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Turnbull A, Putnam H, Sesay I, Bangura A, Bailey E, Dubbink JH, Grobusch MP. So, what's best? Accuracy and acceptance of thermometers in triage and inpatients in a low-resource tropical setting - The MaTe study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25806. [PMID: 38371989 PMCID: PMC10873737 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We searched for the most-suitable thermometry method in the low-resource, tropical setting of Sierra Leone, both in terms of accuracy and also patient and user acceptance. Methods We conducted a prospective comparative study of different methods of body temperature measurement. Each participant had their temperature taken by four different methods: non-contact infrared temperature (NCIT), axillary, tympanic membrane and rectal measurements. Rectal temperature was considered clinical gold standard. Primary outcome was predicted sensitivity and specificity of thermometry methods in detecting fever (rectal temperature ≥38.0 °C). Questionnaires were used to explore patient and healthcare worker attitudes towards different methods of temperature-taking. Results 824 rectal body temperature readings were taken from 562 participants. The mean rectal temperature was 37.4 °C (IQR 37 °C to 37.7 °C), with a minimum reading of 35.2 °C and maximum of 41.0 °C. Tympanic membrane thermometry showed the highest sensitivity of fever detection using the Genius3 TM thermometer (sensitivity 70.8 %, 95 % CI 60.2%-79.9 %; specificity 97.2 %, 95 % CI 95.5-98.4 %); and Braun TM (sensitivity 51.5 %, 95 % CI 42.6%-62.0 %; specificity 98.8 %, 95 % CI 97.7-99.5). NCIT thermometry sensitivity was low (36.8 %-41.4 % for the two devices used). Axillary thermometry sensitivity was 40.6 %. Participants ranked NCIT as the most and rectal as the least preferred method. Questionnaires from 32 participating nurses showed agreeability to using NCIT, TM and axillary methods routinely, but less so for rectal thermometry. Conclusions When combining the accuracy of different thermometry methods in detecting fever with user and patient acceptability, tympanic membrane thermometry appears most suitable but also has limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Putnam
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Issa Sesay
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Aminata Bangura
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Emily Bailey
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Jan Henk Dubbink
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU) and Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centresthe Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
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Lee CH, Lee IB. Effect of translucency and absorbance of composite on temperature change during photopolymerization. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:894-900. [PMID: 37766575 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of translucency and absorbance of conventional (FiltekTM-Z350-XT) and bulk-fill (Tetric®-N-Ceram) composites on temperature change during photopolymerization, using a non-contact infrared sensor. Three shades from each composite were selected to prepare disk-shaped specimens (n=3), which then photopolymerized with LED-light for 20 s. A second light exposure was performed on the photopolymerized specimens. The first peak temperature rise during composite photopolymerization (ΔTtotal), second peak temperature rise by the light (ΔTlight), and net peak temperature rise by composite curing heat (ΔTcomposite) were obtained from the temperature change vs. time curve. The changes in ΔTtotal and ΔTlight with varying the composite shade were greater than those in ΔTcomposite. The conventional composite showed higher ΔTtotal and ΔTlight than bulk-fill composite. ΔTtotal and ΔTlight increased as translucency parameter decreased, and absorbance increased. The potential risk for heat-induced pulpal damage should be considered when selecting a composite shade, especially for deep cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ha Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University
| | - In-Bog Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University
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Wu B, Zhang Z, Chen B, Zheng Z, You C, Liu C, Li X, Wang J, Wang Y, Song E, Cui J, An Z, Huang G, Mei Y. One-step rolling fabrication of VO 2 tubular bolometers with polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional detection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7805. [PMID: 37851806 PMCID: PMC10584336 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Uncooled infrared detection based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) radiometer is highly demanded in temperature monitoring and security protection. The key to its breakthrough is to fabricate bolometer arrays with great absorbance and excellent thermal insulation using a straightforward procedure. Here, we show a tubular bolometer by one-step rolling VO2 nanomembranes with enhanced infrared detection. The tubular geometry enhances the thermal insulation, light absorption, and temperature sensitivity of freestanding VO2 nanomembranes. This tubular VO2 bolometer exhibits a detectivity of ~2 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W-1 in the ultrabroad infrared spectrum, a response time of ~2.0 ms, and a calculated noise-equivalent temperature difference of 64.5 mK. Furthermore, our device presents a workable structural paradigm for polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional light coupling bolometers. The demonstrated overall characteristics suggest that tubular bolometers have the potential to narrow performance and cost gap between photon detectors and thermal detectors with low cost and broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binmin Wu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enming Song
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua An
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
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Patel DV, Barot RB, Cecil R, Phatak AG, Shinde MK, Patel AJ, Nimbalkar SM. Temperature Monitoring in Children: An Agreement Study. JOURNAL OF NEONATOLOGY 2023; 37:134-141. [DOI: 10.1177/09732179231164527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT) measures temperature rapidly and noninvasively. It is commonly used at forehead, but other potential sites such as axilla and abdomen are yet to be explored. We assessed agreement of temperature recordings of axillary temperature by glass mercury thermometer (the “gold standard”) with axillary temperature by the digital thermometer as well as with NCIT at forehead, axilla, mid abdomen, and at right hypochondriac areas. Methods: Neonates and children below 5 years admitted in neonatal and pediatrics wards were enrolled in the study through convenience sampling. For each participant, temperature was measured using NCIT at forehead, mid abdomen, right hypochondrium, and right axilla as well as using digital thermometer at right axilla and using glass mercury thermometer at right axilla. The agreement between methods was presented as mean difference (95% limits of agreement) using Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Total 400 temperature readings were taken for each method from 132 participants. There was a good agreement between mercury axillary with digital axillary in both the groups, that is, neonates and children (>1 month to 5 years) (Mean difference [95% limits of agreement] = –0.046 [–0.26 to 0.169]°C and –0.028 [–0.183 to 0.128]°C, respectively). While for all the methods using NCIT, there was a poor agreement with mercury axillary temperature in both the groups. Conclusion: Agreement between axillary temperatures using digital and glass mercury thermometers was good, while agreements between the axillary temperature using glass mercury thermometer with NCIT readings at different sites were poor in neonates and children below 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipen V. Patel
- Department of Neonatology, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rushi B. Barot
- Department of Pediatrics, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rashmin Cecil
- Department of Pediatrics, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajay G. Phatak
- Central Research Services, Shree Krishna Hospital, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayur K. Shinde
- Central Research Services, Shree Krishna Hospital, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Arya J. Patel
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Somashekhar M. Nimbalkar
- Department of Neonatology, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Accuracy of thermal microsensors embedded in orthodontic retainers of different material composition and thickness: An in vitro study. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoj-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives: The present research aimed to assess the accuracy and precision of the TheraMon® microsensor embedded in different thicknesses of Hawley retainers (HR) for comparison with vacuum formed retainers (VFR).
Methods: Thirty microsensors contained within different thicknesses and composition of retainers were divided into three equal groups: Group A thick coverage HR (3 mm), Group B thin coverage HR (1 mm), and Group C VFR (1 mm). The microsensors were immersed in thermostatic water at a controlled temperature of 35°C, which corresponds to the average intra-oral temperature. After 1 week, data were gathered using the TheraMon® client software and analysed using ANOVA and Turkey’s HSD tests.
Results: All TheraMon® microsensors were functional and produced uninterrupted recordings during the 1-week test period. Thermal detection differed between the three removable retainer groups. A near accurate thermostatic water detection was noticed with the thin HR with a mean temperature of 34.81 ± 0.04°C, followed by VFR 34.77 ± 0.09°C, and finally the thick HR 34.73 ± 0.05°C (ANOVA p-value = 0.025). A between-group comparison showed a significant mean difference (MD) between the thin and thick HR groups (MD: 0.08, p-value = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences between VFR and neither the thick Hawley (MD: 0.04, p-value = 0.27) nor the thin Hawley group (MD: -0.03, p-value = 0.39).
Conclusion: A removable retainer’s variation in material thickness and composition could induce small but detectable changes in the precision of thermal detection by TheraMon® microsensors.
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Flynn Makic MB. To Treat Or Not To Treat Fever in the ICU Postoperative Patient. J Perianesth Nurs 2022; 37:971-972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lai F, Li X, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Q, Chen S, Wei S, Xiong Y, Hou Q, Zeng X, Yang Y, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang X. Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19. Front Public Health 2022; 10:985553. [PMID: 36504995 PMCID: PMC9730337 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.985553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever screening is an effective method to detect infectors associated with different variants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on the fact that most infectors with COVID-19 have fever symptoms. Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are widely used in fever screening. Nevertheless, authoritative data is lacking in defining "fever" at different body surface sites when using NCITs. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal diagnostic threshold for fever screening using NICTs at different body surface sites, to improve the accuracy of fever screening and provide theoretical reference for healthcare policy. Participants (n = 1860) who were outpatients or emergency patients at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital were recruited for this prospective investigation from March 1 to June 30, 2021. NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers were used to measure neck, temple, forehead and wrist temperatures of all participants. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to reflect the accuracy of NCITs. Linear correlation analysis was used to show the effect of age on body temperature. Multilinear regression analysis was used to explore the association between non-febrile participant's covariates and neck temperature. The mean age of participants was 3.45 ± 2.85 years for children and 28.56 ± 7.25 years for adults. In addition 1,304 (70.1%) participants were children (≤12), and 683 (36.7%) were male. The neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy among the four sites. Further the optimal fever diagnostic thresholds of NCITs at the four body surface measurement sites were neck (36.75 °C, sensitivity: 0.993, specificity: 0.858); temple (36.55 °C, sensitivity: 0.974, specificity: 0.874); forehead (36.45 °C, sensitivity: 0.961, specificity: 0.813); and wrist (36.15 °C, sensitivity: 0.951, specificity: 0.434). Based on the findings of our study, we recommend 36.15, 36.45, 36.55, and 36.75 °C as the diagnostic thresholds of fever at the wrist, forehead, temple and neck, respectively. Among the four surface sites, neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lai
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sumei Wei
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiannan Hou
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Psychiatry Department, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yalan Li
| | - Yonghong Lin
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Yonghong Lin
| | - Xiao Yang
- Obstetrics Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Xiao Yang
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Shrivastava R, Pathak T, Thakare A, Wakode NS. Assessment of Alternative Body Points for Temperature Screening As Precautionary Screening During the Pandemic Using Infrared Thermometry. Cureus 2022; 14:e31712. [PMID: 36569716 PMCID: PMC9768110 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which swept across the globe in a short period, demonstrated that disease transmission management is a critical step in preventing an outbreak, as is good viral infectious disease screening. Infrared thermography (IRT) has long been considered ideal for screening body temperatures during pandemics. METHODS Single-centre cross-sectional study with 159 participants. Using infrared thermometry, participants were subjected to temperature measurement twice daily on various sites. This was compared to oral temperature. RESULTS The findings of the study revealed that infrared thermometry could be utilised as a proxy approach for screening by both individuals and medical professionals when employed at the glabella, cubits, or axillae. CONCLUSION Temperature screening is implied as a prophylactic method during pandemics. Owing to contact limitations, oral thermometry cannot be used for mass screening during the pandemic. Infrared thermometry is a noncontact method of temperature screening that can readily be applied for mass temperature screening in congested venues such as airports, shopping malls, places of public convenience, and other similar locations.
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Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091389. [PMID: 36138700 PMCID: PMC9497495 DOI: 10.3390/children9091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical reliability and utility of temperature measurements using no-contact forehead infrared thermometers (NCFITs) by comparing their temperature measurements with those obtained using infrared tympanic thermometers (IRTTs) in children. In this observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study, we enrolled 255 children (aged 1 month to 18 years) from the pediatric surgery ward at a tertiary medical center in Korea. The mean age of the children was 9.05 ± 5.39 years, and 54.9% were boys. The incidence rate of fever, defined as an IRTT reading of ≥38.0 °C, was 15.7%. The ICC coefficient for the assessment of agreement between temperatures recorded by the NCFIT and IRTT was 0.87, and the κ-coefficient was 0.83. The bias and 95% limits of agreement were 0.15 °C (−0.43 to 0.73). For an accurate diagnosis of fever (≥38 °C), the false-negative rate was much lower, but the false-positive rate was higher, especially in 6-year-old children. Therefore, NCFITs can be used to screen children for fever. However, a secondary check is required using another thermometer when the child’s temperature is >38 °C. NCFITs are proposed for screening but not for measuring the temperature. For the latter, an accurate and reliable thermometer shall be used.
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Lohiya DV, Pathak SS. Role of Technology in Detection of COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e29138. [PMID: 36259008 PMCID: PMC9573002 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus caused coronavirus infection termed as COVID-19, an illness that has spread devastation all over the world. It was developed first in China and had swiftly spread throughout the world. COVID has created imposed burden on health in the lives of all individuals around the globe. This article provides a number of unprecedented detection technologies used in the detection of infection. COVID has created a large number of symptoms in the young, adolescent as well as elderly population. Old age people are susceptible to fatal serious symptoms because of low immunity. With these goals in mind, this article includes substantial condemning descriptions of the majority of initiatives in order to create diagnostic tools for easy diagnosis. It also provides the reader with a multidisciplinary viewpoint on how traditional approaches such as serology and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) along with the frontline techniques such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas and artificial intelligence/machine learning have been utilized to gather information. The story will inspire creative new ways for successful detection therapy and to prevent this pandemic among a wide audience of operating and aspiring biomedical scientists and engineers.
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Li R, Shen M, Liu H, Bai L, Zhang L. May infrared thermometers hold the promise for effective early warnings for emerging respiratory infectious diseases? (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2022; 7:e42548. [PMID: 37133929 DOI: 10.2196/42548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major respiratory infectious diseases, such as influenza, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have caused historic global pandemics with severe disease and economic burdens. Early warning and timely intervention are key to suppress such outbreaks. OBJECTIVE We propose a theoretical framework for a community-based early warning (EWS) system that will proactively detect temperature abnormalities in the community based on a collective network of infrared thermometer-enabled smartphone devices. METHODS We developed a framework for a community-based EWS and demonstrated its operation with a schematic flowchart. We emphasize the potential feasibility of the EWS and potential obstacles. RESULTS Overall, the framework uses advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology on cloud computing platforms to identify the probability of an outbreak in a timely manner. It hinges on the detection of geospatial temperature abnormalities in the community based on mass data collection, cloud-based computing and analysis, decision-making, and feedback. The EWS may be feasible for implementation considering its public acceptance, technical practicality, and value for money. However, it is important that the proposed framework work in parallel or in combination with other early warning mechanisms due to a relatively long initial model training process. CONCLUSIONS The framework, if implemented, may provide an important tool for important decisions for early prevention and control of respiratory diseases for health stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mingwang Shen
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanting Liu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Bai
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sullivan G, Spencer M. Heat and temperature. BJA Educ 2022; 22:350-356. [PMID: 36033933 PMCID: PMC9402786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Travel in the Time of COVID: A Review of International Travel Health in a Global Pandemic. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2022; 24:129-145. [PMID: 35965881 PMCID: PMC9361911 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-022-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review critically considers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global travel and the practice of travel medicine, highlights key innovations that have facilitated the resumption of travel, and anticipates how travel medicine providers should prepare for the future of international travel.
Recent Findings
Since asymptomatic transmission of the virus was first recognized in March 2020, extensive efforts have been made to characterize the pattern and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission aboard commercial aircraft, cruise ships, rail and bus transport, and in mass gatherings and quarantine facilities. Despite the negative impact of further waves of COVID-19 driven by the more transmissible Omicron variant, rapid increases of international tourist arrivals are occurring and modeling anticipates further growth. Mitigation of spread requires an integrated approach that combines masking, physical distancing, improving ventilation, testing, and quarantine. Vaccines and therapeutics have played a significant role in reopening society and accelerating the resumption of travel and further therapeutic innovation is likely.
Summary
COVID-19 is likely to persist as an endemic infection, and surveillance will assume an even more important role. The pandemic has provided an impetus to advance technology for telemedicine, to adopt mobile devices and GPS in contact tracing, and to apply digital applications in research. The future of travel medicine should continue to harness these novel platforms in the clinical, research, and educational arenas.
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14
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Hohl HT, Froeschl G, Hoelscher M, Heumann C. Modelling of a triage scoring tool for SARS-COV-2 PCR testing in health-care workers: data from the first German COVID-19 Testing Unit in Munich. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:664. [PMID: 35915394 PMCID: PMC9341161 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous scoring tools have been developed for assessing the probability of SARS-COV-2 test positivity, though few being suitable or adapted for outpatient triage of health care workers. Methods We retrospectively analysed 3069 patient records of health care workers admitted to the COVID-19 Testing Unit of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität of Munich between January 27 and September 30, 2020, for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of naso- or oropharyngeal swabs. Variables for a multivariable logistic regression model were collected from self-completed case report forms and selected through stepwise backward selection. Internal validation was conducted by bootstrapping. We then created a weighted point-scoring system from logistic regression coefficients. Results 4076 (97.12%) negative and 121 (2.88%) positive test results were analysed. The majority were young (mean age: 38.0), female (69.8%) and asymptomatic (67.8%). Characteristics that correlated with PCR-positivity included close-contact professions (physicians, nurses, physiotherapists), flu-like symptoms (e.g., fever, rhinorrhoea, headache), abdominal symptoms (nausea/emesis, abdominal pain, diarrhoea), less days since symptom onset, and contact to a SARS-COV-2 positive index-case. Variables selected for the final model included symptoms (fever, cough, abdominal pain, anosmia/ageusia) and exposures (to SARS-COV-positive individuals and, specifically, to positive patients). Internal validation by bootstrapping yielded a corrected Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve of 76.43%. We present sensitivity and specificity at different prediction cut-off points. In a subgroup with further workup, asthma seems to have a protective effect with regard to testing result positivity and measured temperature was found to be less predictive than anamnestic fever. Conclusions We consider low threshold testing for health care workers a valuable strategy for infection control and are able to provide an easily applicable triage score for the assessment of the probability of infection in health care workers in case of resource scarcity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07627-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tuulikki Hohl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Guenter Froeschl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Heumann
- Department of Statistics, University of Munich (LMU), Ludwigstr. 33, 80539, Munich, Germany
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15
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Jiao F, Cao F, Gao Y, Shuang F, Dong D. A biosensor based on a thermal camera using infrared radiance as the signal probe. Talanta 2022; 246:123453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Virant FS, Randolph C, Nanda A, Baptist AP, Akuthota P, Adams K, Quinn JM, Pongdee T, Nyenhuis SM. Pulmonary Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment (ADT) Interest Section. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY: IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1474-1484. [PMID: 35431153 PMCID: PMC9009724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed increased demands on the ability to safely perform pulmonary procedures in keeping with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations. Accordingly, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment convened this work group to offer guidance. The work group is composed of specialist practitioners from academic and both large and small practices. Individuals with special expertise were assigned sections on spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, nebulized treatments, and methacholine challenge. The work group met periodically to achieve consensus. This resulting document has recommendations for the allergy/asthma/immunology health care setting based on available evidence including reference documents from the CDC, ATS, and OSHA.
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17
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Li X, Li H, Yang Z, Zuo H, Sun W, Li H, Li Y. Coupling Mechanism of Dissipated Energy-Infrared Radiation Energy of the Deformation and Fracture of Composite Coal-Rock under Load. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8060-8076. [PMID: 35284726 PMCID: PMC8908511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fracture of composite coal-rock under load is the process of energy conversion. As the dissipative energy composition, there is a correlation between the infrared radiation energy and the coal-rock states. Based on theories of theoretical mechanics, modern quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and other disciplines, first, this paper explained the causes of infrared radiation energy in the process of coal-rock fracture by using the microanalysis method. After that, the mathematical model of dissipation energy-infrared radiation energy coupling was deduced and established, and the experimental analysis was carried out under different loading conditions. The analysis shows that the conversion of mechanical energy and internal energy in the process of loading caused constant collisions between molecules in coal-rock, which led to a temperature rise. After entering the excited state, molecules have to transition to a lower energy level, which generates infrared radiation. The experimental results show that there was a strong correlation between energy characteristic parameters, which is consistent with the established relationship. In addition, the energy conversion and dissipated energy changes in the loading process had stages. Before the elastic-plastic stage, the dissipated energy obtained by coal-rock energy conversion was less, but it increased rapidly in the later stage, which eventually led to the fracture of coal-rock. In the early elastic-plastic period, infrared radiation energy was the main component of the dissipated energy and its variation trend was consistent with the dissipated energy. After that, the infrared radiation energy remained stable, but the dissipation energy still increased. At this time, infrared radiant energy was no longer the main component of dissipated energy. And the infrared radiation energy dropped rapidly before coal-rock fracture, which had certain precursory characteristics. The coupling mechanism of dissipated energy-infrared radiation energy can be used to explain the failure reason of composite coal-rock under different loading conditions from the perspective of energy, which will provide a new idea for assisting the prediction of coal-rock dynamic disasters.
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18
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Hamada K, Hirakawa E, Asano H, Hayashi H, Mine T, Ichikawa T, Nagata Y. Infrared Thermography with High Accuracy in a Neonatal Incubator. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:529-539. [PMID: 35237903 PMCID: PMC8890465 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As the accuracy of body temperature measurement is especially critical in premature infants on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), noninvasive measurement using infrared thermography (IRT) has not been widely adopted in the NICU due to a lack of evidence regarding its accuracy. We have established a new calibration method for IRT in an incubator, and evaluated its accuracy and reliability at different incubator settings using a variable-temperature blackbody furnace. This method improved the accuracy and reliability of IRT with an increase in percentage of data with mean absolute error (MAE) < 0.3 °C to 93.1% compared to 4.2% using the standard method. Two of three IRTs had MAE < 0.1 °C under all conditions examined. This method provided high accuracy not only for measurements at specific times but also for continuous monitoring. It will also contribute to avoiding the risk of neonates' skin trouble caused by attaching a thermistor. This study will facilitate the development of novel means of administering neonatal body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hamada
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Comprehensive Community Care Systems, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Eiji Hirakawa
- Department of Neonatology, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Asano
- Research & Development Group, Technical Department, Atom Medical Corporation, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hayato Hayashi
- Research & Development Group, Technical Department, Atom Medical Corporation, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Mine
- Department of Comprehensive Community Care Systems, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ichikawa
- Department of Comprehensive Community Care Systems, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagata
- Department of Comprehensive Community Care Systems, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
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19
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Lai F, Li X, Wang Q, Luo Y, Wang X, Huang X, Zhang J, Peng J, Wang Q, Fan L, Li W, Huo J, Liu T, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang X. Reliability of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers for Fever Screening Under COVID-19. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:447-456. [PMID: 35300277 PMCID: PMC8922455 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s357567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fever is one of the most typical clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are commonly used to screen for fever. However, there is a lack of authoritative data to define a “fever” when an NCIT is used and previous studies have shown that NCIT readings fluctuate widely depending on ambient temperatures and the body surface site screened. The aim of this study was to establish cut-off points for normal temperatures of different body sites (neck, forehead, temples, and wrist) and investigate the accuracy of NCITs at various ambient temperatures to improve the standardization and accuracy of fever screening. Patients and Methods A prospective investigation was conducted among 904 participants in the outpatient and emergency departments of Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital. Body temperature was measured using NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of body temperature detection at the four body surface sites. Data on participant characteristics were also collected. Results Among the four surface sites, the neck temperature detection group had the highest accuracy. When the neck temperature was 37.35°C as the optimum fever diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity was 0.866. The optimum fever diagnostic thresholds for forehead, temporal, and wrist temperature were 36.65°C, 36.65°C, and 36.75°C, respectively. Moreover, triple neck temperature detection had the highest sensitivity, up to 0.998, whereas the sensitivity of triple wrist temperature detections was 0.949. Notably, the accuracy of NCITs significantly reduced when the temperature was lower than 18°C. Conclusion Neck temperature had the highest accuracy among the four NCIT temperature measurement sites, with an optimum fever diagnostic threshold of 37.35°C. Considering the findings reported in our study, we recommend triple neck temperature detection with NCITs as the fever screening standard for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lai
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjuan Luo
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Huang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieru Peng
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junrong Huo
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Li
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Lin
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao Yang; Yonghong Lin, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, 1617 Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13882288881; +86 13808031895, Email ;
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20
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Dolibog P, Pietrzyk B, Kierszniok K, Pawlicki K. Comparative Analysis of Human Body Temperatures Measured with Noncontact and Contact Thermometers. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020331. [PMID: 35206944 PMCID: PMC8871951 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Body temperature measurement is one of the basic methods in clinical diagnosis. The problems of thermometry—interpretation of the accuracy and repeatability of various types of thermometers—are still being discussed, especially during the current pandemic in connection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for causing the COVID-19 disease. The aim of the study was to compare surface temperatures of the human body measured by various techniques, in particular a noncontact thermometer (infrared) and contact thermometers (mercury, mercury-free, electronic). The study included 102 randomly selected healthy women and men (age 18–79 years). The Bland–Altman method was used to estimate the 95% reproducibility coefficient, i.e., to assess the degree of conformity between different attempts. Temperatures measured with contact thermometers in the armpit are higher than temperatures measured without contact at the frontal area of the head. The methods used to measure with contact thermometers and a noncontact infrared thermometer statistically showed high measurement reliability. In order to correctly interpret the result of measuring human body temperature, it is necessary to indicate the place of measurement and the type of thermometer used.
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21
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Chen H, Chow CL, Lau D. Deterioration Mechanisms and Advanced Inspection Technologies of Aluminum Windows. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:354. [PMID: 35009501 PMCID: PMC8746013 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum windows are crucial components of building envelopes since they connect the indoor space to the external environment. Various external causes degrade or harm the functioning of aluminum windows. In this regard, inspecting the performance of aluminum windows is a necessary task to keep buildings healthy. This review illustrates the deterioration mechanisms of aluminum windows under various environmental conditions with an intention to provide comprehensive information for developing damage protection and inspection technologies. The illustrations reveal that moisture and chloride ions have the most detrimental effect on deteriorating aluminum windows in the long run, while mechanical loads can damage aluminum windows in a sudden manner. In addition, multiple advanced inspection techniques potential to benefit assessing aluminum window health state are discussed in order to help tackle the efficiency problem of traditional visual inspection. The comparison among those techniques demonstrates that infrared thermography can help acquire a preliminary defect profile of inspected windows, whereas ultrasonic phased arrays technology demonstrates a high level of competency in analyzing comprehensive defect information. This review also discusses the challenges in the scarcity of nanoscale corrosion information for insightful understandings of aluminum window corrosion and reliable window inspection tools for lifespan prediction. In this regard, molecular dynamics simulation and artificial intelligence technology are recommended as promising tools for better revealing the deterioration mechanisms and advancing inspection techniques, respectively, for future directions. It is envisioned that this paper will help upgrade the aluminum window inspection scheme and contribute to driving the construction of intelligent and safe cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denvid Lau
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.C.); (C.L.C.)
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22
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Goggins KA, Tetzlaff EJ, Young WW, Godwin AA. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) workplace temperature screening: Seasonal concerns for thermal detection in northern regions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103576. [PMID: 34488191 PMCID: PMC8407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Workplace temperature screening has become standard practice during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The objective was to determine the consistency of four temperature devices during exposure to simulated and actual environmental conditions reflective of a workplace. An infrared (IR) digital thermometer (accuracy(A)±0.2), IR laser thermometer (A±1), and thermal imaging camera (A±0.3) were used to measure forehead and tympanic (digital only) temperatures. The first experiment was conducted in a controlled simulated environment (-20 to 20 °C) with three participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM, 20-YOF). The second experiment used actual outdoor conditions (-0.48 to 45.6 °C) with two participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM). The tympanic measurement was the least impacted by environmental temperature (mean(±SD)): simulated (36.8(±0.18) °C) and actual (36.9(±0.16) °C). The thermal imaging camera had the lowest RMSE values (0.81-0.97 °C), with outdoor temperatures ranging from 0 to 45 °C. Environmental temperature influenced forehead temperature readings and required a resting period in a thermoneutral environment (5-9 min (-20 to -10 °C) to immediate (15-20 °C)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Goggins
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| | - Emily J Tetzlaff
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Wesley W Young
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Alison A Godwin
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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23
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Mah AJ, Ghazi Zadeh L, Khoshnam Tehrani M, Askari S, Gandjbakhche AH, Shadgan B. Studying the Accuracy and Function of Different Thermometry Techniques for Measuring Body Temperature. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121327. [PMID: 34943242 PMCID: PMC8698704 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine which thermometry technique is the most accurate for regular measurement of body temperature. We compared seven different commercially available thermometers with a gold standard medical-grade thermometer (Welch-Allyn): four digital infrared thermometers (Wellworks, Braun, Withings, MOBI), one digital sublingual thermometer (Braun), one zero heat flux thermometer (3M), and one infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR One). Thirty young healthy adults participated in an experiment that altered core body temperature. After baseline measurements, participants placed their feet in a cold-water bath while consuming cold water for 30 min. Subsequently, feet were removed and covered with a blanket for 30 min. Throughout the session, temperature was recorded every 10 min with all devices. The Braun tympanic thermometer (left ear) had the best agreement with the gold standard (mean error: 0.044 °C). The FLIR One thermal imaging camera was the least accurate device (mean error: -0.522 °C). A sign test demonstrated that all thermometry devices were significantly different than the gold standard except for the Braun tympanic thermometer (left ear). Our study showed that not all temperature monitoring techniques are equal, and suggested that tympanic thermometers are the most accurate commercially available system for the regular measurement of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron James Mah
- Implantable Biosensing Laboratory, ICORD, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.G.Z.); (M.K.T.); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Leili Ghazi Zadeh
- Implantable Biosensing Laboratory, ICORD, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.G.Z.); (M.K.T.); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Mahta Khoshnam Tehrani
- Implantable Biosensing Laboratory, ICORD, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.G.Z.); (M.K.T.); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Shahbaz Askari
- Implantable Biosensing Laboratory, ICORD, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.G.Z.); (M.K.T.); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Amir H. Gandjbakhche
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA;
| | - Babak Shadgan
- Implantable Biosensing Laboratory, ICORD, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.G.Z.); (M.K.T.); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
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24
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Manullang MCT, Lin YH, Lai SJ, Chou NK. Implementation of Thermal Camera for Non-Contact Physiological Measurement: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7777. [PMID: 34883780 PMCID: PMC8659982 DOI: 10.3390/s21237777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-contact physiological measurements based on image sensors have developed rapidly in recent years. Among them, thermal cameras have the advantage of measuring temperature in the environment without light and have potential to develop physiological measurement applications. Various studies have used thermal camera to measure the physiological signals such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature. In this paper, we provided a general overview of the existing studies by examining the physiological signals of measurement, the used platforms, the thermal camera models and specifications, the use of camera fusion, the image and signal processing step (including the algorithms and tools used), and the performance evaluation. The advantages and challenges of thermal camera-based physiological measurement were also discussed. Several suggestions and prospects such as healthcare applications, machine learning, multi-parameter, and image fusion, have been proposed to improve the physiological measurement of thermal camera in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Clinton Tosima Manullang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (M.C.T.M.); (S.-J.L.)
- Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung Regency 35365, Indonesia
| | - Yuan-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (M.C.T.M.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (M.C.T.M.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Nai-Kuan Chou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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Lippi G, Nocini R, Mattiuzzi C, Henry BM. Is body temperature mass screening a reliable and safe option for preventing COVID-19 spread? Diagnosis (Berl) 2021; 9:195-198. [PMID: 34472762 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continuing worldwide, mass screening of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a cornerstone of strategies for limiting viral spread within communities. Although mass screening of body temperature with handheld, non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal imagine scanners is now widespread in a kaleidoscope of social and healthcare settings for the purpose of detecting febrile individuals bearing SARS-CoV-2 infection, this strategy carries some drawbacks, which will be highlighted and discussed in this article. These caveats basically include high rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, the challenging definition of "normal" body temperature, variation of measured values according to the body district, false negative cases due to antipyretics, device inaccuracy, impact of environmental temperature, along with the low specificity of this symptom for screening COVID-19 in patients with other febrile conditions. Some pragmatic suggestions will also be endorsed for increasing accuracy and precision of mass screening of body temperature. These encompass the regular assessment of body temperature (possibly twice) with validated devices, which shall be constantly monitored over time and used following manufacturer's instructions, the definition of a range of "normal" body temperatures in the local population, patients interrogation on usual body temperature, measurement standardization of one body district, allowance of sufficient environmental acclimatization before temperature check, integration with contact history and other clinical information, along with exclusion of other causes of increased body temperature. We also endorse the importance of individual and primary care physician's regular and repeated check of personal body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nocini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Mattiuzzi
- Service of Clinical Governance, Provincial Agency for Social and Sanitary Services, Trento, Italy
| | - Brandon Michael Henry
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Nassar M, Nso N, Alfishawy M, Novikov A, Yaghi S, Medina L, Toz B, Lakhdar S, Idrees Z, Kim Y, Gurung DO, Siddiqui RS, Zheng D, Agladze M, Sumbly V, Sandhu J, Castillo FC, Chowdhury N, Kondaveeti R, Bhuiyan S, Perez LG, Ranat R, Gonzalez C, Bhangoo H, Williams J, Osman AE, Kong J, Ariyaratnam J, Mohamed M, Omran I, Lopez M, Nyabera A, Landry I, Iqbal S, Gondal AZ, Hassan S, Daoud A, Baraka B, Trandafirescu T, Rizzo V. Current systematic reviews and meta-analyses of COVID-19. World J Virol 2021; 10:182-208. [PMID: 34367933 PMCID: PMC8316876 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has left a significant impact on the world's health, economic and political systems; as of November 20, 2020, more than 57 million people have been infected worldwide, with over 1.3 million deaths. While the global spotlight is currently focused on combating this pandemic through means ranging from finding a treatment among existing therapeutic agents to inventing a vaccine that can aid in halting the further loss of life.
AIM To collect all systematic reviews and meta-analyses published related to COVID-19 to better identify available evidence, highlight gaps in knowledge, and elucidate further meta-analyses and umbrella reviews that are yet to be performed.
METHODS We explored studies based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses with the key-terms, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS virus, coronavirus disease, COVID-19, and SARS coronavirus-2. The included studies were extracted from Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases. The publication timeframe of included studies ranged between January 01, 2020, to October 30, 2020. Studies that were published in languages other than English were not considered for this systematic review. The finalized full-text articles are freely accessible in the public domain.
RESULTS Searching Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases resulted in 1906, 669, and 19 results, respectively, that comprised 2594 studies. 515 duplicates were subsequently removed, leaving 2079 studies. The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews or meta-analyses. 860 results were excluded for being a review article, scope review, rapid review, panel review, or guideline that produced a total of 1219 studies. After screening articles were categorized, the included articles were put into main groups of clinical presentation, epidemiology, screening and diagnosis, severity assessment, special populations, and treatment. Subsequently, there was a second subclassification into the following groups: gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, stroke, thrombosis, anosmia and dysgeusia, ocular manifestations, nephrology, cutaneous manifestations, D-dimer, lymphocyte, anticoagulation, antivirals, convalescent plasma, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, technology, diabetes mellitus, obesity, pregnancy, children, mental health, smoking, cancer, and transplant.
CONCLUSION Among the included articles, it is clear that further research is needed regarding treatment options and vaccines. With more studies, data will be less heterogeneous, and statistical analysis can be better applied to provide more robust clinical evidence. This study was not designed to give recommendations regarding the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Nso Nso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Mostafa Alfishawy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Consultants and Academic Researchers of Egypt (IDCARE), Cairo 11221, Outside of the US, Egypt
| | - Anastasia Novikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Salim Yaghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Luis Medina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Bahtiyar Toz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Sofia Lakhdar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Zarwa Idrees
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Yungmin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Dawa Ongyal Gurung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Raheel S Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - David Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Mariam Agladze
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Vikram Sumbly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Jasmine Sandhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Francisco Cuevas Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Nadya Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Ravali Kondaveeti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Sakil Bhuiyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Laura Guzman Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Riki Ranat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Harangad Bhangoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - John Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Alaa Eldin Osman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Joyce Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Jonathan Ariyaratnam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville City, TN 38103, United States
| | - Ismail Omran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Mariely Lopez
- Department of Medical, St. George's University, West Indies 38901, Grenada
| | - Akwe Nyabera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Ian Landry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Saba Iqbal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Anoosh Zafar Gondal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Sameen Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Ahmed Daoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11221, Egypt
| | - Bahaaeldin Baraka
- Department of Oncology, Broomfiled Hospital, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, ESSEX, Chelmsford 12422, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Trandafirescu
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
| | - Vincent Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC H&H Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
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Reliability of Body Temperature Measurements Obtained with Contactless Infrared Point Thermometers Commonly Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113794. [PMID: 34070896 PMCID: PMC8198039 DOI: 10.3390/s21113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the use of non-contact infrared devices for screening the body temperatures of people at the entrances of hospitals, airports, train stations, churches, schools, shops, sports centres, offices, and public places in general. The strong correlation between a high body temperature and SARS-CoV-2 infection has motivated the governments of several countries to restrict access to public indoor places simply based on a person’s body temperature. Negating/allowing entrance to a public place can have a strong impact on people. For example, a cancer patient could be refused access to a cancer centre because of an incorrect high temperature measurement. On the other hand, underestimating an individual’s body temperature may allow infected patients to enter indoor public places where it is much easier for the virus to spread to other people. Accordingly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the reliability of body temperature measurements has become fundamental. In particular, a debated issue is the reliability of remote temperature measurements, especially when these are aimed at identifying in a quick and reliable way infected subjects. Working distance, body–device angle, and light conditions and many other metrological and subjective issues significantly affect the data acquired via common contactless infrared point thermometers, making the acquisition of reliable measurements at the entrance to public places a challenging task. The main objective of this work is to sensitize the community to the typical incorrect uses of infrared point thermometers, as well as the resulting drifts in measurements of body temperature. Using several commercial contactless infrared point thermometers, we performed four different experiments to simulate common scenarios in a triage emergency room. In the first experiment, we acquired several measurements for each thermometer without measuring the working distance or angle of inclination to show that, for some instruments, the values obtained can differ by 1 °C. In the second and third experiments, we analysed the impacts of the working distance and angle of inclination of the thermometers, respectively, to prove that only a few cm/degrees can cause drifts higher than 1 °C. Finally, in the fourth experiment, we showed that the light in the environment can also cause changes in temperature up to 0.5 °C. Ultimately, in this study, we quantitatively demonstrated that the working distance, angle of inclination, and light conditions can strongly impact temperature measurements, which could invalidate the screening results.
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Evaluation of the optimal cooling temperature for the face measured by the tissue perfusion during hilotherapy using laser Doppler spectrophotometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9805. [PMID: 33963203 PMCID: PMC8105374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After craniofacial trauma, symptoms like swelling and pain occur. Cooling reduces these symptoms but the optimal cooling temperature for a maximum benefit without adverse effects is unclear. 30 participants were cooled at 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C for 30 min. Before cooling and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after cooling, the skin blood flow, oxygen saturation (SO) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were measured by laser Doppler spectrophotometry at 2 mm and 8 mm depth. The skin temperature was measured, and the participant’s satisfaction was marked on a visual analogue scale. There were significant differences between males and females in the blood flow, SO and Hb (p < 0.0001). After cooling, the blood flow, SO and Hb was reduced. The measured values rose slightly above the initial values 60 min after cooling. Depending on the cooling temperature the decrease in blood flow, SO and Hb was significantly different. Both sexes were most comfortable with a 25 °C cooling temperature and satisfaction decreased with lower temperatures. Significant differences for the satisfaction between both sexes were measured (10 °C: p < 0.0001, 15 °C: p < 0.0001, 20 °C: p = 0.0168, 25 °C: p = 0.0293). After 60 min, the males and females exhibited mild skin hyperthermia. The optimal cooling temperatures their physiological effects and their perception for females and males were different. For females, around 20 °C is an optimal cooling temperature. For males, it is around 15–20 °C.
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IAP Guideline on Practicing Safely During COVID-19 Era: Clinics and Small Establishments. Indian Pediatr 2021. [PMID: 33883314 PMCID: PMC8079844 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Justification The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has had a formidable impact on Indian health care. With no sight of its end as yet, various establishments including the smaller clinics and nursing homes are restarting full operations. Hence, there is the need for recommendations to allow safe practice ensuring the safety of both the heath care worker (HCW) and patients. Process Indian Academy of Pediatrics organized an online meeting of subject experts on 27 July, 2020. A committee was formed comprising of pediatricians, pediatric and neonatal intensivists, and hospital administrators. The committee held deliberations (online and via emails) and a final consensus was reached by November, 2020. Objectives To develop recommendations to provide a safe and practical healthcare facility at clinics and small establishments during COVID times. Recommendations The key recommendation to practise safely in this setting are enumerated. Firstly, organizing the out-patient department (OPD). Secondly, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to provide protection to the individual. Thirdly, decontamination/disinfection of various common surfaces and equipment to prevent transmission of infection from fomites. Next, maintaining the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) to provide a stress-free, comfortable, and safe environment for patients and HCWs. Finally, steps to effectively manage COVID-19 exposures in a non-COVID-19 facility. All these measures will ensure safe practice during these unprecedent times in clinics and smaller establishments.
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30
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Perpetuini D, Filippini C, Cardone D, Merla A. An Overview of Thermal Infrared Imaging-Based Screenings during Pandemic Emergencies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3286. [PMID: 33810086 PMCID: PMC8004954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging (IRI) is a contact-less technology able to monitor human skin temperature for biomedical applications and in real-life contexts. Its capacity to detect fever was exploited for mass screening during past epidemic emergencies as well as for the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, the only assessment of fever may not be selective for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Hence, novel approaches for IRI data analysis have been investigated. The present review aims to describe how IRI have been employed during the last epidemics, highlighting the potentialities and the limitations of this technology to contain the contagions. Specifically, the methods employed for automatic face recognition and fever assessment and IRI's performances in mass screening at airports and hospitals are reviewed. Moreover, an overview of novel machine learning methods for IRI data analysis, aimed to identify respiratory diseases, is provided. In addition, IRI-based smart technologies developed to support the healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic are described. Finally, relevant guidelines to fully exploit IRI for COVID-19 identification are defined, to improve the effectiveness of IRI in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Cardone
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
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Healy C, Segal Z, Hinnerichs C, Ace E, Ward D, Honovich J. Globally deployed COVID-19 fever screening devices using infrared thermographs consistently normalize high readings to afebrile range. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200403SSRR. [PMID: 33715317 PMCID: PMC7955777 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.043009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The need for regulatory review of infrared thermographs (IRTs) used on humans was removed in response to the unique circumstances of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (a.k.a., COVID-19). The market for these devices has since expanded considerably. This evaluation of IRT performance may have significant implications for febrility screening worldwide. AIM Perform controlled nonhuman trials of IRT devices to identify and quantify deviations in the human temperature range. APPROACH We compared IRT readings of a temperature-controlled non-human subject with one FDA-cleared IRT and one FDA-cleared handheld NCIT. In individual trials for each device, the subject was measured between 35°C and 40°C at 0.25°C increments. RESULTS The IRT device measurements were consistently normalized around the human mean (∼37 ° C). Temperatures were decremented as they approached the febrile range, and systematically reported as normal across all seven devices. This effect does not appear to be explained by a fixed offset or any known approach to estimating body temperature, or by random error. CONCLUSION The IRTs in this study generated human temperature measurements that were systematically biased to the mean human temperature. Given that these devices are utilized for sentinel detection of possible infectious disease transmission, and are now globally employed, the implications for reduced detection of febrility are a widespread false sense of security. This vulnerability must be considered with respect to facility access control, clinical applications, and travel screening in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Healy
- IPVM, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Chris Hinnerichs
- Infrared Thermography for Febrile Screening in Public Health – ISBN-13: 978-3659263194
| | - Ethan Ace
- IPVM, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Derek Ward
- IPVM, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
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32
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Zhang J, Liu S, Zhu B. Fever screening methods in public places during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Hosp Infect 2020; 109:123-124. [PMID: 33217489 PMCID: PMC7670895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - B Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
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