1
|
Mundhada PV, Bakshi AM, Thtipalli N, Yelne S. Unveiling the Promise: A Comprehensive Review of Salpingectomy as a Vanguard for Ovarian Cancer Prevention. Cureus 2024; 16:e53088. [PMID: 38414692 PMCID: PMC10897749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the potential of salpingectomy as a groundbreaking strategy for the prevention of ovarian cancer. The discussion encompasses the biological rationale behind salpingectomy, emphasizing its foundation in the tubal hypothesis, which posits the fallopian tubes as a possible origin site for certain ovarian cancers. Ongoing clinical trials and observational studies provide evolving evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of salpingectomy, particularly in high-risk populations. The procedure's ethical considerations, including its impact on fertility and equitable access, are thoroughly examined. Implications for clinical practice underscore the importance of informed decision-making, risk-benefit assessments, and the integration of emerging evidence into reproductive health discussions. Looking ahead, the future landscape of ovarian cancer prevention involves continued research, technological innovations, and collaborative efforts to ensure a holistic and evidence-based approach. The goal is to forge a future where ovarian cancer is not only treatable but also preventable, with salpingectomy potentially playing a pivotal role in this transformative journey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyal V Mundhada
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amey M Bakshi
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Nikhil Thtipalli
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Seema Yelne
- Nursing, Shalinitai Meghe College of Nursing, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leete JC, Zager MG, Musante CJ, Shtylla B, Qiao W. Sources of inter-individual variability leading to significant changes in anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 efficacy identified in mouse tumor models using a QSP framework. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1056365. [PMID: 36545310 PMCID: PMC9760747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1056365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 [anti-PD-(L)1] monotherapies are effective treatments for many types of cancer, high variability in patient responses is observed in clinical trials. Understanding the sources of response variability can help prospectively identify potential responsive patient populations. Preclinical data may offer insights to this point and, in combination with modeling, may be predictive of sources of variability and their impact on efficacy. Herein, a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model of anti-PD-(L)1 was developed to account for the known pharmacokinetic properties of anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies, their impact on CD8+ T cell activation and influx into the tumor microenvironment, and subsequent anti-tumor effects in CT26 tumor syngeneic mouse model. The QSP model was sufficient to describe the variability inherent in the anti-tumor responses post anti-PD-(L)1 treatments. Local sensitivity analysis identified tumor cell proliferation rate, PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells, PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, and the binding affinity of PD-1:PD-L1 as strong influencers of tumor growth. It also suggested that treatment-mediated tumor growth inhibition is sensitive to T cell properties including the CD8+ T cell proliferation half-life, CD8+ T cell half-life, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated tumor cell killing rate, and maximum rate of CD8+ T cell influx into the tumor microenvironment. Each of these parameters alone could not predict anti-PD-(L)1 treatment response but they could shift an individual mouse's treatment response when perturbed. The presented preclinical QSP modeling framework provides a path to incorporate potential sources of response variability in human translation modeling of anti-PD-(L)1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Leete
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States,Translational Modeling and Simulation, BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael G. Zager
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia J. Musante
- Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Blerta Shtylla
- Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wenlian Qiao
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States,Translational Modeling and Simulation, BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Wenlian Qiao,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Levin LA, Patrick C, Choudry NB, Sharif NA, Goldberg JL. Neuroprotection in neurodegenerations of the brain and eye: Lessons from the past and directions for the future. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964197. [PMID: 36034312 PMCID: PMC9412944 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNeurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerative diseases in large part share underlying biology and pathophysiology. Despite extensive preclinical research on neuroprotection that in many cases bridges and unifies both fields, only a handful of neuroprotective therapies have succeeded clinically in either.Main bodyUnderstanding the commonalities among brain and neuroretinal neurodegenerations can help develop innovative ways to improve translational success in neuroprotection research and emerging therapies. To do this, analysis of why translational research in neuroprotection fails necessitates addressing roadblocks at basic research and clinical trial levels. These include optimizing translational approaches with respect to biomarkers, therapeutic targets, treatments, animal models, and regulatory pathways.ConclusionThe common features of neurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerations are useful for outlining a path forward that should increase the likelihood of translational success in neuroprotective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A. Levin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Leonard A. Levin
| | | | - Nozhat B. Choudry
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Najam A. Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baaz M, Cardilin T, Lignet F, Jirstrand M. Optimized scaling of translational factors in oncology: from xenografts to RECIST. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:239-250. [PMID: 35922568 PMCID: PMC9402719 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) models are regularly used to quantify the PK–PD relationship between drug concentration and in vivo efficacy in oncology. These models are typically calibrated with data from xenograft mice and before being used for clinical predictions, translational methods have to be applied. Currently, such methods are commonly based on replacing model components or scaling of model parameters. However, difficulties remain in how to accurately account for inter-species differences. Therefore, more research must be done before xenograft data can fully be utilized to predict clinical response. Method To contribute to this research, we have calibrated TGI models to xenograft data for three drug combinations using the nonlinear mixed effects framework. The models were translated by replacing mice exposure with human exposure and used to make predictions of clinical response. Furthermore, in search of a better way of translating these models, we estimated an optimal way of scaling model parameters given the available clinical data. Results The predictions were compared with clinical data and we found that clinical efficacy was overestimated. The estimated optimal scaling factors were similar to a standard allometric scaling exponent of − 0.25. Conclusions We believe that given more data, our methodology could contribute to increasing the translational capabilities of TGI models. More specifically, an appropriate translational method could be developed for drugs with the same mechanism of action, which would allow for all preclinical data to be leveraged for new drugs of the same class. This would ensure that fewer clinically inefficacious drugs are tested in clinical trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00280-022-04458-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baaz
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tim Cardilin
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fosse V, Oldoni E, Gerardi C, Banzi R, Fratelli M, Bietrix F, Ussi A, Andreu AL, McCormack E. Evaluating Translational Methods for Personalized Medicine—A Scoping Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071177. [PMID: 35887673 PMCID: PMC9324577 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of personalized medicine, through the increasing multi-omics characterization of disease, brings new challenges to disease modeling. The scope of this review was a broad evaluation of the relevance, validity, and predictive value of the current preclinical methodologies applied in stratified medicine approaches. Two case models were chosen: oncology and brain disorders. We conducted a scoping review, following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, and searched PubMed, EMBASE, and relevant databases for reports describing preclinical models applied in personalized medicine approaches. A total of 1292 and 1516 records were identified from the oncology and brain disorders search, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative synthesis was performed on a final total of 63 oncology and 94 brain disorder studies. The complexity of personalized approaches highlights the need for more sophisticated biological systems to assess the integrated mechanisms of response. Despite the progress in developing innovative and complex preclinical model systems, the currently available methods need to be further developed and validated before their potential in personalized medicine endeavors can be realized. More importantly, we identified underlying gaps in preclinical research relating to the relevance of experimental models, quality assessment practices, reporting, regulation, and a gap between preclinical and clinical research. To achieve a broad implementation of predictive translational models in personalized medicine, these fundamental deficits must be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Fosse
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuela Oldoni
- EATRIS ERIC, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.O.); (F.B.); (A.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Chiara Gerardi
- Centre for Health Regulatory Policies, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Rita Banzi
- Centre for Health Regulatory Policies, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Florence Bietrix
- EATRIS ERIC, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.O.); (F.B.); (A.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Anton Ussi
- EATRIS ERIC, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.O.); (F.B.); (A.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Antonio L. Andreu
- EATRIS ERIC, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.O.); (F.B.); (A.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lundy J, Harris M, Zalcberg J, Zimet A, Goldstein D, Gebski V, Borsaru A, Desmond C, Swan M, Jenkins BJ, Croagh D. EUS-FNA Biopsies to Guide Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer: Results of a Pilot Study to Identify KRAS Wild-Type Tumours for Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770022. [PMID: 34956889 PMCID: PMC8696205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer death and lacks effective treatment options. Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsies represent an appealing source of material for molecular analysis to inform targeted therapy, as they are often the only available tissue for patients presenting with PDAC irrespective of disease stage. However, EUS-FNA biopsies are typically not used to screen for precision medicine studies due to concerns about low tissue yield and quality. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition has shown promise in clinical trials of unselected patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, but has not been prospectively tested in KRAS wild-type patients. Here, we examine the clinical utility of EUS-FNA biopsies for molecular screening of KRAS wild-type PDAC patients for targeted anti-EGFR therapy to assess the feasibility of this approach. Patients and Methods Fresh frozen EUS-FNA or surgical biopsies from PDAC patient tumours were used to screen for KRAS mutations. Eligible patients with recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic KRAS wild-type status who had received at least one prior line of chemotherapy were enrolled in a pilot study (ACTRN12617000540314) and treated with panitumumab at 6mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was 4-month progression-free survival (PFS). Results 275 patient biopsies were screened for KRAS mutations, which were detected in 88.3% of patient samples. 8 eligible KRAS wild-type patients were enrolled onto the interventional study between November 2017 and December 2020 and treated with panitumumab. 4-month PFS was 14.3% with no objective tumour responses observed. The only grade 3/4 treatment related toxicity observed was hypomagnesaemia. Conclusions This study demonstrates proof-of-principle feasibility to molecularly screen patients with pancreatic cancer for targeted therapies, and confirms diagnostic EUS-FNA biopsies as a reliable source of tumour material for molecular analysis. Single agent panitumumab was safe and tolerable but led to no objective tumour responses in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lundy
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marion Harris
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John Zalcberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Zimet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Val Gebski
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Adina Borsaru
- Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael Swan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Croagh
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam KK, Tang CL, Tan E, Wong SH, Cheah PY. KRAS mutation-independent downregulation of MAPK/PI3K signaling in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1171-1183. [PMID: 34919787 PMCID: PMC8895447 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a gatekeeper gene in human colorectal tumorigenesis. KRAS is ‘undruggable’; hence, efforts have been diverted to inhibit downstream RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. Nevertheless, none of these inhibitors has progressed to clinical use despite extensive trials. We examined levels of phospho‐ERK1/2(T202/Y204) and phospho‐Akt1/2/3(S473) in human colorectal tumor compared to matched mucosa with semi‐quantitative near‐infrared western blot and confocal fluorescence immunohistochemistry imaging. Surprisingly, 75.5% (25/33) of tumors had lower or equivalent phospho‐ERK1/2 and 96.9% (31/32) of tumors had lower phospho‐Akt1/2/3 compared to matched mucosa, irrespective of KRAS mutation status. In contrast, we discovered KRAS‐dependent SOX9 upregulation in 28 of the 31 (90.3%) tumors. These observations were substantiated by analysis of the public domain transcriptomics The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and proteomics Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) dataset. These data suggest that RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling are unlikely to be activated in most human colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuen Kuen Lam
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Choong Leong Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Emile Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Peh Yean Cheah
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu H, Kim DJ, Choi HY, Kim SM, Rahaman MI, Kim YH, Kim SW. Prospective pharmacological methodology for establishing and evaluating anti-cancer drug resistant cell lines. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1049. [PMID: 34560848 PMCID: PMC8464141 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell lines are often used to assess the resistance of anticancer drugs when in vivo analysis is not possible. However, the process for establishing anti-cancer drug resistance in cell cultures in vitro and the subsequent method of then evaluating resistance are not clearly established. Traditionally, the IC50 is the most commonly used indicator of resistance evaluation but it cannot represent the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs in a clinical setting and lacks reliability because it is heavily affected by the cell doubling time. Hence, new indicators that can evaluate anti-cancer drug resistance are needed. Methods A novel resistance evaluation methodology was validated in this present study by establishing sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma cells and assessing the cross-resistance of five different anti-cancer drugs. Results It was confirmed in this present study that the IC50 does not reflect the cell proliferation rates in a way that represents anti-cancer drug resistance. An alternative indicator that can also be clinically meaningful when using in vitro cell line systems is GI100. Additionally, the GR100 allows different cell populations to be calibrated on the same basis when multiple experimental results are compared. Conclusion Since the GR100 has properties that indicate the efficiency of anti-cancer drugs, both the efficacy and GR100 of a particular anti-cancer drug can be used to effectively assess the resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08784-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, GangNeung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Drug Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - So Myoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Intazur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Won Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Piyawajanusorn C, Nguyen LC, Ghislat G, Ballester PJ. A gentle introduction to understanding preclinical data for cancer pharmaco-omic modeling. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6343527. [PMID: 34368843 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A central goal of precision oncology is to administer an optimal drug treatment to each cancer patient. A common preclinical approach to tackle this problem has been to characterize the tumors of patients at the molecular and drug response levels, and employ the resulting datasets for predictive in silico modeling (mostly using machine learning). Understanding how and why the different variants of these datasets are generated is an important component of this process. This review focuses on providing such introduction aimed at scientists with little previous exposure to this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayanit Piyawajanusorn
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Linh C Nguyen
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ghita Ghislat
- U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Inserm, Marseille, France
| | - Pedro J Ballester
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong HK, Yun NH, Jeong YL, Park J, Doh J, Lee WY, Cho YB. Establishment of patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroid models for tumor microenvironment modeling. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5589-5598. [PMID: 34240815 PMCID: PMC8366099 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient‐derived cancer models that reconstitute the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment may facilitate efforts in precision immune‐oncology and the discovery of effective anticancer therapies. Organoids that have recently emerged as robust preclinical models typically contain tumor epithelial cells and lack the native tumor immune microenvironment. A patient‐derived organotypic tumor spheroid (PDOTS) is a novel and innovative ex vivo system that retains key features of the native tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we established and characterized a series of colorectal cancer PDOTS models for use as a preclinical platform for testing effective immunotherapy and its combinations with other drugs. Partially dissociated (> 100 μm in diameter) tumor tissues were embedded in Matrigel‐containing organoid media and subsequently formed into organoid structures within 3 to 7 days of culture. The success rate of growing PDOTS from fresh tissues was ~86%. Morphological analysis showed that the PDOTSs varied in size and structure. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis revealed that the PDOTSs retained autologous tumor‐infiltrating lymphoid cells and tumor‐infiltrating lymphoid cells were continually decreased through serial passages. Notably, PDOTSs from tumors from a high‐level microsatellite instability‐harboring patient were sensitive to anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. Our results demonstrate that the PDOTS model in which the tumor immune microenvironment is preserved may represent an advantageous ex vivo system to develop effective immune therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Hong
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nak Hyeon Yun
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Lin Jeong
- Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sunkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng X, Cheng K. Visualizing cancer extravasation: from mechanistic studies to drug development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:71-88. [PMID: 33156478 PMCID: PMC7897269 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistep process that accounts for the majority of cancer-related death. By the end of metastasize dissemination, circulating tumor cells (CTC) need to extravasate the blood vessels at metastatic sites to form new colonization. Although cancer cell extravasation is a crucial step in cancer metastasis, it has not been successfully targeted by current anti-metastasis strategies due to the lack of a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process. This review focuses on recent progress in cancer extravasation visualization techniques, including the development of both in vitro and in vivo cancer extravasation models, that shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, multiple cancer extravasation stages, such as the adhesion to the endothelium and transendothelial migration, are successfully probed using these technologies. Moreover, the roles of different cell adhesive molecules, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as the mechanical factors in these stages are well illustrated. Deeper understandings of cancer extravasation mechanisms offer us new opportunities to escalate the discovery of anti-extravasation drugs and therapies and improve the prognosis of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Few-shot learning creates predictive models of drug response that translate from high-throughput screens to individual patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:233-244. [PMID: 34223192 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-line screens create expansive datasets for learning predictive markers of drug response, but these models do not readily translate to the clinic with its diverse contexts and limited data. In the present study, we apply a recently developed technique, few-shot machine learning, to train a versatile neural network model in cell lines that can be tuned to new contexts using few additional samples. The model quickly adapts when switching among different tissue types and in moving from cell-line models to clinical contexts, including patient-derived tumor cells and patient-derived xenografts. It can also be interpreted to identify the molecular features most important to a drug response, highlighting critical roles for RB1 and SMAD4 in the response to CDK inhibition and RNF8 and CHD4 in the response to ATM inhibition. The few-shot learning framework provides a bridge from the many samples surveyed in high-throughput screens (n-of-many) to the distinctive contexts of individual patients (n-of-one).
Collapse
|
13
|
Rybinski B, Hosgood HD, Wiener SL, Weiser DA. Preclinical Metrics Correlate With Drug Activity in Phase II Trials of Targeted Therapies for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:587377. [PMID: 33251146 PMCID: PMC7674799 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.587377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel oncology drugs often fail to progress from preclinical experiments to FDA approval. Therefore, determining which preclinical or clinical factors associate with drug activity could accelerate development of effective therapies. We investigated whether preclinical metrics and patient characteristics are associated with objective response rate (ORR) in phase II clinical trials of targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We developed a reproducible process to select a single phase II trial and supporting preclinical publication for a given drug-indication pair, which we defined as the pairing of a small molecule inhibitor (e.g., crizotinib) with the specific patient population for which it was designed to work (e.g., patients with an ALK aberration). We demonstrated that robust drug activity in mice, as measured by change in tumor size, is independently associated with improved ORR in phase II clinical trials. The number of mice utilized in experiments, the number of publications referencing the drug for NSCLC before the phase II clinical trial, and whether the drug was approved for a cancer other than NSCLC also significantly correlated with ORR. Among clinical characteristics, sex, race, histology, and smoking history were significantly associated with ORR. Further research into metrics that correlate with drug activity has the potential to optimize selection of novel therapies for clinical trials and enrich the drug development pipeline, particularly for patients with targetable genetic aberrations and rare cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Rybinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Sara L Wiener
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Daniel A Weiser
- Departments of Pediatrics & Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Marrow & Blood Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pyo DH, Hong HK, Lee WY, Cho YB. Patient-derived cancer modeling for precision medicine in colorectal cancer: beyond the cancer cell line. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:495-502. [PMID: 32208894 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1738907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since effective immunotherapeutic agents such as immune checkpoint blockade to treat cancer have emerged, the need for reliable preclinical cancer models that can evaluate and discover such drugs became stronger than ever before. The traditional preclinical cancer model using a cancer cell line has several limitations to recapitulate intra-tumor heterogeneity and in-vivo tumor activity including interactions between tumor-microenvironment. In this review, we will go over various preclinical cancer models recently discovered including patient-derived xenografts, humanized mice, organoids, organotypic-tumor spheroids, and organ-on-a-chip models. Moreover, we will discuss the future directions of preclinical cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hee Pyo
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Hong
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guerrero YA, Desai D, Sullivan C, Kindt E, Spilker ME, Maurer TS, Solomon DE, Bartlett DW. A Microfluidic Perfusion Platform for In Vitro Analysis of Drug Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) Relationships. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:53. [PMID: 32124093 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Static in vitro cell culture studies cannot capture the dynamic concentration profiles of drugs, nutrients, and other factors that cells experience in physiological systems. This limits the confidence in the translational relevance of in vitro experiments and increases the reliance on empirical testing of exposure-response relationships and dose optimization in animal models during preclinical drug development, introducing additional challenges owing to species-specific differences in drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic cell culture device that enables perfusion of cells under 2D or 3D culture conditions with temporally programmable concentration profiles. Proof-of-concept studies using doxorubicin and gemcitabine demonstrated the ability of the microfluidic PK-PD device to examine dose- and time-dependent effects of doxorubicin as well as schedule-dependent effects of doxorubicin and gemcitabine combination therapy on cell viability using both step-wise drug concentration profiles and species-specific (i.e., mouse, human) drug PK profiles. The results demonstrate the importance of including physiologically relevant dynamic drug exposure profiles during in vitro drug testing to more accurately mimic in vivo drug effects, thereby improving translatability across nonclinical studies and reducing the reliance on animal models during drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadir A Guerrero
- Neofluidics, 6650 Lusk Blvd, Suite 101, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Diti Desai
- Neofluidics, 6650 Lusk Blvd, Suite 101, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Connor Sullivan
- Neofluidics, 6650 Lusk Blvd, Suite 101, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Erick Kindt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Deepak E Solomon
- Neofluidics, 6650 Lusk Blvd, Suite 101, San Diego, California, 92121, USA.
| | - Derek W Bartlett
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kozłowska E, Vallius T, Hynninen J, Hietanen S, Färkkilä A, Hautaniemi S. Virtual clinical trials identify effective combination therapies in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18678. [PMID: 31822719 PMCID: PMC6904444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major issue in oncology is the high failure rate of translating preclinical results in successful clinical trials. Using a virtual clinical trial simulations approach, we present a mathematical framework to estimate the added value of combinatorial treatments in ovarian cancer. This approach was applied to identify effective targeted therapies that can be combined with the platinum-taxane regimen and overcome platinum resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. We modeled and evaluated the effectiveness of three drugs that target the main platinum resistance mechanisms, which have shown promising efficacy in vitro, in vivo, and early clinical trials. Our results show that drugs resensitizing chemoresistant cells are superior to those aimed at triggering apoptosis or increasing the bioavailability of platinum. Our results further show that the benefit of using biomarker stratification in clinical trials is dependent on the efficacy of the drug and tumor composition. The mathematical framework presented herein is suitable for systematically testing various drug combinations and clinical trial designs in solid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kozłowska
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tuulia Vallius
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Hynninen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Development of transplantable B-cell lymphomas in the MHC-defined miniature swine model. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:236. [PMID: 31516393 PMCID: PMC6734256 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishment of transplantable tumors in clinically relevant large animals allows translational studies of novel cancer therapeutics. Methods Here we describe the establishment, characterization, and serial transplantation of a naturally occurring B-cell lymphoma derived from a unique, highly inbred sub-line of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-defined miniature swine. Results The lymphoblastic cell line (LCL) originated from peripheral blood of a 2.5 year old female swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)dd-inbred miniature swine breeder demonstrating clinical signs of malignancy. Flow cytometric phenotypic analysis of subclones derived from the original cell line revealed surface markers commonly expressed in a B-cell lineage neoplasm. A subclone of the original LCL was transplanted into mildly-conditioned histocompatible miniature swine and immunocompromised NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Tissue and blood samples harvested 2 weeks following subcutaneous and intravenous injection in a highly inbred SLAdd pig were cultured for tumor growth and phenotypic analysis before serial transfer into NSG mice. Evidence of tumor growth in vivo was found in all tumor cell recipients. In vitro growth characteristics and surface phenotype were comparable between the original and serially transplanted tumor cell lines. Conclusions These results indicate the feasibility of developing a large-animal transplantable tumor model using cells derived from spontaneously occurring hematologic malignancies within the highly inbred miniature swine herd.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sidorov P, Naulaerts S, Ariey-Bonnet J, Pasquier E, Ballester PJ. Predicting Synergism of Cancer Drug Combinations Using NCI-ALMANAC Data. Front Chem 2019; 7:509. [PMID: 31380352 PMCID: PMC6646421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug combinations are of great interest for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the discovery of synergistic combinations by purely experimental means is only feasible on small sets of drugs. In silico modeling methods can substantially widen this search by providing tools able to predict which of all possible combinations in a large compound library are synergistic. Here we investigate to which extent drug combination synergy can be predicted by exploiting the largest available dataset to date (NCI-ALMANAC, with over 290,000 synergy determinations). Each cell line is modeled using primarily two machine learning techniques, Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), on the datasets provided by NCI-ALMANAC. This large-scale predictive modeling study comprises more than 5,000 pair-wise drug combinations, 60 cell lines, 4 types of models, and 5 types of chemical features. The application of a powerful, yet uncommonly used, RF-specific technique for reliability prediction is also investigated. The evaluation of these models shows that it is possible to predict the synergy of unseen drug combinations with high accuracy (Pearson correlations between 0.43 and 0.86 depending on the considered cell line, with XGBoost providing slightly better predictions than RF). We have also found that restricting to the most reliable synergy predictions results in at least 2-fold error decrease with respect to employing the best learning algorithm without any reliability estimation. Alkylating agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and topoisomerase inhibitors are the drugs whose synergy with other partner drugs are better predicted by the models. Despite its leading size, NCI-ALMANAC comprises an extremely small part of all conceivable combinations. Given their accuracy and reliability estimation, the developed models should drastically reduce the number of required in vitro tests by predicting in silico which of the considered combinations are likely to be synergistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sidorov
- CRCM, INSERM, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stefan Naulaerts
- CRCM, INSERM, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institut de Duve, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Ariey-Bonnet
- CRCM, INSERM, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Eddy Pasquier
- CRCM, INSERM, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pedro J. Ballester
- CRCM, INSERM, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chierrito D, Villas-Boas CB, Tonin FS, Fernandez-Llimos F, Sanches AC, de Mello JC. Using Cell Cultures for the Investigation of Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:916-925. [PMID: 31079591 PMCID: PMC7052832 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190409143155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in basic and molecular biology have promoted the use of cell cultures in a wide range of areas, including the evaluation of drug efficacy, safety and toxicity. OBJECTIVE This article aims to provide a general overview of the methodological parameters of cell cultures used to investigate therapeutic options for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. METHOD A systematic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and DOAJ. In vitro experimental studies using cell cultures were included. RESULTS A total of 328 studies were initially identified, with 16 included for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies used neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and PC12 cell line) and nine used nonneuronal cells. All the studies described the culture conditions, but most studies were inconsistent with regard to reporting results and raw data. Only one-third of the studies performed cell viability assays, while a further 30% conducted gene expression analysis. Other additional tests included electrophysiological evaluation and transporter activity. More than 50% of the studies evaluated the effects of drugs such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, while plant extracts were assessed in four studies and polyunsaturated fatty acids in one. CONCLUSION We suggested a flowchart to guide the planning and execution of studies, and a checklist to be completed by authors to allow the standardized reporting of results. This may guide the elaboration of laboratory protocols and further in vitro studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - João C.P. de Mello
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil; Tel/Fax: +55 44 30114627; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pemovska T, Bigenzahn JW, Superti-Furga G. Recent advances in combinatorial drug screening and synergy scoring. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:102-110. [PMID: 30193150 PMCID: PMC6219891 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of complex diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes or neurological disorders frequently warrants the utilization of drug combinations for therapeutic intervention. In fact, the most successful example is the current standard of care for HIV patients. However, identification of successful drug cocktails is not a simple task and is hampered by lack of standardization in terminology, experimental protocols and models as well as data analysis. Here we discuss the most recent developments in combinatorial drug screening by covering technological advancements in screening strategies, cellular model systems as well as novel drug classes. We believe the research progress being made provides promising basis to build on and identify, develop and optimize efficacious clinically relevant combinatorial drug treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Pemovska
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koh SB, Wallez Y, Dunlop CR, Bernaldo de Quirós Fernández S, Bapiro TE, Richards FM, Jodrell DI. Mechanistic Distinctions between CHK1 and WEE1 Inhibition Guide the Scheduling of Triple Therapy with Gemcitabine. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3054-3066. [PMID: 29735549 PMCID: PMC5985963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Combination of cytotoxic therapy with emerging DNA damage response inhibitors (DDRi) has been limited by tolerability issues. However, the goal of most combination trials has been to administer DDRi with standard-of-care doses of chemotherapy. We hypothesized that mechanism-guided treatment scheduling could reduce the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities and enable tolerable multitherapeutic regimens. Integrative analyses of mathematical modeling and single-cell assays distinguished the synergy kinetics of WEE1 inhibitor (WEE1i) from CHEK1 inhibitor (CHK1i) by potency, spatiotemporal perturbation, and mitotic effects when combined with gemcitabine. These divergent properties collectively supported a triple-agent strategy, whereby a pulse of gemcitabine and CHK1i followed by WEE1i durably suppressed tumor cell growth. In xenografts, CHK1i exaggerated replication stress without mitotic CDK hyperactivation, enriching a geminin-positive subpopulation and intratumoral gemcitabine metabolite. Without overt toxicity, addition of WEE1i to low-dose gemcitabine and CHK1i was most effective in tumor control compared with single and double agents. Overall, our work provides quantitative insights into the mechanisms of DDRi chemosensitization, leading to the rational development of a tolerable multitherapeutic regimen.Significance: Multiple lines of mechanistic insight regarding DNA damage response inhibitors rationally guide the preclinical development of a tolerable multitherapeutic regimen.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/11/3054/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(11); 3054-66. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siang-Boon Koh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yann Wallez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tashinga E Bapiro
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan I Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sulaiman A, Wang L. Bridging the divide: preclinical research discrepancies between triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and patient tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113269-113281. [PMID: 29348905 PMCID: PMC5762590 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most refractory subtype of breast cancer and disproportionately accounts for the majority of breast cancer related deaths. Effective treatment of this disease remains an unmet medical need. Over the past several decades, TNBC cell lines have been used as the foundation for drug development and disease modeling. However, ever-mounting research demonstrates striking differences between cell lines and clinical TNBC tumors, disconnecting bench research and actual clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the limitations of cell lines and the importance of using patients' tumors for translational research, and highlight the usage of patient-derived xenograft (PDXs) models that have emerged as a clinically relevant platform for preclinical studies. PDX tumors possess tumor heterogeneity with similar cellular, molecular, genetic and epigenetic properties akin to those found within patients' tumors. Moreover, PDX and clinical tumors possess abnormal vasculature with higher blood vessel permeability, a feature that is not always demonstrated in in vivo cell line xenografts. Development of clinically relevant, novel drug-nanoparticles capable of accumulating in PDX tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect in tumor vasculature may lead to new and effective TNBC treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wendler A, Wehling M. Translatability score revisited: differentiation for distinct disease areas. J Transl Med 2017; 15:226. [PMID: 29100553 PMCID: PMC5670516 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translational science supports successful transition of early biomedical research into human applications. In 2009 a translatability score to assess risk and identify strengths and weaknesses of a given project has been designed and successfully tested in case studies. The score elements, in particular the contributing weight factors, are heterogeneous for different disease areas; therefore, the score was individualized for six areas (cardiovascular, oncology, psychiatric, anti-viral, anti-bacterial/fungal and monogenetic diseases). Results FDA reviews and related literature were used for modifications of the score with emphasis on biomarkers, personalized medicine and animal models. 113 new medical entities approved by FDA from 2012 through 2016 were evaluated and metrics obtained for companion diagnostics and animal models as starting points for author-based individualization of the score. Most drugs approved in this period were related to oncology (46%), while the approvals were lowest for psychiatrics (4%). The evaluation of the FDA package inserts revealed that companion diagnostics play an important role in every field except psychiatrics. Further the analysis of the FDA reviews showed the weakness of animal models in psychiatrics and anti-virals, while useful animal models were present for all other fields. Consequently the scoring system was adapted to the different fields, resulting in increased weights for animal models, biomarker and personalized medicine in oncology. For psychiatrics the weights for animal models, biomarker and personalized medicine were decreased, while the weight for model compounds, clinical trials and surrogate or endpoint strategy were increased. For anti-viral drugs weights for in vitro data and personalized medicine were increased, while the weight for animal models was decreased. Further, for anti-bacterial/fungal drugs weights for animal models and personalized medicine were increased. Weights were increased for genetics and personalized medicine and decreased for model compounds for monogenetic orphans. Conclusions Adaptation of the score to different disease areas should help to support a structured and diverse approach to translation and encourage researchers in the private or public sectors to further customize the score. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-017-1329-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wendler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Wehling
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gyawali B, Parsad S, Feinberg BA, Nabhan C. Real-World Evidence and Randomized Studies in the Precision Oncology Era: The Right Balance. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-5. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Gyawali
- Bishal Gyawali, Institute of Cancer Policy, London, United Kingdom; Sandeep Parsad, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Bruce A. Feinberg and Chadi Nabhan, Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH
| | - Sandeep Parsad
- Bishal Gyawali, Institute of Cancer Policy, London, United Kingdom; Sandeep Parsad, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Bruce A. Feinberg and Chadi Nabhan, Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH
| | - Bruce A. Feinberg
- Bishal Gyawali, Institute of Cancer Policy, London, United Kingdom; Sandeep Parsad, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Bruce A. Feinberg and Chadi Nabhan, Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH
| | - Chadi Nabhan
- Bishal Gyawali, Institute of Cancer Policy, London, United Kingdom; Sandeep Parsad, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Bruce A. Feinberg and Chadi Nabhan, Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Segarra I, Modamio P, Fernández C, Mariño EL. Sex-Divergent Clinical Outcomes and Precision Medicine: An Important New Role for Institutional Review Boards and Research Ethics Committees. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:488. [PMID: 28785221 PMCID: PMC5519571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efforts toward individualized medicine have constantly increased in an attempt to improve treatment options. These efforts have led to the development of small molecules which target specific molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. We have reviewed preclinical studies of sunitinib that incorporate sex as a covariate to explore possible sex-based differences in pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions (DDI) to attempt a relationship with published clinical outputs. We observed that covariate sex is lacking in most clinical outcome reports and suggest a series of ethic-based proposals to improve research activities and identify relevant different sex outcomes. We propose a deeper integration of preclinical, clinical, and translational research addressing statistical and clinical significance jointly; to embed specific sex-divergent endpoints to evaluate possible gender differences objectively during all stages of research; to pay greater attention to sex-divergent outcomes in polypharmacy scenarios, DDI and bioequivalence studies; the clear reporting of preclinical and clinical findings regarding sex-divergent outcomes; as well as to encourage the active role of scientists and the pharmaceutical industry to foster a new scientific culture through their research programs, practice, and participation in editorial boards and Institutional Ethics Review Boards (IRBs) and Research Ethics Committees (RECs). We establish the IRB/REC as the centerpiece for the implementation of these proposals. We suggest the expansion of its competence to follow up clinical trials to ensure that sex differences are addressed and recognized; to engage in data monitoring committees to improve clinical research cooperation and ethically address those potential clinical outcome differences between male and female patients to analyze their social and clinical implications in research and healthcare policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Segarra
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Modamio
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernández
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo L Mariño
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muraro MG, Muenst S, Mele V, Quagliata L, Iezzi G, Tzankov A, Weber WP, Spagnoli GC, Soysal SD. Ex-vivo assessment of drug response on breast cancer primary tissue with preserved microenvironments. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1331798. [PMID: 28811974 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1331798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between cancerous, non-transformed cells, and non-cellular components within the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in response to treatment. However, short-term culture or xenotransplantation of cancer specimens in immunodeficient animals results in dramatic modifications of the tumor microenvironment, thus preventing reliable assessment of compounds or biologicals of potential therapeutic relevance. We used a perfusion-based bioreactor developed for tissue engineering purposes to successfully maintain the tumor microenvironment of freshly excised breast cancer tissue obtained from 27 breast cancer patients and used this platform to test the therapeutic effect of antiestrogens as well as checkpoint-inhibitors on the cancer cells. Viability and functions of tumor and immune cells could be maintained for over 2 weeks in perfused bioreactors. Next generation sequencing authenticated cultured tissue specimens as closely matching the original clinical samples. Anti-estrogen treatment of cultured estrogen receptor positive breast cancer tissue as well as administration of pertuzumab to a Her2 positive breast cancer both had an anti-proliferative effect. Treatment with anti-programmed-death-Ligand (PD-L)-1 and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 antibodies lead to immune activation, evidenced by increased lymphocyte proliferation, increased expression of IFNγ, and decreased expression of IL10, accompanied by a massive cancer cell death in ex vivo triple negative breast cancer specimens. In the era of personalized medicine, the ex vivo culture of breast cancer tissue represents a promising approach for the pre-clinical evaluation of conventional and immune-mediated treatments and provides a platform for testing of innovative treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Quagliata
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giandomenica Iezzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter P Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas D Soysal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Spilker ME, Chen X, Visswanathan R, Vage C, Yamazaki S, Li G, Lucas J, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Vicini P. Found in Translation: Maximizing the Clinical Relevance of Nonclinical Oncology Studies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1080-1090. [PMID: 27551002 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The translation of nonclinical oncology studies is a subject of continuous debate. We propose that translational oncology studies need to optimize both pharmacokinetic (drug exposure) and pharmacodynamic (xenograft model) aspects. While improvements in pharmacodynamic translatability can be obtained by choosing cell lines or patient-derived xenograft models closer to the clinical indication, significant ambiguity and variability exists when optimizing the pharmacokinetic translation of small molecule and biotherapeutic agents.Experimental Design and Results: In this work, we propose a pharmacokinetic-based strategy to select nonclinical doses for approved drug molecules. We define a clinically relevant dose (CRD) as the dosing regimen in mice that most closely approximates the relevant pharmacokinetic metric in humans. Such metrics include area under the time-concentration curve and maximal or minimal concentrations within the dosing interval. The methodology is applied to six drugs, including targeted agents and chemotherapeutics, small and large molecules (erlotinib, dasatinib, vismodegib, trastuzumab, irinotecan, and capecitabine). The resulting efficacy response at the CRD is compared with clinical responses.Conclusions: We conclude that nonclinical studies designed with the appropriate CRDs of approved drug molecules will maximize the translatability of efficacy results, which is critical when testing approved and investigational agents in combination. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1080-90. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Spilker
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California.
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| | - Ravi Visswanathan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| | - Chandra Vage
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| | - Gang Li
- Ignyta, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Paolo Vicini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism - New Biological Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen WC, Yuan JS, Xing Y, Mitchell A, Mbong N, Popescu AC, McLeod J, Gerhard G, Kennedy JA, Bogdanoski G, Lauriault S, Perdu S, Merkulova Y, Minden MD, Hogge DE, Guidos C, Dick JE, Wang JCY. An Integrated Analysis of Heterogeneous Drug Responses in Acute Myeloid Leukemia That Enables the Discovery of Predictive Biomarkers. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1214-24. [PMID: 26833125 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many promising new cancer drugs proceed through preclinical testing and early-phase trials only to fail in late-stage clinical testing. Thus, improved models that better predict survival outcomes and enable the development of biomarkers are needed to identify patients most likely to respond to and benefit from therapy. Here, we describe a comprehensive approach in which we incorporated biobanking, xenografting, and multiplexed phospho-flow (PF) cytometric profiling to study drug response and identify predictive biomarkers in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. To test the efficacy of our approach, we evaluated the investigational JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib (FED) in 64 patient samples. FED robustly reduced leukemia in mouse xenograft models in 59% of cases and was also effective in limiting the protumorigenic activity of leukemia stem cells as shown by serial transplantation assays. In parallel, PF profiling identified FED-mediated reduction in phospho-STAT5 (pSTAT5) levels as a predictive biomarker of in vivo drug response with high specificity (92%) and strong positive predictive value (93%). Unexpectedly, another JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib (RUX), was ineffective in 8 of 10 FED-responsive samples. Notably, this outcome could be predicted by the status of pSTAT5 signaling, which was unaffected by RUX treatment. Consistent with this observed discrepancy, PF analysis revealed that FED exerted its effects through multiple JAK2-independent mechanisms. Collectively, this work establishes an integrated approach for testing novel anticancer agents that captures the inherent variability of response caused by disease heterogeneity and in parallel, facilitates the identification of predictive biomarkers that can help stratify patients into appropriate clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihsu C Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie S Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Xing
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Mbong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreea C Popescu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica McLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gitte Gerhard
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James A Kennedy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Goce Bogdanoski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stevan Lauriault
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofie Perdu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yulia Merkulova
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna E Hogge
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cynthia Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean C Y Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Hirt C, Papadimitropoulos A, Muraro MG, Mele V, Panopoulos E, Cremonesi E, Ivanek R, Schultz-Thater E, Droeser RA, Mengus C, Heberer M, Oertli D, Iezzi G, Zajac P, Eppenberger-Castori S, Tornillo L, Terracciano L, Martin I, Spagnoli GC. Bioreactor-engineered cancer tissue-like structures mimic phenotypes, gene expression profiles and drug resistance patterns observed "in vivo". Biomaterials 2015; 62:138-46. [PMID: 26051518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer compound screening on 2D cell cultures poorly predicts "in vivo" performance, while conventional 3D culture systems are usually characterized by limited cell proliferation, failing to produce tissue-like-structures (TLS) suitable for drug testing. We addressed engineering of TLS by culturing cancer cells in porous scaffolds under perfusion flow. Colorectal cancer (CRC) HT-29 cells were cultured in 2D, on collagen sponges in static conditions or in perfused bioreactors, or injected subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. Perfused 3D (p3D) cultures resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.0001) cell proliferation than static 3D (s3D) cultures and yielded more homogeneous TLS, with morphology and phenotypes similar to xenografts. Transcriptome analysis revealed a high correlation between xenografts and p3D cultures, particularly for gene clusters regulating apoptotic processes and response to hypoxia. Treatment with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a frequently used but often clinically ineffective chemotherapy drug, induced apoptosis, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (BCL-2, TRAF1, and c-FLIP) and decreased cell numbers in 2D, but only "nucleolar stress" in p3D and xenografts. Conversely, BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199 induced cytotoxic effects in p3D but not in 2D cultures. Our findings advocate the importance of perfusion flow in 3D cultures of tumor cells to efficiently mimic functional features observed "in vivo" and to test anticancer compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hirt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Papadimitropoulos
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mele
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evangelos Panopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Cremonesi
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elke Schultz-Thater
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Mengus
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heberer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Oertli
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giandomenica Iezzi
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Zajac
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luigi Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryall KA, Tan AC. Systems biology approaches for advancing the discovery of effective drug combinations. J Cheminform 2015; 7:7. [PMID: 25741385 PMCID: PMC4348553 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-015-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases like cancer are regulated by large, interconnected networks with many pathways affecting cell proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance. However, current cancer therapy predominantly relies on the reductionist approach of one gene-one disease. Combinations of drugs may overcome drug resistance by limiting mutations and induction of escape pathways, but given the enormous number of possible drug combinations, strategies to reduce the search space and prioritize experiments are needed. In this review, we focus on the use of computational modeling, bioinformatics and high-throughput experimental methods for discovery of drug combinations. We highlight cutting-edge systems approaches, including large-scale modeling of cell signaling networks, network motif analysis, statistical association-based models, identifying correlations in gene signatures, functional genomics, and high-throughput combination screens. We also present a list of publicly available data and resources to aid in discovery of drug combinations. Integration of these systems approaches will enable faster discovery and translation of clinically relevant drug combinations. Spectrum of Systems Biology Approaches for Drug Combinations. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Ryall
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E.17th Ave., L18-8116, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E.17th Ave., L18-8116, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA ; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barriuso J, Nagaraju R, Hurlstone A. Zebrafish: a new companion for translational research in oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:969-75. [PMID: 25573382 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an era of high-throughput "omic" technologies, the unprecedented amount of data that can be generated presents a significant opportunity but simultaneously an even greater challenge for oncologists trying to provide personalized treatment. Classically, preclinical testing of new targets and identification of active compounds against those targets have entailed the extensive use of established human cell lines, as well as genetically modified mouse tumor models. Patient-derived xenografts in zebrafish may in the near future provide a platform for selecting an appropriate personalized therapy and together with zebrafish transgenic tumor models represent an alternative vehicle for drug development. The zebrafish is readily genetically modified. The transparency of zebrafish embryos and the recent development of pigment-deficient zebrafish afford researchers the valuable capacity to observe directly cancer formation and progression in a live vertebrate host. The zebrafish is amenable to transplantation assays that test the serial passage of fluorescently labeled tumor cells as well as their capacity to disseminate and/or metastasize. Progress achieved to date in genetic engineering and xenotransplantation will establish the zebrafish as one of the most versatile animal models for cancer research. A model organism that can be used in transgenesis, transplantation assays, single-cell functional assays, and in vivo imaging studies make zebrafish a natural companion for mice in translational oncology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barriuso
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Raghavendar Nagaraju
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Song HHG, Park KM, Gerecht S. Hydrogels to model 3D in vitro microenvironment of tumor vascularization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:19-29. [PMID: 24969477 PMCID: PMC4258430 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of failing clinical trials for cancer therapy are substantiating the need to upgrade the current practice in culturing tumor cells and modeling tumor angiogenesis in vitro. Many attempts have been made to engineer vasculature in vitro by utilizing hydrogels, but the application of these tools in simulating in vivo tumor angiogenesis is still very new. In this review, we explore current use of hydrogels and their design parameters to engineer vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and to evaluate the angiogenic capability of cancerous cells and tissues. By coupling these hydrogels with other technologies such as lithography and three-dimensional printing, one can create an advanced microvessel model as microfluidic channels to more accurately capture the native angiogenesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ho Greco Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, 3400 North Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kyung Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, 3400 North Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, 3400 North Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Giri S, Bader A. A low-cost, high-quality new drug discovery process using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:37-49. [PMID: 25448756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knockout, knock-in and conditional mutant gene-targeted mice are routinely used for disease modeling in the drug discovery process, but the human response is often difficult to predict from these models. It is believed that patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could replace millions of animals currently sacrificed in preclinical testing and provide a route to new safer pharmaceutical products. In this review, we discuss the use of IPSCs in the drug discovery process. We highlight how they can be used to assess the toxicity and clinical efficacy of drug candidates before the latter are moved into costly and lengthy preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibashish Giri
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Translational research in oncology--10 years of progress and future prospects. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:649-62. [PMID: 25286976 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
International efforts to sequence the genomes of various human cancers have been broadly deployed in drug discovery programmes. Diagnostic tests that predict the value of the molecularly targeted anticancer agents used in such programmes are conceived and validated in parallel with new small-molecule treatments and immunotherapies. This approach has been aided by better preclinical cancer models; an enhanced appreciation of the complex interactions that exist between tumour cells and their microenvironment; the elucidation of interactions between many of the genetic drivers of cancer, including oncogenes and tumour suppressors; and recent insights into the genetic heterogeneity of human tumours made possible by extraordinary improvements in DNA-sequencing techniques. These advances are being employed in the first generation of genomic clinical trials that will examine the feasibility of matching a broad range of systemic therapies to specific molecular tumour characteristics. More-extensive molecular characterization of tumours and their supporting matrices are anticipated to become standard aspects of oncological practice, permitting continuous molecular re-evaluations of human malignancies on a patient-by-patient and treatment-by-treatment basis. We review selected developments in translational cancer biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics that have occurred over the past decade and offer our thoughts on future prospects for the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Doroshow
- 1] Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Room 3A-44, Building 31, 31 Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. [2] Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research, Room 3A-44, Building 31, 31 Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Room 3A-44, Building 31, 31 Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ranzani M, Annunziato S, Calabria A, Brasca S, Benedicenti F, Gallina P, Naldini L, Montini E. Lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis identifies genes involved in the resistance to targeted anticancer therapies. Mol Ther 2014; 22:2056-2068. [PMID: 25195596 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high transduction efficiency of lentiviral vectors in a wide variety of cells makes them an ideal tool for forward genetics screenings addressing issues of cancer research. Although molecular targeted therapies have provided significant advances in tumor treatment, relapses often occur by the expansion of tumor cell clones carrying mutations that confer resistance. Identification of the culprits of anticancer drug resistance is fundamental for the achievement of long-term response. Here, we developed a new lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis screening to identify genes that confer resistance to clinically relevant targeted anticancer therapies. By applying this genome-wide approach to cell lines representing two subtypes of HER2(+) breast cancer, we identified 62 candidate lapatinib resistance genes. We validated the top ranking genes, i.e., PIK3CA and PIK3CB, by showing that their forced expression confers resistance to lapatinib in vitro and found that their mutation/overexpression is associated to poor prognosis in human breast tumors. Then, we successfully applied this approach to the identification of erlotinib resistance genes in pancreatic cancer, thus showing the intrinsic versatility of the approach. The acquired knowledge can help identifying combinations of targeted drugs to overcome the occurrence of resistance, thus opening new horizons for more effective treatment of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ranzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Current address: Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Annunziato
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Current address: Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Brasca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pastore S, Lulli D, Girolomoni G. Epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in keratinocyte biology: implications for skin toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1189-203. [PMID: 24770552 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have been long recognized as centrally involved in the growth and repair process of epithelia, as well as in carcinogenesis. In addition, the EGFR has been demonstrated to be importantly involved in the control of inflammatory responses. During this last decade, a number of highly specific agents targeting this system have become an integral component of pharmacologic strategies against many solid malignancies. These drugs have led to increased patient survival and made therapy more tolerant when compared to conventional cytotoxic drugs. Nonetheless, their use is associated with a constellation of toxic effects on the skin, including follicular pustules, persistent inflammation, xerosis and pruritus, and enhanced susceptibility to infections. This dramatic impairment of skin homoeostasis underscores the centrality of the EGFR-ligand system in the whole skin immune system. So far, no mechanism-based approaches are available to specifically counteract the adverse effects of anti-EGFR drugs or any other class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Only the knowledge of the cellular and molecular events underlying these adverse effects in humans, combined with in vitro/in vivo models able to mimic these toxic responses, may guide the development of mechanism-based treatment or prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Pastore
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bertotti A, Trusolino L. From bench to bedside: does preclinical practice in translational oncology need some rebuilding? J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1426-7. [PMID: 24052623 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertotti
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School (AB, LT); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (AB, LT), Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|