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Chen Y, Fu Y, Xia Y, Miao Y, Shao J, Xuan W, Liu Y, Xun W, Yan Q, Shen Q, Zhang R. Trichoderma-secreted anthranilic acid promotes lateral root development via auxin signaling and RBOHF-induced endodermal cell wall remodeling. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114030. [PMID: 38551966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. have evolved the capacity to communicate with plants by producing various secondary metabolites (SMs). Nonhormonal SMs play important roles in plant root development, while specific SMs from rhizosphere microbes and their underlying mechanisms to control plant root branching are still largely unknown. In this study, a compound, anthranilic acid (2-AA), is identified from T. guizhouense NJAU4742 to promote lateral root development. Further studies demonstrate that 2-AA positively regulates auxin signaling and transport in the canonical auxin pathway. 2-AA also partly rescues the lateral root numbers of CASP1pro:shy2-2, which regulates endodermal cell wall remodeling via an RBOHF-induced reactive oxygen species burst. In addition, our work reports another role for microbial 2-AA in the regulation of lateral root development, which is different from its better-known role in plant indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis. In summary, this study identifies 2-AA from T. guizhouense NJAU4742, which plays versatile roles in regulating plant root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansong Fu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanwei Xia
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahui Shao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weibing Xun
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiuyan Yan
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Lepri A, Longo C, Messore A, Kazmi H, Madia VN, Di Santo R, Costi R, Vittorioso P. Plants and Small Molecules: An Up-and-Coming Synergy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1729. [PMID: 37111951 PMCID: PMC10145415 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system has led to a rapid and wide improvement in molecular genetics techniques for studying gene function and regulation. However, there are still several drawbacks that cannot be easily solved with molecular genetic approaches, such as the study of unfriendly species, which are of increasing agronomic interest but are not easily transformed, thus are not prone to many molecular techniques. Chemical genetics represents a methodology able to fill this gap. Chemical genetics lies between chemistry and biology and relies on small molecules to phenocopy genetic mutations addressing specific targets. Advances in recent decades have greatly improved both target specificity and activity, expanding the application of this approach to any biological process. As for classical genetics, chemical genetics also proceeds with a forward or reverse approach depending on the nature of the study. In this review, we addressed this topic in the study of plant photomorphogenesis, stress responses and epigenetic processes. We have dealt with some cases of repurposing compounds whose activity has been previously proven in human cells and, conversely, studies where plants have been a tool for the characterization of small molecules. In addition, we delved into the chemical synthesis and improvement of some of the compounds described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lepri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - C. Longo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - A. Messore
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.N.M.); (R.D.S.); (R.C.)
| | - H. Kazmi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - V. N. Madia
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.N.M.); (R.D.S.); (R.C.)
| | - R. Di Santo
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.N.M.); (R.D.S.); (R.C.)
| | - R. Costi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.N.M.); (R.D.S.); (R.C.)
| | - P. Vittorioso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
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Alkafaas SS, Abdallah AM, Ghosh S, Loutfy SA, Elkafas SS, Abdel Fattah NF, Hessien M. Insight into the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2403. [PMID: 36345157 PMCID: PMC9877911 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants sustainable efforts to upgrade both the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Understanding the details of cellular and molecular basis of the virus-host cell interaction is essential for developing variant-independent therapeutic options. The internalization of SARS-CoV-2, into lung epithelial cells, is mediated by endocytosis, especially clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Although vaccination is the gold standard strategy against viral infection, selective inhibition of endocytic proteins, complexes, and associated adaptor proteins may present a variant-independent therapeutic strategy. Although clathrin and/or dynamins are the most important proteins involved in CME, other endocytic mechanisms are clathrin and/or dynamin independent and rely on other proteins. Moreover, endocytosis implicates some subcellular structures, like plasma membrane, actin and lysosomes. Also, physiological conditions, such as pH and ion concentrations, represent an additional factor that mediates these events. Accordingly, endocytosis related proteins are potential targets for small molecules that inhibit endocytosis-mediated viral entry. This review summarizes the potential of using small molecules, targeting key proteins, participating in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, as variant-independent antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review takes two approaches. The first outlines the potential role of endocytic inhibitors in preventing endocytosis-mediated viral entry and its mechanism of action, whereas in the second computational analysis was implemented to investigate the selectivity of common inhibitors against endocytic proteins in SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis. The analysis revealed that remdesivir, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, rottlerin, and Bis-T can effectively inhibit clathrin, HMG-CoA reductase, actin, and dynamin I GTPase and are more potent in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 than chloroquine. CME inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- Narcotic Research DepartmentNational Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR)GizaEgypt
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Samah A. Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Nanotechnology Research CenterBritish UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringMenofia UniversityMenofiaEgypt
| | - Nasra F. Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
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Lei B, Song M, Li X, Dang X, Qin R, Zhu S, An X, Liu Q, Yao X, Nie Y, Ma C. SMART v1.0: A Database for Small Molecules with Functional Implications in Plants. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:279-283. [PMID: 34648133 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed SMART v1.0 ( http://smart.omicstudio.cloud ), the first database for small molecules with functional implications in plants. The SMART database is devoted to providing and managing small molecules and their associated structural data, chemoinformatic data, protein targets, pathways and induced phenotype/function information. Currently, SMART v1.0 encompasses 1218 unique small molecules which are involved in multiple biological pathways. SMART v1.0 is featured with user-friendly interfaces, through which pathway-centered visualization of small molecules can be efficiently performed, and multiple types of searches (i.e., text search, structure similarity search and sequence similarity search) can be conveniently conducted. SMART v1.0 is also specifically designed to be a small molecule-sharing database, allowing users to release their newly discovered small molecules to public via the Contribute webpage. The SMART database will facilitate the comprehensive understanding of small molecules in complex biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minggui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxue Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runwen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan An
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinchang Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanming Nie
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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5
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Rigal A, Doyle SM, Ritter A, Raggi S, Vain T, O’Brien JA, Goossens A, Pauwels L, Robert S. A network of stress-related genes regulates hypocotyl elongation downstream of selective auxin perception. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:430-445. [PMID: 34618142 PMCID: PMC8418399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin, a master coordinator of development, regulates hypocotyl elongation during seedling growth. We previously identified the synthetic molecule RubNeddin 1 (RN1), which induces degradation of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) transcriptional repressors INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID-INDUCIBLE3 (IAA3) and IAA7 in planta and strongly promotes hypocotyl elongation. In the present study, we show that despite the structural similarity of RN1 to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid (2,4-D), direct treatments with these compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) result in distinct effects, possibly due to enhanced uptake of RN1 and low-level, chronic release of 2,4-D from RN1 in planta. We confirm RN1-induced hypocotyl elongation occurs via specific TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1 (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor-mediated auxin signaling involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5. Using a transcriptome profiling strategy and candidate gene approach, we identify the genes ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA10 (ZAT10), ARABIDOPSIS TOXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31), and WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN33 (WRKY33) as being rapidly upregulated by RN1, despite being downregulated by 2,4-D treatment. RN1-induced expression of these genes also occurs via TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. Our results suggest both hypocotyl elongation and transcription of these genes are induced by RN1 via the promoted degradation of the AUX/IAA transcriptional repressor IAA7. Moreover, these three genes, which are known to be stress-related, act in an inter-dependent transcriptional regulatory network controlling hypocotyl elongation. Together, our results suggest ZAT10, ATL31, and WRKY33 take part in a common gene network regulating hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis downstream of a selective auxin perception module likely involving TIR1, AFB2, and AFB5 and inducing the degradation of IAA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rigal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Siamsa M. Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - José Antonio O’Brien
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Abstract
Molecular genetic and structural studies have revealed the mechanisms of fundamental components of key auxin regulatory pathways consisting of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling. Chemical biology methods applied in auxin research have been greatly expanded through the understanding of auxin regulatory pathways. Many small-molecule modulators of auxin metabolism, transport, and signaling have been generated on the basis of the outcomes of genetic and structural studies on auxin regulatory pathways. These chemical modulators are now widely used as essential tools for dissecting auxin biology in diverse plants. This review covers the structures, primary targets, modes of action, and applications of chemical tools in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan
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7
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Harnvanichvech Y, Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. The Arabidopsis embryo as a quantifiable model for studying pattern formation. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e3. [PMID: 37077211 PMCID: PMC10095805 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity of flowering plants stems from common basic features of the plant body pattern with well-defined body axes, organs and tissue organisation. Cell division and cell specification are the two processes that underlie the formation of a body pattern. As plant cells are encased into their cellulosic walls, directional cell division through precise positioning of division plane is crucial for shaping plant morphology. Since many plant cells are pluripotent, their fate establishment is influenced by their cellular environment through cell-to-cell signaling. Recent studies show that apart from biochemical regulation, these two processes are also influenced by cell and tissue morphology and operate under mechanical control. Finding a proper model system that allows dissecting the relationship between these aspects is the key to our understanding of pattern establishment. In this review, we present the Arabidopsis embryo as a simple, yet comprehensive model of pattern formation compatible with high-throughput quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosapol Harnvanichvech
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: Dolf Weijers, E-mail:
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8
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Semeradova H, Montesinos JC, Benkova E. All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100048. [PMID: 33367243 PMCID: PMC7747973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key hormonal regulator, that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways. The unique feature of auxin is its polar, cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients, which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs. The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones. Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways. Specifically, we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Semeradova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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9
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Paponov IA, Budnyk V, Paponov M, Teale W, Palme K. Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) Inhibits PIN1 Exocytosis From BFA Compartments in Arabidopsis Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:393. [PMID: 32322261 PMCID: PMC7156591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The activity of polarly localized PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers contributes to the formation of auxin gradients which guide plant growth, development, and tropic responses. Both the localization and abundance of PIN proteins in the plasma membrane depend on the regulation of PIN trafficking through endocytosis and exocytosis and are influenced by many external and internal stimuli, such as reactive oxygen species, auxin transport inhibitors, flavonoids and plant hormones. Here, we investigated the regulation of endosomal PIN cycling by using a Brefeldin A (BFA) assay to study the effect of a phenolic antioxidant ionol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), on the endocytosis and exocytosis of PIN1 and PIN2. BHT is one of the most widely used antioxidants in the food and feed industries, and as such is commonly released into the environment; however, the effect of BHT on plants remains poorly characterized. Preincubation of Arabidopsis seedlings with BHT before BFA treatment strongly enhanced the internalization of PIN1 into BFA compartments. After the simultaneous application of BHT and NAA, the NAA effect dominated PIN internalization suggesting the BHT effect occurred downstream to that of NAA. Washing seedlings with BHT after BFA treatment prevented the release of PIN1 from BFA compartments back to the plasma membrane, indicating that BHT application inhibited PIN1 exocytosis. Overall rates of PIN2 internalization were less pronounced than those of PIN1 in seedlings pre-incubated with BHT before BFA treatment, and PIN2 exocytosis was not inhibited by BHT, indicating a specific activity of BHT on PIN1 exocytosis. Comparison of BHT activity with other potential stimuli of PIN1 and PIN2 trafficking [e.g., H2O2 (ROS), salt stress, reduced glutathione (GSH), dithiothreitol (DTT), and flavonoids] showed that BHT has a new activity distinct from the activities of other regulators of PIN trafficking. The findings support BHT as a potentially interesting pharmacological tool for dissecting PIN trafficking and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Paponov
- Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Vadym Budnyk
- Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Paponov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - William Teale
- Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Doyle SM, Rigal A, Grones P, Karady M, Barange DK, Majda M, Pařízková B, Karampelias M, Zwiewka M, Pěnčík A, Almqvist F, Ljung K, Novák O, Robert S. A role for the auxin precursor anthranilic acid in root gravitropism via regulation of PIN-FORMED protein polarity and relocalisation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1420-1432. [PMID: 31038751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
distribution of auxin within plant tissues is of great importance for developmental plasticity, including root gravitropic growth. Auxin flow is directed by the subcellular polar distribution and dynamic relocalisation of auxin transporters such as the PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which can be influenced by the main natural plant auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Anthranilic acid (AA) is an important early precursor of IAA and previously published studies with AA analogues have suggested that AA may also regulate PIN localisation. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species, we studied an AA-deficient mutant displaying agravitropic root growth, treated seedlings with AA and AA analogues and transformed lines to over-produce AA while inhibiting its conversion to downstream IAA precursors. We showed that AA rescues root gravitropic growth in the AA-deficient mutant at concentrations that do not rescue IAA levels. Overproduction of AA affects root gravitropism without affecting IAA levels. Treatments with, or deficiency in, AA result in defects in PIN polarity and gravistimulus-induced PIN relocalisation in root cells. Our results revealed a previously unknown role for AA in the regulation of PIN subcellular localisation and dynamics involved in root gravitropism, which is independent of its better known role in IAA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adeline Rigal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Deepak K Barange
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbora Pařízková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany at The Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science at Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Karampelias
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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Ma Q, Grones P, Robert S. Auxin signaling: a big question to be addressed by small molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:313-328. [PMID: 29237069 PMCID: PMC5853230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing a mechanistic understanding of the crucial roles of the phytohormone auxin has been an important and coherent aspect of plant biology research. Since its discovery more than a century ago, prominent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin action, ranging from metabolism and transport to cellular and transcriptional responses. However, there is a long road ahead before a thorough understanding of its complex effects is achieved, because a lot of key information is still missing. The availability of an increasing number of technically advanced scientific tools has boosted the basic discoveries in auxin biology. A plethora of bioactive small molecules, consisting of the synthetic auxin-like herbicides and the more specific auxin-related compounds, developed as a result of the exploration of chemical space by chemical biology, have made the tool box for auxin research more comprehensive. This review mainly focuses on the compounds targeting the auxin co-receptor complex, demonstrates the various ways to use them, and shows clear examples of important basic knowledge obtained by their usage. Application of these precise chemical tools, together with an increasing amount of structural information for the major components in auxin action, will certainly aid in strengthening our insights into the complexity and diversity of auxin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) provides flow-free and accurate delivery of small signaling compounds at high spatiotemporal resolution. To date, the application of OEIPs has been limited to delivery of nonaromatic molecules to mammalian systems, particularly for neuroscience applications. However, many long-standing questions in plant biology remain unanswered due to a lack of technology that precisely delivers plant hormones, based on cyclic alkanes or aromatic structures, to regulate plant physiology. Here, we report the employment of OEIPs for the delivery of the plant hormone auxin to induce differential concentration gradients and modulate plant physiology. We fabricated OEIP devices based on a synthesized dendritic polyelectrolyte that enables electrophoretic transport of aromatic substances. Delivery of auxin to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vivo was monitored in real time via dynamic fluorescent auxin-response reporters and induced physiological responses in roots. Our results provide a starting point for technologies enabling direct, rapid, and dynamic electronic interaction with the biochemical regulation systems of plants.
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13
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Qi J, Greb T. Cell polarity in plants: the Yin and Yang of cellular functions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:105-110. [PMID: 27918938 PMCID: PMC7212042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization is fundamental for the performance of living organisms and is reflected in a distinct distribution of structures and molecules down to the subcellular level. In particular, eukaryotic cells harbor a vast range of possibilities for distributing organelles, the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix in an active and highly regulated manner. An asymmetric or polar distribution is rather the rule than the exception and often reflects a particular position or orientation of a cell within a multicellular body. Here, we highlight recent insights into the regulation of cell polarity in plants and reveal the interactive nature of underlying molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Qi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Klíma P, Laňková M, Zažímalová E. Inhibitors of plant hormone transport. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1391-1404. [PMID: 26494150 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we present an overview of what is known about endogenous plant compounds that act as inhibitors of hormonal transport processes in plants, about their identity and mechanism of action. We have also summarized commonly and less commonly used compounds of non-plant origin and synthetic drugs that show at least partial 'specificity' to transport or transporters of particular phytohormones. Our main attention is focused on the inhibitors of auxin transport. The urgent need to understand precisely the molecular mechanism of action of these inhibitors is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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