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Namba J, Harada M, Shibata R, Toda Y, Maruta T, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S, Yoshimura K, Ogawa T. AtDREB2G is involved in the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis in response to low-temperature stress and abscisic acid treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112196. [PMID: 39025268 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) serves as a precursor to flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are crucial cofactors in various metabolic processes. Strict regulation of cellular flavin homeostasis is imperative, yet information regarding the factors governing this regulation remains largely elusive. In this study, we first examined the impact of external flavin treatment on the Arabidopsis transcriptome to identify novel regulators of cellular flavin levels. Our analysis revealed alterations in the expression of 49 putative transcription factors. Subsequent reverse genetic screening highlighted a member of the dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) family, AtDREB2G, as a potential regulator of cellular flavin levels. Knockout mutants of AtDREB2G (dreb2g) exhibited reduced flavin levels and decreased expression of RF biosynthetic genes compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, conditional overexpression of AtDREB2G led to an increase in the expression of RF biosynthetic genes and elevated flavin levels. In wild-type plants, exposure to low temperatures and abscisic acid treatment stimulated enhanced flavin levels and upregulated the expression of RF biosynthetic genes, concomitant with the induction of AtDREB2G. Notably, these responses were significantly attenuated in dreb2g mutants. Our findings establish AtDREB2G is involved in the positive regulation of flavin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, particularly under conditions of low temperature and abscisic acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Namba
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Miho Harada
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Rui Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yuina Toda
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Yuasa, Wakayama 643-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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Fitzpatrick TB. B Vitamins: An Update on Their Importance for Plant Homeostasis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:67-93. [PMID: 38424064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-025336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
B vitamins are a source of coenzymes for a vast array of enzyme reactions, particularly those of metabolism. As metabolism is the basis of decisions that drive maintenance, growth, and development, B vitamin-derived coenzymes are key components that facilitate these processes. For over a century, we have known about these essential compounds and have elucidated their pathways of biosynthesis, repair, salvage, and degradation in numerous organisms. Only now are we beginning to understand their importance for regulatory processes, which are becoming an important topic in plants. Here, I highlight and discuss emerging evidence on how B vitamins are integrated into vital processes, from energy generation and nutrition to gene expression, and thereby contribute to the coordination of growth and developmental programs, particularly those that concern maintenance of a stable state, which is the foundational tenet of plant homeostasis.
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Magner ET, Freund Saxhaug K, Zambre A, Bruns K, Carroll P, Snell-Rood EC, Hegeman AD, Carter CJ. A multifunctional role for riboflavin in the yellow nectar of Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum pubescens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38874372 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A few Capsicum (pepper) species produce yellow-colored floral nectar, but the chemical identity and biological function of the yellow pigment are unknown. A combination of analytical biochemistry techniques was used to identify the pigment that gives Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum pubescens nectars their yellow color. Microbial growth assays, visual modeling, and honey bee preference tests for artificial nectars containing riboflavin were used to assess potential biological roles for the nectar pigment. High concentrations of riboflavin (vitamin B2) give the nectars their intense yellow color. Nectars containing riboflavin generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light and reduce microbial growth. Visual modeling also indicates that the yellow color is highly conspicuous to bees within the context of the flower. Lastly, field experiments demonstrate that honey bees prefer artificial nectars containing riboflavin. Some Capsicum nectars contain a yellow-colored vitamin that appears to play roles in (1) limiting microbial growth, (2) the visual attraction of bees, and (3) as a reward to nectar-feeding flower visitors (potential pollinators), which is especially interesting since riboflavin is an essential nutrient for brood rearing in insects. These results cumulatively suggest that the riboflavin found in some Capsicum nectars has several functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin T Magner
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Amod Zambre
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bruns
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Patrick Carroll
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Clay J Carter
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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De Zanetti L, Van Der Straeten D. 'From metabolism to metabolism': holistic considerations on B-vitamin interactions, biofortification, and deficiencies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103132. [PMID: 38669731 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the post-Green Revolution era, disparities in dietary access, rising obesity rates, demographic shifts, adoption of plant-based diets, and the impact of climate change collectively contribute to a progressive decline in dietary nutritional value, exacerbating B vitamin deficiencies across both low- and high-income countries. While the prevailing focus of biofortification has been on three micronutrients - provitamin A, iron, and zinc - utilizing conventional breeding, it is imperative to diversify biofortification strategies to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Metabolic engineering, facilitated by biotechnological tools, presents a promising avenue, contingent upon advances in fundamental knowledge, technological innovation, regulatory updates, and sustained public funding. Recognizing the intricate metabolic interplay of B vitamins in plants and humans, a comprehensive 'from metabolism to metabolism' approach is crucial for designing effective biofortification strategies that target multiple vitamins. This holistic perspective also extends beyond individual crops to encompass the entire food chain, a complex socioeconomic ecosystem that necessitates a paradigm shift, prioritizing quality over quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa De Zanetti
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Faustino M, Lourenço T, Strobbe S, Cao D, Fonseca A, Rocha I, Van Der Straeten D, Oliveira MM. Mathematical kinetic modelling followed by in vitro and in vivo assays reveal the bifunctional rice GTPCHII/DHBPS enzymes and demonstrate the key roles of OsRibA proteins in the vitamin B2 pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:220. [PMID: 38532321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin is the precursor of several cofactors essential for normal physical and cognitive development, but only plants and some microorganisms can produce it. Humans thus rely on their dietary intake, which at a global level is mainly constituted by cereals (> 50%). Understanding the riboflavin biosynthesis players is key for advancing our knowledge on this essential pathway and can hold promise for biofortification strategies in major crop species. In some bacteria and in Arabidopsis, it is known that RibA1 is a bifunctional protein with distinct GTP cyclohydrolase II (GTPCHII) and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS) domains. Arabidopsis harbors three RibA isoforms, but only one retained its bifunctionality. In rice, however, the identification and characterization of RibA has not yet been described. RESULTS Through mathematical kinetic modeling, we identified RibA as the rate-limiting step of riboflavin pathway and by bioinformatic analysis we confirmed that rice RibA proteins carry both domains, DHBPS and GTPCHII. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsRibA isoforms 1 and 2 are similar to Arabidopsis bifunctional RibA1. Heterologous expression of OsRibA1 completely restored the growth of the rib3∆ yeast mutant, lacking DHBPS expression, while causing a 60% growth improvement of the rib1∆ mutant, lacking GTPCHII activity. Regarding OsRibA2, its heterologous expression fully complemented GTPCHII activity, and improved rib3∆ growth by 30%. In vitro activity assays confirmed that both OsRibA1 and OsRibA2 proteins carry GTPCHII/DHBPS activities, but that OsRibA1 has higher DHBPS activity. The overexpression of OsRibA1 in rice callus resulted in a 28% increase in riboflavin content. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates the critical role of RibA in rice riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, establishing it as the rate-limiting step in the pathway. By identifying and characterizing OsRibA1 and OsRibA2, showcasing their GTPCHII and DHBPS activities, we have advanced the understanding of riboflavin biosynthesis in this staple crop. We further demonstrated that OsRibA1 overexpression in rice callus increases its riboflavin content, providing supporting information for bioengineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faustino
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química E Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tiago Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química E Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
- University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Da Cao
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - André Fonseca
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química E Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química E Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, B-9000, Belgium.
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química E Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal.
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Kawada Y, Hayashi E, Katsuragi Y, Imamura-Jinda A, Hirokawa T, Mizukami T, Hayashi M. Identification of Chemicals That Abrogate Folate-Dependent Inhibition of Starch Accumulation in Non-Photosynthetic Plastids of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1551-1562. [PMID: 37801291 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is an essential cofactor for a variety of enzymes and plays a crucial role in many biological processes. We previously reported that plastidial folate prevents starch biosynthesis triggered by the influx of sugar into non-starch-accumulating plastids, such as etioplasts, and chloroplasts under darkness; hence the loss of plastidial folate induces the accumulation of starch in plastids. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we screened our in-house chemical library and searched their derivatives to identify chemicals capable of inducing starch accumulation in etioplasts. The results revealed four chemicals, compounds #120 and #375 and their derivatives, compounds #120d and #375d, respectively. The derivative compounds induced starch accumulation in etioplasts and suppressed hypocotyl elongation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. They also inhibited the post-germinative growth of seedlings under illumination. All four chemicals contained the sulfonamide group as a consensus structure. The sulfonamide group is also found in sulfa drugs, which exhibit antifolate activity, and in sulfonylurea herbicides. Further analyses revealed that compound #375d induces starch accumulation by inhibiting folate biosynthesis. By contrast, compound #120d neither inhibited folate biosynthesis nor exhibited the herbicide activity. Protein and metabolite analyses suggest that compound #120d abrogates folate-dependent inhibition of starch accumulation in etioplasts by enhancing starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kawada
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
| | - Eriko Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
| | - Yuya Katsuragi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
| | - Aya Imamura-Jinda
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Tsukuba University, 1-1-1 Tenmondai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Tamio Mizukami
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
- Frontier Pharma, 1281-8 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829 Japan
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Hill B, Schafer B, Vargas N, Zamora D, Shrotri R, Perez S, Farmer G, Avon A, Pai A, Mori H, Zhong J. Functional analysis of Rickettsia monacensis strain humboldt folA dihydrofolate reductase gene via complementation assay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102217. [PMID: 37379700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Nutritive symbiosis between bacteria and ticks is observed across a range of ecological contexts; however, little characterization on the molecular components responsible for this symbiosis has been done. Previous studies in our lab demonstrated that Rickettsia monacensis str. Humboldt (strain Humboldt) can synthesize folate de novo via the folate biosynthesis pathway involving folA, folC, folE, folKP, and ptpS genes. In this study, expression of the strain Humboldt folA gene within a folA mutant Escherichia coli construct was used to functionally characterize the strain Humboldt folA folate gene in vivo. The strain Humboldt folA folate gene was subcloned into a TransBac vector and transformed into a folA mutant E. coli construct. The mutant containing strain Humboldt folA subclone and a pFE604 clone of the knocked-out folA gene was cured of pFE604. Curing of the folA mutant E. coli construct was successful using acridine orange and 43.5 °C incubation temperature. The plasmid curing assay showed curing efficiency of the folA mutant at 100%. Functional complementation was assessed by growth phenotype on minimal media with and without IPTG between strain Humboldt folA and E. coli folA. Large and homogenous wild-type colony growth was observed for both strain Humboldt and E. coli folA on minimal media with 0.1 mM IPTG, wild-type growth for strain Humboldt folA and pin-point growth for E. coli folA on 0.01 mM IPTG, and pin-point growth without IPTG for both strain Humboldt and E. coli folA. This study provides evidence substantiating the in vivo functionality of strain Humboldt folA in producing functional gene products for folate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Ben Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Nolan Vargas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Danny Zamora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Rohan Shrotri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Sarahi Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey Farmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Aren Avon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Anirudh Pai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America
| | - Hirotada Mori
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology, Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Jianmin Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Humboldt, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, United States of America.
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Pistelli L, Del Mondo A, Smerilli A, Corato F, Sansone C, Brunet C. Biotechnological response curve of the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa to light energy gradient. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 36803279 PMCID: PMC9940373 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae represent a suitable and eco-sustainable resource for human needs thanks to their fast growth ability, together with the great diversity in species and intracellular secondary bioactive metabolites. These high-added-value compounds are of great interest for human health or animal feed. The intracellular content of these valuable compound families is tightly associated with the microalgal biological state and responds to environmental cues, e.g., light. Our study develops a Biotechnological response curve strategy exploring the bioactive metabolites synthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa over a light energy gradient. The Relative Light energy index generated in our study integrates the red, green and blue photon flux density with their relative photon energy. The Biotechnological response curve combined biochemical analysis of the macromolecular composition (total protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content), total sterols, polyphenols and flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, C, D2, D3, E, H, and K1), phycobiliproteins, together with the antioxidant activity of the biomass as well as the growth ability and photosynthesis. RESULTS Results demonstrated that light energy significantly modulate the biochemical status of the microalga Spirulina subsalsa revealing the relevance of the light energy index to explain the light-induced biological variability. The sharp decrease of the photosynthetic rate at high light energy was accompanied with an increase of the antioxidant network response, such as carotenoids, total polyphenols, and the antioxidant capacity. Conversely, low light energy favorized the intracellular content of lipids and vitamins (B2, B6, B9, D3, K1, A, C, H, and B12) compared to high light energy. CONCLUSIONS Results of the Biotechnological response curves were discussed in their functional and physiological relevance as well as for the essence of their potential biotechnological applications. This study emphasized the light energy as a relevant tool to explain the biological responses of microalgae towards light climate variability, and, therefore, to design metabolic manipulation of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pistelli
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Del Mondo
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Smerilli
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Corato
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, villa comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133, Naples, Italy
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Noordally Z, Land L, Trichtinger C, Dalvit I, de Meyer M, Wang K, Fitzpatrick TB. Clock and riboswitch control of THIC in tandem are essential for appropriate gauging of TDP levels under light/dark cycles in Arabidopsis. iScience 2023; 26:106134. [PMID: 36866249 PMCID: PMC9972560 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is regulated by enzyme activities, but the importance of regulating their corresponding coenzyme levels is unexplored. The organic coenzyme thiamine diphosphate (TDP) is suggested to be supplied as needed and controlled by a riboswitch-sensing mechanism in plants through the circadian-regulated THIC gene. Riboswitch disruption negatively impacts plant fitness. A comparison of riboswitch-disrupted lines to those engineered for enhanced TDP levels suggests that time-of-day regulation of THIC expression particularly under light/dark cycles is crucial. Altering the phase of THIC expression to be synchronous with TDP transporters disrupts the precision of the riboswitch implying that temporal separation of these processes by the circadian clock is important for gauging its response. All defects are bypassed by growing plants under continuous light conditions, highlighting the need to control levels of this coenzyme under light/dark cycles. Thus, consideration of coenzyme homeostasis within the well-studied domain of metabolic homeostasis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Noordally
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Land
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Celso Trichtinger
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Dalvit
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mireille de Meyer
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kai Wang
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B. Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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Bruns S, Wienhausen G, Scholz-Böttcher B, Wilkes H. Simultaneous quantification of all B vitamins and selected biosynthetic precursors in seawater and bacteria by means of different mass spectrometric approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7839-7854. [PMID: 36195729 PMCID: PMC9568461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
B vitamins have high microbiological relevance in the marine environment, but their very low concentrations and the chemical heterogeneity of the individual vitamins make their analysis challenging. Mass spectrometric analysis of B vitamins in environmental samples at trace levels has mainly been performed using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers operated in targeted analysis mode. The development of such a method can be laborious and error prone. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometers can be used to measure a sample in full scan mode and subsequently search the total ion current chromatogram for extracted ion chromatograms of targeted vitamins. Three different analytical approaches for trace analysis of all B vitamins and some of their biosynthetic precursors were optimized and compared on two different mass spectrometers. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in selected reaction monitoring mode, and a high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometer in parallel reaction monitoring, as well as in full scan mode were employed. Detection limits down to 10 ng/L were achieved with all three techniques. The methods were applied to a marine water sample from the North Sea and to the cell extract of a bacterial culture of Phaeobacter inhibens. Most vitamins and precursors were found in the bacterial cell extract and the seawater sample with all three measuring methods. The results of this study emphasize that, in addition to tandem mass spectrometry, high-resolution full scan mass spectrometry is a promising technique for the simultaneous detection of structurally diverse B vitamins in complex natural samples. This enables highly sensitive measurements without loss of detailed mass spectrometric information, which is inevitable when using a triple quadrupole system in MS/MS mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bruns
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wienhausen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Wilkes
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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11
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Nie Y, Yu L, Mao L, Zou W, Zhang X, Zhao J. Vitamin B 1 THIAMIN REQUIRING1 synthase mediates the maintenance of chloroplast function by regulating sugar and fatty acid metabolism in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1575-1595. [PMID: 35603832 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1 (VB1), including thiamin, thiamin monophosphate (TMP), and thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms. Nevertheless, the precise function of VB1 in rice remains unclear. Here, we described a VB1 auxotrophic mutant, chlorotic lethal seedling (cles) from the mutation of OsTH1, which displayed collapsed chloroplast membrane system and decreased pigment content. OsTH1 encoded a phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase/thiamin-phosphate pyrophosphorylase, and was expressed in various tissues, especially in seedlings, leaves, and young panicles. The VB1 content in cles was markedly reduced, despite an increase in the expression of VB1 synthesis genes. The decreased TPP content affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and de novo fatty acid synthesis, leading to a reduction in fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) and sugars (sucrose and glucose) of cles. Additionally, irregular expression of chloroplast membrane synthesis genes led to membrane collapse. We also found that alternative splicing and translation allowed OsTH1 to be localized to both chloroplast and cytosol. Our study revealed that OsTH1 was an essential enzyme in VB1 biosynthesis and played crucial roles in seedling growth and development by participating in fatty acid and sugar metabolism, providing new perspectives on VB1 function in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lianlian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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12
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Tian Q, Wang G, Ma X, Shen Q, Ding M, Yang X, Luo X, Li R, Wang Z, Wang X, Fu Z, Yang Q, Tang J, Wang G. Riboflavin integrates cellular energetics and cell cycle to regulate maize seed development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1487-1501. [PMID: 35426230 PMCID: PMC9342611 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin is the precursor of essential cofactors for diverse metabolic processes. Unlike animals, plants can de novo produce riboflavin through an ancestrally conserved pathway, like bacteria and fungi. However, the mechanism by which riboflavin regulates seed development is poorly understood. Here, we report a novel maize (Zea mays L.) opaque mutant o18, which displays an increase in lysine accumulation, but impaired endosperm filling and embryo development. O18 encodes a rate-limiting bifunctional enzyme ZmRIBA1, targeted to plastid where to initiate riboflavin biosynthesis. Loss of function of O18 specifically disrupts respiratory complexes I and II, but also decreases SDH1 flavinylation, and in turn shifts the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to glycolysis. The deprivation of cellular energy leads to cell-cycle arrest at G1 and S phases in both mitosis and endoreduplication during endosperm development. The unexpected up-regulation of cell-cycle genes in o18 correlates with the increase of H3K4me3 levels, revealing a possible H3K4me-mediated epigenetic back-up mechanism for cell-cycle progression under unfavourable circumstances. Overexpression of O18 increases riboflavin production and confers osmotic tolerance. Altogether, our results substantiate a key role of riboflavin in coordinating cellular energy and cell cycle to modulate maize endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuexia Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio‐Energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingwen Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Mengli Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xueyi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Rongrong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qinghua Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
| | - Guifeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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13
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Li W, Mi X, Jin X, Zhang D, Zhu G, Shang X, Zhang D, Guo W. Thiamine functions as a key activator for modulating plant health and broad-spectrum tolerance in cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:374-390. [PMID: 35506325 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes cause an increase of abiotic and biotic stresses that tremendously threaten the world's crop security. However, studies on broad-spectrum response pathways involved in biotic and abiotic stresses are relatively rare. Here, by comparing the time-dependent transcriptional changes and co-expression analysis of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) root tissues under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, we discovered the common stress-responsive genes and stress metabolism pathways under different stresses, which included the circadian rhythm, thiamine and galactose metabolism, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and zeatin biosynthesis, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. We found that thiamine metabolism was an important intersection between abiotic and biotic stresses; the key thiamine synthesis genes, GhTHIC and GhTHI1, were highly induced at the early stage of stresses. We confirmed that thiamine was crucial and necessary for cotton growth and development, and its deficiency could be recovered by exogenous thiamine supplement. Furthermore, we revealed that exogenous thiamine enhanced stress tolerance in cotton via increasing calcium signal transduction and activating downstream stress-responsive genes. Overall, our studies demonstrated that thiamine played a crucial role in the tradeoff between plant health and stress resistance. The thiamine deficiency caused by stresses could transiently induce upregulation of thiamine biosynthetic genes in vivo, while it could be totally salvaged by exogenous thiamine application, which could significantly improve cotton broad-spectrum stress tolerance and enhance plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuanxiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guozhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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14
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Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030484. [PMID: 35276844 PMCID: PMC8839250 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.
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15
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Suo J, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang G, Cheng H, Hu Y, Lou H, Yu W, Dai W, Song L, Wu J. New insights into the accumulation of vitamin B 3 in Torreya grandis nuts via ethylene induced key gene expression. Food Chem 2021; 371:131050. [PMID: 34537615 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B3, derived primarily from plant sources, is an essential nutrient for humans. Torreya grandis is rich in vitamin B3, however, the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis and regulation of vitamin B3 in T. grandis remains unclear. A systematic transcriptomic investigation was thus conducted to identify the gene expression pattern of vitamin B3 biosynthesis in 10 T. grandis cultivars. The findings suggest that biosynthesis occurs mainly via the aspartate pathway. Expression and correlation analyses indicate that aspartate oxidase (AOX) and quinolinate synthase (QS) may play important roles in vitamin B3 accumulation. Furthermore, co-expression network and ethephon treatments indicate that the ethylene response factor (ERF) may be involved in the regulation of vitamin B3 biosynthesis in T. grandis nuts. Our findings not only help to elucidate the biosynthesis of vitamin B3, but also provide valuable resource material for future genomic research and molecular-assisted breeding to develop genotypes with higher vitamin B3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yadi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- Hangzhou West Lake Landscape Science Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Weiwu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Wensheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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16
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Joshi J, Mimura M, Suzuki M, Wu S, Gregory JF, Hanson AD, McCarty DR. The Thiamin-Requiring 3 Mutation of Arabidopsis 5-Deoxyxylulose-Phosphate Synthase 1 Highlights How the Thiamin Economy Impacts the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721391. [PMID: 34421975 PMCID: PMC8377734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The thiamin-requiring mutants of Arabidopsis have a storied history as a foundational model for biochemical genetics in plants and have illuminated the central role of thiamin in metabolism. Recent integrative genetic and biochemical analyses of thiamin biosynthesis and utilization imply that leaf metabolism normally operates close to thiamin-limiting conditions. Thus, the mechanisms that allocate thiamin-diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor among the diverse thiamin-dependent enzymes localized in plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cytosol comprise an intricate thiamin economy. Here, we show that the classical thiamin-requiring 3 (th3) mutant is a point mutation in plastid localized 5-deoxyxylulose synthase 1 (DXS1), a key regulated enzyme in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) isoprene biosynthesis pathway. Substitution of a lysine for a highly conserved glutamate residue (E323) located at the subunit interface of the homodimeric enzyme conditions a hypomorphic phenotype that can be rescued by supplying low concentrations of thiamin in the medium. Analysis of leaf thiamin vitamers showed that supplementing the medium with thiamin increased total ThDP content in both wild type and th3 mutant plants, supporting a hypothesis that the mutant DXS1 enzyme has a reduced affinity for the ThDP cofactor. An unexpected upregulation of a suite of biotic-stress-response genes associated with accumulation of downstream MEP intermediate MEcPP suggests that th3 causes mis-regulation of DXS1 activity in thiamin-supplemented plants. Overall, these results highlight that the central role of ThDP availability in regulation of DXS1 activity and flux through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Joshi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manaki Mimura
- Plant Cytogenetics, Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Suzuki
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Donald R. McCarty
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Fitzpatrick TB, Noordally Z. Of clocks and coenzymes in plants: intimately connected cycles guiding central metabolism? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:416-432. [PMID: 33264424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant fitness is a measure of the capacity of a plant to survive and reproduce in its particular environment. It is inherently dependent on plant health. Molecular timekeepers like the circadian clock enhance fitness due to their ability to coordinate biochemical and physiological processes with the environment on a daily basis. Central metabolism underlies these events and it is well established that diel metabolite adjustments are intimately and reciprocally associated with the genetically encoded clock. Thus, metabolic pathway activities are time-of-day regulated. Metabolite rhythms are driven by enzymes, a major proportion of which rely on organic coenzymes to facilitate catalysis. The B vitamin complex is the key provider of coenzymes in all organisms. Emerging evidence suggests that B vitamin levels themselves undergo daily oscillations in animals but has not been studied in any depth in plants. Moreover, it is rarely considered that daily rhythmicity in coenzyme levels may dictate enzyme activity levels and therefore metabolite levels. Here we put forward the proposal that B-vitamin-derived coenzyme rhythmicity is intertwined with metabolic and clock derived rhythmicity to achieve a tripartite homeostasis integrated into plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Zeenat Noordally
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
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18
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Li Y, Yang C, Ahmad H, Maher M, Fang C, Luo J. Benefiting others and self: Production of vitamins in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:210-227. [PMID: 33289302 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins maintain growth and development in humans, animals, and plants. Because plants serve as essential producers of vitamins, increasing the vitamin contents in plants has become a goal of crop breeding worldwide. Here, we begin with a summary of the functions of vitamins. We then review the achievements to date in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying how vitamins are synthesized, transported, and regulated in plants. We also stress the exploration of variation in vitamins by the use of forward genetic approaches, such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies. Overall, we conclude that exploring the diversity of vitamins could provide new insights into plant metabolism and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hasan Ahmad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mohamed Maher
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanying Fang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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19
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Bioinformatic and experimental evidence for suicidal and catalytic plant THI4s. Biochem J 2020; 477:2055-2069. [PMID: 32441748 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Like fungi and some prokaryotes, plants use a thiazole synthase (THI4) to make the thiazole precursor of thiamin. Fungal THI4s are suicide enzymes that destroy an essential active-site Cys residue to obtain the sulfur atom needed for thiazole formation. In contrast, certain prokaryotic THI4s have no active-site Cys, use sulfide as sulfur donor, and are truly catalytic. The presence of a conserved active-site Cys in plant THI4s and other indirect evidence implies that they are suicidal. To confirm this, we complemented the Arabidopsistz-1 mutant, which lacks THI4 activity, with a His-tagged Arabidopsis THI4 construct. LC-MS analysis of tryptic peptides of the THI4 extracted from leaves showed that the active-site Cys was predominantly in desulfurated form, consistent with THI4 having a suicide mechanism in planta. Unexpectedly, transcriptome data mining and deep proteome profiling showed that barley, wheat, and oat have both a widely expressed canonical THI4 with an active-site Cys, and a THI4-like paralog (non-Cys THI4) that has no active-site Cys and is the major type of THI4 in developing grains. Transcriptomic evidence also indicated that barley, wheat, and oat grains synthesize thiamin de novo, implying that their non-Cys THI4s synthesize thiazole. Structure modeling supported this inference, as did demonstration that non-Cys THI4s have significant capacity to complement thiazole auxotrophy in Escherichia coli. There is thus a prima facie case that non-Cys cereal THI4s, like their prokaryotic counterparts, are catalytic thiazole synthases. Bioenergetic calculations show that, relative to suicide THI4s, such enzymes could save substantial energy during the grain-filling period.
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20
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Abstract
Most secondary nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes have retained residual plastids whose physiological role is often still unknown. One such example is Euglena longa, a close nonphotosynthetic relative of Euglena gracilis harboring a plastid organelle of enigmatic function. By mining transcriptome data from E. longa, we finally provide an overview of metabolic processes localized to its elusive plastid. The organelle plays no role in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors and fatty acids and has a very limited repertoire of pathways concerning nitrogen-containing metabolites. In contrast, the synthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids has been preserved, curiously with the last step of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol synthesis being catalyzed by the SqdX form of an enzyme so far known only from bacteria. Notably, we show that the E. longa plastid synthesizes tocopherols and a phylloquinone derivative, the first such report for nonphotosynthetic plastids studied so far. The most striking attribute of the organelle could be the presence of a linearized Calvin-Benson (CB) pathway, including RuBisCO yet lacking the gluconeogenetic part of the standard cycle, together with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) and the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. We hypothesize that the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system activates the linear CB pathway in response to the redox status of the E. longa cell and speculate on the role of the pathway in keeping the redox balance of the cell. Altogether, the E. longa plastid defines a new class of relic plastids that is drastically different from the best-studied organelle of this category, the apicoplast.IMPORTANCE Colorless plastids incapable of photosynthesis evolved in many plant and algal groups, but what functions they perform is still unknown in many cases. Here, we study the elusive plastid of Euglena longa, a nonphotosynthetic cousin of the familiar green flagellate Euglena gracilis We document an unprecedented combination of metabolic functions that the E. longa plastid exhibits in comparison with previously characterized nonphotosynthetic plastids. For example, and truly surprisingly, it has retained the synthesis of tocopherols (vitamin E) and a phylloquinone (vitamin K) derivative. In addition, we offer a possible solution of the long-standing conundrum of the presence of the CO2-fixing enzyme RuBisCO in E. longa Our work provides a detailed account on a unique variant of relic plastids, the first among nonphotosynthetic plastids that evolved by secondary endosymbiosis from a green algal ancestor, and suggests that it has persisted for reasons not previously considered in relation to nonphotosynthetic plastids.
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Singh P, Kalunke RM, Shukla A, Tzfadia O, Thulasiram HV, Giri AP. Biosynthesis and tissue-specific partitioning of camphor and eugenol in Ocimum kilimandscharicum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112451. [PMID: 32619737 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Ocimum kilimandscharicum, the relative volatile composition of camphor in leaves was as high as 55%, while that of eugenol in roots was 57%. These metabolites were differentially partitioned between the aerial and root tissues. Global metabolomics revealed tissue-specific biochemical specialization, evident by the differential distribution of 2588 putative metabolites across nine tissues. Next-generation sequencing analysis indicated differential expression of 51 phenylpropanoid and 55 terpenoid pathway genes in aerial and root tissues. By integrating metabolomics with transcriptomics, the camphor biosynthesis pathway in O. kilimandscharicum was elucidated. In planta bioassays revealed the role of geranyl diphosphate synthase (gpps) and borneol dehydrogenase (bdh) in camphor biosynthesis. Further, the partitioning of camphor was attributed to tissue-specific gene expression of both the pathway entry point (gpps) and terminal (bdh) enzyme. Unlike camphor, eugenol accumulated more in roots; however, absence of the eugenol synthase gene in roots indicated long distance transport from aerial tissues. In silico co-expression analysis indicated the potential involvement of ATP-binding cassette, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion, and sugar transporters in eugenol transport. Similar partitioning was evident across five other Ocimum species. Overall, our work indicates that metabolite partitioning maybe a finely regulated process, which may have implications on plant growth, development, and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raviraj M Kalunke
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anurag Shukla
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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22
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Fitzpatrick TB, Chapman LM. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B 1) in plant health: From crop yield to biofortification. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12002-12013. [PMID: 32554808 PMCID: PMC7443482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring that people have access to sufficient and nutritious food is necessary for a healthy life and the core tenet of food security. With the global population set to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, and the compounding effects of climate change, the planet is facing challenges that necessitate significant and rapid changes in agricultural practices. In the effort to provide food in terms of calories, the essential contribution of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) to nutrition is often overlooked. Here, we focus on the importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in plant health and discuss its impact on human health. Vitamin B1 is an essential dietary component, and deficiencies in this micronutrient underlie several diseases, notably nervous system disorders. The predominant source of dietary vitamin B1 is plant-based foods. Moreover, vitamin B1 is also vital for plants themselves, and its benefits in plant health have received less attention than in the human health sphere. In general, vitamin B1 is well-characterized for its role as a coenzyme in metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in energy production and central metabolism, including carbon assimilation and respiration. Vitamin B1 is also emerging as an important component of plant stress responses, and several noncoenzyme roles of this vitamin are being characterized. We summarize the importance of vitamin B1 in plants from the perspective of food security, including its roles in plant disease resistance, stress tolerance, and crop yield, and review the potential benefits of biofortification of crops with increased vitamin B1 content to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lottie M Chapman
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Hofmann M, Loubéry S, Fitzpatrick TB. On the nature of thiamine triphosphate in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00258. [PMID: 32885135 PMCID: PMC7456500 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1 is a family of molecules, the most renowned member of which is diphosphorylated thiamine (TDP)-a coenzyme vital for the activity of key enzymes of energy metabolism. Triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives also exist within this family, specifically thiamine triphosphate (TTP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (ATTP). They have been investigated primarily in mammalian cells and are thought to act as metabolic messengers but have not received much attention in plants. In this study, we set out to examine for the presence of these triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives in Arabidopsis. We could find TTP in Arabidopsis under standard growth conditions, but we could not detect ATTP. Interestingly, TTP is found primarily in shoot tissue. Drivers of TTP synthesis are light intensity, the proton motive force, as well as TDP content. In plants, TTP accumulates in the organellar powerhouses, the plastids, and mitochondria. Furthermore, in contrast to other B1 vitamers, there are strong oscillations in tissue levels of TTP levels over diel periods peaking early during the light period. The elevation of TTP levels during the day appears to be coupled to a photosynthesis-driven process. We propose that TTP may signify TDP sufficiency, particularly in the organellar powerhouses, and discuss our findings in relation to its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hofmann
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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24
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Hillman ET, Kozik AJ, Hooker CA, Burnett JL, Heo Y, Kiesel VA, Nevins CJ, Oshiro JM, Robins MM, Thakkar RD, Wu ST, Lindemann SR. Comparative genomics of the genus Roseburia reveals divergent biosynthetic pathways that may influence colonic competition among species. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000399. [PMID: 32589566 PMCID: PMC7478625 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Roseburia species are important denizens of the human gut microbiome that ferment complex polysaccharides to butyrate as a terminal fermentation product, which influences human physiology and serves as an energy source for colonocytes. Previous comparative genomics analyses of the genus Roseburia have examined polysaccharide degradation genes. Here, we characterize the core and pangenomes of the genus Roseburia with respect to central carbon and energy metabolism, as well as biosynthesis of amino acids and B vitamins using orthology-based methods, uncovering significant differences among species in their biosynthetic capacities. Variation in gene content among Roseburia species and strains was most significant for cofactor biosynthesis. Unlike all other species of Roseburia that we analysed, Roseburia inulinivorans strains lacked biosynthetic genes for riboflavin or pantothenate but possessed folate biosynthesis genes. Differences in gene content for B vitamin synthesis were matched with differences in putative salvage and synthesis strategies among species. For example, we observed extended biotin salvage capabilities in R. intestinalis strains, which further suggest that B vitamin acquisition strategies may impact fitness in the gut ecosystem. As differences in the functional potential to synthesize components of biomass (e.g. amino acids, vitamins) can drive interspecies interactions, variation in auxotrophies of the Roseburia spp. genomes may influence in vivo gut ecology. This study serves to advance our understanding of the potential metabolic interactions that influence the ecology of Roseburia spp. and, ultimately, may provide a basis for rational strategies to manipulate the abundances of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan T. Hillman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ariangela J. Kozik
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Present address: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Casey A. Hooker
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John L. Burnett
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoojung Heo
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Violet A. Kiesel
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Clayton J. Nevins
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Present address: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jordan M.K.I. Oshiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Melissa M. Robins
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Riya D. Thakkar
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sophie Tongyu Wu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Stephen R. Lindemann
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Chen Y, Wang L, Shang F, Liu W, Lan J, Chen J, Ha NC, Quan C, Nam KH, Xu Y. Structural insight of the 5-(Hydroxyethyl)-methylthiazole kinase ThiM involving vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway from the Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:513-518. [PMID: 31439375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is an essential co-factor in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways. The TPP-related vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway is found in most bacterial, plant and lower eukaryotic processes; however, it is not present in humans. In bacterial thiamin synthesis and salvage pathways, the 5-(hydroxyethyl)-methylthiazole kinase (ThiM) is essential in the pathway forming TPP. Thus, ThiM is considered to be an attractive antibacterial drug target. Here, we determined the crystal structures of ThiM from pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpThiM) and KpThiM in complex with its substrate 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole (TZE). KpThiM, consisting of an α-β-α domain, shows a pseudosymmetric trimeric formation. TZE molecules are located in the interface between the KpThiM subunits in the trimer and interact with Met49 and Cys200. Superimposition of the apo and TZE-complexed structures of KpThiM show that the side chains of the amino acids interacting with TZE and Mg2+ have a rigid configuration. Comparison of the ThiM structures shows that KpThiM could, in terms of sequence and configuration, be different from other ThiM proteins, which possess different amino acids that recognize TZE and Mg2+. The structures will provide new insight into the ThiM subfamily proteins for antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Shang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Ki Hyun Nam
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongbin Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, China.
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26
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Roberts DP, Mattoo AK. Sustainable Crop Production Systems and Human Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Zhang S, Sun F, Wang W, Yang G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu S, Xi Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides key insights into seedling development in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:193. [PMID: 31402932 PMCID: PMC6683553 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial C4 plant, can be used as a forage plant, a soil and water conservation plant, a windbreak plant, and as a good source of biofuels and alternative energy with low planting costs. However, switchgrass exhibits low rates of seedling development compared to other crops, which means it is typically out-competed by weeds. There is a large variation in seedling development rates among different plantlets in switchgrass, which limits its usefulness for large-scale cultivation. Little is currently known about the molecular reasons for slow seedling growth. RESULTS Characterization of the seedling development process via growth indices indicated a relatively stagnant growth stage in switchgrass. A total of 678 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the comparison of transcriptomes from slowly developed (sd) and rapidly developed (rd) switchgrass seedlings. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in diterpenoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Transcription factor enrichment and expression analyses showed MYB-related, bHLH and NAC family genes were essential for seedling growth. The transcriptome results were consistent with those of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then, the expression profiles of maize and switchgrass were compared during seedling leaf development. A total of 128 DEGs that play key roles in seedling growth were aligned to maize genes. Transcriptional information and physiological indices suggested that several genes involved in the circadian rhythm, thiamine metabolism, energy metabolism, gibberellic acid biosynthesis, and signal transduction played important roles in seedling development. CONCLUSIONS The seedling development process of switchgrass was characterized, and the molecular differences between slowly developed and rapidly developed seedlings were discussed. This study provides new insights into the reasons for slow seedling development in switchgrass and will be useful for the genetic improvement of switchgrass and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yajun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Finkenwirth F, Eitinger T. ECF-type ABC transporters for uptake of vitamins and transition metal ions into prokaryotic cells. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:358-365. [PMID: 31283960 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters mediate the uptake of micronutrients in prokaryotes. They consist of two ATP-binding-cassette family ATPases, a transmembrane coupling protein (T component) and a substrate-binding membrane protein (S component). ECF transporters for Co2+ and Ni2+ ions have one or two additional proteins with extracytoplasmic regions but poorly understood function. Homologs of T components with a predicted localization in plastids are widespread in plants but their physiological role is unclear. S components in eukaryotes are very rare and restricted to biotin-specific variants. Apart from a potential contribution to the export of flavins to serve the assembly of extracytoplasmic electron transfer chains, ECF transporters function as importers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Finkenwirth
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Eitinger
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Boonchaisri S, Rochfort S, Stevenson T, Dias DA. Recent developments in metabolomics-based research in understanding transgenic grass metabolism. Metabolomics 2019; 15:47. [PMID: 30877485 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic herbicide-resistant (HR) turfgrass together with its associated, broad spectrum herbicides promise cheap, selective and efficient weed control by excluding infested weeds resulting in turf lawn with high uniformity and aesthetic value. The concept of this "weeding program" initiated from modern biotechnology has been widely implemented in several principal crops including maize, soybean, canola and cotton as early as the 1990s. Transgenic HR turfgrass classified as a genetically modified organism (GMO) has undoubtedly caused public concern with respect to its biosafety and legalities similar to well-established HR crops. Nevertheless, applying metabolomics-based approaches which focuses on the identification of the global metabolic state of a biological system in response to either internal or external stimuli can also provide a comprehensive characterization of transgenic grass metabolism and its involvement in biosecurity and public perception. AIM OF REVIEW This review summaries the recent applications of metabolomics applied to HR crops to predict the molecular and physiological phenotypes of HR turfgrass species, glyphosate-resistant Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and glufosinate-resistant creeping bentgrass (Agrotis stonifera L.). Additionally, this review also presents background knowledge with respect to the application of metabolomics, transformation of HR crops and its biosafety concerns, turfgrass botanical knowledge and its economic and aesthetic value. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the molecular and physiological phenotypes of HR turfgrass based on several lines of evidence primarily derived from metabolomics data applied to HR crops to identify alterations on HR turfgrass metabolism as a result of genetic modification that confers resistant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Research Victoria, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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Cross-exchange of B-vitamins underpins a mutualistic interaction between Ostreococcus tauri and Dinoroseobacter shibae. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:334-345. [PMID: 30228381 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ostreococcus tauri, a picoeukaryotic alga that contributes significantly to primary production in oligotrophic waters, has a highly streamlined genome, lacking the genetic capacity to grow without the vitamins thiamine (B1) and cobalamin (B12). Here we demonstrate that the B12 and B1 auxotrophy of O. tauri can be alleviated by co-culturing with a heterotrophic bacterial partner Dinoroseobacter shibae, a member of the Rhodobacteraceae family of alpha-proteobacteria, genera of which are frequently found associated with marine algae. D. shibae lacks the complete pathway to synthesise three other B-vitamins: niacin (B3), biotin (B7), and p-aminobenzoic acid (a precursor for folate, B9), and the alga is in turn able to satisfy the reciprocal vitamin requirements of its bacterial partner in a stable long-term co-culture. Bioinformatics searches of 197 representative marine bacteria with sequenced genomes identified just nine species that had a similar combination of traits (ability to make vitamin B12, but missing one or more genes for niacin and biotin biosynthesis enzymes), all of which were from the Rhodobacteraceae. Further analysis of 70 species from this family revealed the majority encoded the B12 pathway, but only half were able to make niacin, and fewer than 13% biotin. These characteristics may have either contributed to or resulted from the tendency of members of this lineage to adopt lifestyles in close association with algae. This study provides a nuanced view of bacterial-phytoplankton interactions, emphasising the complexity of the sources, sinks and dynamic cycling between marine microbes of these important organic micronutrients.
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31
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Hanson AD, Amthor JS, Sun J, Niehaus TD, Gregory JF, Bruner SD, Ding Y. Redesigning thiamin synthesis: Prospects and potential payoffs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 273:92-99. [PMID: 29907313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for plant growth but is short-lived in vivo and energetically very costly to produce - a combination that makes thiamin biosynthesis a prime target for improvement by redesign. Thiamin consists of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties. Its high biosynthetic cost stems from use of the suicide enzyme THI4 to form the thiazole and the near-suicide enzyme THIC to form the pyrimidine. These energetic costs lower biomass yield potential and are likely compounded by environmental stresses that destroy thiamin and hence increase the rate at which it must be made. The energy costs could be slashed by refactoring the thiamin biosynthesis pathway to eliminate the suicidal THI4 and THIC reactions. To substantiate this design concept, we first document the energetic costs of the THI4 and THIC steps in the pathway and explain how cutting these costs could substantially increase crop biomass and grain yields. We then show that a refactored pathway must produce thiamin itself rather than a stripped-down analog because the thiamin molecule cannot be simplified without losing biological activity. Lastly, we consider possible energy-efficient alternatives to the inefficient natural THI4- and THIC-mediated steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Jiayi Sun
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Bruner
- Chemistry Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kraft CE, Angert ER. Competition for vitamin B1 (thiamin) structures numerous ecological interactions. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2018; 92:151-68. [PMID: 29562121 DOI: 10.1086/692168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thiamin (vitamin B1) is a cofactor required for essential biochemical reactions in all living organisms, yet free thiamin is scarce in the environment. The diversity of biochemical pathways involved in the acquisition, degradation, and synthesis of thiamin indicates that organisms have evolved numerous ecological strategies for meeting this nutritional requirement. In this review we synthesize information from multiple disciplines to show how the complex biochemistry of thiamin influences ecological outcomes of interactions between organisms in environments ranging from the open ocean and the Australian outback to the gastrointestinal tract of animals. We highlight population and ecosystem responses to the availability or absence of thiamin. These include widespread mortality of fishes, birds, and mammals, as well as the thiamin-dependent regulation of ocean productivity. Overall, we portray thiamin biochemistry as the foundation for molecularly mediated ecological interactions that influence survival and abundance of a vast array of organisms.
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The PLUTO plastidial nucleobase transporter also transports the thiamin precursor hydroxymethylpyrimidine. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180048. [PMID: 29507060 PMCID: PMC5874261 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP) and thiazole precursors of thiamin are synthesized and coupled together to form thiamin in plastids. Mutants unable to form HMP can be rescued by exogenous HMP, implying the presence of HMP transporters in the plasma membrane and plastids. Analysis of bacterial genomes revealed a transporter gene that is chromosomally clustered with thiamin biosynthesis and salvage genes. Its closest Arabidopsis homolog, the plastidic nucleobase transporter (PLUTO), is co-expressed with several thiamin biosynthetic enzymes. Heterologous expression of PLUTO in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased sensitivity to a toxic HMP analog, and disrupting PLUTO in an HMP-requiring Arabidopsis line reduced root growth at low HMP concentrations. These data implicate PLUTO in plastidial transport and salvage of HMP.
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A plastidial pantoate transporter with a potential role in pantothenate synthesis. Biochem J 2018; 475:813-825. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pantothenate (vitamin B5) synthesis pathway in plants is not fully defined because the subcellular site of its ketopantoate → pantoate reduction step is unclear. However, the pathway is known to be split between cytosol, mitochondria, and potentially plastids, and inferred to involve mitochondrial or plastidial transport of ketopantoate or pantoate. No proteins that mediate these transport steps have been identified. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses identified Arabidopsis thaliana BASS1 (At1g78560) and its maize (Zea mays) ortholog as candidates for such a transport role. BASS1 proteins belong to the bile acid : sodium symporter family and share similarity with the Salmonella enterica PanS pantoate/ketopantoate transporter and with predicted bacterial transporters whose genes cluster on the chromosome with pantothenate synthesis genes. Furthermore, Arabidopsis BASS1 is co-expressed with genes related to metabolism of coenzyme A, the cofactor derived from pantothenate. Expression of Arabidopsis or maize BASS1 promoted the growth of a S. enterica panB panS mutant strain when pantoate, but not ketopantoate, was supplied, and increased the rate of [3H]pantoate uptake. Subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein fusions in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells demonstrated that Arabidopsis BASS1 is targeted solely to the plastid inner envelope. Two independent Arabidopsis BASS1 knockout mutants accumulated pantoate ∼10-fold in leaves and had smaller seeds. Taken together, these data indicate that BASS1 is a physiologically significant plastidial pantoate transporter and that the pantoate reduction step in pantothenate biosynthesis could be at least partly localized in plastids.
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Morriss SC, Liu X, Floyd BE, Bassham DC, MacIntosh GC. Cell growth and homeostasis are disrupted in arabidopsis rns2-2 mutants missing the main vacuolar RNase activity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:911-922. [PMID: 28961890 PMCID: PMC5710523 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enzymes belonging to the RNase T2 family are essential for normal rRNA turnover in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this function is performed by RNS2. The null mutant rns2-2 has increased rRNA half-life and constitutive autophagy. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular changes that take place in the rns2-2 mutant that may lead to altered cellular homeostasis, manifested by the observed cellular phenotype. METHODS To determine the effect of defective rRNA turnover on cellular homeostasis, comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of 10-day-old wild-type and rns2-2 seedlings were used to identify molecular processes affected in the mutant. Bioinformatics analyses suggested additional phenotypes that were confirmed through direct plant size measurements and microscopy. KEY RESULTS Few genes were differentially expressed in the rns2-2 mutant, indicating that control of autophagy in this genotype is mainly achieved at the post-transcriptional level. Among differentially expressed genes, transcripts related to carbon flux processes, particularly the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), were identified. Metabolite analyses confirmed changes in the levels of PPP intermediates. Genes related to cell wall loosening were also differentially expressed in the mutant, and a decrease in monosaccharide components of cell wall hemicellulose were found. As a potential effect of weaker cell walls, rns2-2 plants are larger than wild-type controls, due to larger cells and increased water content. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured in rns2-2, and the constitutive autophagy phenotype was blocked by preventing ROS production via NADPH oxidase. CONCLUSIONS Lack of rRNA recycling in rns2-2 cells triggers a change in carbon flux, which is redirected through the PPP to produce ribose-5-phosphate for de novo nucleoside synthesis. rRNA or ribosome turnover is thus essential for cellular homeostasis, probably through maintenance of nucleoside levels as part of the salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Morriss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brice E Floyd
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Ayala-Rodríguez JÁ, Barrera-Ortiz S, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. Folic acid orchestrates root development linking cell elongation with auxin response and acts independently of the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:168-178. [PMID: 28969797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid is a precursor of tetrahydrofolate (vitamin B9), which is an essential cofactor in most organisms, acting as a carrier for one-carbon units in enzymatic reactions. In this work, we employed pharmacological, genetic and confocal imaging strategies to unravel the signaling mechanism by which folic acid modulates root growth and development. Folic acid supplementation inhibits primary root elongation and induces lateral root formation in a concentration-dependent manner. An analysis of the expression of cell cycle genes pCycD6;1:GFP and CycB1:uidA, and cell expansion Exp7:uidA showed that folic acid promotes cell division but prevented cell elongation, and this correlated with altered expression of auxin-responsive DR5:GFP gene, and PIN1:PIN1:GFP, PIN3:PIN3:GFP, and PIN7:PIN7:GFP auxin transporters at the columella and vasculature of primary roots, whereas mutants defective in auxin signaling (tir1/afb1/afb2 [receptors], slr1 [repressor] and arf7/arf19 [transcription factors]) were less sensitive to folic acid induced primary root shortening and lateral root proliferation. Comparison of growth of WT and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) antisense lines indicates that folic acid acts by an alternative mechanism to this central regulator. Thus, folic acid modulation of root architecture involves auxin and acts independently of the TOR kinase to influence basic cellular programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ángel Ayala-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Salvador Barrera-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Helliwell KE. The roles of B vitamins in phytoplankton nutrition: new perspectives and prospects. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:62-68. [PMID: 28656633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 62 I. 62 II. 63 III. 63 IV. 66 V. 66 VI. 67 67 References 67 SUMMARY: B vitamins play essential roles in central metabolism. These organic water-soluble molecules act as, or as part of, coenzymes within the cell. Unlike land plants, many eukaryotic algae are auxotrophic for certain B vitamins. Recent progress in algal genetic resources and environmental chemistry have promoted a renewal of interest in the role of vitamins in governing phytoplankton dynamics, and illuminated amazing versatility in phytoplankton vitamin metabolism. Accumulating evidence demonstrates metabolic complexity in the production and bioavailability of different vitamin forms, coupled with specialized acquisition strategies to salvage and remodel vitamin precursors. Here, I describe recent advances and discuss how they redefine our view of the way in which vitamins are cycled in aquatic ecosystems and their importance in structuring phytoplankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Helliwell
- The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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38
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Hayashi M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto S, Nakagawa T, Kanai M, Anegawa A, Ohnishi M, Mimura T, Nishimura M. Plastidial Folate Prevents Starch Biosynthesis Triggered by Sugar Influx into Non-Photosynthetic Plastids of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1328-1338. [PMID: 28586467 PMCID: PMC5921527 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of sucrose-starch interconversion in plants is important to maintain energy supplies necessary for viability and growth. Arabidopsis mutants were screened for aberrant responses to sucrose to identify candidates with a defect in the regulation of starch biosynthesis. One such mutant, fpgs1-4, accumulated substantial amounts of starch in non-photosynthetic cells. Dark-grown mutant seedlings exhibited shortened hypocotyls and accumulated starch in etioplasts when supplied with exogenous sucrose/glucose. Similar starch accumulation from exogenous sucrose was observed in mutant chloroplasts, when photosynthesis was prevented by organ culture in darkness. Molecular genetic analyses revealed that the mutant was defective in plastidial folylpolyglutamate synthetase, one of the enzymes engaged in folate biosynthesis. Active folate derivatives are important biomolecules that function as cofactors for a variety of enzymes. Exogenously supplied 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate abrogated the mutant phenotypes, indicating that the fpgs1-4 mutant produced insufficient folate derivative levels. In addition, the antifolate agents methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil induced starch accumulation from exogenously supplied sucrose in dark-grown seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis. These results indicate that plastidial folate suppresses starch biosynthesis triggered by sugar influx into non-photosynthetic cells, demonstrating a hitherto unsuspected link between plastidial folate and starch metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail,: ; Fax, +81-749-64-8101
| | - Mina Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Saki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Taro Nakagawa
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Aya Anegawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Arzani A, Ashraf M. Cultivated Ancient Wheats (Triticumspp.): A Potential Source of Health-Beneficial Food Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:477-488. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Arzani
- Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture; Isfahan Univ. of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
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Vigani G, Di Silvestre D, Agresta AM, Donnini S, Mauri P, Gehl C, Bittner F, Murgia I. Molybdenum and iron mutually impact their homeostasis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1222-1241. [PMID: 27735062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients required for crucial enzyme activities in plant metabolism. Here we investigated the existence of a mutual control of Mo and Fe homeostasis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Plants were grown under single or combined Mo and Fe starvation. Physiological parameters were measured, the ionomes of tissues and the ionomes and proteomes of root mitochondria were profiled, and the activities of molybdo-enzymes and the synthesis of molybdenum cofactor (Moco) were evaluated. Fe and Mo were found to affect each other's total uptake and distribution within tissues and at the mitochondrial level, with Fe nutritional status dominating over Mo homeostasis and affecting Mo availability for molybdo-enzymes in the form of Moco. Fe starvation triggered Moco biosynthesis and affected the molybdo-enzymes, with its main impact on nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase, both being involved in nitrogen assimilation and mobilization, and on the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component. These results, together with the identification of > 100 proteins differentially expressed in root mitochondria, highlight the central role of mitochondria in the coordination of Fe and Mo homeostasis and allow us to propose the first model of the molecular interactions connecting Mo and Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Agresta
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Silvia Donnini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Christian Gehl
- Institute of Horticulture Production Systems, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Sa N, Rawat R, Thornburg C, Walker KD, Roje S. Identification and characterization of the missing phosphatase on the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:705-716. [PMID: 27490826 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of riboflavin as the direct precursor of the cofactors flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), the physiologically relevant catalyst dephosphorylating the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway intermediate 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5'-phosphate (ARPP) has not been characterized from any organism. By using as the query sequence a previously identified plastidial FMN hydrolase AtcpFHy1 (At1g79790), belonging to the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily, seven candidates for the missing ARPP phosphatase were found, cloned, recombinantly expressed, and purified. Activity screening showed that the enzymes encoded by AtcpFHy1, At4g11570, and At4g25840 catalyze dephosphorylation of ARPP. AtcpFHy1 was renamed AtcpFHy/PyrP1, At4g11570 and At4g25840 were named AtPyrP2 and AtGpp1/PyrP3, respectively. Subcellular localization in planta indicated that AtPyrP2 was localized in plastids and AtGpp1/PyrP3 in mitochondria. Biochemical characterization of AtcpFHy/PyrP1 and AtPyrP2 showed that they have similar Km values for the substrate ARPP, with AtcpFHy/PyrP1 having higher catalytic efficiency. Screening of 21 phosphorylated substrates showed that AtPyrP2 is specific for ARPP. Molecular weights of AtcpFHy/PyrP1 and AtPyrP2 were estimated at 46 and 72 kDa, suggesting dimers. pH and temperature optima for AtcpFHy/PyrP1 and AtPyrP2 were ~7.0-8.5 and 40-50°C. T-DNA knockout of AtcpFHy/PyrP1 did not affect the flavin profile of the transgenic plants, whereas silencing of AtPyrP2 decreased accumulation of riboflavin, FMN, and FAD. Our results strongly support AtPyrP2 as the missing phosphatase on the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. The identification of this enzyme closes a long-standing gap in understanding of the riboflavin biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Renu Rawat
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Chelsea Thornburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kevin D Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Henry CS, Lerma-Ortiz C, Gerdes SY, Mullen JD, Colasanti R, Zhukov A, Frelin O, Thiaville JJ, Zallot R, Niehaus TD, Hasnain G, Conrad N, Hanson AD, de Crécy-Lagard V. Systematic identification and analysis of frequent gene fusion events in metabolic pathways. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:473. [PMID: 27342196 PMCID: PMC4921024 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene fusions are the most powerful type of in silico-derived functional associations. However, many fusion compilations were made when <100 genomes were available, and algorithms for identifying fusions need updating to handle the current avalanche of sequenced genomes. The availability of a large fusion dataset would help probe functional associations and enable systematic analysis of where and why fusion events occur. Results Here we present a systematic analysis of fusions in prokaryotes. We manually generated two training sets: (i) 121 fusions in the model organism Escherichia coli; (ii) 131 fusions found in B vitamin metabolism. These sets were used to develop a fusion prediction algorithm that captured the training set fusions with only 7 % false negatives and 50 % false positives, a substantial improvement over existing approaches. This algorithm was then applied to identify 3.8 million potential fusions across 11,473 genomes. The results of the analysis are available in a searchable database at http://modelseed.org/projects/fusions/. A functional analysis identified 3,000 reactions associated with frequent fusion events and revealed areas of metabolism where fusions are particularly prevalent. Conclusions Customary definitions of fusions were shown to be ambiguous, and a stricter one was proposed. Exploring the genes participating in fusion events showed that they most commonly encode transporters, regulators, and metabolic enzymes. The major rationales for fusions between metabolic genes appear to be overcoming pathway bottlenecks, avoiding toxicity, controlling competing pathways, and facilitating expression and assembly of protein complexes. Finally, our fusion dataset provides powerful clues to decipher the biological activities of domains of unknown function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2782-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Henry
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA. .,Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Claudia Lerma-Ortiz
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Svetlana Y Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.,Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Mullen
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ric Colasanti
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Aleksey Zhukov
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Océane Frelin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jennifer J Thiaville
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rémi Zallot
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ghulam Hasnain
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Neal Conrad
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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A family of metal-dependent phosphatases implicated in metabolite damage-control. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:621-7. [PMID: 27322068 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DUF89 family proteins occur widely in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but their functions are unknown. Here we define three DUF89 subfamilies (I, II, and III), with subfamily II being split into stand-alone proteins and proteins fused to pantothenate kinase (PanK). We demonstrated that DUF89 proteins have metal-dependent phosphatase activity against reactive phosphoesters or their damaged forms, notably sugar phosphates (subfamilies II and III), phosphopantetheine and its S-sulfonate or sulfonate (subfamily II-PanK fusions), and nucleotides (subfamily I). Genetic and comparative genomic data strongly associated DUF89 genes with phosphoester metabolism. The crystal structure of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) subfamily III protein YMR027W revealed a novel phosphatase active site with fructose 6-phosphate and Mg(2+) bound near conserved signature residues Asp254 and Asn255 that are critical for activity. These findings indicate that DUF89 proteins are previously unrecognized hydrolases whose characteristic in vivo function is to limit potentially harmful buildups of normal or damaged phosphometabolites.
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44
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Thiaville JJ, Frelin O, García-Salinas C, Harrison K, Hasnain G, Horenstein NA, Díaz de la Garza RI, Henry CS, Hanson AD, de Crécy-Lagard V. Experimental and Metabolic Modeling Evidence for a Folate-Cleaving Side-Activity of Ketopantoate Hydroxymethyltransferase (PanB). Front Microbiol 2016; 7:431. [PMID: 27065985 PMCID: PMC4814558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and its one-carbon derivatives, collectively termed folates, are essential cofactors, but are inherently unstable. While it is clear that chemical oxidation can cleave folates or damage their pterin precursors, very little is known about enzymatic damage to these molecules or about whether the folate biosynthesis pathway responds adaptively to damage to its end-products. The presence of a duplication of the gene encoding the folate biosynthesis enzyme 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (FolK) in many sequenced bacterial genomes combined with a strong chromosomal clustering of the folK gene with panB, encoding the 5,10-methylene-THF-dependent enzyme ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, led us to infer that PanB has a side activity that cleaves 5,10-methylene-THF, yielding a pterin product that is recycled by FolK. Genetic and metabolic analyses of Escherichia coli strains showed that overexpression of PanB leads to accumulation of the likely folate cleavage product 6-hydroxymethylpterin and other pterins in cells and medium, and—unexpectedly—to a 46% increase in total folate content. In silico modeling of the folate biosynthesis pathway showed that these observations are consistent with the in vivo cleavage of 5,10-methylene-THF by a side-activity of PanB, with FolK-mediated recycling of the pterin cleavage product, and with regulation of folate biosynthesis by folates or their damage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Thiaville
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Océane Frelin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Katherine Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ghulam Hasnain
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher S Henry
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL, USA; Computation Institute, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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Li CL, Wang M, Wu XM, Chen DH, Lv HJ, Shen JL, Qiao Z, Zhang W. THI1, a Thiamine Thiazole Synthase, Interacts with Ca2+-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK33 and Modulates the S-Type Anion Channels and Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1090-104. [PMID: 26662273 PMCID: PMC4734576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine is required for both plant growth and development. Here, the involvement of a thiamine thiazole synthase, THI1, has been demonstrated in both guard cell abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and the drought response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). THI1 overexpressors proved to be more sensitive to ABA than the wild type with respect to both the activation of guard cell slow type anion channels and stomatal closure; this effectively reduced the rate of water loss from the plant and thereby enhanced its level of drought tolerance. A yeast two-hybrid strategy was used to screen a cDNA library from epidermal strips of leaves for THI1 regulatory factors, and identified CPK33, a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase, as interactor with THI1 in a plasma membrane-delimited manner. Loss-of-function cpk33 mutants were hypersensitive to ABA activation of slow type anion channels and ABA-induced stomatal closure, while the CPK33 overexpression lines showed opposite phenotypes. CPK33 kinase activity was essential for ABA-induced stomatal closure. Consistent with their contrasting regulatory role over stomatal closure, THI1 suppressed CPK33 kinase activity in vitro. Together, our data reveal a novel regulatory role of thiamine thiazole synthase to kinase activity in guard cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dong-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jian-Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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46
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Bacterial and plant HAD enzymes catalyse a missing phosphatase step in thiamin diphosphate biosynthesis. Biochem J 2016; 473:157-66. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To make thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), plants and many micro-organisms first dephosphorylate thiamin monophosphate (ThMP). This dephosphorylation has been thought to be mediated by non-specific enzymes. However, comparative genomic, genetic and biochemical evidences implicate specific HAD family phosphatases in bacteria and plants.
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Hunter DJ, Torkelson JL, Bodnar J, Mortazavi B, Laurent T, Deason J, Thephavongsa K, Zhong J. The Rickettsia Endosymbiont of Ixodes pacificus Contains All the Genes of De Novo Folate Biosynthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144552. [PMID: 26650541 PMCID: PMC4674097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and other arthropods often are hosts to nutrient providing bacterial endosymbionts, which contribute to their host’s fitness by supplying nutrients such as vitamins and amino acids. It has been detected, in our lab, that Ixodes pacificus is host to Rickettsia species phylotype G021. This endosymbiont is predominantly present, and 100% maternally transmitted in I. pacificus. To study roles of phylotype G021 in I. pacificus, bioinformatic and molecular approaches were carried out. MUMmer genome alignments of whole genome sequence of I. scapularis, a close relative to I. pacificus, against completely sequenced genomes of R. bellii OSU85-389, R. conorii, and R. felis, identified 8,190 unique sequences that are homologous to Rickettsia sequences in the NCBI Trace Archive. MetaCyc metabolic reconstructions revealed that all folate gene orthologues (folA, folC, folE, folKP, ptpS) required for de novo folate biosynthesis are present in the genome of Rickettsia buchneri in I. scapularis. To examine the metabolic capability of phylotype G021 in I. pacificus, genes of the folate biosynthesis pathway of the bacterium were PCR amplified using degenerate primers. BLAST searches identified that nucleotide sequences of the folA, folC, folE, folKP, and ptpS genes possess 98.6%, 98.8%, 98.9%, 98.5% and 99.0% identity respectively to the corresponding genes of Rickettsia buchneri. Phylogenetic tree constructions show that the folate genes of phylotype G021 and homologous genes from various Rickettsia species are monophyletic. This study has shown that all folate genes exist in the genome of Rickettsia species phylotype G021 and that this bacterium has the genetic capability for de novo folate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Torkelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - James Bodnar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Bobak Mortazavi
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Timothy Laurent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Deason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Khanhkeo Thephavongsa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Jianmin Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Birla DS, Malik K, Sainger M, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal R, Jaiwal PK. Progress and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2455-2481. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1084992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha Birla
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kapil Malik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Manish Sainger
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Darshna Chaudhary
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pawan K. Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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49
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Colinas M, Fitzpatrick TB. Natures balancing act: examining biosynthesis de novo, recycling and processing damaged vitamin B metabolites. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:98-106. [PMID: 26005929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants use B vitamin compounds as cofactors for metabolism. Biosynthesis de novo of these metabolites in plants is almost fully elucidated. However, salvaging of precursors as well as cofactor derivatives is only being unraveled. Furthermore, processing of these compounds when damaged by cellular activities to prevent deleterious effects on metabolism is emerging. Recent investigations indicate that the role of B vitamins goes beyond metabolism and are being linked with epigenetic traits, specific developmental cues, the circadian clock, as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses. More in depth investigations on the regulation of the provision of these compounds through biosynthesis de novo, salvage and transport is suggesting that plants may share the cost of this load by division of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Colinas
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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50
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Alteration of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndromes. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1069-74. [PMID: 25110004 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) comprises a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases having as a common denominator, iron overload in specific brain areas, mainly basal ganglia and globus pallidus. In the past decade a bunch of disease genes have been identified, but NBIA pathomechanisms are still not completely clear. PKAN (pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration), an autosomal recessive disorder with progressive impairment of movement, vision and cognition, is the most common form of NBIA. It is caused by mutations in the PANK2 (pantothenate kinase 2) gene, coding for a mitochondrial enzyme that phosphorylates vitamin B5 in the first reaction of the CoA (coenzyme A) biosynthetic pathway. A distinct form of NBIA, denominated CoPAN (CoA synthase protein-associated neurodegeneration), is caused by mutations in the CoASY (CoA synthase) gene coding for a bifunctional mitochondrial enzyme, which catalyses the final steps of CoA biosynthesis. These two inborn errors of CoA metabolism further support the concept that dysfunctions in CoA synthesis may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NBIA.
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