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Meresa BK, Ayimut KM, Weldemichael MY, Geberemedhin KH, Kassegn HH, Geberemikael BA, Egigu EM. Carbohydrate elicitor-induced plant immunity: Advances and prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34871. [PMID: 39157329 PMCID: PMC11327524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The perceived negative impacts of synthetic agrochemicals gave way to alternative, biological plant protection strategies. The deployment of induced resistance, comprising boosting the natural defense responses of plants, is one of those. Plants developed multi-component defense mechanisms to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stresses. These are activated upon recognition of stress signatures via membrane-localized receptors. The induced immune responses enable plants to tolerate and limit the impact of stresses. A systemic cascade of signals enables plants to prime un-damaged tissues, which is crucial during secondary encounters with stress. Comparable stress tolerance mechanisms can be induced in plants by the application of carbohydrate elicitors such as chitin/chitosan, β-1,3-glucans, oligogalacturonides, cellodextrins, xyloglucans, alginates, ulvans, and carrageenans. Treating plants with carbohydrate-derived elicitors enable the plants to develop resistance appliances against diverse stresses. Some carbohydrates are also known to have been involved in promoting symbiotic signaling. Here, we review recent progresses on plant resistance elicitation effect of various carbohydrate elicitors and the molecular mechanisms of plant cell perception, cascade signals, and responses to cascaded cues. Besides, the molecular mechanisms used by plants to distinguish carbohydrate-induced immunity signals from symbiotic signals are discussed. The structure-activity relationships of the carbohydrate elicitors are also described. Furthermore, we forwarded future research outlooks that might increase the utilization of carbohydrate elicitors in agriculture in order to improve the efficacy of plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Kahsay Meresa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kiros-Meles Ayimut
- Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Micheale Yifter Weldemichael
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kalayou Hiluf Geberemedhin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Hailu Kassegn
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Bruh Asmelash Geberemikael
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Etsay Mesele Egigu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Mohorović P, Geldhof B, Holsteens K, Rinia M, Daems S, Reijnders T, Ceusters J, Van den Ende W, Van de Poel B. Ethylene inhibits photosynthesis via temporally distinct responses in tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:762-784. [PMID: 38146839 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a volatile plant hormone that regulates many developmental processes and responses toward (a)biotic stress. Studies have shown that high levels of ethylene repress vegetative growth in many important crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), possibly by inhibiting photosynthesis. We investigated the temporal effects of ethylene on young tomato plants using an automated ethylene gassing system to monitor the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses through time course RNA-seq of a photosynthetically active source leaf. We found that ethylene evokes a dose-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis, which can be characterized by 3 temporally distinct phases. The earliest ethylene responses that marked the first phase and occurred a few hours after the start of the treatment were leaf epinasty and a decline in stomatal conductance, which led to lower light perception and CO2 uptake, respectively, resulting in a rapid decline of soluble sugar levels (glucose, fructose). The second phase of the ethylene effect was marked by low carbohydrate availability, which modulated plant energy metabolism to adapt by using alternative substrates (lipids and proteins) to fuel the TCA cycle. Long-term continuous exposure to ethylene led to the third phase, characterized by starch and chlorophyll breakdown, which further inhibited photosynthesis, leading to premature leaf senescence. To reveal early (3 h) ethylene-dependent regulators of photosynthesis, we performed a ChIP-seq experiment using anti-ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 (EIL1) antibodies and found several candidate transcriptional regulators. Collectively, our study revealed a temporal sequence of events that led to the inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene and identified potential transcriptional regulators responsible for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Mohorović
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Batist Geldhof
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Holsteens
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilien Rinia
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Daems
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Timmy Reijnders
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Dobrange E, Porras-Domínguez JR, Van den Ende W. The Complex GH32 Enzyme Orchestra from Priestia megaterium Holds the Key to Better Discriminate Sucrose-6-phosphate Hydrolases from Other β-Fructofuranosidases in Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1302-1320. [PMID: 38175162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic and emerging as a priming compound to counteract plant diseases. We isolated inulin-degrading strains from the lettuce phyllosphere, identified as Bacillus subtilis and Priestia megaterium, species hosting well-known biocontrol organisms. To better understand their varying inulin degradation strategies, three intracellular β-fructofuranosidases from P. megaterium NBRC15308 were characterized after expression in Escherichia coli: a predicted sucrose-6-phosphate (Suc6P) hydrolase (SacAP1, supported by molecular docking), an exofructanase (SacAP2), and an invertase (SacAP3). Based on protein multiple sequence and structure alignments of bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzymes, we identified conserved residues predicted to be involved in binding phosphorylated (Suc6P hydrolases) or nonphosphorylated substrates (invertases and fructanases). Suc6P hydrolases feature positively charged residues near the structural catalytic pocket (histidine, arginine, or lysine), whereas other β-fructofuranosidases contain tryptophans. This correlates with our phylogenetic tree, grouping all predicted Suc6P hydrolases in a clan associated with genomic regions coding for transporters involved in substrate phosphorylation. These results will help to discriminate between Suc6P hydrolases and other β-fructofuranosidases in future studies and to better understand the interaction of B. subtilis and P. megaterium endophytes with sucrose and/or fructans, sugars naturally present in plants or exogenously applied in the context of defense priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Dobrange
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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Wang H, Yu H, Chai L, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Exogenous Sucrose Confers Low Light Tolerance in Tomato Plants by Increasing Carbon Partitioning from Stems to Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20625-20642. [PMID: 38096491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Low light (LL) stress adversely affects plant growth and productivity. The role of exogenous sucrose in enhancing plant LL tolerance was investigated by spraying sucrose on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves. This study employed physiological and molecular approaches to identify the underlying mechanisms. Exogenous sucrose activated sucrose hydrolysis-related enzyme activity and upregulated genes encoding sucrose and hexose transporters in mature leaves, decreasing endogenous sucrose levels and promoting sucrose unloading during LL. Stem-related genes associated with sucrose synthesis and transport were also upregulated, enhancing sucrose phloem loading. Furthermore, sucrose from stems activated sucrose unloading in sink leaves, forming a feed-forward loop to sustain sucrose flow during LL. This led to increased nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), improved energy metabolism, and enhanced protein synthesis in leaves, ultimately boosting photosynthesis and fruit yield after light recovery. These findings highlight how exogenous sucrose enhances LL tolerance in tomatoes by increasing the transport of NSCs from stems to leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Peled E, Tornaci S, Zlotver I, Dubnika A, Toksoy Öner E, Sosnik A. First transcriptomic insight into the reprogramming of human macrophages by levan-type fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121203. [PMID: 37659791 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on stimuli in the biological milieu, macrophages can undergo classical activation into the M1 pro-inflammatory (anti-cancer) phenotype or to the alternatively activated M2 anti-inflammatory one. Drug-free biomaterials have emerged as a new therapeutic strategy to modulate macrophage phenotype. Among them, polysaccharides polarize macrophages to M1 or M2 phenotypes based on the surface receptors they bind. Levan, a fructan, has been proposed as a novel biomaterial though its interaction with macrophages has been scarcely explored. In this study, we investigate the interaction of non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed Halomonas levan and its sulfated derivative with human macrophages in vitro. Viability studies show that these levans are cell compatible. In addition, RNA-sequencing analysis reveals the upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways. These results are in good agreement with real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction that indicates higher expression levels of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 and interleukin-6 genes and the M2-to-M1 reprogramming of these cells upon levan treatment. Finally, cytokine release studies confirm that hydrolyzed levans increase the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reprogram IL-4-polarized macrophages to the M1 state. Overall findings indicate that Halomonas levans trigger a classical macrophage activation and pave the way for their application in therapeutic interventions requiring a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Peled
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Selay Tornaci
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ivan Zlotver
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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6
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Nguyen TNH, Leclerc L, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Gravot A, Vicré M, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud'homme MP. Fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) are upregulated by salicylic acid together with defense-related genes in non-fructan accumulating plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13975. [PMID: 37616010 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several fructan exohydrolases (FEHs, EC 3.2.1.80) in non-fructan accumulating plants raised the question of their roles. FEHs may be defense-related proteins involved in the interactions with fructan-accumulating microorganisms. Since known defense-related proteins are upregulated by defense-related phytohormones, we tested the hypothesis that FEHs of non-fructan accumulating plants are upregulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the agronomically relevant and genetically related species Brassica napus. By sequence homologies with the two known FEH genes of A. thaliana, At6-FEH, and At6&1-FEH, the genes coding for the putative B. napus FEHs, Bn6-FEH and Bn6&1-FEH, were identified. Plants were treated at root level with SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The transcript levels of defense-related and FEH genes were measured after treatments. MeJA and ACC did not upregulate FEHs, while HEL (HEVEIN-LIKE PREPROTEIN) expression was enhanced by both phytohormones. In both species, the expression of AOS, encoding a JA biosynthesis enzyme, was enhanced by MeJA and that of the defensine PDF1.2 and the ET signaling transcription factor ERF1/2 by ACC. In contrast, SA not only increased the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins (PR1 and HEL) and the defense-related transcription factor WRKY70 but also that of FEH genes, in particular 6&1-FEH genes. This result supports the putative role of FEHs as defense-related proteins. Genotypic variability of SA-mediated FEH regulation (transcript level and activities) was observed among five varieties of B. napus, suggesting different susceptibilities toward fructan-accumulating pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Hanh Nguyen
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 950 INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Caen, France
- Normandie Université, Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Rouen, France
| | - Laëtitia Leclerc
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 950 INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Caen, France
| | | | - Antoine Gravot
- Institut Agro, Université Rennes, INRAE, IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Université, Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Rouen, France
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 950 INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Pascale Prud'homme
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 950 INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S, SFR Normandie Végétale FED4277, Caen, France
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7
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Driesen E, Saeys W, De Proft M, Lauwers A, Van den Ende W. Far-Red Light Mediated Carbohydrate Concentration Changes in Leaves of Sweet Basil, a Stachyose Translocating Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098378. [PMID: 37176086 PMCID: PMC10179449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) refers to photons between 400 and 700 nm. These photons drive photosynthesis, providing carbohydrates for plant metabolism and development. Far-red radiation (FR, 701-750 nm) is excluded in this definition because no FR is absorbed by the plant photosynthetic pigments. However, including FR in the light spectrum provides substantial benefits for biomass production and resource-use efficiency. We investigated the effects of continuous FR addition and end-of-day additional FR to a broad white light spectrum (BW) on carbohydrate concentrations in the top and bottom leaves of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a species that produces the raffinose family oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose and preferentially uses the latter as transport sugar. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and starch concentrations increased significantly in top and bottom leaves with the addition of FR light. The increased carbohydrate pools under FR light treatments are associated with more efficient stachyose production and potentially improved phloem loading through increased sucrose homeostasis in intermediary cells. The combination of a high biomass yield, increased resource-use efficiency, and increased carbohydrate concentration in leaves in response to the addition of FR light offers opportunities for commercial plant production in controlled growth environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Driesen
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Willem De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Willem De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurice De Proft
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Willem De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Martín-Dacal M, Fernández-Calvo P, Jiménez-Sandoval P, López G, Garrido-Arandía M, Rebaque D, Del Hierro I, Berlanga DJ, Torres MÁ, Kumar V, Mélida H, Pacios LF, Santiago J, Molina A. Arabidopsis immune responses triggered by cellulose- and mixed-linked glucan-derived oligosaccharides require a group of leucine-rich repeat malectin receptor kinases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:833-850. [PMID: 36582174 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives a diversity of carbohydrate ligands from plant and microbial cell walls through the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Among these ligands are oligosaccharides derived from mixed-linked β-1,3/β-1,4-glucans (MLGs; e.g. β-1,4-D-(Glc)2 -β-1,3-D-Glc, MLG43) and cellulose (e.g. β-1,4-D-(Glc)3 , CEL3). The mechanisms behind carbohydrate perception in plants are poorly characterized except for fungal chitin oligosaccharides (e.g. β-1,4-d-(GlcNAc)6 , CHI6), which involve several receptor kinase proteins (RKs) with LysM-ECDs. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in glycan perception (igp) that are defective in PTI activation mediated by MLG43 and CEL3, but not by CHI6. igp1-igp4 are altered in three RKs - AT1G56145 (IGP1), AT1G56130 (IGP2/IGP3) and AT1G56140 (IGP4) - with leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) and malectin (MAL) domains in their ECDs. igp1 harbors point mutation E906K and igp2 and igp3 harbor point mutation G773E in their kinase domains, whereas igp4 is a T-DNA insertional loss-of-function mutant. Notably, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays with purified ECD-RKs of IGP1 and IGP3 showed that IGP1 binds with high affinity to CEL3 (with dissociation constant KD = 1.19 ± 0.03 μm) and cellopentaose (KD = 1.40 ± 0.01 μM), but not to MLG43, supporting its function as a plant PRR for cellulose-derived oligosaccharides. Our data suggest that these LRR-MAL RKs are components of a recognition mechanism for both cellulose- and MLG-derived oligosaccharide perception and downstream PTI activation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Sandoval
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Biophore Building, Départament de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV), UNIL Sorge, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Arandía
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Varun Kumar
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Santiago
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Biophore Building, Départament de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV), UNIL Sorge, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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