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Nishitani T, Mitoh Y, Yajima T, Tachiya D, Hoshika T, Fukunaga T, Nishitani Y, Yoshida R, Mizoguchi I, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38284507 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, Syn-ir nerve fibers around smooth muscle actin (SMA)-ir cells alone were infrequent; however, those around aquaporin-5 (AQP5)-ir cells alone and both SMA- and AQP5-ir cells were abundant in the sublingual and serous lingual glands. SMA-ir cells were occasionally immunoreactive for toll-like receptor 4, a Syn receptor. Syn-ir nerve fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the submandibular gland and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in all examined salivary glands. In the superior cervical (SCG), submandibular, and intralingual ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn with TH and ChAT, respectively. SCG neurons innervating the submandibular gland contained mostly Syn. In the thoracic spinal cord, 14.7% of ChAT-ir preganglionic sympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn. In the superior salivatory nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons projecting to the lingual nerve co-expressed Syn and ChAT. The present findings indicate that released Syn acts on myoepithelial cells. Syn in pre- and post-ganglionic neurons may regulate neurotransmitter release and salivary volume and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Nishitani
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mitoh
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tachiya
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hoshika
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Altay MF, Kumar ST, Burtscher J, Jagannath S, Strand C, Miki Y, Parkkinen L, Holton JL, Lashuel HA. Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:161. [PMID: 38062007 PMCID: PMC10703845 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in the brain is a defining hallmark of synucleinopathies. Various aSyn conformations and post-translationally modified forms accumulate in pathological inclusions and vary in abundance among these disorders. Relying on antibodies that have not been assessed for their ability to detect the diverse forms of aSyn may lead to inaccurate estimations of aSyn pathology in human brains or disease models. To address this challenge, we developed and characterized an expanded antibody panel that targets different sequences and post-translational modifications along the length of aSyn, and that recognizes all monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar aSyn conformations. Next, we profiled aSyn pathology across sporadic and familial Lewy body diseases (LBDs) and reveal heterogeneous forms of aSyn pathology, rich in Serine 129 phosphorylation, Tyrosine 39 nitration and N- and C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylations, scattered both to neurons and glia. In addition, we show that aSyn can become hyperphosphorylated during processes of aggregation and inclusion maturation in neuronal and animal models of aSyn seeding and spreading. The validation pipeline we describe for these antibodies paves the way for systematic investigations into aSyn pathological diversity in the human brain, peripheral tissues, as well as in cellular and animal models of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Chen H, Li Y, Gao J, Cheng Q, Liu L, Cai R. Activation of Pgk1 Results in Reduced Protein Aggregation in Diverse Neurodegenerative Conditions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5090-5101. [PMID: 37249790 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of protein condensates has emerged as a new drug target to treat diverse neurodegenerative disorders. We previously reported that terazosin (TZ), a prescribed antagonist of the α1 adrenergic receptor, is an activator of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) and Hsp90. In this study, we aimed to determine whether TZ prevents the formation of diverse pathological condensates in cell cultures and animal disease models. In primary neuron culture, TZ treatment reduced both the protein density and abundance of fused in sarcoma (FUS)-P525L-GFP, a disease-associated mutant form of FUS. Regarding the mechanism, we found that increased intracellular ATP levels were critical for the reduction in protein aggregate density. In addition, Hsp90 activation by TZ enhanced Hsp90 interaction with ULK1, a master regulator of autophagy. Through in vivo studies, we examined neuron-specific overexpression of tau in Drosophila, mouse models of APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a rat model of multiple system atrophy (MSA) via the viral expression of α-synuclein in the striatum. TZ prevented and reversed the formation of pathological protein condensates. Together, our results suggest that activation of Pgk1 in cytosol may dissolve pathological protein aggregates via increased ATP levels and degrade these proteins via autophagy; the FUS-P525L degradation pathway in nucleus is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Rong Cai
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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4
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Lloyd GM, Long B, Quintin S, Sorrentino ZA, Gorion KMM, Bell BM, Carrillo D, Sullivan P, Borchelt D, Giasson BI. Carboxyl truncation of α-synuclein occurs early and is influenced by human APOE genotype in transgenic mouse models of α-synuclein pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:119. [PMID: 37482615 PMCID: PMC10363304 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications to the carboxyl (C) terminus domain of α-synuclein can play an important role in promoting the pathologic aggregation of α-synuclein. Various cleavages that diminish this highly charged, proline-rich region can result in exposure of hydrophobic, aggregation-prone regions, thereby accelerating the aggregation kinetics of α-synuclein into misfolded, pathologic forms. C-terminally truncated forms of α-synuclein are abundant in human diseased brains compared to controls, suggesting a role in disease pathogenesis. Factors that alter the homeostatic proteolytic processing of α-synuclein may ultimately tip the balance towards a progressive disease state. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been implicated in the acceleration of cognitive impairment in patients with Lewy body diseases. The APOE4 isoform has been found to cause dysregulation in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which could result in altered α-synuclein degradation as a potential mechanism for promoting its pathologic misfolding. Herein, we investigate the spatiotemporal accumulation of C-terminally truncated α-synuclein in a seeded and progressive mouse model of synucleinopathy. Furthermore, we study how this process is influenced in the context of mice that are altered to express either the human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms. We found that specific C-terminal truncation of α-synuclein occurs at early stages of pathogenesis. We also found that proteolytic processing of this domain differs across various brain regions and is influenced by the presence of different human APOE isoforms. Our data demonstrate an early pathogenic role for C-terminally truncated α-synuclein, and highlight the influence of APOE isoforms in modulating its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Brooke Long
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stephan Quintin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie M Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Brach M Bell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Denise Carrillo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Chu W, Hall J, Gurrala A, Becsey A, Raman S, Okun MS, Flores CT, Giasson BI, Vaillancourt DE, Vedam-Mai V. Evaluation of an Adoptive Cellular Therapy-Based Vaccine in a Transgenic Mouse Model of α-synucleinopathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 14:235-245. [PMID: 36571847 PMCID: PMC9853504 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein, a major constituent of Lewy bodies plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies (SPs) such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is affected by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and recently both active and passive immunotherapies targeted against α-synuclein are being trialed as potential novel treatment strategies. Specifically, dendritic cell-based vaccines have shown to be an effective treatment for SPs in animal models. Here, we report on the development of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) for SP and demonstrate that adoptive transfer of pre-activated T-cells generated from immunized mice can improve survival and behavior, reduce brain microstructural impairment via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and decrease α-synuclein pathology burden in a peripherally induced preclinical SP model (M83) when administered prior to disease onset. This study provides preclinical evidence for ACT as a potential immunotherapy for LBD, PD and other related SPs, and future work will provide necessary understanding of the mechanisms of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston
T. Chu
- J.
Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Department
of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Jesse Hall
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Anjela Gurrala
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Alexander Becsey
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Shreya Raman
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Norman
Fixel
Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, Florida32608, United States
| | - Catherine T. Flores
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - David E. Vaillancourt
- Department
of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Norman
Fixel
Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, Florida32608, United States,. Phone: (352) 273-5557. Fax:(352) 273-5575
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6
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Unique seeding profiles and prion-like propagation of synucleinopathies are highly dependent on the host in human α-synuclein transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:663-685. [PMID: 35488930 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αSyn) is an intrinsically disordered protein which can undergo structural transformations, resulting in the formation of stable, insoluble fibrils. αSyn amyloid-type nucleation can be induced by misfolded 'seeds' serving as a conformational template, tantamount to the prion-like mechanism. Accumulation of αSyn inclusions is a key feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), and are found as additional pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as AD with amygdala predominant Lewy bodies (AD/ALB). While these disorders accumulate the same pathological protein, they exhibit heterogeneity in clinical and histological features; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this variability remains elusive. Accruing data from human autopsy studies, animal inoculation modeling, and in vitro characterization experiments, have lent credence to the hypothesis that conformational polymorphism of the αSyn amyloid-type fibril structure results in distinct "strains" with categorical infectivity traits. Herein, we directly compare the seeding abilities and outcome of human brain lysates from these diseases, as well as recombinant preformed human αSyn fibrils by the intracerebral inoculation of transgenic mice overexpressing either human wild-type αSyn or human αSyn with the familial A53T mutation. Our study has revealed that the initiating inoculum heavily dictates the phenotypic and pathological course of disease. Interestingly, we have also established relevant host-dependent distinctions between propagation profiles, including burden and spread of inclusion pathology throughout the neuroaxis, as well as severity of neurological symptoms. These findings provide compelling evidence supporting the hypothesis that diverse prion-type conformers may explain the variability seen in synucleinopathies.
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Passive Immunization in Alpha-Synuclein Preclinical Animal Models. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020168. [PMID: 35204668 PMCID: PMC8961624 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. These are all progressive neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by pathological misfolding and accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein (αsyn) in neurons, axons or glial cells in the brain, but also in other organs. The abnormal accumulation and propagation of pathogenic αsyn across the autonomic connectome is associated with progressive loss of neurons in the brain and peripheral organs, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no cure is available for synucleinopathies, and therapy is limited to symptomatic treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms upon diagnosis. Recent advances using passive immunization that target different αsyn structures show great potential to block disease progression in rodent studies of synucleinopathies. However, passive immunotherapy in clinical trials has been proven safe but less effective than in preclinical conditions. Here we review current achievements of passive immunotherapy in animal models of synucleinopathies. Furthermore, we propose new research strategies to increase translational outcome in patient studies, (1) by using antibodies against immature conformations of pathogenic αsyn (monomers, post-translationally modified monomers, oligomers and protofibrils) and (2) by focusing treatment on body-first synucleinopathies where damage in the brain is still limited and effective immunization could potentially stop disease progression by blocking the spread of pathogenic αsyn from peripheral organs to the brain.
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Marmion DJ, Peelaerts W, Kordower JH. A historical review of multiple system atrophy with a critical appraisal of cellular and animal models. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1507-1527. [PMID: 34613484 PMCID: PMC8528759 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), and dysautonomia with cerebellar ataxia or parkinsonian motor features. Isolated autonomic dysfunction with predominant genitourinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension and REM sleep behavior disorder are common characteristics of a prodromal phase, which may occur years prior to motor-symptom onset. MSA is a unique synucleinopathy, in which alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulates and forms insoluble inclusions in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, termed glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The origin of, and precise mechanism by which aSyn accumulates in MSA are unknown, and, therefore, disease-modifying therapies to halt or slow the progression of MSA are currently unavailable. For these reasons, much focus in the field is concerned with deciphering the complex neuropathological mechanisms by which MSA begins and progresses through the course of the disease. This review focuses on the history, etiopathogenesis, neuropathology, as well as cell and animal models of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marmion
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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9
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Lloyd GM, Dhillon JKS, Gorion KMM, Riffe C, Fromholt SE, Xia Y, Giasson BI, Borchelt DR. Collusion of α-Synuclein and Aβ aggravating co-morbidities in a novel prion-type mouse model. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:63. [PMID: 34503546 PMCID: PMC8427941 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misfolding of host-encoded proteins into pathological prion conformations is a defining characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Lewy body dementia. A current area of intense study is the way in which the pathological deposition of these proteins might influence each other, as various combinations of co-pathology between prion-capable proteins are associated with exacerbation of disease. A spectrum of pathological, genetic and biochemical evidence provides credence to the notion that amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation can induce and promote α-synuclein pathology, driving neurodegeneration. METHODS To assess the interplay between α-synuclein and Aβ on protein aggregation kinetics, we crossed mice expressing human α-synuclein (M20) with APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice (L85) to generate M20/L85 mice. We then injected α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) unilaterally into the hippocampus of 6-month-old mice, harvesting 2 or 4 months later. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of M20/L85 mice revealed that pre-existing Aβ plaques exacerbate the spread and deposition of induced α-synuclein pathology. This process was associated with increased neuroinflammation. Unexpectedly, the injection of α-synuclein PFFs in L85 mice enhanced the deposition of Aβ; whereas the level of Aβ deposition in M20/L85 bigenic mice, injected with α-synuclein PFFs, did not differ from that of mice injected with PBS. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal novel and unexpected interplays between α-synuclein pathology, Aβ and neuroinflammation in mice that recapitulate the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Jess-Karan S Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie M Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Susan E Fromholt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J499, J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J499, J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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10
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Ferreira N, Gram H, Sorrentino ZA, Gregersen E, Schmidt SI, Reimer L, Betzer C, Perez-Gozalbo C, Beltoja M, Nagaraj M, Wang J, Nowak JS, Dong M, Willén K, Cholak E, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Mendez N, Rabadia P, Shahnawaz M, Soto C, Otzen DE, Akbey Ü, Meyer M, Giasson BI, Romero-Ramos M, Jensen PH. Multiple system atrophy-associated oligodendroglial protein p25α stimulates formation of novel α-synuclein strain with enhanced neurodegenerative potential. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:87-115. [PMID: 33978813 PMCID: PMC8217051 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathology consisting of intracellular aggregates of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) spread through the nervous system in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. The discovery of structurally distinct α-Syn polymorphs, so-called strains, supports a hypothesis where strain-specific structures are templated into aggregates formed by native α-Syn. These distinct strains are hypothesised to dictate the spreading of pathology in the tissue and the cellular impact of the aggregates, thereby contributing to the variety of clinical phenotypes. Here, we present evidence of a novel α-Syn strain induced by the multiple system atrophy-associated oligodendroglial protein p25α. Using an array of biophysical, biochemical, cellular, and in vivo analyses, we demonstrate that compared to α-Syn alone, a substoichiometric concentration of p25α redirects α-Syn aggregation into a unique α-Syn/p25α strain with a different structure and enhanced in vivo prodegenerative properties. The α-Syn/p25α strain induced larger inclusions in human dopaminergic neurons. In vivo, intramuscular injection of preformed fibrils (PFF) of the α-Syn/p25α strain compared to α-Syn PFF resulted in a shortened life span and a distinct anatomical distribution of inclusion pathology in the brain of a human A53T transgenic (line M83) mouse. Investigation of α-Syn aggregates in brain stem extracts of end-stage mice demonstrated that the more aggressive phenotype of the α-Syn/p25α strain was associated with an increased load of α-Syn aggregates based on a Förster resonance energy transfer immunoassay and a reduced α-Syn aggregate seeding activity based on a protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay. When injected unilaterally into the striata of wild-type mice, the α-Syn/p25α strain resulted in a more-pronounced motoric phenotype than α-Syn PFF and exhibited a "tropism" for nigro-striatal neurons compared to α-Syn PFF. Overall, our data support a hypothesis whereby oligodendroglial p25α is responsible for generating a highly prodegenerative α-Syn strain in multiple system atrophy.
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11
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Hass EW, Sorrentino ZA, Lloyd GM, McFarland NR, Prokop S, Giasson BI. Robust α-synuclein pathology in select brainstem neuronal populations is a potential instigator of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:80. [PMID: 33941284 PMCID: PMC8091528 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an insidious middle age-onset neurodegenerative disease that clinically presents with variable degrees of parkinsonism and cerebellar ataxia. The pathological hallmark of MSA is the progressive accumulation of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in oligodendrocytes that are comprised of α-synuclein (αSyn) aberrantly polymerized into fibrils. Experimentally, MSA brain samples display a high level of seeding activity to induce further αSyn aggregation by a prion-like conformational mechanism. Paradoxically, αSyn is predominantly a neuronal brain protein, with only marginal levels expressed in normal or diseased oligodendrocytes, and αSyn inclusions in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, are primarily found in neurons. Although GCIs are the hallmark of MSA, using a series of new monoclonal antibodies targeting the carboxy-terminal region of αSyn, we demonstrate that neuronal αSyn pathology in MSA patient brains is remarkably abundant in the pontine nuclei and medullary inferior olivary nucleus. This neuronal αSyn pathology has distinct histological properties compared to GCIs, which allows it to remain concealed to many routine detection methods associated with altered biochemical properties of the carboxy-terminal domain of αSyn. We propose that these previously underappreciated sources of aberrant αSyn could serve as a pool of αSyn prion seeds that can initiate and continue to drive the pathogenesis of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan W Hass
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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12
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Fatoba O, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Complement cascade functions during brain development and neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2085-2109. [PMID: 33599083 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement system, an essential tightly regulated innate immune system, is a key regulator of normal central nervous system (CNS) development and function. However, aberrant complement component expression and activation in the brain may culminate into marked neuroinflammatory response, neurodegenerative processes and cognitive impairment. Over the years, complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and complement-driven neurodegeneration have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of CNS disorders. This review describes how complement system contributes to normal brain development and function. We also discuss how pathologic insults such as misfolded proteins, lipid droplet/lipid droplet-associated protein or glycosaminoglycan accumulation could trigger complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegenerative process in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, age-related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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13
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Marmion DJ, Rutkowski AA, Chatterjee D, Hiller BM, Werner MH, Bezard E, Kirik D, McCown T, Gray SJ, Kordower JH. Viral-based rodent and nonhuman primate models of multiple system atrophy: Fidelity to the human disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105184. [PMID: 33221532 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and extremely debilitating progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by variable combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia, and pyramidal dysfunction. MSA is a unique synucleinopathy, in which alpha synuclein-rich aggregates are present in the cytoplasm of oligodendroglia. The precise origin of the alpha synuclein (aSyn) found in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) as well the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in MSA remain unclear. Despite this fact, cell and animal models of MSA rely on oligodendroglial overexpression of aSyn. In the present study, we utilized a novel oligotrophic AAV, Olig001, to overexpress aSyn specifically in striatal oligodendrocytes of rats and nonhuman primates in an effort to further characterize our novel viral vector-mediated MSA animal models. Using two cohorts of animals with 10-fold differences in Olig001 vector titers, we show a dose-dependent formation of MSA-like pathology in rats. High titer of Olig001-aSyn in these animals were required to produce the formation of pS129+ and proteinase K resistant aSyn-rich GCIs, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Using this knowledge, we injected high titer Olig001 in the putamen of cynomolgus macaques. After six months, histological analysis showed that oligodendroglial overexpression of aSyn resulted in the formation of hallmark GCIs throughout the putamen, demyelination, a 44% reduction of striatal neurons and a 12% loss of nigral neurons. Furthermore, a robust inflammatory response similar to MSA was produced in Olig001-aSyn NHPs, including microglial activation, astrogliosis, and a robust infiltration of T cells into the CNS. Taken together, oligodendroglial-specific viral vector-mediated overexpression of aSyn in rats and nonhuman primates faithfully reproduces many of the pathological disease hallmarks found in MSA. Future studies utilizing these large animal models of MSA would prove extremely valuable as a pre-clinical platform to test novel therapeutics that are so desperately needed for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marmion
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Angela A Rutkowski
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diptaman Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hiller
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- University of Bordeaux, Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (B.R.A.I.N.S) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Thomas McCown
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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14
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Structural brain changes in Ser129-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein rats based on voxel-based morphometry. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112786. [PMID: 32592738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has become one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Pathological changes typically manifest following dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra and abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in the neurons. α-Syn is the major component of Lewy bodies. However, research pertaining to the spread of abnormal α-syn aggregations, which results in specific damage to the brain structure and function, is lacking. In the present study, full-length human α-syn fibrils were injected into the medial forebrain bundle of rats, with an experimental endpoint of 6 months. Histological analysis was conducted to observe the pathological progress of abnormal endogenous α-syn aggregation and nerve fiber quality. Changes in gray and white matter integrity were quantitatively analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Behavioral changes were observed over the 6-month period. Histological analysis showed reduced dopamine transporter levels in the striatum of the experimental rats; widespread abnormal endogenous α-syn accumulation; and damaged, sparse, and disordered nerve fibers in the experimental group. VBM showed that at 6 months after surgery, bilateral anterior limbic, bilateral inferior limbic, right hippocampal, and right cortical volumes had reduced, whereas thalamic volume had increased in the experimental group compared with that in the control group. Damage to the limbic and thalamic fiber structure may occur in the earlier stages of Parkinson's disease.
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15
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Green TRF, Ortiz JB, Wonnacott S, Williams RJ, Rowe RK. The Bidirectional Relationship Between Sleep and Inflammation Links Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:894. [PMID: 32982677 PMCID: PMC7479838 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are diseases during which the fine-tuned autoregulation of the brain is lost. Despite the stark contrast in their causal mechanisms, both TBI and AD are conditions which elicit a neuroinflammatory response that is coupled with physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms. One commonly reported symptom in both TBI and AD patients is disturbed sleep. Sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic processes such that pathological inflammation may disrupt the chemical signaling required to maintain a healthy sleep profile. In this way, immune system activation can influence sleep physiology. Conversely, sleep disturbances can exacerbate symptoms or increase the risk of inflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases. Both TBI and AD are worsened by a chronic pro-inflammatory microenvironment which exacerbates symptoms and worsens clinical outcome. Herein, a positive feedback loop of chronic inflammation and sleep disturbances is initiated. In this review, the bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and inflammation is discussed, where chronic inflammation associated with TBI and AD can lead to sleep disturbances and exacerbated neuropathology. The role of microglia and cytokines in sleep disturbances associated with these diseases is highlighted. The proposed sleep and inflammation-mediated link between TBI and AD presents an opportunity for a multifaceted approach to clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sue Wonnacott
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Williams
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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16
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Neske A, Ruiz Hidalgo J, Cabedo N, Cortes D. Acetogenins from Annonaceae family. Their potential biological applications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 174:112332. [PMID: 32200068 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this contribution has been to continue with the knowledge about newly isolated acetogenins from Annonaceae family for the last fifteen years. This review will report classification, extraction, isolation, elucidation of the structure, biological activities and mechanism of action of such interesting natural products. In fact, out of the 532 compounds reviewed, 115 previously non-described annonaceous acetogenins have been added to the list of isolated compounds from 2005 to May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Neske
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - José Ruiz Hidalgo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Nuria Cabedo
- Department of Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Cortes
- Department of Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Carboxy-terminal truncation and phosphorylation of α-synuclein elongates survival in a prion-like seeding mouse model of synucleinopathy. Neurosci Lett 2020; 732:135017. [PMID: 32371157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic intracellular inclusions formed from polymers of misfolded α-synuclein (αsyn) protein define a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies which includes Parkinson's disease (PD). Prion-like recruitment of endogenous cellular αsyn has been demonstrated to occur in animal models of synucleinopathy, whereby misfolded αsyn can induce further pathologic αsyn inclusions to form through a prion-like mechanism. It has been suggested that misfolded αsyn may assume differing conformations which lead to varied clinical and pathological manifestations of disease; this phenomenon bears similarities to that of prion strains whereby the same misfolded protein can produce unique diseases. It is unclear what factors influence the development of unique αsyn strains, however post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and truncation that are present in misfolded αsyn in disease may play a role due to their modulation of biochemical and structural αsyn properties. Herein, we investigate the prion-like properties of misfolded αsyn polymers containing either phosphomimetic (S129E) αsyn, 5 different major carboxy (C)-truncated forms of αsyn (1-115, 1-119, 1-122, 1-125, and 1-129 αsyn), or a mixture of these PTM containing αsyn forms compared to full-length (FL) αsyn in HEK293T cells and M83 transgenic mice overexpressing A53T αsyn. It is demonstrated that upon peripheral intramuscular injection of these C-truncated or S129E αsyn polymers into M83 mice, prion-like progression and time to disease onset in this mouse model is elongated when any of these PTMs are present, demonstrating that common modifications to the C-terminus of αsyn present in disease modulates the prion-like seeding properties of αsyn.
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18
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Moradi SZ, Momtaz S, Bayrami Z, Farzaei MH, Abdollahi M. Nanoformulations of Herbal Extracts in Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:238. [PMID: 32318551 PMCID: PMC7154137 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the methods that influenced human life in different ways and is a substantial approach that assists to overcome the multiple limitations of various diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Diverse nanostructures such as polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, nano-micelles, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs); as well as different vehicle systems including poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, lactoferrin, and polybutylcyanoacrylate could significantly increase the effectiveness, reduce the side effects, enhance the stability, and improve the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. NDs belong to a group of annoying and debilitating diseases that involve millions of people worldwide. Previous studies revealed that several nanoformulations from a number of natural products such as curcumin (Cur), quercetin (QC), resveratrol (RSV), piperine (PIP), Ginkgo biloba, and Nigella sativa significantly improved the condition of patients diagnosed with NDs. Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) has several limitations, in which the blood brain barrier (BBB) is the main drawback for treatment of NDs. This review discusses the effects of herbal-based nanoformulations, their advantages and disadvantages, to manage NDs. In summary, we conclude that herbal-based nano systems have promising proficiency in treatment of NDs, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bayrami
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Lloyd GM, Trejo-Lopez JA, Xia Y, McFarland KN, Lincoln SJ, Ertekin-Taner N, Giasson BI, Yachnis AT, Prokop S. Prominent amyloid plaque pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in APP V717I (London) carrier - phenotypic variability in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32164763 PMCID: PMC7068954 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-0891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations associated with familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has brought imperative insights into basic mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and progression and has allowed researchers to create animal models that assist in the elucidation of the molecular pathways and development of therapeutic interventions. Position 717 in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a hotspot for mutations associated with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) and the valine to isoleucine amino acid substitution (V717I) at this position was among the first ADAD mutations identified, spearheading the formulation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD pathogenesis. While this mutation is well described in multiple kindreds and has served as the basis for the generation of widely used animal models of disease, neuropathologic data on patients carrying this mutation are scarce. Here we present the detailed clinical and neuropathologic characterization of an APP V717I carrier, which reveals important novel insights into the phenotypic variability of ADAD cases. While age at onset, clinical presentation and widespread parenchymal beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition are in line with previous reports, our case also shows widespread and severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). This patient also presented with TDP-43 pathology in the hippocampus and amygdala, consistent with limbic predominant age-related TDP-43 proteinopathy (LATE). The APOE ε2/ε3 genotype may have been a major driver of the prominent vascular pathology seen in our case. These findings highlight the importance of neuropathologic examinations of genetically determined AD cases and demonstrate striking phenotypic variability in ADAD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lloyd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jorge A Trejo-Lopez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah J Lincoln
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Anthony T Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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20
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Sorrentino ZA, Xia Y, Gorion KM, Hass E, Giasson BI. Carboxy-terminal truncations of mouse α-synuclein alter aggregation and prion-like seeding. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1271-1283. [PMID: 31912891 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αsyn) forms pathologic inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. The inclusions are comprised of αsyn fibrils harboring prion-like properties. Prion-like activity of αsyn has been studied by intracerebral injection of fibrils into mice, where the presence of a species barrier requires the use of mouse αsyn. Post-translational modifications to αsyn such as carboxy (C)-terminal truncation occur in synucleinopathies, and their implications for prion-like aggregation and seeding are under investigation. Herein, C-truncated forms of αsyn found in human disease are recapitulated in mouse αsyn to study their seeding activity in vitro, in HEK293T cells, in neuronal-glial culture, and in nontransgenic mice. The results show that C-truncation of mouse αsyn accelerates aggregation of αsyn but alters prion-like seeding of inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ethan Hass
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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21
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Meissner WG, Fernagut PO, Dehay B, Péran P, Traon APL, Foubert-Samier A, Lopez Cuina M, Bezard E, Tison F, Rascol O. Multiple System Atrophy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1629-1642. [PMID: 31692132 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. The pathologic hallmark is the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, forming glial cytoplasmic inclusions, which qualifies MSA as a synucleinopathy together with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The underlying pathogenesis is still not well understood. Some symptomatic treatments are available, whereas neuroprotection remains an urgent unmet treatment need. In this review, we critically appraise significant developments of the past decade with emphasis on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment development. We further discuss unsolved questions and highlight some perspectives. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilios G Meissner
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Dept. of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Services de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, Toulouse, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miguel Lopez Cuina
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre de Reference AMS, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Réseau NS-Park/FCRIN et Centre of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (COEN) de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
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22
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Sorrentino ZA, Goodwin MS, Riffe CJ, Dhillon JKS, Xia Y, Gorion KM, Vijayaraghavan N, McFarland KN, Golbe LI, Yachnis AT, Giasson BI. Unique α-synuclein pathology within the amygdala in Lewy body dementia: implications for disease initiation and progression. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:142. [PMID: 31477175 PMCID: PMC6718048 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein α-synuclein (αsyn) forms pathologic aggregates in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Lewy body dementia (LBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is unclear why diseases such as LBD may develop widespread αsyn pathology, while in Alzheimer's disease with amygdala restricted Lewy bodies (AD/ALB) the αsyn aggregates remain localized. The amygdala contains αsyn aggregates in both LBD and in AD/ALB; to understand why αsyn pathology continues to progress in LBD but not in AD/ALB, tissue from the amygdala and other regions were obtained from 14 cases of LBD, 9 cases of AD/ALB, and 4 controls for immunohistochemical and biochemical characterization. Utilizing a panel of previously characterized αsyn antibodies, numerous unique pathologies differentiating LBD and AD/ALB were revealed; particularly the presence of dense neuropil αsyn aggregates, astrocytic αsyn, and αsyn-containing dystrophic neurites within senile plaques. Within LBD, these unique pathologies were predominantly present within the amygdala. Biochemically, the amygdala in LBD prominently contained specific carboxy-truncated forms of αsyn which are highly prone to aggregate, suggesting that the amygdala may be prone to initiate development of αsyn pathology. Similar to carboxy-truncated αsyn, it was demonstrated herein that the presence of aggregation prone A53T αsyn is sufficient to drive misfolding of wild-type αsyn in human disease. Overall, this study identifies within the amygdala in LBD the presence of unique strain-like variation in αsyn pathology that may be a determinant of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marshall S Goodwin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Cara J Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jess-Karan S Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Niran Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lawrence I Golbe
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Anthony T Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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23
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Endogenous oligodendroglial alpha-synuclein and TPPP/p25α orchestrate alpha-synuclein pathology in experimental multiple system atrophy models. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:415-441. [PMID: 31011860 PMCID: PMC7289399 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized by the presence of distinctive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) within oligodendrocytes that contain the neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and the oligodendroglia-specific phosphoprotein TPPP/p25α. However, the role of oligodendroglial aSyn and p25α in the formation of aSyn-rich GCIs remains unclear. To address this conundrum, we have applied human aSyn (haSyn) pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) to rat wild-type (WT)-, haSyn-, or p25α-overexpressing oligodendroglial cells and to primary differentiated oligodendrocytes derived from WT, knockout (KO)-aSyn, and PLP-haSyn-transgenic mice. HaSyn PFFs are readily taken up by oligodendroglial cells and can recruit minute amounts of endogenous aSyn into the formation of insoluble, highly aggregated, pathological assemblies. The overexpression of haSyn or p25α accelerates the recruitment of endogenous protein and the generation of such aberrant species. In haSyn PFF-treated primary oligodendrocytes, the microtubule and myelin networks are disrupted, thus recapitulating a pathological hallmark of MSA, in a manner totally dependent upon the seeding of endogenous aSyn. Furthermore, using oligodendroglial and primary cortical cultures, we demonstrated that pathology-related S129 aSyn phosphorylation depends on aSyn and p25α protein load and may involve different aSyn “strains” present in oligodendroglial and neuronal synucleinopathies. Importantly, this hypothesis was further supported by data obtained from human post-mortem brain material derived from patients with MSA and dementia with Lewy bodies. Finally, delivery of haSyn PFFs into the mouse brain led to the formation of aberrant aSyn forms, including the endogenous protein, within oligodendroglia and evoked myelin decompaction in WT mice, but not in KO-aSyn mice. This line of research highlights the role of endogenous aSyn and p25α in the formation of pathological aSyn assemblies in oligodendrocytes and provides in vivo evidence of the contribution of oligodendroglial aSyn in the establishment of aSyn pathology in MSA.
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Dhillon JKS, Trejo-Lopez JA, Riffe C, McFarland NR, Hiser WM, Giasson BI, Yachnis AT. Dissecting α-synuclein inclusion pathology diversity in multiple system atrophy: implications for the prion-like transmission hypothesis. J Transl Med 2019; 99:982-992. [PMID: 30737468 PMCID: PMC7209695 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of insoluble, aggregated α-synuclein (αS) pathological inclusions. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) presents with extensive oligodendroglial αS pathology and additional more limited neuronal inclusions while most of the other synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), develop αS pathology primarily in neuronal cell populations. αS biochemical alterations specific to MSA have been described but thorough examination of these unique and disease-specific protein deposits is further warranted especially given recent findings implicating the prion-like nature of synucleinopathies perhaps with distinct strain-like properties. Taking advantage of an extensive panel of antibodies that target a wide range of epitopes within αS, we investigated the distinct properties of the various types of αS inclusion present in MSA brains with comparison to DLB. Brain biochemical fractionation followed by immunoblotting revealed that the immunoreactive profiles were significantly more consistent for DLB than for MSA. Furthermore, epitope-specific immunohistochemistry varied greatly between different types of MSA αS inclusions and even within different brain regions of individual MSA brains. These studies highlight the importance of using a battery of antibodies for adequate appreciation of the various pathology in this distinct synucleinopathy. In addition, it can be posited that if the spread of pathology in MSA undergoes prion-like mechanisms, "strains" of αS aggregated conformers must be inherently unstable and readily mutable, perhaps resulting in a more stochastic progression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess-Karan S. Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jorge A. Trejo-Lopez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wesley M. Hiser
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Corresponding author: Benoit I. Giasson () or Anthony Yachnis ()
| | - Anthony T. Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Corresponding author: Benoit I. Giasson () or Anthony Yachnis ()
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25
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Sorrentino ZA, Vijayaraghavan N, Gorion KM, Riffe CJ, Strang KH, Caldwell J, Giasson BI. Physiological C-terminal truncation of α-synuclein potentiates the prion-like formation of pathological inclusions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18914-18932. [PMID: 30327435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) aggregates into toxic fibrils in multiple neurodegenerative diseases where these fibrils form characteristic pathological inclusions such as Lewy bodies (LBs). The mechanisms initiating αsyn aggregation into fibrils are unclear, but ubiquitous post-translational modifications of αsyn present in LBs may play a role. Specific C-terminally (C)-truncated forms of αsyn are present within human pathological inclusions and form under physiological conditions likely in lysosome-associated pathways, but the roles for these C-truncated forms of αsyn in inclusion formation and disease are not well understood. Herein, we characterized the in vitro aggregation properties, amyloid fibril structures, and ability to induce full-length (FL) αsyn aggregation through prion-like mechanisms for eight of the most common physiological C-truncated forms of αsyn (1-115, 1-119, 1-122, 1-124, 1-125, 1-129, 1-133, and 1-135). In vitro, C-truncated αsyn aggregated more readily than FL αsyn and formed fibrils with unique morphologies. The presence of C-truncated αsyn potentiated aggregation of FL αsyn in vitro through co-polymerization. Specific C-truncated forms of αsyn in cells also exacerbated seeded aggregation of αsyn. Furthermore, in primary neuronal cultures, co-polymers of C-truncated and FL αsyn were potent prion-like seeds, but polymers composed solely of the C-truncated protein were not. These experiments indicated that specific physiological C-truncated forms of αsyn have distinct aggregation properties, including the ability to modulate the prion-like aggregation and seeding activity of FL αsyn. Proteolytic formation of these C-truncated species may have an important role in both the initiation of αsyn pathological inclusions and further progression of disease with strain-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Niran Vijayaraghavan
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Cara J Riffe
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Kevin H Strang
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Jason Caldwell
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, .,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and.,the McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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26
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Ferrer I. Oligodendrogliopathy in neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates: The forgotten partner. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:24-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Localized Induction of Wild-Type and Mutant Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Reveals Propagation along Neuroanatomical Tracts. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00586-18. [PMID: 29976670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00586-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded alpha-synuclein (αS) may exhibit a number of characteristics similar to those of the prion protein, including the apparent ability to spread along neuroanatomical connections. The demonstration for this mechanism of spread is largely based on the intracerebral injections of preaggregated αS seeds in mice, in which it cannot be excluded that diffuse, surgical perturbations and hematogenous spread also contribute to the propagation of pathology. For this reason, we have utilized the sciatic nerve as a route of injection to force the inoculum into the lumbar spinal cord and induce a localized site for the onset of αS inclusion pathology. Our results demonstrate that mouse αS fibrils (fibs) injected unilaterally in the sciatic nerve are efficient in inducing pathology and the onset of paralytic symptoms in both the M83 and M20 lines of αS transgenic mice. In addition, a spatiotemporal study of these injections revealed a predictable spread of pathology to brain regions whose axons synapse directly on ventral motor neurons in the spinal cord, strongly supporting axonal transport as a mechanism of spread of the αS inducing, or seeding, factor. We also revealed a relatively decreased efficiency for human αS fibs containing the E46K mutation to induce disease via this injection paradigm, supportive of recent studies demonstrating a diminished ability of this mutant αS to undergo aggregate induction. These results further demonstrate prion-like properties for αS by the ability for a progression and spread of αS inclusion pathology along neuroanatomical connections.IMPORTANCE The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αS) inclusions is a hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PD-related diseases. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated similarities between the prion protein and αS, including its ability to spread along neuroanatomical tracts throughout the central nervous system (CNS). However, there are caveats in each of these studies in which the injection routes used had the potential to result in a widespread dissemination of the αS-containing inocula, making it difficult to precisely define the mechanisms of spread. In this study, we assessed the spread of pathology following a localized induction of αS inclusions in the lumbar spinal cord following a unilateral injection in the sciatic nerve. Using this paradigm, we demonstrated the ability for αS inclusion spread and/or induction along neuroanatomical tracts within the CNS of two αS-overexpressing mouse models.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) constitute the three major neurodegenerative disorders referred to as synucleinopathies because both genetic and pathological results implicate the α-synuclein protein in their pathogenesis. PD and DLBD are recognized as closely related diseases with substantial clinical and pathological overlap. MSA, on the other hand, has a distinctive clinical presentation and neuropathological profile. In this review, we will summarize the evidence linking α-synuclein to these three disorders. Hundreds of patients with point or copy number mutations in the gene encoding α-synuclein, SNCA, have been reported in the literature in association with hereditary, autosomal dominant forms of PD, DLBD, or neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism. The copy number mutations show a dosage effect with age at onset and severity correlating with the number of extra copies of SNCA a patient carries. Common variation in and around the SNCA gene has also been found by genome-wide association studies to be associated with increased risk for apparently sporadic PD, with some evidence that these variants exert their effect through modest increases in α-synuclein expression. Complementing the genetic evidence linking α-synuclein to PD and DLBD is the pathological finding that α-synuclein is a major constituent of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brains of patients with the common sporadic form of PD. On the other hand, there is little genetic evidence linking SNCA to MSA despite strong neuropathological evidence of α-synuclein aggregation in oligodendroglial cells in MSA patients. Evidence is now emerging that α-synuclein aggregates can have different protein conformations, referred to as strains, similar to what has been shown in prion disease. The different phenotypes in hereditary PD/DLBD versus MSA are likely, therefore, to be the result not only of how specific mutations affect protein expression and turnover, but also a more complex interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing aggregation and strain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Nussbaum
- Volunteer Clinical Faculty, UCSF School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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29
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Peng C, Gathagan RJ, Covell DJ, Medellin C, Stieber A, Robinson JL, Zhang B, Pitkin RM, Olufemi MF, Luk KC, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Cellular milieu imparts distinct pathological α-synuclein strains in α-synucleinopathies. Nature 2018; 557:558-563. [PMID: 29743672 PMCID: PMC5970994 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Lewy body (LB) diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), without and with dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with LB co-pathology1, α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates in neurons as LBs and Lewy neurites (LNs)2, while in multiple system atrophy (MSA), α-Syn mainly accumulates in oligodendrocytes as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs)3. Here, we report that pathological α-Syn in GCIs and LBs (GCI-α-Syn and LB-α-Syn) are conformationally and biologically distinct. GCI-α-Syn forms more compact structures and is ~1,000-fold more potent than LB-α-Syn in seeding α-Syn aggregation, consistent with the highly aggressive nature of MSA. Surprisingly, GCI-α-Syn and LB-α-Syn show no cell type preference in seeding α-Syn pathology, raising the question of why they demonstrate different cell type distributions in LB disease versus MSA. Strikingly, we found that oligodendrocytes but not neurons transform misfolded α-Syn into a GCI-like strain, highlighting that distinct α-Syn strains are generated by different intracellular milieus. Moreover, GCI-α-Syn maintains its high seeding activity when propagated in neurons. Thus, α-Syn strains are determined by both misfolded seeds and intracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald J Gathagan
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dustin J Covell
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Coraima Medellin
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Stieber
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John L Robinson
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rose M Pitkin
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Modupe F Olufemi
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an orphan, fatal, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiology that is clinically characterized by various combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar, autonomic, and motor dysfunction. MSA is an α-synucleinopathy with specific glioneuronal degeneration involving striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar, and autonomic nervous systems but also other parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The major clinical variants correlate with the morphologic phenotypes of striatonigral degeneration (MSA-P) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (MSA-C). While our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating disease is still incomplete, updated consensus criteria and combined fluid and imaging biomarkers have increased its diagnostic accuracy. The neuropathologic hallmark of this unique proteinopathy is the deposition of aberrant α-synuclein in both glia (mainly oligodendroglia) and neurons forming glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions that cause cell dysfunction and demise. In addition, there is widespread demyelination, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. The pathogenesis of MSA is characterized by propagation of misfolded α-synuclein from neurons to oligodendroglia and cell-to-cell spreading in a "prion-like" manner, oxidative stress, proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of myelin lipids, decreased neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and energy failure. The combination of these mechanisms finally results in a system-specific pattern of neurodegeneration and a multisystem involvement that are specific for MSA. Despite several pharmacological approaches in MSA models, addressing these pathogenic mechanisms, no effective neuroprotective nor disease-modifying therapeutic strategies are currently available. Multidisciplinary research to elucidate the genetic and molecular background of the deleterious cycle of noxious processes, to develop reliable biomarkers and targets for effective treatment of this hitherto incurable disorder is urgently needed.
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Overk C, Rockenstein E, Valera E, Stefanova N, Wenning G, Masliah E. Multiple system atrophy: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:33-47. [PMID: 29058121 PMCID: PMC6156777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressing fatal synucleinopathy of the aging population characterized by parkinsonism, dysautonomia, and in some cases ataxia. Unlike other synucleinopathies, in this disorder the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), predominantly accumulates in oligodendroglial cells (and to some extent in neurons), leading to maturation defects of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms through which α-syn deposits occur in oligodendrocytes and neurons in MSA are not completely clear. While some studies suggest that α-syn might transfer from neurons to glial cells, others propose that α-syn might be aberrantly overexpressed by oligodendroglial cells. A number of in vivo models have been developed, including transgenic mice overexpressing α-syn under oligodendroglial promoters (e.g.: MBP, PLP, and CNP). Other models have been recently developed either by injecting synthetic α-syn fibrils or brain homogenates from patients with MSA into wild-type mice or by using viral vectors expressing α-syn under the MBP promoter in rats and non-human primates. Each of these models reproduces some of the neuropathological and functional aspects of MSA; however, none of them fully replicate the spectrum of MSA. Understanding better the mechanisms of how α-syn accumulates in oligodendrocytes and neurons will help in developing better models that recapitulate various pathogenic aspects of MSA in combination with translatable biomarkers of early stages of the disease that are necessary to devise disease-modifying therapeutics for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Dhillon JKS, Riffe C, Moore BD, Ran Y, Chakrabarty P, Golde TE, Giasson BI. A novel panel of α-synuclein antibodies reveal distinctive staining profiles in synucleinopathies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184731. [PMID: 28910367 PMCID: PMC5599040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the intracellular deposition of the protein α-synuclein leading to multiple outcomes, including dementia and Parkinsonism. Recent findings support the notion that across the spectrum of synucleinopathies there exist diverse but specific biochemical modifications and/or structural conformations of α-synuclein, which would give rise to protein strain specific prion-like intercellular transmission, a proposed model that could explain synucleinopathies disease progression. Herein, we characterized a panel of antibodies with epitopes within both the C- and N- termini of α-synuclein. A comprehensive analysis of human pathological tissue and mouse models of synucleinopathy with these antibodies support the notion that α-synuclein exists in distinct modified forms and/or structural variants. Furthermore, these well-characterized and specific tools allow the investigation of biochemical changes associated with α-synuclein inclusion formation. We have identified several antibodies of interest with diverse staining and epitope properties that will prove useful in future investigations of strain specific disease progression and the development of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches to synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess-Karan S. Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Unbiased Proteomics of Early Lewy Body Formation Model Implicates Active Microtubule Affinity-Regulating Kinases (MARKs) in Synucleinopathies. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5870-5884. [PMID: 28522732 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2705-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients progressively accumulate intracytoplasmic inclusions formed by misfolded α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies (LBs). LBs also contain other proteins that may or may not be relevant in the disease process. To identify proteins involved early in LB formation, we performed proteomic analysis of insoluble proteins in a primary neuron culture model of α-synuclein pathology. We identified proteins previously found in authentic LBs in PD as well as several novel proteins, including the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 (MARK1), one of the most enriched proteins in this model of LB formation. Activated MARK proteins (MARKs) accumulated in LB-like inclusions in this cell-based model as well as in a mouse model of LB disease and in LBs of postmortem synucleinopathy brains. Inhibition of MARKs dramatically exacerbated α-synuclein pathology. These findings implicate MARKs early in synucleinopathy pathogenesis and as potential therapeutic drug targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurodegenerative diseases are diagnosed definitively only in postmortem brains by the presence of key misfolded and aggregated disease proteins, but cellular processes leading to accumulation of these proteins have not been well elucidated. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients accumulate misfolded α-synuclein in LBs, the diagnostic signatures of PD. Here, unbiased mass spectrometry was used to identify the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase family (MARKs) as activated and insoluble in a neuronal culture PD model. Aberrant activation of MARKs was also found in a PD mouse model and in postmortem PD brains. Further, inhibition of MARKs led to increased pathological α-synuclein burden. We conclude that MARKs play a role in PD pathogenesis.
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Robust Central Nervous System Pathology in Transgenic Mice following Peripheral Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02095-16. [PMID: 27852849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02095-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded α-synuclein (αS) is hypothesized to spread throughout the central nervous system (CNS) by neuronal connectivity leading to widespread pathology. Increasing evidence indicates that it also has the potential to invade the CNS via peripheral nerves in a prion-like manner. On the basis of the effectiveness following peripheral routes of prion administration, we extend our previous studies of CNS neuroinvasion in M83 αS transgenic mice following hind limb muscle (intramuscular [i.m.]) injection of αS fibrils by comparing various peripheral sites of inoculations with different αS protein preparations. Following intravenous injection in the tail veins of homozygous M83 transgenic (M83+/+) mice, robust αS pathology was observed in the CNS without the development of motor impairments within the time frame examined. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of αS fibrils in hemizygous M83 transgenic (M83+/-) mice resulted in CNS αS pathology associated with paralysis. Interestingly, injection with soluble, nonaggregated αS resulted in paralysis and pathology in only a subset of mice, whereas soluble Δ71-82 αS, human βS, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control proteins induced no symptoms or pathology. Intraperitoneal injection of αS fibrils also induced CNS αS pathology in another αS transgenic mouse line (M20), albeit less robustly in these mice. In comparison, i.m. injection of αS fibrils was more efficient in inducing CNS αS pathology in M83 mice than i.p. or tail vein injections. Furthermore, i.m. injection of soluble, nonaggregated αS in M83+/- mice also induced paralysis and CNS αS pathology, although less efficiently. These results further demonstrate the prion-like characteristics of αS and reveal its efficiency to invade the CNS via multiple routes of peripheral administration. IMPORTANCE The misfolding and accumulation of α-synuclein (αS) inclusions are found in a number of neurodegenerative disorders and is a hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PD-related diseases. Similar characteristics have been observed between the infectious prion protein and αS, including its ability to spread from the peripheral nervous system and along neuroanatomical tracts within the central nervous system. In this study, we extend our previous results and investigate the efficiency of intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), and intramuscular (i.m.) routes of injection of αS fibrils and other protein controls. Our data reveal that injection of αS fibrils via these peripheral routes in αS-overexpressing mice are capable of inducing a robust αS pathology and in some cases cause paralysis. Furthermore, soluble, nonaggregated αS also induced αS pathology, albeit with much less efficiency. These findings further support and extend the idea of αS neuroinvasion from peripheral exposures.
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Jellinger KA, Wenning GK. Multiple system atrophy: pathogenic mechanisms and biomarkers. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:555-72. [PMID: 27098666 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a unique proteinopathy that differs from other α-synucleinopathies since the pathological process resulting from accumulation of aberrant α-synuclein (αSyn) involves the oligodendroglia rather than neurons, although both pathologies affect multiple parts of the brain, spinal cord, autonomic and peripheral nervous system. Both the etiology and pathogenesis of MSA are unknown, although animal models have provided insight into the basic molecular changes of this disorder. Accumulation of aberrant αSyn in oligodendroglial cells and preceded by relocation of p25α protein from myelin to oligodendroglia results in the formation of insoluble glial cytoplasmic inclusions that cause cell dysfunction and demise. These changes are associated with proteasomal, mitochondrial and lipid transport dysfunction, oxidative stress, reduced trophic transport, neuroinflammation and other noxious factors. Their complex interaction induces dysfunction of the oligodendroglial-myelin-axon-neuron complex, resulting in the system-specific pattern of neurodegeneration characterizing MSA as a synucleinopathy with oligodendroglio-neuronopathy. Propagation of modified toxic αSyn species from neurons to oligodendroglia by "prion-like" transfer and its spreading associated with neuronal pathways result in a multi-system involvement. No reliable biomarkers are currently available for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of MSA. Multidisciplinary research to elucidate the genetic and molecular background of the deleterious cycle of noxious processes, to develop reliable diagnostic biomarkers and to deliver targets for effective treatment of this hitherto incurable disorder is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Peelaerts W, Baekelandt V. ɑ-Synuclein strains and the variable pathologies of synucleinopathies. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:256-274. [PMID: 26924014 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several decades ago, a mysterious transmissible agent was found responsible for a group of progressive and lethal encephalopathies affecting the nervous system of both animals and humans. This infectious agent showed a strain-encoded manner of inheritance even though it lacked nucleic acids. The identification of infectious proteins resolved this apparent conundrum. Misfolded infectious protein particles, or prions, were found to exist as conformational isomers with a unique fingerprint that can be faithfully passaged to next generations. Protein-based strain-encoded inheritance is characterized by strain-specific infectivity and symptomatology. It is found in diverse organisms, such as yeast, fungi, and mammals. Now, this concept is revisited to examine the pathological role of amyloid proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases where it might underlie certain types of dementia and motor-related neurodegenerative disorders. Given the discovery of the SNCA gene and the identification of its gene product, ɑ-synuclein (ɑ-SYN), as the main histopathological component of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, the scientific community was left puzzled by the fact that a single protein appeared to be involved in different diseases with diverging clinical phenotypes. Recent studies are now indicating that ɑ-SYN may act in a way similar to prions and that ɑ-SYN misfolded structural variants may behave as strains with distinct biochemical and functional properties inducing specific phenotypic traits, which might finally provide an explanation for the clinical heterogeneity observed between Parkinson's disease, MSA, and dementia with Lewy bodies patients. These crucial new findings may pave the way for unexplored therapeutic avenues and identification of new potential biomarkers. Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies share ɑ-synuclein deposits as a common histopathological hallmark. New and ongoing developments are now showing that variations in the aggregation process and the formation of ɑ-synuclein strains may be paralleled by the development of distinct synucleinopathies. Here, we review the recent developments and the role of strains in synucleinopathies. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bleasel JM, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Animal modeling an oligodendrogliopathy--multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26860328 PMCID: PMC4748629 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, yet rapidly-progressive neurodegenerative disease that presents clinically with autonomic failure in combination with parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. The definitive neuropathology differentiating MSA from Lewy body diseases is the presence of α-synuclein aggregates in oligodendrocytes (called glial cytoplasmic inclusion or GCI) rather than the fibrillar aggregates in neurons (called Lewy bodies). This makes the pathological pathway(s) in MSA unique in that oligodendrocytes are involved rather than predominantly neurons, as is most other neurodegenerative disorders. MSA is therefore regarded as an oligodendrogliopathy. The etiology of MSA is unknown. No definitive risk factors have been identified, although α-synuclein and other genes have been variably linked to MSA risk. Utilization of postmortem brain tissues has greatly advanced our understanding of GCI pathology and the subsequent neurodegeneration. However, extrapolating the early pathogenesis of MSA from such resource has been difficult and limiting. In recent years, cell and animal models developed for MSA have been instrumental in delineating unique MSA pathological pathways, as well as aiding in clinical phenotyping. The purpose of this review is to bring together and discuss various animal models that have been developed for MSA and how they have advanced our understanding of MSA pathogenesis, particularly the dynamics of α-synuclein aggregation. This review will also discuss how animal models have been used to explore potential therapeutic avenues for MSA, and future directions of MSA modeling.
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Rutherford NJ, Sacino AN, Brooks M, Ceballos-Diaz C, Ladd TB, Howard JK, Golde TE, Giasson BI. Studies of lipopolysaccharide effects on the induction of α-synuclein pathology by exogenous fibrils in transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015. [PMID: 26223783 PMCID: PMC4520273 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is pathologically characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra, the presence of aggregated α-synuclein (αS) and evidence of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have shown that the cerebral injection of recombinant fibrillar αS, especially in αS transgenic mouse models, can induce the formation and spread of αS inclusion pathology. However, studies reporting this phenomenon did not consider the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the injected αS, produced in E. coli, as a potential confound. The objectives of this study are to develop a method to remove the LPS contamination and investigate the differences in pathologies induced by αS containing LPS or αS highly purified of LPS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We were able to remove >99.5% of the LPS contamination from the αS preparations through the addition of a cation exchange step during purification. The αS pathology induced by injection of fibrils produced from αS containing LPS or purified of LPS, showed a similar distribution pattern; however, there was less spread into the cortex of the mice injected with αS containing higher levels of LPS. As previously reported, injection of αS fibrils could induce astrogliosis, and αS inclusions were present within astrocytes in mice injected with fibrils comprised of αS with or without cation exchange purification. Furthermore, we identified the presence of αS pathology in ependymal cells in both groups of mice, which suggests the involvement of a novel mechanism for spread in this model of αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rutherford
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Amanda N Sacino
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mieu Brooks
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jasie K Howard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Room BMS J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Oliveira FHD, Rodrigues Neto E, Fonseca MK, Costa ASRD, Rockenbach MABC, Padilha RDS, Fernandez LL, Hilbig A. Neurodegenerative changes in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in people older than 50 years old: a descriptive study. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20150066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in life expectancy in Brazil, concerns have grown about the most prevalent diseases in elderly people. Among these diseases are neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Protein deposits related to the development of these diseases can pre-date the symptomatic phases by years. The tau protein is particularly interesting: it might be found in the brainstem and olfactory bulb long before it reaches the limbic cortex, at which point symptoms occur. Of the 14 brains collected in this study, the tau protein was found in the brainstems of 10 (71.42%) and in olfactory bulbs of 3 out 11. Of the 7 individuals who had a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 6 presented tau deposits in some region of the brainstem. Our data support the idea of the presence of tau protein in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arlete Hilbig
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Oligodendroglia and Myelin in Neurodegenerative Diseases: More Than Just Bystanders? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3046-3062. [PMID: 25966971 PMCID: PMC4902834 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, mediate rapid action potential conduction and provide trophic support for axonal as well as neuronal maintenance. Their progenitor cell population is widely distributed in the adult brain and represents a permanent cellular reservoir for oligodendrocyte replacement and myelin plasticity. The recognition of oligodendrocytes, their progeny, and myelin as contributing factors for the pathogenesis and the progression of neurodegenerative disease has recently evolved shaping our understanding of these disorders. In the present review, we aim to highlight studies on oligodendrocytes and their progenitors in neurodegenerative diseases. We dissect oligodendroglial biology and illustrate evolutionary aspects in regard to their importance for neuronal functionality and maintenance of neuronal circuitries. After covering recent studies on oligodendroglia in different neurodegenerative diseases mainly in view of their function as myelinating cells, we focus on the alpha-synucleinopathy multiple system atrophy, a prototypical disorder with a well-defined oligodendroglial pathology.
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Brain injection of α-synuclein induces multiple proteinopathies, gliosis, and a neuronal injury marker. J Neurosci 2015; 34:12368-78. [PMID: 25209277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2102-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral injection of amyloidogenic α-synuclein (αS) has been shown to induce αS pathology in the CNS of nontransgenic mice and αS transgenic mice, albeit with varying efficiencies. In this study, using wild-type human αS transgenic mice (line M20), we demonstrate that intracerebral injection of recombinant amyloidogenic or soluble αS induces extensive αS intracellular inclusion pathology that is associated with robust gliosis. Near the injection site, a significant portion of αS inclusions are detected in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia. Aberrant induction of expression of the intermediate filament protein peripherin, which is associated with CNS neuronal injury, was also observed predominantly near the site of injection. In addition, many pSer129 αS-induced inclusions colocalize with the low-molecular-mass neurofilament subunit (NFL) or peripherin staining. αS inclusion pathology was also induced in brain regions distal from the injection site, predominantly in neurons. Unexpectedly, we also find prominent p62-immunoreactive, αS-, NFL-, and peripherin-negative inclusions. These findings provide evidence that exogenous αS challenge induces αS pathology but also results in the following: (1) a broader disruption of proteostasis; (2) glial activation; and (3) a marker of a neuronal injury response. Such data suggest that induction of αS pathology after exogenous seeding may involve multiple interdependent mechanisms.
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42
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of multiple system atrophy: New thoughts about pathogenesis. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1720-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. Brain cholesterol is synthesized in situ by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and is almost completely isolated from other pools of cholesterol in the body, but a small fraction can be taken up from the circulation as 27-hydroxycholesterol, or via the scavenger receptor class B type I. Glial cells synthesize native high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like particles, which are remodelled by enzymes and lipid transfer proteins, presumably as it occurs in plasma. The major apolipoprotein constituent of HDL in the CNS is apolipoprotein E, which is produced by astrocytes and microglia. Apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein component of plasma HDL, is not synthesized in the CNS, but can enter and become a component of CNS lipoproteins. Low HDL-C levels have been shown to be associated with cognitive impairment and various neurodegenerative diseases. On the contrary, no clear association with brain disorders has been shown in genetic HDL defects, with the exception of Tangier disease. Mutations in a wide variety of lipid handling genes can result in human diseases, often with a neuronal phenotype caused by dysfunctional intracellular lipid trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vitali
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Sacino AN, Brooks M, Thomas MA, McKinney AB, McGarvey NH, Rutherford NJ, Ceballos-Diaz C, Robertson J, Golde TE, Giasson BI. Amyloidogenic α-synuclein seeds do not invariably induce rapid, widespread pathology in mice. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:645-65. [PMID: 24659240 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to further evaluate the parameters whereby intracerebral administration of recombinant α-synuclein (αS) induces pathological phenotypes in mice, we conducted a series of studies where αS fibrils were injected into the brains of M83 (A53T) and M47 (E46K) αS transgenic (Tg) mice, and non-transgenic (nTg) mice. Using multiple markers to assess αS inclusion formation, we find that injected fibrillar human αS induced widespread cerebral αS inclusion formation in the M83 Tg mice, but in both nTg and M47 Tg mice, induced αS inclusion pathology is largely restricted to the site of injection. Furthermore, mouse αS fibrils injected into nTg mice brains also resulted in inclusion pathology restricted to the site of injection with no evidence for spread. We find no compelling evidence for extensive spread of αS pathology within white matter tracts, and we attribute previous reports of white matter tract spreading to cross-reactivity of the αS pSer129/81A antibody with phosphorylated neurofilament subunit L. These studies suggest that, with the exception of the M83 Tg mice which appear to be uniquely susceptible to induction of inclusion pathology by exogenous forms of αS, there are significant barriers in mice to widespread induction of αS pathology following intracerebral administration of amyloidogenic αS.
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Kuzdas-Wood D, Stefanova N, Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Schlossmacher MG, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Towards translational therapies for multiple system atrophy. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:19-35. [PMID: 24598411 PMCID: PMC4068324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis manifesting with autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia in any combination. The underlying neuropathology affects central autonomic, striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar pathways and it is associated with distinctive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs, Papp-Lantos bodies) that contain aggregates of α-synuclein. Current treatment options are very limited and mainly focused on symptomatic relief, whereas disease modifying options are lacking. Despite extensive testing, no neuroprotective drug treatment has been identified up to now; however, a neurorestorative approach utilizing autologous mesenchymal stem cells has shown remarkable beneficial effects in the cerebellar variant of MSA. Here, we review the progress made over the last decade in defining pathogenic targets in MSA and summarize insights gained from candidate disease-modifying interventions that have utilized a variety of well-established preclinical MSA models. We also discuss the current limitations that our field faces and suggest solutions for possible approaches in cause-directed therapies of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kuzdas-Wood
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, RGH #1412, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Bleasel JM, Wong JH, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Lipid dysfunction and pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 24502382 PMCID: PMC3922275 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing support cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body and disordered metabolism of various lipid constituents is increasingly recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein is a 17 kDa protein with a close association to lipid membranes and biosynthetic processes in the CNS, yet its precise function is a matter of speculation, particularly in oligodendrocytes. α-Synuclein aggregation in neurons is a well-characterized feature of Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Epidemiological evidence and in vitro studies of α-synuclein molecular dynamics suggest that disordered lipid homeostasis may play a role in the pathogenesis of α-synuclein aggregation. However, MSA is distinct from other α-synucleinopathies in a number of respects, not least the disparate cellular focus of α-synuclein pathology. The recent identification of causal mutations and polymorphisms in COQ2, a gene encoding a biosynthetic enzyme for the production of the lipid-soluble electron carrier coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), puts membrane transporters as central to MSA pathogenesis, although how such transporters are involved in the early myelin degeneration observed in MSA remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to bring together available evidence to explore the potential role of membrane transporters and lipid dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of α-synuclein aggregation in MSA. We hypothesize that dysregulation of the specialized lipid metabolism involved in myelin synthesis and maintenance by oligodendrocytes underlies the unique neuropathology of MSA.
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Sacino AN, Brooks M, McGarvey NH, McKinney AB, Thomas MA, Levites Y, Ran Y, Golde TE, Giasson BI. Induction of CNS α-synuclein pathology by fibrillar and non-amyloidogenic recombinant α-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:38. [PMID: 24252149 PMCID: PMC3893388 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background α-Synuclein (αS) is the major component of several types of brain inclusions including Lewy bodies, a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Aberrant aggregation of αS also is associated with cellular demise in multiple neurologic disorders collectively referred to as synucleinopathies. Recent studies demonstrate the induction of αS pathology by a single intracerebral injection of exogenous amyloidogenic αS in adult non-transgenic and transgenic mice expressing human αS. To further investigate the mechanism of pathology induction and evaluate an experimental paradigm with potential for higher throughput, we performed similar studies in neonatal mice injected with αS. Results In non-transgenic mice, we observed limited induction of neuronal αS inclusions predominantly 8 months after brain injection of aggregated, amyloidogenic human αS. More robust inclusion pathology was induced in transgenic mice expressing wild-type human αS (line M20), and inclusion pathology was observed at earlier time points. Injection of a non-amyloidogenic (Δ71-82) deletion protein of αS was also able to induce similar pathology in a subset of M20 transgenic mice. M20 transgenic mice injected with amyloidogenic or non-amyloidogenic αS demonstrated a delayed and robust induction of brain neuroinflammation that occurs in mice with or without αS pathological inclusions implicating this mechanism in aggregate formation. Conclusions The finding that a non-amyloidogenic Δ71-82 αS can induce pathology calls into question the simple interpretation that exogenous αS catalyzes aggregation and spread of intracellular αS pathology solely through a nucleation dependent conformational templating mechanism. These results indicate that several mechanisms may act synergistically or independently to promote the spread of αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Sacino AN, Giasson BI. Does a prion-like mechanism play a major role in the apparent spread of α-synuclein pathology? ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2012; 4:48. [PMID: 23245350 PMCID: PMC3580457 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the most common movement disorder, results in an insidious reduction for patients in quality of life and ability to function. A hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the brain accumulation of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions comprised of the protein α-synuclein. The presence of α-synuclein brain aggregates is observed in several neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia with Lewy bodies and Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease. These disorders, as a group, are termed synucleinopathies. Mounting evidence indicates that α-synuclein amyloid pathology may spread during disease progression by a prion-like (self-templating alteration in protein conformation) mechanism. Clear in vitro and cell culture data demonstrate that amyloidogenic α-synuclein can readily induce the conversion of other α-synuclein molecules into this conformation. Some data from experimental mouse studies and autopsied brain analyses also are consistent with the notion that a self-promoting process of α-synuclein amyloid inclusion formation may lead to a progressive spread of disease in vivo. However, as pointed out in this review, there are alternative explanations and interpretations for these findings. Therefore, from a therapeutic perspective, it is critical to determine the relative importance and contribution of α-synuclein prionlike spread in disease before embarking on elaborate efforts to target this putative pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Sacino
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, P.O. Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, P.O. Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA
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Luk KC, Kehm V, Carroll J, Zhang B, O'Brien P, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Pathological α-synuclein transmission initiates Parkinson-like neurodegeneration in nontransgenic mice. Science 2012; 338:949-53. [PMID: 23161999 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1753] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by abundant α-synuclein (α-Syn) neuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and the massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. However, a cause-and-effect relationship between Lewy inclusion formation and neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here, we found that in wild-type nontransgenic mice, a single intrastriatal inoculation of synthetic α-Syn fibrils led to the cell-to-cell transmission of pathologic α-Syn and Parkinson's-like Lewy pathology in anatomically interconnected regions. Lewy pathology accumulation resulted in progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but not in the adjacent ventral tegmental area, and was accompanied by reduced dopamine levels culminating in motor deficits. This recapitulation of a neurodegenerative cascade thus establishes a mechanistic link between transmission of pathologic α-Syn and the cardinal features of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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