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Cui S, Zhou X, Xiao G, Feng H. Genomic Analysis of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Gene Family Reveals Its Roles in Cotton Development across Gossypium Species. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:380. [PMID: 38927259 PMCID: PMC11200700 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cotton is a globally significant economic crop. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial to cotton development. This study systematically analyzed the BR synthase gene family in four cotton species and identified 60 BR genes: 20 in Gossypium hirsutum (GhBRs), 20 in G. barbadense (GbBRs), 10 in G. arboreum (GaBRs), and 10 in G. raimondii (GrBRs). The analysis was extended to chromosomal localization, evolutionary relationships, domain features, and cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of BR synthase genes. The results showed that the BR synthase genes were evenly distributed across different subgenomes and chromosomes. Bioinformatics analyses revealed high conservation of amino acid sequences, secondary structures, and conserved domains among the subfamily members, which is closely linked to their pivotal roles in the BR biosynthesis pathway. Cis-element distribution analysis of the BR synthase genes further underscored the complexity of BR gene expression regulation, which is influenced by multiple factors, including plant hormones, abiotic stress, and transcription factors. Expression profiling of GhBRs genes in various cotton tissues and developmental stages highlighted the key roles of GhROT3-1 and GhDET2-1 in fiber elongation and initiation, respectively. Protein-protein interactions and transcription factor analyses further elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of GhROT3-1 and GhDET2-1 in cotton growth and development. This study lays a theoretical foundation for understanding the role of the BR signaling pathway in cotton development, facilitating molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Cui
- School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China;
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China;
| | - Hongjie Feng
- School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
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2
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Zhao Y, Han Q, Zhang D. Recent Advances in the Crosstalk between Brassinosteroids and Environmental Stimuli. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024:pcae024. [PMID: 38578169 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants need to optimize their growth in order to adapt to ever-changing environments. Plants receive stimuli from the environment and convert them into cellular responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs), as growth-promoting steroid hormones, play a significant role in the tradeoff between growth and environmental responses. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary for understanding the crosstalk between BR and various environmental stresses, including water availability, temperature fluctuations, salinization, nutrient deficiencies and diseases. We also highlight the bottlenecks that need to be addressed in future studies. Ultimately, we suppose to improve plant environmental adaptability and crop yield by excavating natural BR mutants or modifying BR signaling and its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Jiang Z, Yao L, Zhu X, Hao G, Ding Y, Zhao H, Wang S, Wen CK, Xu X, Xin XF. Ethylene signaling modulates air humidity responses in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:653-668. [PMID: 37997486 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Air humidity significantly impacts plant physiology. However, the upstream elements that mediate humidity sensing and adaptive responses in plants remain largely unexplored. In this study, we define high humidity-induced cellular features of Arabidopsis plants and take a quantitative phosphoproteomics approach to obtain a high humidity-responsive landscape of membrane proteins, which we reason are likely the early checkpoints of humidity signaling. We found that a brief high humidity exposure (i.e., 0.5 h) is sufficient to trigger extensive changes in membrane protein abundance and phosphorylation. Enrichment analysis of differentially regulated proteins reveals high humidity-sensitive processes such as 'transmembrane transport', 'response to abscisic acid', and 'stomatal movement'. We further performed a targeted screen of mutants, in which high humidity-responsive pathways/proteins are disabled, to uncover genes mediating high humidity sensitivity. Interestingly, ethylene pathway mutants (i.e., ein2 and ein3eil1) display a range of altered responses, including hyponasty, reactive oxygen species level, and responsive gene expression, to high humidity. Furthermore, we observed a rapid induction of ethylene biosynthesis genes and ethylene evolution after high humidity treatment. Our study sheds light on the potential early signaling events in humidity perception, a fundamental but understudied question in plant biology, and reveals ethylene as a key modulator of high humidity responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingya Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hangwei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and CAS John Innes Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences, Shanghai, China
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4
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Khan TA, Kappachery S, Karumannil S, AlHosani M, Almansoori N, Almansoori H, Yusuf M, Tran LSP, Gururani MA. Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathways: Insights into Plant Responses under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17246. [PMID: 38139074 PMCID: PMC10743706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing global population, abiotic factors have emerged as a formidable threat to agricultural food production. If left unaddressed, these stress factors might reduce food yields by up to 25% by 2050. Plants utilize natural mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, to mitigate the adverse impacts of abiotic stressors. Diverse plants exhibit unique adaptations to abiotic stresses, which are regulated by phytohormones at various levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in controlling essential physiological processes in plants, including seed germination, xylem differentiation, and reproduction. The BR cascade serves as the mechanism through which plants respond to environmental stimuli, including drought and extreme temperatures. Despite two decades of research, the complex signaling of BRs under different stress conditions is still being elucidated. Manipulating BR signaling, biosynthesis, or perception holds promise for enhancing crop resilience. This review explores the role of BRs in signaling cascades and summarizes their substantial contribution to plants' ability to withstand abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Alam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sajeesh Kappachery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sameera Karumannil
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mohamed AlHosani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Nemah Almansoori
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Hamda Almansoori
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mayank Anand Gururani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (T.A.K.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (H.A.); (M.Y.)
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5
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Lei Y, Cui Y, Cui R, Chen X, Wang J, Lu X, Wang D, Wang S, Guo L, Zhang Y, Rui C, Fan Y, Han M, Zhao L, Zhang H, Liu X, Xu N, Wang J, Huang H, Feng X, Xi Y, Ni K, Zhang M, Jiang T, Ye W. Characterization and gene expression patterns analysis implies BSK family genes respond to salinity stress in cotton. Front Genet 2023; 14:1169104. [PMID: 37351349 PMCID: PMC10282553 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1169104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification, evolution, and expression patterns of BSK (BR signaling kinase) family genes revealed that BSKs participated in the response of cotton to abiotic stress and maintained the growth of cotton in extreme environment. The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BR) play important roles in different plant biological processes. This study focused on BSK which were downstream regulatory element of BR, in order to help to decipher the functions of BSKs genes from cotton on growth development and responses to abiotic stresses and lean the evolutionary relationship of cotton BSKs. BSKs are a class of plant-specific receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases involved in BR signal transduction. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the cotton BSKs gene family at the cotton genome level, and the gene structure, promoter elements, protein structure and properties, gene expression patterns and candidate interacting proteins were analyzed. In the present study, a total of 152 BSKs were identified by a genome-wide search in four cotton species and other 11 plant species, and phylogenetic analysis revealed three evolutionary clades. It was identified that BSKs contain typical PKc and TPR domains, the N-terminus is composed of extended chains and helical structures. Cotton BSKs genes show different expression patterns in different tissues and organs. The gene promoter contains numerous cis-acting elements induced by hormones and abiotic stress, the hormone ABA and Cold-inducing related elements have the highest count, indicating that cotton BSK genes may be regulated by various hormones at different growth stages and involved in the response regulation of cotton to various stresses. The expression analysis of BSKs in cotton showed that the expression levels of GhBSK06, GhBSK10, GhBSK21 and GhBSK24 were significantly increased with salt-inducing. This study is helpful to analyze the function of cotton BSKs genes in growth and development and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Lei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yupeng Cui
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Cun Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Mingge Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xixian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanlong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Kesong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Menghao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
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6
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Geldhof B, Pattyn J, Van de Poel B. From a different angle: genetic diversity underlies differentiation of waterlogging-induced epinasty in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1178778. [PMID: 37324684 PMCID: PMC10264670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1178778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, downward leaf bending is a morphological adaptation towards waterlogging, which has been shown to induce a range of metabolic and hormonal changes. This kind of functional trait is often the result of a complex interplay of regulatory processes starting at the gene level, gated through a plethora of signaling cascades and modulated by environmental cues. Through phenotypical screening of a population of 54 tomato accessions in a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS), we have identified target genes potentially involved in plant growth and survival during waterlogging and subsequent recovery. Changes in both plant growth rate and epinastic descriptors revealed several associations to genes possibly supporting metabolic activity in low oxygen conditions in the root zone. In addition to this general reprogramming, some of the targets were specifically associated to leaf angle dynamics, indicating these genes might play a role in the induction, maintenance or recovery of differential petiole elongation in tomato during waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batist Geldhof
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology Lab, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Pattyn
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology Lab, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology Lab, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Yao X, Qi Y, Chen H, Zhang B, Chen Z, Lu L. Study of Camellia sinensis diploid and triploid leaf development mechanism based on transcriptome and leaf characteristics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275652. [PMID: 36800382 PMCID: PMC9937487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization results in significant changes in the morphology and physiology of plants, with increased growth rate and genetic gains as the number of chromosomes increases. In this study, the leaf functional traits, photosynthetic characteristics, leaf cell structure and transcriptome of Camellia sinensis were analyzed. The results showed that triploid tea had a significant growth advantage over diploid tea, the leaf area was 59.81% larger, and the photosynthetic capacity was greater. The morphological structure of triploid leaves was significantly different, the xylem of the veins was more developed, the cell gap between the palisade tissue and the sponge tissue was larger and the stomata of the triploid leaves were also larger. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that in triploid tea, the changes in leaf morphology and physiological characteristics were affected by the expression of certain key regulatory genes. We identified a large number of genes that may play important roles in leaf development, especially genes involved in photosynthesis, cell division, hormone synthesis and stomata development. This research will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying tea and stomata development and provide a basis for molecular breeding of high-quality and high-yield tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Qi
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Hufang Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohui Zhang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengwu Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zhang K, Yang Y, Wu J, Liang J, Chen S, Zhang L, Lv H, Yin X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Freeling M, Wang X, Cheng F. A cluster of transcripts identifies a transition stage initiating leafy head growth in heading morphotypes of Brassica. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:688-706. [PMID: 35118736 PMCID: PMC9314147 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf heading is an important and economically valuable horticultural trait in many vegetables. The formation of a leafy head is a specialized leaf morphogenesis characterized by the emergence of the enlarged incurving leaves. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying the transition to leaf heading remain unclear. We carried out large-scale time-series transcriptome assays covering the major vegetative growth phases of two headingBrassica crops, Chinese cabbage and cabbage, with the non-heading morphotype Taicai as the control. A regulatory transition stage that initiated the heading process is identified, accompanied by a developmental switch from rosette leaf to heading leaf in Chinese cabbages. This transition did not exist in the non-heading control. Moreover, we reveal that the heading transition stage is also conserved in the cabbage clade. Chinese cabbage acquired through domestication a leafy head independently from the origins of heading in other cabbages; phylogenetics supports that the ancestor of all cabbages is non-heading. The launch of the transition stage is closely associated with the ambient temperature. In addition, examination of the biological activities in the transition stage identified the ethylene pathway as particularly active, and we hypothesize that this pathway was targeted for selection for domestication to form the heading trait specifically in Chinese cabbage. In conclusion, our findings on the transcriptome transition that initiated the leaf heading in Chinese cabbage and cabbage provide a new perspective for future studies of leafy head crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Yinqing Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jianli Liang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Shumin Chen
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Xiaona Yin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Lingkui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Michael Freeling
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Sino‐Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural GenomicsBeijingChina
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9
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Understanding a Mechanistic Basis of ABA Involvement in Plant Adaptation to Soil Flooding: The Current Standing. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101982. [PMID: 34685790 PMCID: PMC8537370 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil flooding severely impairs agricultural crop production. Plants can cope with flooding conditions by embracing an orchestrated set of morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments that are regulated by the elaborated hormonal signaling network. The most prominent of these hormones is ethylene, which has been firmly established as a critical signal in flooding tolerance. ABA (abscisic acid) is also known as a “stress hormone” that modulates various responses to abiotic stresses; however, its role in flooding tolerance remains much less established. Here, we discuss the progress made in the elucidation of morphological adaptations regulated by ABA and its crosstalk with other phytohormones under flooding conditions in model plants and agriculturally important crops.
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10
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Liu L, Xie Z, Lu L, Qanmber G, Chen G, Li S, Guo M, Sun Z, Liu Z, Yang Z. Identification of BR biosynthesis genes in cotton reveals that GhCPD-3 restores BR biosynthesis and mediates plant growth and development. PLANTA 2021; 254:75. [PMID: 34533620 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) synthesis genes in different cotton species was comprehensively identified, and the participation of GhCPD-3 in the BR synthesis signaling pathway for regulating plant development was verified. Brassinosteroid is a natural steroidal phytohormone that plays fundamental roles in plant growth and development. In cotton, detailed characterization and functional validation of BR biosynthesis genes remain rare. Here, 16, 8 and 9 BR biosynthesis genes were identified in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium arboreum, respectively, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs of the encoded proteins, chromosomal locations were determined and a synteny analysis was performed. Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis BR biosynthesis genes closely clustered in the phylogenetic tree and fragment duplication was likely the primary cause promoting gene family expansion in G. hirsutum. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis showed their relevance as BR biosynthesis genes. GhCPD-3 was highly expressed in roots and stems and the loci of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with these traits.Ectopic overexpression of GhCPD-3 in the cpd91 Arabidopsis mutant rescued the mutant phenotype by increasing plant height and leaf size in comparison to those of cpd91 and WT plants. Moreover, overexpressed GhCPD-3 in cpd91 mutants showed greater hypocotyl and root lengths than those of cpd91 and WT plants under light and dark conditions, respectively, indicating that BR actively promotes hypocotyl and root growth. Similar to CPD (CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF), GhCPD-3 restores BR biosynthesis thereby mediating plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zongming Xie
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shengdong Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhen Guo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhuojing Sun
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100122, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Zhao B, Liu Q, Wang B, Yuan F. Roles of Phytohormones and Their Signaling Pathways in Leaf Development and Stress Responses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3566-3584. [PMID: 33739096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones participate in various processes over the course of a plant's lifecycle. In addition to the five classical phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene), phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, strigolactones, and peptides also play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. Given the highly interconnected nature of phytohormones during plant development and stress responses, it is challenging to study the biological function of a single phytohormone in isolation. In the current Review, we describe the combined functions and signaling cascades (especially the shared points and pathways) of various phytohormones in leaf development, in particular, during leaf primordium initiation and the establishment of leaf polarity and leaf morphology as well as leaf development under various stress conditions. We propose a model incorporating the roles of multiple phytohormones in leaf development and stress responses to illustrate the underlying combinatorial signaling pathways. This model provides a reference for breeding stress-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
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12
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Kour J, Kohli SK, Khanna K, Bakshi P, Sharma P, Singh AD, Ibrahim M, Devi K, Sharma N, Ohri P, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Sharma A. Brassinosteroid Signaling, Crosstalk and, Physiological Functions in Plants Under Heavy Metal Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:608061. [PMID: 33841453 PMCID: PMC8024700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.608061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are group of plant steroidal hormones that modulate developmental processes and also have pivotal role in stress management. Biosynthesis of BRs takes place through established early C-6 and late C-6 oxidation pathways and the C-22 hydroxylation pathway triggered by activation of the DWF4 gene that acts on multiple intermediates. BRs are recognized at the cell surface by the receptor kinases, BRI1 and BAK1, which relay signals to the nucleus through a phosphorylation cascade involving phosphorylation of BSU1 protein and proteasomal degradation of BIN2 proteins. Inactivation of BIN2 allows BES1/BZR1 to enter the nucleus and regulate the expression of target genes. In the whole cascade of signal recognition, transduction and regulation of target genes, BRs crosstalk with other phytohormones that play significant roles. In the current era, plants are continuously exposed to abiotic stresses and heavy metal stress is one of the major stresses. The present study reveals the mechanism of these events from biosynthesis, transport and crosstalk through receptor kinases and transcriptional networks under heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kour
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Palak Bakshi
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Arun Dev Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Mohd Ibrahim
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kamini Devi
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Neerja Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Park YJ, Lee HJ, Gil KE, Kim JY, Lee JH, Lee H, Cho HT, Vu LD, De Smet I, Park CM. Developmental Programming of Thermonastic Leaf Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1185-1197. [PMID: 30948554 PMCID: PMC6548248 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit diverse polar behaviors in response to directional and nondirectional environmental signals, termed tropic and nastic movements, respectively. The ways in which plants incorporate directional information into tropic behaviors is well understood, but it is less well understood how nondirectional stimuli, such as ambient temperatures, specify the polarity of nastic behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that a developmentally programmed polarity of auxin flow underlies thermo-induced leaf hyponasty in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In warm environments, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) stimulates auxin production in the leaf. This results in the accumulation of auxin in leaf petioles, where PIF4 directly activates a gene encoding the PINOID (PID) protein kinase. PID is involved in polarization of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED3 to the outer membranes of petiole cells. Notably, the leaf polarity-determining ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) directs the induction of PID to occur predominantly in the abaxial petiole region. These observations indicate that the integration of PIF4-mediated auxin biosynthesis and polar transport, and the AS1-mediated developmental shaping of polar auxin flow, coordinate leaf thermonasty, which facilitates leaf cooling in warm environments. We believe that leaf thermonasty is a suitable model system for studying the developmental programming of environmental adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - June-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyodong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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14
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Zheng L, Zhao C, Mao J, Song C, Ma J, Zhang D, Han M, An N. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism genes regulating apple tree shoot and lateral root growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:68-85. [PMID: 30223145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, brassinosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism genes affect endogenous brassinosteroid metabolic processes as well as stem and root growth. However, there is little information available regarding these genes in apple. In this study, 22 brassinosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism genes were identified in apple (Malus domestica). These genes were named according to their chromosomal locations and the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs. Their conserved characteristic domains, evolutionary relationships, syntenic relationships, chemical characteristics, gene/protein structures, interactions among the encoded proteins, promoter sequences, and functions were investigated. These 22 genes were clustered with their A. thaliana homologs based on bioinformatics analyses, which suggested they are functionally similar in apple and A. thaliana. Tissue-specific expression levels revealed that most of these genes are important for stem growth and development, while several of these genes affect lateral root formation. The transcription patterns of these genes in shoot tips were investigated following diverse treatments [brassinosteroid (shoot tips and roots), brassinazole, auxin, and temperature]. Gene expression levels were also examined in different grafting combinations ('Nagafu No. 2'/Malling 9 and 'Nagafu No. 2'/'Nagafu No. 2') and shoot varieties ('Yanfu No. 6' and 'Nagafu No. 2'). The results indicated that these genes may be involved in apple stem and root growth. The comprehensive genome-wide analysis of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism genes presented herein may be useful for breeding new apple cultivars with increased vigor. The data also represent a rich genetic resource for future apple gene functional investigations that may have implications for the genetic improvement of apple tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Caide Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiangping Mao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunhui Song
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Na An
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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15
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Protocol for Extraction and Isolation of Brassinosteroids from Plant Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:1-7. [PMID: 28124241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid plant hormones that participate with other plant hormones in the regulation of numerous developmental processes, including root and shoot growth, vascular differentiation, fertility, and seed germination. A characteristic feature of all plant hormones, including BRs, is that their concentration is extremely low in plant tissues and, therefore, the methods dealing with their determination belong to ultra-trace analysis, for which very sensitive analytical tools are needed. The analysis of natural BRs is essential when their functions and roles in plant growth and development are to be elucidated. Here, we describe a reliable protocol for high-throughput extraction and purification of BRs. The procedure consists of two solid-phase extraction steps and provides selective enrichment and efficient cleanup of these compounds from complex plant extracts. The protocol is designed for sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method for simultaneous detection of 22 naturally occurring BRs, including their biosynthetic precursors and most of their biologically active metabolites, without need for derivatization.
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16
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Tarkowská D, Novák O, Oklestkova J, Strnad M. The determination of 22 natural brassinosteroids in a minute sample of plant tissue by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6799-812. [PMID: 27531032 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The triterpenoid plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) are believed to influence almost every aspect of plant growth and development. We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometry-based method for the simultaneous profiling of twenty-two naturally occurring brassinosteroids including biosynthetic precursors and the majority of biologically active metabolites. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) analysis, the run time was reduced up to three times (to 9 min) in comparison to standard HPLC BRs analyses, the retention time stability was improved to 0.1-0.2 % RSD and the injection accuracy was increased to 1.1-4.9 % RSD. The procedures for extraction and for two-step purification based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) were optimised in combination with subsequent UHPLC analysis coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using Brassica flowers and Arabidopsis plant tissue extracts. In multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the average detection limit for BRs analysed was close to 7 pg, and the linear range covered up to 3 orders of magnitude. The low detection limits for this broad range of BR metabolites enabled as little as 50 mg of plant tissue to be used for quantitative analyses. The results of determinations exploiting internal standards showed that this approach provides a high level of practicality, reproducibility and recovery. The method we have established will enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids and their modes of action in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Sasidharan R, Voesenek LACJ. Ethylene-Mediated Acclimations to Flooding Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:3-12. [PMID: 25897003 PMCID: PMC4577390 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is detrimental for plants, primarily because of restricted gas exchange underwater, which leads to an energy and carbohydrate deficit. Impeded gas exchange also causes rapid accumulation of the volatile ethylene in all flooded plant cells. Although several internal changes in the plant can signal the flooded status, it is the pervasive and rapid accumulation of ethylene that makes it an early and reliable flooding signal. Not surprisingly, it is a major regulator of several flood-adaptive plant traits. Here, we discuss these major ethylene-mediated traits, their functional relevance, and the recent progress in identifying the molecular and signaling events underlying these traits downstream of ethylene. We also speculate on the role of ethylene in postsubmergence recovery and identify several questions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584-CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584-CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Polko JK, van Rooij JA, Vanneste S, Pierik R, Ammerlaan AMH, Vergeer-van Eijk MH, McLoughlin F, Gühl K, Van Isterdael G, Voesenek LACJ, Millenaar FF, Beeckman T, Peeters AJM, Marée AFM, van Zanten M. Ethylene-Mediated Regulation of A2-Type CYCLINs Modulates Hyponastic Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:194-208. [PMID: 26041787 PMCID: PMC4577382 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upward leaf movement (hyponastic growth) is frequently observed in response to changing environmental conditions and can be induced by the phytohormone ethylene. Hyponasty results from differential growth (i.e. enhanced cell elongation at the proximal abaxial side of the petiole relative to the adaxial side). Here, we characterize Enhanced Hyponasty-d, an activation-tagged Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) line with exaggerated hyponasty. This phenotype is associated with overexpression of the mitotic cyclin CYCLINA2;1 (CYCA2;1), which hints at a role for cell divisions in regulating hyponasty. Indeed, mathematical analysis suggested that the observed changes in abaxial cell elongation rates during ethylene treatment should result in a larger hyponastic amplitude than observed, unless a decrease in cell proliferation rate at the proximal abaxial side of the petiole relative to the adaxial side was implemented. Our model predicts that when this differential proliferation mechanism is disrupted by either ectopic overexpression or mutation of CYCA2;1, the hyponastic growth response becomes exaggerated. This is in accordance with experimental observations on CYCA2;1 overexpression lines and cyca2;1 knockouts. We therefore propose a bipartite mechanism controlling leaf movement: ethylene induces longitudinal cell expansion in the abaxial petiole epidermis to induce hyponasty and simultaneously affects its amplitude by controlling cell proliferation through CYCA2;1. Further corroborating the model, we found that ethylene treatment results in transcriptional down-regulation of A2-type CYCLINs and propose that this, and possibly other regulatory mechanisms affecting CYCA2;1, may contribute to this attenuation of hyponastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Jop A van Rooij
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Ankie M H Ammerlaan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Marleen H Vergeer-van Eijk
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Fionn McLoughlin
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Kerstin Gühl
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Frank F Millenaar
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Anton J M Peeters
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Athanasius F M Marée
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology (J.K.P., R.P., A.M.H.A., M.H.V.-v.E., F.M., K.G., L.A.C.J.V., F.F.M., A.J.M.P., M.v.Z.), and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics (J.A.v.R.), Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.A.v.R., A.F.M.M.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.); andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., G.V.I., T.B.)
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19
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De Smet S, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J, Remans T. Gene Networks Involved in Hormonal Control of Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana: A Framework for Studying Its Disturbance by Metal Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19195-224. [PMID: 26287175 PMCID: PMC4581294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant survival under abiotic stress conditions requires morphological and physiological adaptations. Adverse soil conditions directly affect root development, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be discovered. Plant hormones regulate normal root growth and mediate root morphological responses to abiotic stress. Hormone synthesis, signal transduction, perception and cross-talk create a complex network in which metal stress can interfere, resulting in root growth alterations. We focus on Arabidopsis thaliana, for which gene networks in root development have been intensively studied, and supply essential terminology of anatomy and growth of roots. Knowledge of gene networks, mechanisms and interactions related to the role of plant hormones is reviewed. Most knowledge has been generated for auxin, the best-studied hormone with a pronounced primary role in root development. Furthermore, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, brassinosteroids and salicylic acid are discussed. Interactions between hormones that are of potential importance for root growth are described. This creates a framework that can be used for investigating the impact of abiotic stress factors on molecular mechanisms related to plant hormones, with the limited knowledge of the effects of the metals cadmium, copper and zinc on plant hormones and root development included as case example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie De Smet
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tony Remans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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20
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Barlow PW. Leaf movements and their relationship with the lunisolar gravitational force. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26205177 PMCID: PMC4512198 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observation of the diurnal ascent and descent of leaves of beans and other species, as well as experimental interventions into these movements, such as exposures to light at different times during the movement cycle, led to the concept of an endogenous 'clock' as a regulator of these oscillations. The physiological basis of leaf movement can be traced to processes that modulate cell volume in target tissues of the pulvinus and petiole. However, these elements of the leaf-movement process do not completely account for the rhythms that are generated following germination in constant light or dark conditions, or when plants are transferred to similar free-running conditions. SCOPE To develop a new perspective on the regulation of leaf-movement rhythms, many of the published time courses of leaf movements that provided evidence for the concept of the endogenous clock were analysed in conjunction with the contemporaneous time courses of the lunisolar tidal acceleration at the relevant experimental locations. This was made possible by application of the Etide program, which estimates, with high temporal resolution, local gravitational changes as a consequence of the diurnal variations of the lunisolar gravitational force due to the orbits and relative positions of Earth, Moon and Sun. In all cases, it was evident that a synchronism exists between the times of the turning points of both the lunisolar tide and of the leaftide when the direction of leaf movement changes. This finding of synchrony leads to the hypothesis that the lunisolar tide is a regulator of the leaftide, and that the rhythm of leaf movement is not necessarily of endogenous origin but is an expression of an exogenous lunisolar 'clock' impressed upon the leaf-movement apparatus. CONCLUSIONS Correlation between leaftide and Etide time courses holds for leaf movement rhythms in natural conditions of the greenhouse, in conditions of constant light or dark, under microgravity conditions of the International Space Station, and also holds for rhythms that are atypical, such as pendulum and relaxation rhythms whose periods are longer or shorter than usual. Even the apparently spontaneous short-period, small-amplitude rhythms recorded from leaves under unusual growth conditions are consistent with the hypothesis of a lunisolar zeitgeber. Two hypotheses that could account for the synchronism between leaftide and Etide, and which are based on either quantum considerations or on classical Newtonian physics, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndalls Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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21
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Phukan UJ, Mishra S, Shukla RK. Waterlogging and submergence stress: affects and acclimation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:956-66. [PMID: 26177332 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1064856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Submergence, whether partial or complete, imparts some serious consequences on plants grown in flood prone ecosystems. Some plants can endure these conditions by embracing various survival strategies, including morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments. This review summarizes recent progress made in understanding of the stress and the acclimation responses of plants under waterlogged or submerged conditions. Waterlogging and submergence are often associated with hypoxia development, which may trigger various morphological traits and cellular acclimation responses. Ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and other hormones play a crucial role in the survival process which is controlled genetically. Effects at the cellular level, including ATP management, starch metabolism, elemental toxicity, role of transporters and redox status have been explained. Transcriptional and hormonal interplay during this stress may provide some key aspects in understanding waterlogging and submergence tolerance. The level and degree of tolerance may vary depending on species or climatic variations which need to be studied for a proper understanding of waterlogging stress at the global level. The exploration of regulatory pathways and interplay in model organisms such as Arabidopsis and rice would provide valuable resources for improvement of economically and agriculturally important plants in waterlogging affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal J Phukan
- a Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP) , Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sonal Mishra
- a Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP) , Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- a Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP) , Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
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22
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Payne AC, Clarkson GJ, Rothwell S, Taylor G. Diversity in global gene expression and morphology across a watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) germplasm collection: first steps to breeding. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15029. [PMID: 26504575 PMCID: PMC4591680 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is a nutrient intense, leafy crop that is consumed raw or in soups across the globe, but for which, currently no genomic resources or breeding programme exists. Promising morphological, biochemical and functional genomic variation was identified for the first time in a newly established watercress germplasm collection, consisting of 48 watercress accessions sourced from contrasting global locations. Stem length, stem diameter and anti-oxidant (AO) potential varied across the accessions. This variation was used to identify three extreme contrasting accessions for further analysis. Variation in global gene expression was investigated using an Affymetrix Arabidopsis ATH1 microarray gene chip, using the commercial control (C), an accession selected for dwarf phenotype with a high AO potential (dwarfAO, called 'Boldrewood') and one with high AO potential alone. A set of transcripts significantly differentially expressed between these three accessions, were identified, including transcripts involved in the regulation of growth and development and those involved in secondary metabolism. In particular, when differential gene expression was compared between C and dwarfAO, the dwarfAO was characterised by increased expression of genes encoding glucosinolates, which are known precursors of phenethyl isothiocyanate, linked to the anti-carcinogenic effects well-documented in watercress. This study provides the first analysis of natural variation across the watercress genome and has identified important underpinning information for future breeding for enhanced anti-carcinogenic properties and morphology traits in this nutrient-intense crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C. Payne
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Graham J.J. Clarkson
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Steve Rothwell
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Saini S, Sharma I, Pati PK. Versatile roles of brassinosteroid in plants in the context of its homoeostasis, signaling and crosstalks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:950. [PMID: 26583025 PMCID: PMC4631823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroidal plant hormones that play diverse roles in plant growth and developmental processes. Recently, the easy availability of biological resources, and development of new molecular tools and approaches have provided the required impetus for deeper understanding of the processes involved in BRs biosynthesis, transport, signaling and degradation pathways. From recent studies it is also evident that BRs interact with other phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and polyamine in regulating wide range of physiological and developmental processes in plants. The inputs from these studies are now being linked to the versatile roles of BRs. The present review highlights the conceptual development with regard to BR homeostasis, signaling and its crosstalk with other phytohormones. This information will assist in developing predictive models to modulate various useful traits in plants and address current challenges in agriculture.
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Misyura M, Guevara D, Subedi S, Hudson D, McNicholas PD, Colasanti J, Rothstein SJ. Nitrogen limitation and high density responses in rice suggest a role for ethylene under high density stress. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:681. [PMID: 25128291 PMCID: PMC4138374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High density stress, also known as intraspecies competition, causes significant yield losses in a wide variety of crop plants. At the same time, increases in density tolerance through selective breeding and the concomitant ability to plant crops at a higher population density has been one of the most important factors in the development of high yielding modern cultivars. Results Physiological changes underlying high density stress were examined in Oryza sativa plants over the course of a life cycle by assessing differences in gene expression and metabolism. Moreover, the nitrogen limitation was examined in parallel with high density stress to gain a better understanding of physiological responses specific to high density stress. While both nitrogen limitation and high density resulted in decreased shoot fresh weight, tiller number, plant height and chlorophyll content, high density stress alone had a greater impact on physiological factors. Decreases in aspartate and glutamate concentration were found in plants grown under both stress conditions; however, high density stress had a more significant effect on the concentration of these amino acids. Global transcriptome analysis revealed a large proportion of genes with altered expression in response to both stresses. The presence of ethylene-associated genes in a majority of density responsive genes was investigated further. Expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes ACC synthase 1, ACC synthase 2 and ACC oxidase 7 were found to be upregulated in plants under high density stress. Plants at high density were also found to up regulate ethylene-associated genes and senescence genes, while cytokinin response and biosynthesis genes were down regulated, consistent with higher ethylene production. Conclusions High density stress has similar but greater impact on plant growth and development compared to nitrogen limitation. Global transcriptome changes implicate ethylene as a volatile signal used to communicate proximity in under dense population growth condition and suggest a role for phytohormones in high density stress response in rice plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-681) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Trupkin SA, Legris M, Buchovsky AS, Tolava Rivero MB, Casal JJ. Phytochrome B Nuclear Bodies Respond to the Low Red to Far-Red Ratio and to the Reduced Irradiance of Canopy Shade in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1698-1708. [PMID: 24948827 PMCID: PMC4119049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The current consensus is that plant responses to canopy shade involve the perception of low red to far-red ratios (R:FRs) by phytochrome B (phyB), which leads to the direct activation of auxin synthesis genes by PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). In addition to its effect on R:FRs, shade also reduces irradiance, but whether shade-induced drops in irradiance affect phyB activity has not been demonstrated. To address this issue, we investigated whether irradiance and R:FRs have similar effects on the nuclear distribution of phyB in petiole cells of light-grown plants. Under high-irradiance white light, phyB formed large nuclear bodies. Lowering irradiance without changing R:FRs or lowering R:FRs by adding far-red light led to the appearance of small nuclear bodies containing phyB. Large nuclear bodies remained but with some concomitant reduction in diameter. The appearance of small nuclear bodies was rapid, stable, and reversible upon the return to high irradiance and high R:FRs. High levels of red light but not of blue light were enough to restrain the formation of small phyB nuclear bodies. Irradiance was effective within the range found in natural canopies and even under relatively low R:FRs. The promotion of leaf hyponasty by lowering irradiance was impaired in phyB and pif mutants, as previously reported for the response to R:FRs. The expression of auxin-related genes showed a similar hierarchy of response to low R:FRs and low irradiance. We propose that phyB is able to perceive not only the low R:FRs, but also the low irradiance of shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ariel Trupkin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.A.T., A.S.B., M.B.T.R., J.J.C.); andFundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.L., J.J.C.)
| | - Martina Legris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.A.T., A.S.B., M.B.T.R., J.J.C.); andFundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.L., J.J.C.)
| | - Ana Sabrina Buchovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.A.T., A.S.B., M.B.T.R., J.J.C.); andFundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.L., J.J.C.)
| | - María Belén Tolava Rivero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.A.T., A.S.B., M.B.T.R., J.J.C.); andFundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.L., J.J.C.)
| | - Jorge José Casal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.A.T., A.S.B., M.B.T.R., J.J.C.); andFundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.L., J.J.C.)
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Rauf M, Arif M, Fisahn J, Xue GP, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. NAC transcription factor speedy hyponastic growth regulates flooding-induced leaf movement in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4941-55. [PMID: 24363315 PMCID: PMC3903997 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In rosette plants, root flooding (waterlogging) triggers rapid upward (hyponastic) leaf movement representing an important architectural stress response that critically determines plant performance in natural habitats. The directional growth is based on localized longitudinal cell expansion at the lower (abaxial) side of the leaf petiole and involves the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET). We report the existence of a transcriptional core unit underlying directional petiole growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, governed by the NAC transcription factor speedy hyponastic growth (SHYG). Overexpression of SHYG in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana enhances waterlogging-triggered hyponastic leaf movement and cell expansion in abaxial cells of the basal petiole region, while both responses are largely diminished in shyg knockout mutants. Expression of several expansin and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase genes encoding cell wall-loosening proteins was enhanced in SHYG overexpressors but lowered in shyg. We identified ACC oxidase5 (ACO5), encoding a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, as a direct transcriptional output gene of SHYG and found a significantly reduced leaf movement in response to root flooding in aco5 T-DNA insertion mutants. Expression of SHYG in shoot tissue is triggered by root flooding and treatment with ET, constituting an intrinsic ET-SHYG-ACO5 activator loop for rapid petiole cell expansion upon waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Rauf
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arif
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Hao J, Yin Y, Fei SZ. Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1017-30. [PMID: 23568410 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. In this review, we provide an update on the latest progress in characterizing the BR signaling network and discuss its interactions with other hormone pathways in determining yield component traits and in regulating stress responses.
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