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Ubaid S, Kashif M, Laiq Y, Nayak AK, Kumar V, Singh V. Targeting HIF-1α in sickle cell disease and cancer: unraveling therapeutic opportunities and risks. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:357-373. [PMID: 38861226 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2367640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIF-1α, a key player in medical science, holds immense significance in therapeutic approaches. This review delves into its complex dynamics, emphasizing the delicate balance required for its modulation. HIF-1α stands as a cornerstone in medical research, its role extending to therapeutic strategies. This review explores the intricate interplay surrounding HIF-1α, highlighting its critical involvement and the necessity for cautious modulation. AREAS COVERED In sickle cell disease (SCD), HIF-1α's potential to augment fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production and mitigate symptoms is underscored. Furthermore, its role in cancer is examined, particularly its influence on survival in hypoxic tumor microenvironments, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The discussion extends to the intricate relationship between HIF-1α modulation and cancer risks in SCD patients, emphasizing the importance of balancing therapeutic benefits and potential hazards. EXPERT OPINION Managing HIF-1α modulation in SCD patients requires a nuanced approach, considering therapeutic potential alongside associated risks, especially in exacerbating cancer risks. An evolutionary perspective adds depth, highlighting adaptations in populations adapted to low-oxygen environments and aligning cancer cell metabolism with primitive cells. The role of HIF-1α as a therapeutic target is discussed within the context of complex cancer biology and metabolism, acknowledging varied responses across diverse cancers influenced by intricate evolutionary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Yusra Laiq
- Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Vipin Kumar
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Ossoliński K, Ruman T, Copié V, Tripet BP, Kołodziej A, Płaza-Altamer A, Ossolińska A, Ossoliński T, Krupa Z, Nizioł J. Metabolomic profiling of human bladder tissue extracts. Metabolomics 2024; 20:14. [PMID: 38267657 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is a common malignancy affecting the urinary tract and effective biomarkers and for which monitoring therapeutic interventions have yet to be identified. OBJECTIVES Major aim of this work was to perform metabolomic profiling of human bladder cancer and adjacent normal tissue and to evaluate cancer biomarkers. METHODS This study utilized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution nanoparticle-based laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) methods to investigate polar metabolite profiles in tissue samples from 99 bladder cancer patients. RESULTS Through NMR spectroscopy, six tissue metabolites were identified and quantified as potential indicators of bladder cancer, while LDI-MS allowed detection of 34 compounds which distinguished cancer tissue samples from adjacent normal tissue. Thirteen characteristic tissue metabolites were also found to differentiate bladder cancer tumor grades and thirteen metabolites were correlated with tumor stages. Receiver-operating characteristics analysis showed high predictive power for all three types of metabolomics data, with area under the curve (AUC) values greater than 0.853. CONCLUSION To date, this is the first study in which bladder human normal tissues adjacent to cancerous tissues are analyzed using both NMR and MS method. These findings suggest that the metabolite markers identified in this study may be useful for the detection and monitoring of bladder cancer stages and grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ossoliński
- Department of Urology, John Paul II Hospital, Grunwaldzka 4 St., 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Valérie Copié
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Brian P Tripet
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Artur Kołodziej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aneta Płaza-Altamer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Ossolińska
- Department of Urology, John Paul II Hospital, Grunwaldzka 4 St., 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossoliński
- Department of Urology, John Paul II Hospital, Grunwaldzka 4 St., 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Krupa
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszów University of Technology, 8 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
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Kadasah SF. Prognostic Significance of Glycolysis-Related Genes in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1143. [PMID: 38256214 PMCID: PMC10816031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common malignancies. There is growing evidence that glycolysis-related genes play a critical role in tumor development, maintenance, and therapeutic response by altering tumor metabolism and thereby influencing the tumor immune microenvironment. However, the overall impact of glycolysis-related genes on the prognostic significance, tumor microenvironment characteristics, and treatment outcome of patients with LUSC has not been fully elucidated. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset to screen glycolysis-related genes with prognostic effects in LUSC and constructed signature and nomogram models using Lasso and Cox regression, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the immune infiltration and tumor mutation load of the genes in the models. We finally obtained a total of glycolysis-associated DEGs. The signature model and nomogram model had good prognostic power for LUSC. Gene expression in the models was highly correlated with multiple immune cells in LUSC. Through this analysis, we have identified and validated for the first time that glycolysis-related genes are highly associated with the development of LUSC. In addition, we constructed the signature model and nomogram model for clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
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Bhattacharyya M, Jariyal H, Srivastava A. Hyaluronic acid: More than a carrier, having an overpowering extracellular and intracellular impact on cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121081. [PMID: 37364954 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), also named hyaluronan, is an omnipresent component of the tissue microenvironment. It is extensively used to formulate targeted drug delivery systems for cancer. Although HA itself has pivotal influences in various cancers, its calibers are somewhat neglected when using it as delivering platform to treat cancer. In the last decade, multiple studies revealed roles of HA in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and dormancy through pathways like mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), P38, and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB). A more fascinating fact is that the distinct molecular weight (MW) of HA exerts disparate effects on the same type of cancer. Its overwhelming use in cancer therapy and other therapeutic products make collective research on the sundry impact of it on various types of cancer, an essential aspect to be considered in all of these domains. Even the development of new therapies against cancer needed meticulous studies on HA because of its divergence of activity based on MW. This review will provide painstaking insight into the extracellular and intracellular bioactivity of HA, its modified forms, and its MW in cancers, which may improve the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Heena Jariyal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Device, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Mahé M, Rios-Fuller TJ, Karolin A, Schneider RJ. Genetics of enzymatic dysfunctions in metabolic disorders and cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230934. [PMID: 37601653 PMCID: PMC10433910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders arise from mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis, assembly, or activity of metabolic enzymes, leading to enzymatic deficiency and severe metabolic impairments. Metabolic enzymes are essential for the normal functioning of cells and are involved in the production of amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides, which are essential for cell growth, division and survival. When the activity of metabolic enzymes is disrupted due to mutations or changes in expression levels, it can result in various metabolic disorders that have also been linked to cancer development. However, there remains much to learn regarding the relationship between the dysregulation of metabolic enzymes and metabolic adaptations in cancer cells. In this review, we explore how dysregulated metabolism due to the alteration or change of metabolic enzymes in cancer cells plays a crucial role in tumor development, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. In addition, these changes in metabolism provide cancer cells with a number of advantages, including increased proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and the ability to evade the immune system. The tumor microenvironment, genetic context, and different signaling pathways further influence this interplay between cancer and metabolism. This review aims to explore how the dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in specific pathways, including the urea cycle, glycogen storage, lysosome storage, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration, contributes to the development of metabolic disorders and cancer. Additionally, the review seeks to shed light on why these enzymes represent crucial potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Grossman NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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de Heer EC, Zois CE, Bridges E, van der Vegt B, Sheldon H, Veldman WA, Zwager MC, van der Sluis T, Haider S, Morita T, Baba O, Schröder CP, de Jong S, Harris AL, Jalving M. Glycogen synthase 1 targeting reveals a metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:143. [PMID: 37280675 PMCID: PMC10242793 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-induced glycogen turnover is implicated in cancer proliferation and therapy resistance. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), characterized by a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, respond poorly to therapy. We studied the expression of glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), the key regulator of glycogenesis, and other glycogen-related enzymes in primary tumors of patients with breast cancer and evaluated the impact of GYS1 downregulation in preclinical models. METHODS mRNA expression of GYS1 and other glycogen-related enzymes in primary breast tumors and the correlation with patient survival were studied in the METABRIC dataset (n = 1904). Immunohistochemical staining of GYS1 and glycogen was performed on a tissue microarray of primary breast cancers (n = 337). In four breast cancer cell lines and a mouse xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer, GYS1 was downregulated using small-interfering or stably expressed short-hairpin RNAs to study the effect of downregulation on breast cancer cell proliferation, glycogen content and sensitivity to various metabolically targeted drugs. RESULTS High GYS1 mRNA expression was associated with poor patient overall survival (HR 1.20, P = 0.009), especially in the TNBC subgroup (HR 1.52, P = 0.014). Immunohistochemical GYS1 expression in primary breast tumors was highest in TNBCs (median H-score 80, IQR 53-121) and other Ki67-high tumors (median H-score 85, IQR 57-124) (P < 0.0001). Knockdown of GYS1 impaired proliferation of breast cancer cells, depleted glycogen stores and delayed growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts. Knockdown of GYS1 made breast cancer cells more vulnerable to inhibition of mitochondrial proteostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight GYS1 as potential therapeutic target in breast cancer, especially in TNBC and other highly proliferative subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C de Heer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C E Zois
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, School of Health, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - E Bridges
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - B van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Sheldon
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - W A Veldman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M C Zwager
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T van der Sluis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - T Morita
- Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - O Baba
- Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - C P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - M Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wilczak M, Surman M, Przybyło M. Altered Glycosylation in Progression and Management of Bladder Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083436. [PMID: 37110670 PMCID: PMC10146225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common malignancy worldwide, with an estimated 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths in 2020. Available therapeutic approaches are still unable to reduce the incidence of BC metastasis and the high mortality rates of BC patients. Therefore, there is a need to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BC progression to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. One such mechanism is protein glycosylation. Numerous studies reported changes in glycan biosynthesis during neoplastic transformation, resulting in the appearance of the so-called tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) on the cell surface. TACAs affect a wide range of key biological processes, including tumor cell survival and proliferation, invasion and metastasis, induction of chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and insensitivity to apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current information on how altered glycosylation of bladder cancer cells promotes disease progression and to present the potential use of glycans for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wilczak
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11 Street, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Sottnik JL, Vanderlinden L, Joshi M, Chauca-Diaz A, Owens C, Hansel DE, Sempeck C, Ghosh D, Theodorescu D. Androgen Receptor Regulates CD44 Expression in Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2833-2846. [PMID: 33687952 PMCID: PMC8782536 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of both experimental and human bladder cancer. However, the role of AR in bladder cancer growth and progression is less clear, with literature indicating that more advanced stage and grade disease are associated with reduced AR expression. To determine the mechanisms underlying these relationships, we profiled AR-expressing human bladder cancer cells by AR chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and complementary transcriptomic approaches in response to in vitro stimulation by the synthetic androgen R1881. In vivo functional genomics consisting of pooled shRNA or pooled open reading frame libraries was employed to evaluate 97 genes that recapitulate the direction of expression associated with androgen stimulation. Interestingly, we identified CD44, the receptor for hyaluronic acid, a potent biomarker and driver of progressive disease in multiple tumor types, as significantly associated with androgen stimulation. CRISPR-based mutagenesis of androgen response elements associated with CD44 identified a novel silencer element leading to the direct transcriptional repression of CD44 expression. In human patients with bladder cancer, tumor AR and CD44 mRNA and protein expression were inversely correlated, suggesting a clinically relevant AR-CD44 axis. Collectively, our work describes a novel mechanism partly explaining the inverse relationship between AR and bladder cancer tumor progression and suggests that AR and CD44 expression may be useful for prognostication and therapeutic selection in primary bladder cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes novel AREs that suppress CD44 and an expected inverse correlation of AR-CD44 expression observed in human bladder tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ana Chauca-Diaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Charles Owens
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Colin Sempeck
- Department of Molecular Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Xu Z, Zhang S, Nian F, Xu S. Identification of a glycolysis-related gene signature associated with clinical outcome for patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4017-4029. [PMID: 33991070 PMCID: PMC8209576 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), one of the main types of lung cancer, has caused a huge social burden. There has been no significant progress in its therapy in recent years, Resulting in a poor prognosis. This study aims to develop a glycolysis‐related gene signature to predict patients’ survival with LUSC and explore new therapeutic targets. Methods We obtained the mRNA expression and clinical information of 550 patients with LUSC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Glycolysis genes were identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The glycolysis‐related gene signature was established using the Cox regression analysis. Results We developed five glycolysis‐related genes signature (HKDC1, AGL, ALDH7A1, SLC16A3, and MIOX) to calculate each patient's risk score. According to the risk score, patients were divided into high‐ and low‐risk groups and exhibited significant differences in overall survival (OS) between the two groups. The ROC curves showed that the AUC was 0.707 for the training cohort and 0.651 for the validation cohort. Additionally, the risk score was confirmed as an independent risk factor for LUSC patients by Cox regression analysis. Conclusion We built a gene signature to clarify the connection between glycolysis and LUSC. This model performs well in evaluating patients’ survival with LUSC and provides new biomarkers for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fulai Nian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangyu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Otto Warburg observed a peculiar phenomenon in 1924, unknowingly laying the foundation for the field of cancer metabolism. While his contemporaries hypothesized that tumor cells derived the energy required for uncontrolled replication from proteolysis and lipolysis, Warburg instead found them to rapidly consume glucose, converting it to lactate even in the presence of oxygen. The significance of this finding, later termed the Warburg effect, went unnoticed by the broader scientific community at that time. The field of cancer metabolism lay dormant for almost a century awaiting advances in molecular biology and genetics, which would later open the doors to new cancer therapies [2, 3].
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Wu C, Cai X, Yan J, Deng A, Cao Y, Zhu X. Identification of Novel Glycolysis-Related Gene Signatures Associated With Prognosis of Patients With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on TCGA. Front Genet 2020; 11:589663. [PMID: 33391344 PMCID: PMC7775602 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.589663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the present study was to detect novel glycolysis-related gene signatures of prognostic values for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods Glycolysis-related gene sets were acquired from the Molecular Signatures Database (V7.0). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software (4.0.3) was applied to analyze glycolysis-related gene sets. The Perl programming language (5.32.0) was used to extract glycolysis-related genes and clinical information of patients with ccRCC. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier curve were drawn by the R programming language (3.6.3). Results The four glycolysis-related genes (B3GAT3, CENPA, AGL, and ALDH3A2) associated with prognosis were identified using Cox proportional regression analysis. A risk score staging system was established to predict the outcomes of patients with ccRCC. The patients with ccRCC were classified into the low-risk group and high-risk group. Conclusions We have successfully constructed a risk staging model for ccRCC. The model has a better performance in predicting the prognosis of patients, which may have positive reference value for the treatment and curative effect evaluation of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjiang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Anyu Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Khan T, Sullivan MA, Gunter JH, Kryza T, Lyons N, He Y, Hooper JD. Revisiting Glycogen in Cancer: A Conspicuous and Targetable Enabler of Malignant Transformation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:592455. [PMID: 33224887 PMCID: PMC7667517 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be exclusively a storage hub for glucose, glycogen is now known to be essential in a range of physiological processes and pathological conditions. Glycogen lies at the nexus of diverse processes that promote malignancy, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. It is also implicated in processes associated with the tumor microenvironment such as immune cell effector function and crosstalk with cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote metastasis. The enzymes of glycogen metabolism are dysregulated in a wide variety of malignancies, including cancers of the kidney, ovary, lung, bladder, liver, blood, and breast. Understanding and targeting glycogen metabolism in cancer presents a promising but under-explored therapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the role of glycogen in cancer progression and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashbib Khan
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer H. Gunter
- Faculty of Health, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Lyons
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute—The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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13
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Zhou Z, Kinslow CJ, Wang P, Huang B, Cheng SK, Deutsch I, Gentry MS, Sun RC. Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Is a Glycogen-Rich Tumor with Poorer Prognosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E138. [PMID: 31947882 PMCID: PMC7019566 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare variant of urinary bladder carcinoma with a glycogen-rich phenotype and unknown prognosis. Using the National Cancer Institute's surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program database, we documented recent trends in incidence, mortality, demographical characteristics, and survival on this rare subtype of urinary bladder cancer. The overall age-adjusted incidence and mortality of CCA was 0.087 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.069-0.107) and 0.064 (95% CI: 0.049-0.081) respectively per million population. In comparison to non-CCAs, CCAs were more commonly associated with younger age (<60 years old, p = 0.005), female (p < 0.001), black ethnicity (p = 0.001), grade III (p < 0.001), and higher AJCC 6th staging (p < 0.001). In addition, CCA patients more frequently received complete cystectomy (p < 0.001) and beam radiation (p < 0.001) than non-CCA patients. Our study showed a poorer prognosis of CCAs compared to all other carcinomas of the urinary bladder (p < 0.001), accounted for by higher tumor staging of CCA cases. This study adds to the growing evidence that glycogen-rich cancers may have unique characteristics affecting tumor aggressiveness and patient prognosis. Additional mechanistic studies are needed to assess whether it's the excess glycogen that contributes to the higher stage at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (Z.Z.); (M.S.G.)
| | - Connor J. Kinslow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.J.K.); (S.K.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Simon K. Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.J.K.); (S.K.C.); (I.D.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Israel Deutsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.J.K.); (S.K.C.); (I.D.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (Z.Z.); (M.S.G.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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14
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Dancik GM, Williams K, Zhang M, Romanenko N. Cancer Publication Portal: an online tool for summarizing and searching human cancer-genomic publications. F1000Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21463.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A search of PubMed lists >582,000 citations with the keywords “cancer” and “gene”. The large volume of cancer genomic publications necessitates the development of text-mining tools to help cancer researchers navigate and summarize articles efficiently. We developed a Cancer Publication Portal (CPP) to help researchers efficiently search and summarize cancer genomic publications, based on one or more genes of interest. CPP integrates data from several sources, including PubTator, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database; the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee human gene name database; PubMed, a database of biomedical literature citations; and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus. Following each query, results are summarized and include the publication frequency for each cancer type, as well as publication frequencies for cancer terms, pharmacological agents, genomic mutations, and additional genes stratified by cancer type. Cancer terms were identified by comparing titles and abstracts from cancer-related (N=851,868) and non-cancer related articles (N=2,607,020). CPP allows a user to quickly obtain publication statistics, such as the frequency of articles mentioning EGFR across cancer types, and to explore associations, such as the association between pharmacological agent and cancer type. Result summaries are interactive, so additional filters can be easily added as the literature is explored. After a search is completed, a PubTator collection can be quickly created, in order to view article titles and abstracts in PubTator. CPP currently includes information for ~1.1 million cancer-related publications associated with >23,000 human genes. Database URL: https://gdancik.github.io/bioinformatics/CPP/.
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15
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Sottnik JL, Mallaredy V, Chauca-Diaz A, Ritterson Lew C, Owens C, Dancik GM, Pagliarani S, Lucchiari S, Moggio M, Ripolone M, Comi GP, Frierson HF, Clouthier D, Theodorescu D. Elucidating the role of Agl in bladder carcinogenesis by generation and characterization of genetically engineered mice. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:194-201. [PMID: 30403777 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase,4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL) is an enzyme primarily responsible for glycogen debranching. Germline mutations lead to glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII). We recently found AGL to be a tumor suppressor in xenograft models of human bladder cancer (BC) and low levels of AGL expression in BC are associated with poor patient prognosis. However, the impact of low AGL expression on the susceptibility of normal bladder to carcinogenesis is unknown. We address this gap by developing a germline Agl knockout (Agl-/-) mouse that recapitulates biochemical and histological features of GSDIII. Agl-/- mice exposed to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) had a higher BC incidence compared with wild-type mice (Agl+/+). To determine if the increased BC incidence observed was due to decreased Agl expression in the urothelium specifically, we developed a urothelium-specific conditional Agl knockout (Aglcko) mouse using a Uroplakin II-Cre allele. BBN-induced carcinogenesis experiments repeated in Aglcko mice revealed that Aglcko mice had a higher BC incidence than control (Aglfl/fl) mice. RNA sequencing revealed that tumors from Agl-/- mice had 19 differentially expressed genes compared with control mice. An 'Agl Loss' gene signature was developed and found to successfully stratify normal and tumor samples in two BC patient datasets. These results support the role of AGL loss in promoting carcinogenesis and provide a rationale for evaluating Agl expression levels, or Agl Loss gene signature scores, in normal urothelium of populations at risk of BC development such as older male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vandana Mallaredy
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ana Chauca-Diaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carolyn Ritterson Lew
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles Owens
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Garrett M Dancik
- Department of Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA
| | - Serena Pagliarani
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lucchiari
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, and Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Liu W, Woolbright BL, Pirani K, Didde R, Abbott E, Kaushik G, Martin P, Hamilton-Reeves J, Taylor JA, Holzbeierlein JM, Anant S, Lee EK. Tumor M2-PK: A novel urine marker of bladder cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218737. [PMID: 31246990 PMCID: PMC6597081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder cancer is a "Warburg-like" tumor characterized by a reliance on aerobic glycolysis and expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). PKM2 oscillates between an active tetramer and an inactive dimer. We aim to further characterize PKM2, in particular PKM2 dimer, as a urinary biomarker of bladder cancer and a potential target for treatment. METHODS HTB-9, HTB-5, and UM-UC3 bladder cancer cells were assessed for proliferation under differential glucose levels using the hexosaminidase assay. Western blot and Blue-native analysis was performed for protein expression of PKM2. Shikonin, an herb that is known to bind and inhibit PKM2, was utilized to determine if PKM2 has a role in glucose usage and cellular proliferation in bladder cancer cells by caspase activity assay. Institutional review board approval was obtained to collect healthy control and bladder cancer patient urine samples. The ScheBo M2-PK EDTA Plasma Test was performed on urine samples to assess urine Tumor M2-PK values. RESULTS The three bladder cancer cell lines tested all demonstrate statistically significant increases in proliferation when exposed to higher level of glucose (200mg/dL). Similarly, low doses of glucose (25mg/dL) result in reduced proliferation. Increased cell growth in higher glucose concentration correlated with up-regulation of PKM2 protein expression. Shikonin, a PKM2 inhibitor, reduced cell proliferation and switched PKM2 isoforms from the dimer to tetramer. Lastly, dimer PKM2 (Tumor-M2PK) levels were assessed in the urine samples from bladder cancer (Bca) patients and healthy controls. Tumor M2-PK significantly correlated with the presence of BCa in our subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate the potential of PKM2, specifically the dimer (Tumor-M2PK) as a target of drug therapy and as a urinary marker for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Woolbright
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Karim Pirani
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ryan Didde
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Erika Abbott
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Paige Martin
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - John A. Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Holzbeierlein
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Eugene K. Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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17
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Chen SL, Zhang CZ, Liu LL, Lu SX, Pan YH, Wang CH, He YF, Lin CS, Yang X, Xie D, Yun JP. A GYS2/p53 Negative Feedback Loop Restricts Tumor Growth in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 79:534-545. [PMID: 30584071 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinogenesis is attributed to the reprogramming of cellular metabolism as a consequence of the alteration in metabolite-related gene regulation. Identifying the mechanism of aberrant metabolism is of great potential to provide novel targets for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we demonstrated that glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) restricted tumor growth in hepatitis B virus-related HCC via a negative feedback loop with p53. Expression of GYS2 was significantly downregulated in HCC and correlated with decreased glycogen content and unfavorable patient outcomes. GYS2 overexpression suppressed, whereas GYS2 knockdown facilitated cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo via modulating p53 expression. GYS2 competitively bound to MDM2 to prevent p53 from MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, GYS2 enhanced the p300-induced acetylation of p53 at K373/382, which in turn inhibited the transcription of GYS2 in the support of HBx/HDAC1 complex. In summary, our findings suggest that GYS2 serves as a prognostic factor and functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC. The newly identified HBx/GYS2/p53 axis is responsible for the deregulation of glycogen metabolism and represents a promising therapeutic target for the clinical management of HCC. SIGNIFICANCE: We elucidated the clinical significance, biological function, and regulation of the HBx/GYS2/p53 axis, which supplement the understanding of tumor glycogen metabolism and provide potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/3/534/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lu Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Xun Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Hua Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Fan He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cen-Shan Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Joseph JV, Brasacchio R, Fung C, Reeder J, Bylund K, Sahasrabudhe D, Yeh SY, Ghazi A, Fultz P, Rubens D, Wu G, Singer E, Schwarz E, Mohile S, Mohler J, Theodorescu D, Lee YF, Okunieff P, McConkey D, Rashid H, Chang C, Fradet Y, Guru K, Kukreja J, Sufrin G, Lotan Y, Bailey H, Noyes K, Schwartz S, Rideout K, Bratslavsky G, Campbell SC, Derweesh I, Abrahamsson PA, Soloway M, Gomella L, Golijanin D, Svatek R, Frye T, Lerner S, Palapattu G, Wilding G, Droller M, Trump D. A Festschrift in Honor of Edward M. Messing, MD, FACS. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:S1-S43. [PMID: 30443561 PMCID: PMC6226303 DOI: 10.3233/blc-189037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean V. Joseph
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Chunkit Fung
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jay Reeder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Bylund
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Shu Yuan Yeh
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Ghazi
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Fultz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Rubens
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Guan Wu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eric Singer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Edward Schwarz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Supriya Mohile
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Fen Lee
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- UF Health Proton Therapy Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hani Rashid
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Yves Fradet
- CHU de Quebec-Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Gerald Sufrin
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Howard Bailey
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathy Rideout
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Steven C. Campbell
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Gomella
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Robert Svatek
- UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Frye
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Seth Lerner
- Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Donald Trump
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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19
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Woolbright BL, Ayres M, Taylor JA. Metabolic changes in bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:327-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Richmond CS, Oldenburg D, Dancik G, Meier DR, Weinhaus B, Theodorescu D, Guin S. Glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) is a novel regulator of non-small cell lung cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16718-16730. [PMID: 29682180 PMCID: PMC5908281 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) and Glycogen phosphorylase (PYG) are responsible for glycogen breakdown. We have earlier shown that AGL is a regulator of bladder tumor growth. Here we investigate the role of AGL in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) driven knockdown of AGL resulted in increased anchorage independent and xenograft growth of NSCLC cells. We further establish that an increase in hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis driven by Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2 (HAS2) is critical for anchorage independent growth of NSCLC cells with AGL loss. Using gene knockdown approach against HAS2 and by using 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, we show that HA synthesis is critical for growth of NSCLC cells that have lost AGL. We further show NSCLC cells without AGL expression are dependent on RHAMM for HA signaling and growth. Analysis of NSCLC patient datasets established that patients with low AGL/high HAS2 or low AGL/high RHAMM mRNA expression have poor overall survival compared to patients with high AGL/low HAS2 or high AGL/low RHAMM expression. We show for the first time that loss of AGL promotes anchorage independent growth of NSCLC cells. We further show that HAS2 driven HA synthesis and signaling via RHAMM is critical in regulating growth of these cancer cells with AGL loss. Further patients presenting with low AGL and HAS2 or RHAMM over expressing tumors might present the ideal cohort who would respond to inhibitors of HA synthesis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Richmond
- Medical Research, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Darby Oldenburg
- Medical Research, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Garrett Dancik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA
| | - David R Meier
- Medical Research, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | | | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sunny Guin
- Medical Research, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI, USA
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21
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22
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Chin-Hun Kuo J, Gandhi JG, Zia RN, Paszek MJ. Physical biology of the cancer cell glycocalyx. NATURE PHYSICS 2018; 14:658-669. [PMID: 33859716 PMCID: PMC8046174 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx coating the outside of most cells is a polymer meshwork comprising proteins and complex sugar chains called glycans. From a physical perspective, the glycocalyx has long been considered a simple 'slime' that protects cells from mechanical disruption or against pathogen interactions, but the great complexity of the structure argues for the evolution of more advanced functionality: the glycocalyx serves as the complex physical environment within which cell-surface receptors reside and operate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the glycocalyx can exert thermodynamic and kinetic control over cell signalling by serving as the local medium within which receptors diffuse, assemble and function. The composition and structure of the glycocalyx change markedly with changes in cell state, including transformation. Notably, cancer-specific changes fuel the synthesis of monomeric building blocks and machinery for production of long-chain polymers that alter the physical and chemical structure of the glycocalyx. In this Review, we discuss these changes and their physical consequences on receptor function and emergent cell behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jay G. Gandhi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Roseanna N. Zia
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to M.J.P.
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23
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Weinhaus B, Guin S. Involvement of glycogen debranching enzyme in bladder cancer. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:595-598. [PMID: 28584628 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system, however the molecular pathways underlying this disease are incompletely understood. To understand new regulators of bladder cancer progression, the authors carried out a functional genomic screen which identified glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) as a novel regulator of bladder cancer growth. Glycogen debranching enzyme is involved in glycogen breakdown and germline loss of function mutation of this gene leads to glycogen storage disease type III. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that loss of AGL leads to aggressive bladder tumor growth. AGL mRNA and protein expression in bladder tumors serve as a prognostic marker for patients. Interestingly, AGL's participation in regulating tumor growth is independent of its enzymatic function and involvement with glycogen metabolism in general. Detailed metabolomics and transcriptomic analysis indicated that increases in glucose metabolism, glycine synthesis driven by serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 and increases in hyaluronic acid synthase 2-driven HA synthesis are major contributors of aggressive bladder tumor growth with loss of AGL. However, the detailed mechanism of how AGL regulates the above mentioned metabolic and genetic pathways is unknown and is being investigated. The present review focuses on AGL's involvement in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunny Guin
- Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
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24
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Oldenburg D, Ru Y, Weinhaus B, Cash S, Theodorescu D, Guin S. CD44 and RHAMM are essential for rapid growth of bladder cancer driven by loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme (AGL). BMC Cancer 2016; 16:713. [PMID: 27595989 PMCID: PMC5011830 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of Amylo-alpha-1-6-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase (AGL) drives rapid proliferation of bladder cancer cells by upregulating Hyaluronic acid(HA) Synthase (HAS2) mediated HA synthesis. However the role of HA receptors CD44 and Hyaluronan Mediated Motility Receptor (RHAMM) in regulating the growth of bladder cancer cells driven by loss of AGL has not been studied. Methods Western blot analysis and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was carried out to study cellular apoptosis with HAS2, CD44 and RHAMM loss in bladder cancer cells with and without AGL expression. Proliferation and softagar assays were carried out to study cellular anchorage dependent and independent growth. Clinicopathologic analysis was carried out on bladder cancer patient datasets. Results Higher amounts of cleaved Cas3, Cas9 and PARP was observed in AGL low bladder cancer cell with loss of HAS2, CD44 or RHAMM. TUNEL staining showed more apoptotic cells with loss of HAS2, CD44 or RHAMM in AGL low bladder cancer cells. This revealed that bladder cancer cells whose aggressive growth is mediated by loss of AGL are susceptible to apoptosis with loss of HAS2, CD44 or RHAMM. Interestingly loss of either CD44 or RHAMM induces apoptosis in different low AGL expressing bladder cancer cell lines. Growth assays showed that loss of CD44 and RHAMM predominantly inhibit anchorage dependent and independent growth of AGL low bladder cancer cells. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that high RHAMM mRNA expression is a marker of poor patient outcome in bladder cancer and patients with high RHAMM and low AGL tumor mRNA expression have poor survival. Conclusion Our findings strongly point to the importance of the HAS2-HA-CD44/RHAMM pathway for rapid growth of bladder cancer cells with loss of AGL and provides rational for targeting this pathway at various steps for “personalized” treatment of bladder cancer patients based of their AGL expression status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2756-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby Oldenburg
- Gundersen Medical Foundation, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Yuanbin Ru
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, 300 Bel Merin Keys Blvd, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Benjamin Weinhaus
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Steve Cash
- Gundersen Medical Foundation, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sunny Guin
- Gundersen Medical Foundation, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA.
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Agarwal N, Dancik GM, Goodspeed A, Costello JC, Owens C, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. GON4L Drives Cancer Growth through a YY1-Androgen Receptor-CD24 Axis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5175-85. [PMID: 27312530 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In principle, the inhibition of candidate gain-of-function genes defined through genomic analyses of large patient cohorts offers an attractive therapeutic strategy. In this study, we focused on changes in expression of CD24, a well-validated clinical biomarker of poor prognosis and a driver of tumor growth and metastasis, as a benchmark to assess functional relevance. Through this approach, we identified GON4L as a regulator of CD24 from screening a pooled shRNA library of 176 candidate gain-of-function genes. GON4L depletion reduced CD24 expression in human bladder cancer cells and blocked cell proliferation in vitro and tumor xenograft growth in vivo Mechanistically, GON4L interacted with transcription factor YY1, promoting its association with the androgen receptor to drive CD24 expression and cell growth. In clinical bladder cancer specimens, expression of GON4L, YY1, and CD24 was elevated compared with normal bladder urothelium. This pathway is biologically relevant in other cancer types as well, where CD24 and the androgen receptor are clinically prognostic, given that silencing of GON4L and YY1 suppressed CD24 expression and growth of human lung, prostate, and breast cancer cells. Overall, our results define GON4L as a novel driver of cancer growth, offering new biomarker and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5175-85. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Garrett M Dancik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, Connecticut
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles Owens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jason E Duex
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado.
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Adeva-Andany MM, González-Lucán M, Donapetry-García C, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E. Glycogen metabolism in humans. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:85-100. [PMID: 27051594 PMCID: PMC4802397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the human body, glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored mainly in the liver and the skeletal muscle that supplies glucose to the blood stream during fasting periods and to the muscle cells during muscle contraction. Glycogen has been identified in other tissues such as brain, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes, but glycogen function in these tissues is mostly unknown. Glycogen synthesis requires a series of reactions that include glucose entrance into the cell through transporters, phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, isomerization to glucose 1-phosphate, and formation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose, which is the direct glucose donor for glycogen synthesis. Glycogenin catalyzes the formation of a short glucose polymer that is extended by the action of glycogen synthase. Glycogen branching enzyme introduces branch points in the glycogen particle at even intervals. Laforin and malin are proteins involved in glycogen assembly but their specific function remains elusive in humans. Glycogen is accumulated in the liver primarily during the postprandial period and in the skeletal muscle predominantly after exercise. In the cytosol, glycogen breakdown or glycogenolysis is carried out by two enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase which releases glucose 1-phosphate from the linear chains of glycogen, and glycogen debranching enzyme which untangles the branch points. In the lysosomes, glycogen degradation is catalyzed by α-glucosidase. The glucose 6-phosphatase system catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose, a necessary step for free glucose to leave the cell. Mutations in the genes encoding the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism cause glycogen storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
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27
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Crystal structure of glycogen debranching enzyme and insights into its catalysis and disease-causing mutations. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11229. [PMID: 27088557 PMCID: PMC4837477 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a branched glucose polymer and serves as an important energy store. Its debranching is a critical step in its mobilization. In animals and fungi, the 170 kDa glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) catalyses this reaction. GDE deficiencies in humans are associated with severe diseases collectively termed glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII). We report crystal structures of GDE and its complex with oligosaccharides, and structure-guided mutagenesis and biochemical studies to assess the structural observations. These studies reveal that distinct domains in GDE catalyse sequential reactions in glycogen debranching, the mechanism of their catalysis and highly specific substrate recognition. The unique tertiary structure of GDE provides additional contacts to glycogen besides its active sites, and our biochemical experiments indicate that they mediate its recruitment to glycogen and regulate its activity. Combining the understanding of the GDE catalysis and functional characterizations of its disease-causing mutations provides molecular insights into GSDIII. Debranching of glycogen is an important step in its use as an energy source. Here, the authors describe the crystal structures of glycogen debranching enzyme alone and in complex with oligosaccharides and provide molecular insights into the function, and into associated diseases.
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28
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Panneerselvam J, Xie G, Che R, Su M, Zhang J, Jia W, Fei P. Distinct Metabolic Signature of Human Bladder Cancer Cells Carrying an Impaired Fanconi Anemia Tumor-Suppressor Signaling Pathway. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1333-41. [PMID: 26956768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling has great potential to help the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Fanconi Anemia (FA) tumor-suppressor signaling has been instrumental in understanding human tumorigenesis. However, this instrumental understanding has never been demonstrated at the metabolic level. Here, we show that impaired FA signaling can lead cells to exhibit metabolic signatures of tumorigenesis. This is consistent with our original studies of the roles of FA signaling in suppressing non-FA tumorigenesis at functional and genetic levels. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we characterized metabolic alterations in bladder cancer cells carrying an intact or impaired FA pathway. The latter was obtained by ectopically expressing FAVL (FAVL-high), which we previously found to be capable of inactivating FA signaling. A total of 18 metabolites, end products of cell proliferation or apoptosis, were significantly different between FAVL-high and -low cells. Methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine, resulting from a tumorigenic process, were substantially increased in FAVL-high cells. With this study, we achieved genomic, functional, and metabolomic characterization of the roles of FA signaling in the development of human cancer. Furthermore, this study provides novel insights into how to translate FA basic research into strategies for producing effective biomarkers in human cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabal Panneerselvam
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
| | - Raymond Che
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
| | - Mingming Su
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Foundation , Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 United States
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
| | - Peiwen Fei
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 United States
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Massari F, Ciccarese C, Santoni M, Iacovelli R, Mazzucchelli R, Piva F, Scarpelli M, Berardi R, Tortora G, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Montironi R. Metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 45:46-57. [PMID: 26975021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of bladder cancer represents a key issue for cancer research. Several metabolic altered pathways are involved in bladder tumorigenesis, representing therefore interesting targets for therapy. Tumor cells, including urothelial cancer cells, rely on a peculiar shift to aerobic glycolysis-dependent metabolism (the Warburg-effect) as the main energy source to sustain their uncontrolled growth and proliferation. Therefore, the high glycolytic flux depends on the overexpression of glycolysis-related genes (SRC-3, glucose transporter type 1 [GLUT1], GLUT3, lactic dehydrogenase A [LDHA], LDHB, hexokinase 1 [HK1], HK2, pyruvate kinase type M [PKM], and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [HIF-1α]), resulting in an overproduction of pyruvate, alanine and lactate. Concurrently, bladder cancer metabolism displays an increased expression of genes favoring the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD]) and the fatty-acid synthesis (fatty acid synthase [FASN]), along with a decrease of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Krebs cycle activities. Moreover, the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, hyper-activated in bladder cancer, acts as central regulator of aerobic glycolysis, hence contributing to cancer metabolic switch and tumor cell proliferation. Besides glycolysis, glycogen metabolism pathway plays a robust role in bladder cancer development. In particular, the overexpression of GLUT-1, the loss of the tumor suppressor glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL), and the increased activity of the tumor promoter enzyme glycogen phosphorylase impair glycogen metabolism. An increase in glucose uptake, decrease in normal cellular glycogen storage, and overproduction of lactate are consequences of decreased oxidative phosphorylation and inability to reuse glucose into the pentose phosphate and de novo fatty acid synthesis pathways. Moreover, AGL loss determines augmented levels of the serine-to-glycine enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2), resulting in an increased glycine and purine ring of nucleotides synthesis, thus supporting cells proliferation. A deep understanding of the metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer will provide novel opportunities for targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
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30
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Xu SQ, Buraschi S, Morcavallo A, Genua M, Shirao T, Peiper SC, Gomella LG, Birbe R, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. A novel role for drebrin in regulating progranulin bioactivity in bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10825-39. [PMID: 25839164 PMCID: PMC4484422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently established a critical role for the growth factor progranulin in bladder cancer insofar as progranulin promotes urothelial cancer cell motility and contributes, as an autocrine growth factor, to the transformed phenotype by modulating invasion and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, progranulin expression is upregulated in invasive bladder cancer tissues compared to normal controls. However, the molecular mechanisms of progranulin action in bladder cancer have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we searched for novel progranulin-interacting proteins using pull-down assays with recombinant progranulin and proteomics. We discovered that drebrin, an F-actin binding protein, bound progranulin in urothelial cancer cells. We characterized drebrin function in urothelial cancer cell lines and showed that drebrin is critical for progranulin-dependent activation of the Akt and MAPK pathways and modulates motility, invasion and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, drebrin regulates tumor formation in vivo and its expression is upregulated in bladder cancer tissues compared to normal tissue controls. Our data are translationally relevant as indicate that drebrin exerts an essential functional role in the regulation of progranulin action and may constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention in bladder tumors. In addition, drebrin may serve as novel biomarker for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qiong Xu
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alaide Morcavallo
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Health and Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomoaki Shirao
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showamachi, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Stephen C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Birbe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Health and Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Zois CE, Harris AL. Glycogen metabolism has a key role in the cancer microenvironment and provides new targets for cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:137-54. [PMID: 26882899 PMCID: PMC4762924 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells and contributes to their adaption within the tumour microenvironment and resistance to anticancer therapies. Recently, glycogen metabolism has become a recognised feature of cancer cells since it is upregulated in many tumour types, suggesting that it is an important aspect of cancer cell pathophysiology. Here, we provide an overview of glycogen metabolism and its regulation, with a focus on its role in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells under stress conditions such as hypoxia, glucose deprivation and anticancer treatment. The various methods to detect glycogen in tumours in vivo as well as pharmacological modulators of glycogen metabolism are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic value of targeting glycogen metabolism as a strategy for combinational approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos E Zois
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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32
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Fan TWM, Lane AN. Applications of NMR spectroscopy to systems biochemistry. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 92-93:18-53. [PMID: 26952191 PMCID: PMC4850081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The past decades of advancements in NMR have made it a very powerful tool for metabolic research. Despite its limitations in sensitivity relative to mass spectrometric techniques, NMR has a number of unparalleled advantages for metabolic studies, most notably the rigor and versatility in structure elucidation, isotope-filtered selection of molecules, and analysis of positional isotopomer distributions in complex mixtures afforded by multinuclear and multidimensional experiments. In addition, NMR has the capacity for spatially selective in vivo imaging and dynamical analysis of metabolism in tissues of living organisms. In conjunction with the use of stable isotope tracers, NMR is a method of choice for exploring the dynamics and compartmentation of metabolic pathways and networks, for which our current understanding is grossly insufficient. In this review, we describe how various direct and isotope-edited 1D and 2D NMR methods can be employed to profile metabolites and their isotopomer distributions by stable isotope-resolved metabolomic (SIRM) analysis. We also highlight the importance of sample preparation methods including rapid cryoquenching, efficient extraction, and chemoselective derivatization to facilitate robust and reproducible NMR-based metabolomic analysis. We further illustrate how NMR has been applied in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo in various stable isotope tracer-based metabolic studies, to gain systematic and novel metabolic insights in different biological systems, including human subjects. The pathway and network knowledge generated from NMR- and MS-based tracing of isotopically enriched substrates will be invaluable for directing functional analysis of other 'omics data to achieve understanding of regulation of biochemical systems, as demonstrated in a case study. Future developments in NMR technologies and reagents to enhance both detection sensitivity and resolution should further empower NMR in systems biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W-M Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Stern JL, Theodorescu D, Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Cech TR. Mutation of the TERT promoter, switch to active chromatin, and monoallelic TERT expression in multiple cancers. Genes Dev 2015; 29:2219-24. [PMID: 26515115 PMCID: PMC4647555 DOI: 10.1101/gad.269498.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stern et al. found in multiple cancer cell lines that a TERT gene with a promoter mutation exhibits the H3K4me2/3 mark of active chromatin, while the wild-type allele retains the H3K27me3 mark of epigenetic silencing. Consistent with these differences, only the mutant promoters are transcriptionally active. Somatic mutations in the promoter of the gene for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are the most common noncoding mutations in cancer. They are thought to activate telomerase, contributing to proliferative immortality, but the molecular events driving TERT activation are largely unknown. We observed in multiple cancer cell lines that mutant TERT promoters exhibit the H3K4me2/3 mark of active chromatin and recruit the GABPA/B1 transcription factor, while the wild-type allele retains the H3K27me3 mark of epigenetic silencing; only the mutant promoters are transcriptionally active. These results suggest how a single-base-pair mutation can cause a dramatic epigenetic switch and monoallelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lewis Stern
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Thomas R Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Guin S, Ru Y, Agarwal N, Lew CR, Owens C, Comi GP, Theodorescu D. Loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme AGL Drives Bladder Tumor Growth via Induction of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1274-83. [PMID: 26490312 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We demonstrated that amylo-alpha-1-6-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase (AGL) is a tumor growth suppressor and prognostic marker in human bladder cancer. Here we determine how AGL loss enhances tumor growth, hoping to find therapeutically tractable targets/pathways that could be used in patients with low AGL-expressing tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We transcriptionally profiled bladder cell lines with different AGL expression. By focusing on transcripts overexpressed as a function of low AGL and associated with adverse clinicopathologic variables in human bladder tumors, we sought to increase the chances of discovering novel therapeutic opportunities. RESULTS One such transcript was hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2), an enzyme responsible for hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis. HAS2 expression was inversely proportional to that of AGL in bladder cancer cells and immortalized and normal urothelium. HAS2-driven HA synthesis was enhanced in bladder cancer cells with low AGL, and this drove anchorage-dependent and independent growth. siRNA-mediated depletion of HAS2 or inhibition of HA synthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) abrogated in vitro and xenograft growth of bladder cancer cells with low AGL. AGL and HAS2 mRNA expression in human tumors was inversely correlated in patient datasets. Patients with high HAS2 and low AGL tumor mRNA expression had poor survival, lending clinical support to xenograft findings that HAS2 drives growth of tumors with low AGL. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes HAS2-mediated HA synthesis as a driver of growth of bladder cancer with low AGL and provides preclinical rationale for personalized targeting of HAS2/HA signaling in patients with low AGL-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Guin
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yuanbin Ru
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Carolyn R Lew
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles Owens
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado.
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Hensel J, Duex JE, Owens C, Dancik GM, Edwards MG, Frierson HF, Theodorescu D. Patient Mutation Directed shRNA Screen Uncovers Novel Bladder Tumor Growth Suppressors. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1306-15. [PMID: 26078295 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of human bladder cancer has revealed many gene alterations compared with normal tissue, with most being predicted to be "loss of function." However, given the high number of alterations, evaluating the functional impact of each is impractical. Here, we develop and use a high-throughput, in vivo strategy to determine which alterations are loss of function in tumor growth suppressors. Genes reported as altered by NGS in bladder cancer patients were bioinformatically processed by MutationTaster and MutationAssessor, with 283 predicted as loss of function. An shRNA lentiviral library targeting these genes was transduced into T24 cells, a nontumorigenic human bladder cancer cell line, followed by injection into mice. Tumors that arose were sequenced and the dominant shRNA constructs were found to target IQGAP1, SAMD9L, PCIF1, MED1, and KATNAL1 genes. In vitro validation experiments revealed that shRNA molecules directed at IQGAP1 showed the most profound increase in anchorage-independent growth of T24 cells. The clinical relevance of IQGAP1 as a tumor growth suppressor is supported by the finding that its expression is lower in bladder cancer compared with benign patient urothelium in multiple independent datasets. Lower IQGAP1 protein expression associated with higher tumor grade and decreased patient survival. Finally, depletion of IQGAP1 leads to increased TGFBR2 with TGFβ signaling, explaining in part how reduced IQGAP1 promotes tumor growth. These findings suggest IQGAP1 is a bladder tumor growth suppressor that works via modulating TGFβ signaling and is a potentially clinically useful biomarker. IMPLICATIONS This study used gene mutation information from patient-derived bladder tumor specimens to inform the development of a screen used to identify novel tumor growth suppressors. This included identification of the protein IQGAP1 as a potent bladder cancer growth suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hensel
- Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason E Duex
- Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Charles Owens
- Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Garrett M Dancik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, Connecticut
| | - Michael G Edwards
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
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Ritterson Lew C, Guin S, Theodorescu D. Targeting glycogen metabolism in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:383-91. [PMID: 26032551 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism has been a heavily investigated topic in cancer research for the past decade. Although the role of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) in cancer has been extensively studied, abnormalities in other metabolic pathways are only just being understood in cancer. One such pathway is glycogen metabolism; its involvement in cancer development, particularly in urothelial malignancies, and possible ways of exploiting aberrations in this process for treatment are currently being studied. New research shows that the glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL) is a novel tumour suppressor in bladder cancer. Loss of AGL leads to rapid proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Another enzyme involved in glycogen debranching, glycogen phosphorylase, has been shown to be a tumour promoter in cancer, including in prostate cancer. Studies demonstrate that bladder cancer cells in which AGL expression is lost are more metabolically active than cells with intact AGL expression, and these cells are more sensitive to inhibition of both glycolysis and glycine synthesis--two targetable pathways. As a tumour promoter and enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase can be directly targeted, and preclinical inhibitor studies are promising. However, few of these glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors have been tested for cancer treatment in the clinical setting. Several possible limitations to the targeting of AGL and glycogen phosphorylase might also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ritterson Lew
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sunny Guin
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, MS F-434, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Lane AN, Fan TWM. Regulation of mammalian nucleotide metabolism and biosynthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2466-85. [PMID: 25628363 PMCID: PMC4344498 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are required for a wide variety of biological processes and are constantly synthesized de novo in all cells. When cells proliferate, increased nucleotide synthesis is necessary for DNA replication and for RNA production to support protein synthesis at different stages of the cell cycle, during which these events are regulated at multiple levels. Therefore the synthesis of the precursor nucleotides is also strongly regulated at multiple levels. Nucleotide synthesis is an energy intensive process that uses multiple metabolic pathways across different cell compartments and several sources of carbon and nitrogen. The processes are regulated at the transcription level by a set of master transcription factors but also at the enzyme level by allosteric regulation and feedback inhibition. Here we review the cellular demands of nucleotide biosynthesis, their metabolic pathways and mechanisms of regulation during the cell cycle. The use of stable isotope tracers for delineating the biosynthetic routes of the multiple intersecting pathways and how these are quantitatively controlled under different conditions is also highlighted. Moreover, the importance of nucleotide synthesis for cell viability is discussed and how this may lead to potential new approaches to drug development in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lane
- Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Biopharm Complex, 789 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Biopharm Complex, 789 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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