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Yan Y, Yuan R, Deng L, Hu H, Yang Y, Gui X, Yang R. The construction of a novel supplementary diagnostic model for patients with indeterminate HIV infection. AIDS 2024; 38:1658-1670. [PMID: 39007922 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The window period, defined as HIV nucleic acid test (NAT) reactivity but Western blot (WB) test inconclusive, is garnering more attention. Improving the detection efficiency of HIV high-risk populations in the window period is critical to reducing the risk of unanticipated transmission. The purpose of this study was to create an additional strategy for distinguishing indeterminate HIV infection cases. METHODS Based on WB follow-up results, the individuals in this study were divided into persons in the HIV window period and persons without HIV. Plasma was analyzed using quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The biological implications of these DEPs were investigated using enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and LASSO regression were used to identify key proteins. The calibration curve, decision curve, and nomogram were utilized to create the model. RESULTS Fifty-seven DEPs were screened out, with 33 up-regulated and 24 down-regulated in persons with HIV at window period. The most important Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment items are oxidoreductase activity and heme binding. Oxidoreductases account for half of the 10 main proteins identified from various DEPs. An auxiliary diagnostic model comprised of peroxiredoxin-2 (P32119), band 3 anion transport protein (P02730), and histone H2A type 1 (P0C0S8) was developed. The results of the confusion matrix parameters revealed that this diagnostic approach had strong practicability in distinguishing indeterminate HIV infection cases. CONCLUSIONS The three DEPs identified and predicted by proteomics are useful for the supplemental identification of persons in the HIV window period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Yong Yang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co., Ltd and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xien Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
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2
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Warfield R, Robinson JA, Podgorski RM, Miller AD, Burdo TH. Neuroinflammation in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and Dorsal Horn Contributes to Persistence of Nociceptor Sensitization in SIV-Infected Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Macaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:2017-2030. [PMID: 37734588 PMCID: PMC10699130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy remains prevalent. Using SIV-infected rhesus macaques, this study examined molecular mechanisms of peripheral and central sensitization to infer chronic pain from HIV infection. Previous studies identified atrophy in nociceptive neurons during SIV infection, which was associated with monocyte infiltration into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, the sensory signaling mechanism connecting this pathology to symptoms remains unclear, especially because pain persists after resolution of high viremia and inflammation with ART. We hypothesized that residual DRG and dorsal horn neuroinflammation contributes to nociceptive sensitization. Using three cohorts of macaques [uninfected (SIV-), SIV-infected (SIV+), and SIV infected with ART (SIV+/ART)], this study showed an increase in the cellular and cytokine inflammatory profiles in the DRG of SIV+/ART macaques compared with uninfected animals. It found significant increase in the expression of nociceptive ion channels, TRPV1, and TRPA1 among DRG neurons in SIV+/ART compared with uninfected animals. SIV-infected and SIV+/ART animals showed reduced innervation of the nonpeptidergic nociceptors into the dorsal horn compared with uninfected animals. Finally, there were a significantly higher number of CD68+ cells in the dorsal horn of SIV+/ART macaques compared with uninfected animals. In summary, these data demonstrate that neuroinflammation, characteristics of nociceptor sensitization, and central terminal atrophy persists in SIV+/ART animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Warfield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel M Podgorski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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3
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Krock E, Morado-Urbina CE, Menezes J, Hunt MA, Sandström A, Kadetoff D, Tour J, Verma V, Kultima K, Haglund L, Meloto CB, Diatchenko L, Kosek E, Svensson CI. Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms. Pain 2023:00006396-990000000-00274. [PMID: 36943275 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Transferring fibromyalgia patient immunoglobulin G (IgG) to mice induces pain-like behaviour, and fibromyalgia IgG binds mouse and human satellite glia cells (SGCs). These findings suggest that autoantibodies could be part of fibromyalgia pathology. However, it is unknown how frequently fibromyalgia patients have anti-SGC antibodies and how anti-SGC antibodies associate with disease severity. Here, we quantified serum or plasma anti-SGC IgG levels in 2 fibromyalgia cohorts from Sweden and Canada using an indirect immunofluorescence murine cell culture assay. Fibromyalgia serum IgG binding to human SGCs in human dorsal root ganglia tissue sections was also assessed by immunofluorescence. In the cell culture assay, anti-SGC IgG levels were increased in both fibromyalgia cohorts compared with control group. Elevated anti-SGC IgG was associated with higher levels of self-reported pain in both cohorts, and higher fibromyalgia impact questionnaire scores and increased pressure sensitivity in the Swedish cohort. Anti-SGC IgG levels were not associated with fibromyalgia duration. Swedish fibromyalgia (FM) patients were clustered into FM-severe and FM-mild groups, and the FM-severe group had elevated anti-SGC IgG compared with the FM-mild group and control group. Anti-SGC IgG levels detected in culture positively correlated with increased binding to human SGCs. Moreover, the FM-severe group had elevated IgG binding to human SGCs compared with the FM-mild and control groups. These results demonstrate that a subset of fibromyalgia patients have elevated levels of anti-SGC antibodies, and the antibodies are associated with more severe fibromyalgia symptoms. Screening fibromyalgia patients for anti-SGC antibodies could provide a path to personalized treatment options that target autoantibodies and autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Krock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos E Morado-Urbina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew A Hunt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Sandström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Sandström is now with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. Tour is now with the Oncology Surgery Department, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Diana Kadetoff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Sandström is now with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. Tour is now with the Oncology Surgery Department, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Tour
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Sandström is now with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. Tour is now with the Oncology Surgery Department, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Vivek Verma
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina B Meloto
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Sandström is now with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. Tour is now with the Oncology Surgery Department, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Avraham O, Chamessian A, Feng R, Yang L, Halevi AE, Moore AM, Gereau RW, Cavalli V. Profiling the molecular signature of satellite glial cells at the single cell level reveals high similarities between rodents and humans. Pain 2022; 163:2348-2364. [PMID: 35503034 PMCID: PMC9522926 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Peripheral sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia relay sensory information from the peripheral tissue to the brain. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are unique glial cells that form an envelope completely surrounding each sensory neuron soma. This organization allows for close bidirectional communication between the neuron and its surrounding glial coat. Morphological and molecular changes in SGC have been observed in multiple pathological conditions such as inflammation, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, viral infection, and nerve injuries. There is evidence that changes in SGC contribute to chronic pain by augmenting the neuronal activity in various rodent pain models. Satellite glial cells also play a critical role in axon regeneration. Whether findings made in rodent model systems are relevant to human physiology have not been investigated. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the transcriptional profile of SGC in mice, rats, and humans at the single cell level. Our findings suggest that key features of SGC in rodent models are conserved in humans. Our study provides the potential to leverage rodent SGC properties and identify potential targets in humans for the treatment of nerve injuries and alleviation of painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Chamessian
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Lite Yang
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexandra E. Halevi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Amy M. Moore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis 63110, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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5
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Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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6
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Buckley S, Byrnes S, Cochrane C, Roche M, Estes JD, Selemidis S, Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ. The role of oxidative stress in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100235. [PMID: 34589750 PMCID: PMC8474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a leading cause of morbidity in up to 50% of individuals living with HIV, despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation associated with HIV is especially attributed to the dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to neurodegeneration and poor clinical outcomes. While ROS have beneficial effects in eliciting immune responses to infection, chronic ROS production causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA and lipids that has been linked to altered redox homeostasis associated with antioxidant dysregulation. As a result, this disruption in the balance between antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of ROS inactivation and ROS production by enzymes such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family, as well as from the electron transport chain of the mitochondria can result in oxidative stress. This is particularly relevant to the brain, which is exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress due to its inherently high lipid concentration and ROS levels that have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that have similar stages of pathogenesis to HAND. In this review, we discuss the possible role and mechanisms of ROS production leading to oxidative stress that underpin HAND pathogenesis even when HIV is suppressed by current gold-standard antiretroviral therapies. Furthermore, we highlight that pathological ROS can serve as biomarkers for HIV-dependent HAND, and how manipulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant-dependent pathways may facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure. Production of reactive oxygen species has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. ROS production contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. ROS may be used as a biomarker for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Manipulation of antioxidant pathways may present novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Byrnes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Cochrane
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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7
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Tu W, Johnson E, Fujiwara E, Gill MJ, Kong L, Power C. Predictive variables for peripheral neuropathy in treated HIV type 1 infection revealed by machine learning. AIDS 2021; 35:1785-1793. [PMID: 34033588 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral neuropathies (PNPs) in HIV-infected patients are highly debilitating because of neuropathic pain and physical disabilities. We defined prevalence and associated predictive variables for PNP subtypes in a cohort of persons living with HIV. DESIGN Adult persons living with HIV in clinical care were recruited to a longitudinal study examining neurological complications. METHODS Each patient was assessed for symptoms and signs of PNP with demographic, laboratory, and clinical variables. Univariate, multiple logistic regression and machine learning analyses were performed by comparing patients with and without PNP. RESULTS Three patient groups were identified: PNP (n = 111) that included HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (n = 90) or mononeuropathy (n = 21), and non-neuropathy (n = 408). Univariate analyses showed multiple variables differed significantly between the non-neuropathy and PNP groups including age, estimated HIV type 1 (HIV-1) duration, education, employment, neuropathic pain, peak viral load, polypharmacy, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, AIDS, and prior neurotoxic nucleoside antiretroviral drug exposure. Classification algorithms distinguished those with PNP, all with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of more than 0.80. Random forest models showed greater accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values compared with the multiple logistic regression analysis. Relative importance plots showed that the foremost predictive variables of PNP were HIV-1 duration, peak plasma viral load, age, and low CD4+ T-cell levels. CONCLUSION PNP in HIV-1 infection remains common affecting 21.4% of patients in care. Machine-learning models uncovered variables related to PNP that were undetected by conventional analyses, emphasizing the importance of statistical algorithmic approaches to understanding complex neurological syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tu
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences
- Department of Public Health Sciences
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton
| | | | - M John Gill
- Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
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8
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McCarron ME, Weinberg RL, Izzi JM, Queen SE, Tarwater PM, Misra SL, Russakoff DB, Oakley JD, Mankowski JL. Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy With Deep Learning-Based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Cornea 2021; 40:635-642. [PMID: 33528225 PMCID: PMC8009813 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize corneal subbasal nerve plexus features of normal and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques by combining in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) with automated assessments using deep learning-based methods customized for macaques. METHODS IVCM images were collected from both male and female age-matched rhesus and pigtailed macaques housed at the Johns Hopkins University breeding colony using the Heidelberg HRTIII with Rostock Corneal Module. We also obtained repeat IVCM images of 12 SIV-infected animals including preinfection and 10-day post-SIV infection time points. All IVCM images were analyzed using a deep convolutional neural network architecture developed specifically for macaque studies. RESULTS Deep learning-based segmentation of subbasal nerves in IVCM images from macaques demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension measurements did not differ between species, but pigtailed macaques had significantly higher baseline corneal nerve fiber tortuosity than rhesus macaques (P = 0.005). Neither sex nor age of macaques was associated with differences in any of the assessed corneal subbasal nerve parameters. In the SIV/macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus, acute SIV infection induced significant decreases in both corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension (P = 0.01 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The combination of IVCM and robust objective deep learning analysis is a powerful tool to track sensory nerve damage, enabling early detection of neuropathy. Adapting deep learning analyses to clinical corneal nerve assessments will improve monitoring of small sensory nerve fiber damage in numerous clinical settings including human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McCarron
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel L Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica M Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | | | | | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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9
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Sullivan MN, Brill SA, Mangus LM, Jeong YJ, Solis CV, Knight AC, Colantuoni C, Keceli G, Paolocci N, Queen SE, Mankowski JL. Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase 2 by Astrocytes in the SIV/Macaque Model of HIV-Associated Neurologic Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:986-997. [PMID: 32783052 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Development of HAND is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain; therefore, upregulation of antioxidant defenses is critical to curtail neuronal damage. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme essential for maintaining cellular viability. We hypothesized that SOD2 was upregulated during retroviral infection. Using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of HIV, quantitative PCR showed elevated SOD2 mRNA in cortical gray ([GM], 7.6-fold for SIV vs uninfected) and white matter ([WM], 77-fold for SIV vs uninfected) during SIV infection. Further, SOD2 immunostaining was enhanced in GM and WM from SIV-infected animals. Double immunofluorescence labeling illustrated that SOD2 primarily colocalized with astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SIV-infected animals. Interestingly, in ART-treated SIV-infected animals, brain SOD2 RNA levels were similar to uninfected animals. Additionally, using principal component analysis in a transcriptomic approach, SOD2 and GFAP expression separated SIV-infected from uninfected brain tissue. Projection of these data into a HIV dataset revealed similar expression changes, thereby validating the clinical relevance. Together, our findings suggest that novel SOD2-enhancing therapies may reduce neuroinflammation in ART-treated HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Brill
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yea Ji Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Clarisse V Solis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gizem Keceli
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Deng G, Li S, Cao N, Guan H, Cheng X, Wang C. Potential mechanisms of tremor tolerance induced in rats by the repeated administration of total alkaloid extracts from the seeds of Peganum harmala Linn. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113183. [PMID: 32730891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seeds of Peganum harmala Linn have been widely used for the treatment of nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and endocrine diseases and many other human ailments. However, tremor toxicity occurs after overdose and is tolerated following multiple dosing. Thus far, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of tremors and tremor tolerance. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the potential mechanisms of tremors and tremor tolerance induced in rats by the repeated administration of total alkaloid extracts from the seeds of P. harmala (TAEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS A tremor model was induced in male Wistar rats by administering TAEP at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day. To evaluate tremor action, behavioral assessment was conducted by using a custom-built tremor acquisition and analysis system. To investigate the relationships between tremors and neurotransmitter levels in the brain, various neurotransmitters were simultaneously quantified by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system, and the association between these two parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. To further elucidate the potential mechanisms of the alterations of neurotransmitter levels in cortical tissues, the protein expression levels of several important enzymes and transporters that are closely related to neurotransmitter levels were investigated. In addition, neuropathological analysis was conducted to assess the effect of TAEP on neurons in the brain. To further clarify the potential mechanisms of TAEP-induced neurodegeneration in the brain, c-fos was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis, and oxidative stress markers were examined. RESULTS Tremors initially occurred in rats after the oral administration of TAEP at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day. However, they were tolerated following repeated dosing. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glycine (Gly) in cortical tissues were most likely associated with the tremor response. Tremor tolerance also likely resulted from the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Furthermore, the alteration of 5-HT levels was mainly attributed to the downregulated expression of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). The degeneration of Purkinje neurons might have resulted from the overexpression of c-fos and increased oxidative stress in the cerebellum after the multiple dosing of TAEP. CONCLUSION The tremor response induced by TAEP at high doses is closely related to the concentrations of 5-HT and Gly in cortical tissues. Tremor tolerance may also be attributed to the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells after the repeated dosing of TAEP. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the interaction of the alkaloids on the neurotransmitter receptors, the expression of related neurotransmitter receptors, the specific signaling pathway involved in regulating MAO-A, and the mechanism of the loss and functional recovery of cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxu Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hanxue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 230 Baoding Road, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Liuhong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shuping Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Emerging importance of satellite glia in nervous system function and dysfunction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:485-498. [PMID: 32699292 PMCID: PMC7374656 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) closely envelop cell bodies of neurons in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. This unique organization is not found elsewhere in the nervous system. SGCs in sensory ganglia are activated by numerous types of nerve injury and inflammation. The activation includes upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein, stronger gap junction-mediated SGC-SGC and neuron-SGC coupling, increased sensitivity to ATP, downregulation of Kir4.1 potassium channels and increased cytokine synthesis and release. There is evidence that these changes in SGCs contribute to chronic pain by augmenting neuronal activity and that these changes are consistent in various rodent pain models and likely also in human pain. Therefore, understanding these changes and the resulting abnormal interactions of SGCs with sensory neurons could provide a mechanistic approach that might be exploited therapeutically in alleviation and prevention of pain. We describe how SGCs are altered in rodent models of four common types of pain: systemic inflammation (sickness behaviour), post-surgical pain, diabetic neuropathic pain and post-herpetic pain.
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Atrophy and Death of Nonpeptidergic and Peptidergic Nociceptive Neurons in SIV Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1530-1544. [PMID: 32246920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy is a common neurologic comorbidity of HIV infection and prevails in the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV infection drives pathologic changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through inflammation, altered metabolism, and neuronal dysfunction. Herein, we characterized specific neuronal populations in an SIV-infected macaque model with or without ART. DRG neuronal populations were identified by neurofilament H-chain 200, I-B4 isolectin (IB4), or tropomyosin receptor kinase A expression and assessed for cell body diameter, population size, apoptotic markers, and regeneration signaling. IB4+ and tropomyosin receptor kinase A-positive neurons showed a reduced cell body size (atrophy) and decreased population size (cell death) in the DRG of SIV-infected animals compared with uninfected animals. IB4+ nonpeptidergic neurons were less affected in the presence of ART. DRG neurons showed accumulation of cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis) and nuclear-localized activating transcription factor 3 (regeneration) in SIV infection, which was significantly lower in uninfected animals and SIV-infected animals receiving ART. Nonpeptidergic neurons predominantly colocalized with cleaved caspase 3 staining. Nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons colocalized with nuclear-accumulated activating transcription factor 3, showing active regeneration in sensory neurons. These data suggest that nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons are susceptible to pathologic changes from SIV infection, and intervention with ART did not fully ameliorate damage to the DRG, specifically to peptidergic neurons.
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Mangus LM, Rao DB, Ebenezer GJ. Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Analysis in Human Patients and Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Comparative Review. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:59-70. [PMID: 31221022 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319855969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) in skin biopsy samples has become a standard clinical tool for diagnosing peripheral neuropathies in human patients. Compared to sural nerve biopsy, skin biopsy is safer, less invasive, and can be performed repeatedly to facilitate longitudinal assessment. Intraepidermal nerve fiber analysis is also more sensitive than conventional nerve histology or electrophysiological tests for detecting damage to small-diameter sensory nerve fibers. The techniques used for IENF analysis in humans have been adapted for large and small animal models and successfully used in studies of diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, among others. Although IENF analysis has yet to become a routine end point in nonclinical safety testing, it has the potential to serve as a highly relevant indicator of sensory nerve fiber status in neurotoxicity studies, as well as development of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies. Recently, there is also interest in the evaluation of IENF via skin biopsy as a biomarker of small fiber neuropathy in the regulatory setting. This article provides an overview of the anatomic and pathophysiologic principles behind IENF analysis, its use as a diagnostic tool in humans, and applications in animal models with focus on comparative methodology and considerations for study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gigi J Ebenezer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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