PMID: 19246423 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the 1990s, both prevalence and average cigarette consumption declined in the United States, but age-specific changes have not been reported. METHOD All four of the nationally and state representative U.S. Current Population Surveys-Tobacco Use Supplements from 1991-2002 (n = 542,470) were analyzed for trends in cigarette consumption among smokers in three age groups: 18-29, 30-44, and 45-64 years. A strength of tobacco control index ranking state of residence was added and weighted logistic regression analyses undertaken. RESULTS Over the decade, both prevalence and average consumption declined. Moderate-heavy smoking (> or =15 cigarettes/day [CPD]) prevalence fell strongly over the period in all three age groups. For those aged > or =30 years, this reduction was accompanied by a similar drop in total smoking prevalence. For those aged 18-29 years, this reduction was associated with an increase in very light smoking (<5 CPD; 12% daily and 88% intermittent smokers) to 22.5% of current smokers with a much smaller reduction in prevalence. Smoke-free homes more than doubled in each age group and mediated the increase in very light smoking levels. Smoke-free workplaces and the strength of tobacco control in the state were also important predictors. Very light smoking was particularly prevalent among college students and graduates. DISCUSSION The marked reduction in prevalence of moderate-heavy smoking across age groups should translate into a reduced population risk of smoking-related disease in the near term. That this reduction is offset by an increase in light and intermittent smoking in young adults suggests the effectiveness of tobacco industry marketing and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Pierce
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA.
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Gonçalves-Silva RMV, Valente JG, Ferreira MG, Sichieri R. Tabagismo no domicílio e desnutrição em lactentes. REV NUTR 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732009000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO:Verificar o efeito da exposição à fumaça do tabaco sobre o crescimento de lactentes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com crianças atendidas nos postos de saúde de Cuiabá (MT) para imunização. Foram sorteados 10 postos e entrevistados os responsáveis por, aproximadamente, 200 crianças em cada posto. Neste estudo foram analisadas crianças menores de dois anos, perfazendo um total de 1.437 participantes. Peso e estatura foram medidos no momento da vacinação. Para análise multivariada foram construídos dois modelos, tendo como resposta as variáveis contínuas, peso para idade e comprimento para idade, os quais utilizaram a modelagem hierárquica. RESULTADOS:Aprevalência de baixo comprimento foi de 4,7% e de baixo peso foi de 3,0%. Do total de crianças estudadas, 35,8% eram expostas à fumaça do cigarro dos moradores. Após ajustes para variáveis sócio-demográficas e para as variáveis biológicas da criança, apenas o tabagismo da mãe mostrou efeito independente sobre o estado nutricional da criança, sendo que o tabagismo gestacional manteve-se associado ao indicador comprimento para idade (β =-0,226; p=0,02) e o tabagismo atual da mãe, ao indicador peso para idade (β=-0,235; p=0,02). O tabagismo do pai e dos demais moradores do domicílio não se mostrou associado a nenhum dos desfechos estudados. CONCLUSÃO:O tabagismo gestacional mostrou efeito independente sobre o indicador comprimento para idade e o tabagismo atual da mãe ao indicador peso para idade dos lactentes.
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Sharma AK, Sharma A, Desai D, Madhunapantula SV, Huh SJ, Robertson GP, Amin S. Synthesis and anticancer activity comparison of phenylalkyl isoselenocyanates with corresponding naturally occurring and synthetic isothiocyanates. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7820-6. [PMID: 19053750 DOI: 10.1021/jm800993r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and identification of novel phenylalkyl isoselenocyanates (ISCs), isosteric selenium analogues of naturally occurring phenylalkyl isothiocyanates (ITCs), as effective cytotoxic and antitumor agents are described. The structure-activity relationship comparison of ISCs with ITCs and effect of the increasing alkyl chain length in inhibiting cancer cell growth were evaluated on melanoma, prostate, breast, glioblastoma, sarcoma, and colon cancer cell lines. IC(50) values for ISC compounds were generally lower than their corresponding ITC analogues. Similarly, in UACC 903 human melanoma cells, the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis were more pronounced with ISCs compared to ITCs. Further, ISCs and ITCs effectively inhibited melanoma tumor growth in mice following intraperitoneal xenograft. A similar reduction in tumor size was observed at 3 times lower doses of ISCs compared to corresponding ITCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Mazoni CG, Fernandes S, Pierozan PS, Moreira T, Freese L, Ferigolo M, Barros HMT. A eficácia das intervenções farmacológicas e psicossociais para o tratamento do tabagismo: revisão da literatura. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (NATAL) 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2008000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cessação do tabagismo traz benefícios à saúde, pois indivíduos que param de fumar evitam a maioria das doenças associadas ao tabaco. Objetiva-se revisar as características fundamentais e eficácia das intervenções farmacológicas e psicossociais para o tratamento dos tabagistas, apresentando dados de revisões tipo meta-análises e de ensaios clínico randomizados. Intervenções farmacológicas como a terapia de reposição de nicotina e a bupropiona e intervenções psicossociais como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e a intervenção motivacional face a face e por telefone demonstram eficácia. A farmacoterapia aumenta a chance de abstinência em 2 vezes e as intervenções psicossociais face a face ou por telefone em 1,5 a 2,5 vezes em relação a tabagistas recebendo intervenções controles. Estes dados fornecem subsídios para profissionais de saúde decidirem qual o melhor tratamento para o tabagista, informando as intervenções disponíveis, sua eficácia e o benefício de sua utilização.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Fernandes
- Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas
| | | | - Taís Moreira
- Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas
| | - Luana Freese
- Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas
| | - Maristela Ferigolo
- Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas
| | - Helena M. T. Barros
- Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas
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Echer IC, Barreto SSM. Determination and support as successful factors for smoking cessation. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2008; 16:445-51. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-11692008000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze determination and support as successful factors for smoking cessation. Qualitative study in which 16 individuals from Porto Alegre, Brazil, who had ceased smoking for more than six months, with score > 5 according to Fagerström scale, were interviewed. Information was examined through Content Analysis according to the following steps: pre-analysis, material investigation and result treatment. Smoking cessation was a consequence of a group of factors, with determination (the will to cease smoking and the difficulty to cease smoking) and the received support (occupational; family; social, and spiritual, and through a specific course and support groups) as the focus of this article. The results suggest that the smoker's determination to cease smoking together with the support of society segments and the benefits from that are helpful factors in the smoking cessation process.
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Balajadia RG, Wenzel L, Huh J, Sweningson J, Hubbell FA. Cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Chamorros on Guam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32 Suppl 1:S4-15. [PMID: 18359579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the second leading cause of death among Chamorros, the indigenous population of Guam. This study assessed cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors (KAB) among Chamorros on the island. METHODS We conducted a self-administered English language survey regarding cancer-related KAB using a non-probability purposive sample design in 266 self-identified Chamorros (149 women and 117 men) over the age of 50 years. The survey included demographics; health status; access to medical care; and KAB about breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, lung, and nasopharyngeal cancer. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to assess the data. RESULTS Overall, 83.3% of women reported having a mammogram and 62.8% reported having a Pap smear within the past 2 years. Only 20.3% of men reported having a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test within the past year. Of concern, only 43.1% had heard of PSA. Only 38.3% of participants reported ever having fecal occult blood testing, 15.5% ever having sigmoidoscopy, and 33.1% ever having colonoscopy. Respondents who had a regular source of care were more likely to receive up to date mammography screening (p<0.01). Likewise, those who had visited their doctor within the past year were more likely to be screened for breast (p<0.01), cervical (p<0.05), prostate (p<0.01), and colorectal cancer (p<0.05). In addition, residents living in the south were less likely to report screening for breast (p<0.05), prostate (p<0.05), and colorectal (p<0.01) cancer. CONCLUSION These results provide important data about Chamorro's KAB that can help to guide a comprehensive cancer control program on Guam.
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Abstract
This study examined predictors of readiness to quit smoking among emergency chest pain patients admitted to the observation unit (OU) to rule out myocardial infarction. While in the OU, patients (n=543) completed surveys assessing smoking history, nicotine dependence, readiness to quit, and other relevant variables. Participants smoked an average of 18.8 (SD=12.6) cigarettes per day. More than half (58%) had made at least 1 serious quit attempt > or = 24 hours) in the past year. Most had never used nicotine replacement medications. Nicotine dependence, perceived risk from smoking, and patient perceptions that smoking might be related to their chest pain were significantly associated with readiness to quit (P<.05). Results indicate that a significant proportion of OU patients think they are at relatively low risk from smoking and, although motivated to quit, are not using medications appropriately to assist quit attempts. There is a need for intervention and education with this population of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Bock
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Leppel K. The relationship between college class and cigarette smoking. HEALTH EDUCATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1108/09654280710716888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the relation between college class and cigarette‐smoking behavior in the USA.Design/methodology/approachNational College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS) data were employed. Five binary and two cumulative logit equations are estimated to explore the impact of college class on: having ever tried smoking cigarettes; having smoked in the past 30 days; having ever smoked on a daily basis; whether the student currently smoked daily; whether the student had quit entirely, that is, had not smoked for the past 30 days; the number of days smoked per month; and the number of cigarettes smoked per day.FindingsThe paper finds that second‐year students were more likely than other undergraduates to be current cigarette smokers. Among current smokers, first‐ and second‐year students smoked the most days per month and second‐year students smoked the most cigarettes per day. Of students who had ever smoked on a daily basis, third‐year students were least likely to have quit and fourth‐year students were most likely.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows that since the NCHRBS was conducted only in 1995, there is no follow‐up data to determine whether the patterns have continued. It is also more difficult to disentangle college class effects from cohort and period effects.Originality/valueThis paper shows heterogeneity in college smoking and encourages efforts to better target anti‐smoking activities for greater effectiveness.
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D'Onofrio G, Becker B, Woolard RH. The impact of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and abuse in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2006; 24:925-67. [PMID: 16982347 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use is a significant societal problem. Individuals who use these substances are frequently seen in emergency departments at rates disproportionately greater than their population prevalence. This article highlights the impact of these drugs on patients and on emergency departments, including common presenting problems of individuals on these substances. Also discussed is how to help and to refer individuals with substance abuse problems through brief motivational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D'Onofrio
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Otero UB, Perez CDA, Szklo M, Esteves GA, dePinho MM, Szklo AS, Turci SRB. [Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2006; 22:439-49. [PMID: 16501756 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2006000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trial carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and nicotine replacement therapy with nicotine patches for smoking cessation. Participated 1,199 adults, volunteers, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, randomly assigned to 10 different groups: intensive brief counseling group (GB), with 1 or 2 sessions (G1-G2), and with 3 or 4 sessions (G3-G4), with/without nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Abstinence proportions were estimated during 12 months. These proportions among participants not assigned to NRT were 20% (GB), 17% (G1-G2), and 23% (G3-G4); and among assigned NRT groups were 30% (GBA), 34% (G1A-G2A), and 33% (G3A-G4A). After multiple adjustments, the abstinence proportions ratios seemed to follow a "dose-response" pattern: compared to GB, the ratios were 0.85 (G1-G2), 1.13 (G3-G4), 1.51 (GBA), 1.66 (G1A-G2A), and 1.75 (G3A-G4A). The results suggest that use of NRT increases the abstinence proportion for cessation. The "dose-response" pattern suggests that cognitive-behavioral could be the reasonable option in the smoking cessation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubirani Barros Otero
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua dos Inválidos 212, 2o andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-020, Brazil.
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Deheinzelin D, Lourenço MTC, da Costa CL, Younes RN. The level of nicotine dependence is an independent risk factor for cancer: a case control study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2005; 60:221-6. [PMID: 15962083 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322005000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Less than 20% of lifetime smokers will ever develop cancer. Smoking habits characteristics, particularly the level of nicotine dependence level, were not fully evaluated as a marker of risk. METHODS Case-control study of voluntary patients prospectively enrolled in a smoking cessation program in a cancer hospital. For each cancer case, patients of the same age and sex were selected. The Beck Depression Inventory, an instrument for the diagnosis of depressive mood and clinical depression, and the Fagerström Test Questionnaire, a questionnaire that has a good correlation with nicotine levels, used to determine the degree of dependence on nicotine, were applied. Age on admission to the study, sex, and number of pack-years were also evaluated. RESULTS From May 1999 to May 2002, 56 cancer patients (case) and 85 matching controls (control) were identified in the population studied. There was no difference regarding pack-years. Fagerström Test Questionnaire was significantly higher in patients with cancer (7.5+/-1.9) compared to controls (6.3+/-2.0). We found a Fagerström Test Questionnaire>7 in 73.2% of the cancer cases versus 43.5% of the controls (p=0.001). The proportion of depressed patients was higher in the cancer group (37.5% x 17.6%). Logistic regression adjusted for age and tobacco consumption disclosed that Fagerström Test Questionnaire score>7 has an odds ratio for cancer of 3.45 (95% CI 1.52-7.83, p=0.003). CONCLUSION Fagerström Test Questionnaire higher than 7 was identified as a risk factor for cancer in smokers with similar tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Deheinzelin
- Department of Psychiatry, Treatment and Research Center, Hospital do Cancer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Louwman WJ, van Lenthe FJ, Coebergh JWW, Mackenbach JP. Behaviour partly explains educational differences in cancer incidence in the south-eastern Netherlands: the longitudinal GLOBE study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:119-25. [PMID: 15100578 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200404000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer morbidity and mortality vary among socio-economic groups. We investigated whether educational differences in behaviour could explain the variation in cancer incidence. In 1991, a postal questionnaire on socio-economic status, exposure variables, health and health-related behaviour was filled out by 18,973 participants (response rate 70.1%) of the longitudinal GLOBE study. Participants were followed and linked with the regional population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry. Between 1991 and 1998 a total of 760 new tumours were found. The risk of cancer (all sites combined) was higher in the three quartiles of lower educational level compared with the highest educational level, odds ratios (ORs) varying from 1.25, 1.34, 1.27 to 1.00 from the lowest to the highest category, respectively (P=0.14). The relative risk (RR) for lung cancer for low versus high education was 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-5.3]; adjustment for smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity decreased the risk to 1.6 (95% CI 0.8-3.3). Smoking alone explained 39% of the association, when alcohol intake and physical exercise were added to the model 61% of the effect was explained. In conclusion, a lower education is associated with increased cancer risks, which can be explained partly by behavioural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Louwman
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Walker MS, Larsen RJ, Zona DM, Govindan R, Fisher EB. Smoking urges and relapse among lung cancer patients: findings from a preliminary retrospective study. Prev Med 2004; 39:449-57. [PMID: 15313083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a prospective study of relapse to smoking among previously resected lung cancer patients, we conducted a retrospective survey to examine factors that may contribute to relapse. METHODS Patients who had smoked within 3 months before surgery completed measures assessing demographic characteristics, smoking urges, depression, social support, and psychological reactance. RESULTS Of 43 participants, 19 had relapsed at some point since surgery and 13 were currently smoking. Patients were at relatively low risk of relapse immediately following hospitalization, but at greater risk beginning 2 months later. Younger age and lower educational level predicted current smoking and shorter time to relapse. Craving to smoke was measured as: Appetitive urge (anticipation of pleasure) and Aversive urge (avoidance of negative affect). Both were greater among current smokers. Aversive urge was significantly correlated with depression. Those high on both psychological reactance and Directive social support had heightened Appetitive urges. CONCLUSION Among lung cancer patients, relapse to smoking may be delayed several months but remains a problem. Appetitive and Aversive motivational pathways and associated urges appear useful in organizing study of the role of psychosocial factors such as depression and social support in relapse to smoking in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Walker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Callaghan GM, Gregg JA, Marx BP, Kohlenberg BS, Gifford E. FACT: The Utility of an Integration of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Alleviate Human Suffering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.41.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A close link between smoking and depression has been documented by research primarily based on U.S. white populations. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and smoking behaviors in Chinese American smokers. METHODS Analyses were based on baseline data collected from a convenience sample of 199 Chinese smokers who resided in northern California. The sample included 20.6% women, 97% immigrants, with mean age of 40.8 years and mean cigarettes/day of 8.9. RESULTS Compared with population-based studies of Chinese Americans, the Chinese smokers in the current study reported higher depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale [M, 20.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 18.8-22.2], higher lifetime prevalence rates of major depressive disorders (30.3%; 95% CI, 24.0-37.2%) and dysthymia (11.6%; 95% CI, 7.5-16.9%). Multiple regression analysis suggested female gender, unemployment, major depression or dysthymia within the past year, previous experience with nicotine withdrawal syndrome, and high temptation to smoke under negative affect situations are associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The level of depressive symptoms among Chinese American smokers is comparable with that observed in other US populations reported. In the current sample, elevated depressive symptoms were more prominent among women or those who were unemployed, smokers who reported significant nicotine withdrawal at previous quit attempts, and high temptation to smoke when experiencing negative emotions. Findings support further examination of the role of depression in smoking among Chinese Americans and underscore the importance of addressing depressive symptoms when treating tobacco use in Chinese smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Tsoh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0984, USA.
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Abstract
Smoking is the number one preventable cause of disability and mortality in older adults. In the past few decades there has been an enhanced focus on smoking behaviors and smoking cessation, however, the older smoker has been excluded. Even though nonsmoking status can provide older smokers with a chance for increased quality as well as quantity of life, they are asked less often to quit, given fewer resources, and provided less guidance than younger smokers. There is limited knowledge about how to design and deliver interventions for smoking cessation among older adults. The explanation for the absence of an empirical and clinical focus on smoking cessation for the older adult is in part because of the belief in myths rather than reality. These beliefs about the health consequences of smoking behaviors and the benefits of smoking cessation for older smokers are held by older adults and their health care providers. However, the truth is that older adults can stop smoking, and the benefits are vast.
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Tyczynski JE, Bray F, Parkin DM. Lung cancer in Europe in 2000: epidemiology, prevention, and early detection. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4:45-55. [PMID: 12517539 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(03)00960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. In men, the highest incidence rates are seen in Europe (especially eastern Europe) and North America. In women, high incidence rates are found in North America and in Europe, particularly in northern and western Europe. It is estimated that there were about 375000 cases of lung cancer in Europe in 2000; 303000 in men and 72000 in women. The number of resulting deaths was about 347000 (280000 in men and 67000 in women). Tobacco smoking is well established as the main cause of lung cancer and about 90% of cases are thought to be tobacco related. There is a clear dose-response relation between lung-cancer risk and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, degree of inhalation, and age at initiation of smoking. Someone who has smoked all their life has a lung-cancer risk 20-30 times greater than a non-smoker. However, risk of lung cancer decreases with time since smoking cessation. Recently, there has been renewed interest in screening because spiral computerised tomography can detect small asymptomatic lesions more effectively than conventional radiography. Although cure rates for such lesions are very good, there is to date no evidence for effectiveness of mass-screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy E Tyczynski
- Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Marques ACPR, Campana A, Gigliotti ADP, Lourenço MTC, Ferreira MP, Laranjeira R. Consenso sobre o tratamento da dependência de nicotina. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462001000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Têm sido atribuídas à dependência de nicotina 20% das mortes nos EUA. Estudos têm mostrado que 30% a 50% das pessoas que começam a fumar escalam para um uso problemático. Nos últimos 20 anos, a educação e a persuasão não foram suficientes para promover uma mudança política, cultural e social relacionada ao comportamento de fumar. As intervenções para interromper o uso de tabaco ainda não estão integradas às rotinas dos serviços de saúde no mundo. A falta de estratégias de integração, de tempo disponível para acoplar ações assistenciais mais específicas e mesmo a percepção dos profissionais de saúde de que os tratamentos para a dependência de nicotina são pouco efetivos são algumas das barreiras apontadas. Assim, elaborar um consenso sobre a dependência de nicotina teve como objetivos: • levantar dados epidemiológicos relevantes relacionados ao uso do tabaco no mundo e no Brasil; • revisar as ações gerais e centrais da nicotina; • elaborar um protocolo de triagem mínimo para serviços de atenção primária à saúde; • recomendar diretrizes básicas de avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento para todos os níveis de atenção à saúde em relação à dependência de nicotina; • fornecer sugestões para a abordagem de grupos especiais de pacientes: adolescentes, gestantes, idosos, pacientes em regime de internação, obesos e pacientes com comorbidades psiquiátricas, cardiovasculares e respiratórias.
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer is a tumor that has a very poor prognosis without treatment. It is however, highly responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pretreatment clinical and laboratory parameters--in addition to staging--can prognosticate outcome and help define the aim of treatment. Different schedules of chemotherapy have been developed and varied strategies, such as chemotherapy dose intensification have been tried to improve outcomes. New agents, such as irinotecan, gemcitabine and topotecan have also been tested. Clinical trials have helped to define strategies of integrating thoracic radiotherapy and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy into management of those patients with limited disease to improve survival further. Despite good initial responses to treatment, most patients eventually relapse. Maintenance strategies with ongoing chemotherapy or novel agents, such as interferon, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, thalidomide and vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yip
- Medical Oncology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Garran ACT 2605, Australia.
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Sarna L, Wewers ME, Brown JK, Lillington L, Brecht ML. Barriers to tobacco cessation in clinical practice: report from a National Survey of Oncology Nurses. Nurs Outlook 2001; 49:166-72. [PMID: 11514788 DOI: 10.1067/mno.2001.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the survey results of a national random sample of members of the Oncology Nursing Society who reported the greatest number of barriers to delivering a tobacco cessation intervention with their patients. Nurses who perceived the greatest number of barriers were more likely to be current smokers and to be young and were less likely to have an advanced degree, to be a nurse practitioner, or to have administrative responsibilities. Those with greater barriers were less likely to deliver tobacco cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sarna
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Boiselle PM, Ernst A, Karp DD. Lung cancer detection in the 21st century: potential contributions and challenges of emerging technologies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175:1215-21. [PMID: 11044010 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.175.5.1751215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Boiselle
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, One Deaconess Rd., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sarna
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
There are few relationships in the epidemiology of cancer between an exposure and disease that are as consistent as those observed between tobacco and lung cancer. The health consequences of tobacco use are not limited to lung cancer; the 1990 Surgeon General's Report described that the use of cigarettes was the leading cause of avoidable mortality in the United States, with about 434,000 preventable deaths per year. Although a majority of the adults in the United States are current or former smokers, smoking cessation and prevention efforts have been successful, although currently about one in four adults still smoke cigarettes. The decline in ever-smoking has reached a plateau in the past few years, however, and rates of teenage smoking have begun to increase. In 1997, smoking rates among high school students in the United States were 32% higher compared with 1991. As noted by Cinciripini et al, adult smokers who quit or die are being replaced by children who smoke. Until recently, lung cancer control efforts primarily have focused on smoking prevention in youth and cessation among adults, with little obvious potential for reducing deaths through early detection. With the recent publication of early results from the Early Lung Cancer Action Project showing remarkably more favorable screening performance compared with chest radiography, the potential to detect lung cancer early and save lives is being revisited. Ultimately, the preferred disease control strategy is the prevention of lung cancer through the elimination of tobacco use altogether, but for the foreseeable future a legacy of decades of tobacco use in a significant proportion of the US population means we are still challenged to develop public health strategies to reduce deaths and suffering from those destined to develop lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Obata A, Eura M, Sasaki J, Saya H, Chikamatsu K, Tada M, Iggo RD, Yumoto E. Clinical significance of p53 functional loss in squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:187-93. [PMID: 10754498 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000320)89:2<187::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examined the frequency of p53 mutations in 38 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), using both a yeast functional assay and a conventional immunohistochemical staining method (IHC) to detect p53 mutations. We also explored the clinical importance of p53 mutations in oropharyngeal SCC. An accumulation of p53 protein was detected in 17 of the 38 (45%) tumors by IHC, whereas the yeast-based assay detected 6 additional p53 mutations, for a total of 23 tumors (61%) with p53 mutations. The cDNA sequencing analysis revealed that the 6 mutations undetected by IHC consisted of 3 frameshift, 1 nonsense and 2 missense mutations. Thus, the yeast functional assay was more sensitive than conventional IHC for detecting p53 mutations. Subsequently, the relationship between p53 mutations and the clinico-pathological parameters in oropharyngeal SCC was evaluated using the results of the functional assay. Mutation of p53 was not associated with the patient age, sex, tumor stage or degree of tumor cell differentiation. Interestingly, heavy drinking had a significant positive correlation with the p53 mutation, but heavy smoking did not, suggesting that prolonged exposure to alcohol is more related to p53 mutation in oropharyngeal SCC than to tobacco consumption. Radiation sensitivity was examined by comparing tumor size on magnetic resonance images before and after completion of therapy with 45 Gy radiation, in the 18 cases of T2 oropharyngeal SCC that were initially treated by radiotherapy. The results showed that tumors with wild-type p53 decreased in size significantly compared to those with mutant p53. In 33 patients treated with curative intent, the overall survival after the completion of therapy was better in patients with a wild-type p53 tumor than in patients with a mutant p53 tumor. We conclude that p53 mutation is associated with radiation resistance and a decreased probability of survival in oropharyngeal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Obata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
The cost to society of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug dependence is enormous. Although the importance of treatment for substance abuse to public health is increasingly acknowledged, pharmacotherapy is generally underutilized. However, the selection of medications for clinical testing is increasingly guided by the rapidly evolving science of addictive drugs and behavior. The benefit of medication for smoking cessation is firmly established, particularly for nicotine replacement and antidepressant therapy. Naltrexone is an important addition to the pharmacopoeia, and acamprosate may soon be approved as well. Although no new medications are approved for cocaine and amphetamine abuse, a variety of candidate treatments have shown promise in ongoing studies. Opiate substitution therapy is highly effective for rehabilitation of heroin addiction, and several alternative forms will soon be available; alternative forms of opiate detoxification have also received attention. Overall, there is increasing recognition that physicians have an obligation to identify and treat all forms of substance dependence, although knowledge of the efficacy of the available treatments is steadily increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Gottschalk
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center 116-A, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Cloos J, Nieuwenhuis EJ, Boomsma DI, Kuik DJ, van der Sterre ML, Arwert F, Snow GB, Braakhuis BJ. Inherited susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1125-30. [PMID: 10393720 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/91.13.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes may reflect the way a person deals with carcinogenic challenges. This susceptibility (also referred to as mutagen sensitivity) has been found to be increased in patients with environmentally related cancers, including cancers of the head and neck, lung, and colon, and, in combination with carcinogenic exposure, this susceptibility can greatly influence cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the heritability of mutagen sensitivity. METHODS Heritability was determined by use of a maximum likelihood method that employed the FISHER package of pedigree analysis. Bleomycin-induced breaks per cell values for 135 healthy volunteers without cancer were determined. These individuals were from 53 different pedigrees and included 25 monozygotic twin pairs (n = 50), 14 pairs of dizygotes (twin pairs and siblings, n = 28), and 14 families selected on the basis of a first-degree relative who was successfully treated for head and neck cancer and who had no sign of recurrence for at least 1 year. All data were analyzed simultaneously, and different models of familial resemblance were fitted to the data. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS Our results showed no evidence for the influence of a shared family environment on bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks. Genetic influences, however, were statistically significant (P =. 036) and accounted for 75% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS The high heritability estimate of the susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks indicates a clear genetic basis. The findings of this study support the notion that a common genetic susceptibility to DNA damage--and thereby a susceptibility to cancer--may exist in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cloos
- J. Cloos, E. J.C. Nieuwenhuis,M. L.T. van der Sterre, G. B. Snow, B. J. M. Braakhuis, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kaplan RM. Shared medical decision-making: A new paradigm for behavioral medicine—1997 presidential address. Ann Behav Med 1999; 21:3-11. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02895027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Epstein JA, Williams C, Botvin GJ, Diaz T, Ifill-Williams M. Psychosocial predictors of cigarette smoking among adolescents living in public housing developments. Tob Control 1999; 8:45-52. [PMID: 10465815 PMCID: PMC1763915 DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents residing in low-income public housing developments in inner-city regions may be particularly vulnerable to a variety of risk factors associated with cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the aetiology of cigarette smoking among adolescents living in public housing developments. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS We examined predictors of smoking from four domains: background characteristics, social influences, behavioural control, and psychosocial characteristics using a sample of seventh graders (mean age 12.9 years) who reside in public housing developments in New York City (n = 624). The addresses of participants in a larger investigation of the aetiology and prevention of smoking were checked to determine if they lived in one of 335 public housing developments in New York City. All participants living in public housing developments were included in the current study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES African-American and Hispanic students completed questionnaires about their cigarette use, social pressures to smoke, smoking attitudes, smoking knowledge, and smoking resistance skills. Students also provided information on demographic and behavioural control (such as church and school attendance). RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that social influences from friends and family members predicted smoking. Psychosocial characteristics such as advertising resistance skills, anti-smoking attitudes, and refusal skills lowered the odds of smoking. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that smoking prevention approaches targeted at these young people should increase their awareness of social pressures to smoke, correct misperceptions about the prevalence of smoking among friends, and teach relevant psychosocial skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Epstein
- Department of Public Health, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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