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Xia Y, Han Q, Shu J, Jiang S, Kang X. Stomatal density suppressor PagSDD1 is a "generalist" gene that promotes plant growth and improves water use efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129721. [PMID: 38296132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The serine protease SDD1 regulates stomatal density, but its potential impact on plant vegetative growth is unclear. Our study reveals a substantial upregulation of SDD1 in triploid poplar apical buds and leaves, suggesting its possible role in their growth regulation. We cloned PagSDD1 from poplar 84 K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) and found that overexpression in poplar, soybean, and lettuce led to decreased leaf stomatal density. Furthermore, PagSDD1 represses PagEPF1, PagEPF2, PagEPFL9, PagSPCH, PagMUTE, and PagFAMA expression. In contrast, PagSDD1 promotes the expression of its receptors, PagTMM and PagERECTA. PagSDD1-OE poplars showed stronger drought tolerance than wild-type poplars. Simultaneously, PagSDD1-OE poplar, soybean, and lettuce had vegetative growth advantages. RNA sequencing revealed a significant upregulation of genes PagLHCB2.1 and PagGRF5, correlating positively with photosynthetic rate, and PagCYCA3;4 and PagEXPA8 linked to cell division and differentiation in PagSDD1-OE poplars. This increase promoted leaf photosynthesis, boosted auxin and cytokinin accumulation, and enhanced vegetative growth. SDD1 overexpression can increase the biomass of poplar, soybean, and lettuce by approximately 70, 176, and 155 %, respectively, and increase the water use efficiency of poplar leaves by over 52 %, which is of great value for the molecular design and breeding of plants with growth and water-saving target traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Han
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Jianghai Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shenxiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Falquetto-Gomes P, Silva WJ, Siqueira JA, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. From epidermal cells to functional pores: Understanding stomatal development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154163. [PMID: 38118303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, small hydromechanical valves in the leaf epidermis, are fundamental in regulating gas exchange and water loss between plants and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of coordinated events ranging from the initial cell division that determines the meristemoid mother cells to forming specialized structures such as guard cells. These events are orchestrated by the transcription factors SPEECHLESS, FAMA, and MUTE through signaling networks. The role of plant hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroids) in regulating stomatal development has been elucidated through these signaling cascades. In addition, environmental factors, such as light availability and CO2 concentration, also regulate the density and distribution of stomata in leaves, ultimately affecting overall water use efficiency. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms underlying stomatal development, connecting key signaling processes that activate or inhibit cell differentiation responsible for forming guard cells in the leaf epidermis. The factors responsible for integrating transcription factors, hormonal responses, and the influence of climatic factors on the signaling network that leads to stomatal development in plants are further discussed. Understanding the intricate connections between these factors, including the metabolic regulation of plant development, may enable us to maximize plant productivity under specific environmental conditions in changing climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Falquetto-Gomes
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welson Júnior Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Siqueira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Mohamed D, Vonapartis E, Corcega DY, Gazzarrini S. ABA guides stomatal proliferation and patterning through the EPF-SPCH signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2023; 150:dev201258. [PMID: 37997741 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to dehydration stress requires plants to coordinate environmental and endogenous signals to inhibit stomatal proliferation and modulate their patterning. The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure and restricts stomatal lineage to promote stress tolerance. Here, we report that mutants with reduced ABA levels, xer-1, xer-2 and aba2-2, developed stomatal clusters. Similarly, the ABA signaling mutant snrk2.2/2.3/2.6, which lacks core ABA signaling kinases, also displayed stomatal clusters. Exposure to ABA or inhibition of ABA catabolism rescued the increased stomatal density and spacing defects observed in xer and aba2-2, suggesting that basal ABA is required for correct stomatal density and spacing. xer-1 and aba2-2 displayed reduced expression of EPF1 and EPF2, and enhanced expression of SPCH and MUTE. Furthermore, ABA suppressed elevated SPCH and MUTE expression in epf2-1 and epf1-1, and partially rescued epf2-1 stomatal index and epf1-1 clustering defects. Genetic analysis demonstrated that XER acts upstream of the EPF2-SPCH pathway to suppress stomatal proliferation, and in parallel with EPF1 to ensure correct stomatal spacing. These results show that basal ABA and functional ABA signaling are required to fine-tune stomatal density and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deka Mohamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Eliana Vonapartis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Dennedy Yrvin Corcega
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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4
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Cui Y, He M, Liu D, Liu J, Liu J, Yan D. Intercellular Communication during Stomatal Development with a Focus on the Role of Symplastic Connection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032593. [PMID: 36768915 PMCID: PMC9917297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that serve as a major passage for the gas and water exchange between a plant and the atmosphere. The formation of stomata requires a series of cell division and cell-fate transitions and some key regulators including transcription factors and peptides. Monocots have different stomatal patterning and a specific subsidiary cell formation process compared with dicots. Cell-to-cell symplastic trafficking mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) allows molecules including proteins, RNAs and hormones to function in neighboring cells by moving through the channels. During stomatal developmental process, the intercellular communication between stomata complex and adjacent epidermal cells are finely controlled at different stages. Thus, the stomata cells are isolated or connected with others to facilitate their formation or movement. In the review, we summarize the main regulation mechanism underlying stomata development in both dicots and monocots and especially the specific regulation of subsidiary cell formation in monocots. We aim to highlight the important role of symplastic connection modulation during stomata development, including the status of PD presence at different cell-cell interfaces and the function of relevant mobile factors in both dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Meiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Datong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low & Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Correspondence:
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Bernal-Gallardo JJ, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Marsch-Martinez N, de Folter S. Novel Roles of SPATULA in the Control of Stomata and Trichome Number, and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:596. [PMID: 36771679 PMCID: PMC9919660 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) has been identified as a regulator during different stages of Arabidopsis development, including the control of leaf size. However, the mechanism via which it performs this function has not been elucidated. To better understand the role of SPT during leaf development, we used a transcriptomic approach to identify putative target genes. We found putative SPT target genes related to leaf development, and to stomata and trichome formation. Furthermore, genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that SPT is a negative regulator of stomata number and a positive regulator of trichome number. In addition, SPT is required for sucrose-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jazmin Bernal-Gallardo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Zuñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- CONACYT, Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martinez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
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6
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Xia Y, Du K, Ling A, Wu W, Li J, Kang X. Overexpression of PagSTOMAGEN, a Positive Regulator of Stomatal Density, Promotes Vegetative Growth in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710165. [PMID: 36077563 PMCID: PMC9456429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar is an important fast-growing tree, and its photosynthetic capacity directly affects its vegetative growth. Stomatal density is closely related to photosynthetic capacity and growth characteristics in plants. Here, we isolated PagSTOMAGEN from the hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) clone 84K and investigated its biological function in vegetative growth. PagSTOMAGEN was expressed predominantly in young tissues and localized in the plasma membrane. Compared with wild-type 84K poplars, PagSTOMAGEN-overexpressing plants displayed an increased plant height, leaf area, internode number, basal diameter, biomass, IAA content, IPR content, and stomatal density. Higher stomatal density improved the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate in transgenic poplar. The differential expression of genes related to stomatal development showed a diverged influence of PagSTOMAGEN at different stages of stomatal development. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed that PagSTOMAGEN affected vegetative growth by affecting the expression of photosynthesis and plant hormone-related genes (such as SAUR75, PQL2, PSBX, ERF1, GNC, GRF5, and ARF11). Taken together, our data indicate that PagSTOMAGEN could positively regulate stomatal density and increase the photosynthetic rate and plant hormone content, thereby promoting vegetative growth in poplar. Our study is of great significance for understanding the relationship between stoma, photosynthesis, and yield breeding in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kang Du
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Aoyu Ling
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (X.K.)
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (X.K.)
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7
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Zhao YY, Lyu MA, Miao F, Chen G, Zhu XG. The evolution of stomatal traits along the trajectory toward C4 photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:441-458. [PMID: 35652758 PMCID: PMC9434244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis optimizes plant carbon and water relations, allowing high photosynthetic rates with low stomatal conductance. Stomata have long been considered a part of the C4 syndrome. However, it remains unclear how stomatal traits evolved along the path from C3 to C4. Here, we examined stomata in the Flaveria genus, a model used for C4 evolutionary study. Comparative, transgenic, and semi-in vitro experiments were performed to study the molecular basis that underlies the changes of stomatal traits in C4 evolution. The evolution from C3 to C4 species is accompanied by a gradual rather than an abrupt change in stomatal traits. The initial change appears near the Type I intermediate stage. Co-evolution of the photosynthetic pathway and stomatal traits is supported. On the road to C4, stomata tend to be fewer in number but larger in size and stomatal density dominates changes in anatomical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax). Reduction of FSTOMAGEN expression underlies decreased gsmax in Flaveria and likely occurs in other C4 lineages. Decreased gsmax contributes to the increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency in C4 evolution. This work highlights the stomatal traits in the current C4 evolutionary model. Our study provides insights into the pattern, mechanism, and role of stomatal evolution along the road toward C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingju Amy Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FenFen Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Genyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chin ARO, Guzmán‐Delgado P, Sillett SC, Orozco J, Kramer RD, Kerhoulas LP, Moore ZJ, Reed M, Zwieniecki MA. Shoot dimorphism enables Sequoia sempervirens to separate requirements for foliar water uptake and photosynthesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:564-579. [PMID: 35274309 PMCID: PMC9322557 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Trees in wet forests often have features that prevent water films from covering stomata and inhibiting gas exchange, while many trees in drier environments use foliar water uptake to reduce water stress. In forests with both wet and dry seasons, evergreen trees would benefit from producing leaves capable of balancing rainy-season photosynthesis with summertime water absorption. METHODS Using samples collected from across the vertical gradient in tall redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) crowns, we estimated tree-level foliar water uptake and employed physics-based causative modeling to identify key functional traits that determine uptake potential by setting hydraulic resistance. RESULTS We showed that Sequoia has two functionally distinct shoot morphotypes. While most shoots specialize in photosynthesis, the axial shoot type is capable of much greater foliar water uptake, and its within-crown distribution varies with latitude. A suite of leaf surface traits cause hydraulic resistance, leading to variation in uptake capacity among samples. CONCLUSIONS Shoot dimorphism gives tall Sequoia trees the capacity to absorb up to 48 kg H2 O h-1 during the first hour of leaf wetting, ameliorating water stress while presumably maintaining high photosynthetic capacity year round. Geographic variation in shoot dimorphism suggests that plasticity in shoot-type distribution and leaf surface traits helps Sequoia maintain a dominate presence in both wet and dry forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana R. O. Chin
- Plant Sciences DepartmentUniversity of California DavisDavisCA95616USA
- Present address:
Alana R. O. Chin, D‐USYS, ETHZürich8092Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen C. Sillett
- Department of Forestry and Wildland ResourcesHumboldt State UniversityArcataCA95521USA
| | - Jessica Orozco
- Plant Sciences DepartmentUniversity of California DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | | | - Lucy P. Kerhoulas
- Department of Forestry and Wildland ResourcesHumboldt State UniversityArcataCA95521USA
| | - Zane J. Moore
- Plant Sciences DepartmentUniversity of California DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Marty Reed
- Department of Biological SciencesHumboldt State UniversityArcataCA95521USA
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Hunt L, Fuksa M, Klem K, Lhotáková Z, Oravec M, Urban O, Albrechtová J. Barley Genotypes Vary in Stomatal Responsiveness to Light and CO 2 Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112533. [PMID: 34834896 PMCID: PMC8625854 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in stomatal conductance and density allow plants to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. In the present paper, the influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration and light intensity on stomata were investigated for two barley genotypes-Barke and Bojos, differing in their sensitivity to oxidative stress and phenolic acid profiles. A novel approach for stomatal density analysis was used-a pair of convolution neural networks were developed to automatically identify and count stomata on epidermal micrographs. Stomatal density in barley was influenced by genotype, as well as by light and CO2 conditions. Low CO2 conditions resulted in increased stomatal density, although differences between ambient and elevated CO2 were not significant. High light intensity increased stomatal density compared to low light intensity in both barley varieties and all CO2 treatments. Changes in stomatal conductance were also measured alongside the accumulation of pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides, and abscisic acid detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. High light increased the accumulation of all sugars and reduced abscisic acid levels. Abscisic acid was influenced by all factors-light, CO2, and genotype-in combination. Differences were discovered between the two barley varieties: oxidative stress sensitive Barke demonstrated higher stomatal density, but lower conductance and better water use efficiency (WUE) than oxidative stress resistant Bojos at saturating light intensity. Barke also showed greater variability between treatments in measurements of stomatal density, sugar accumulation, and abscisic levels, implying that it may be more responsive to environmental drivers influencing water relations in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Fuksa
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-95-1959
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10
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Lu B, Luo X, Gong C, Bai J. Overexpression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene from Caragana korshinskii decreases stomatal density and enhances drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:444. [PMID: 34598673 PMCID: PMC8485494 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis and plays a key role in plant stress responses. In this study, the endogenous expression of the Caragana korshinskii γ-ECS (Ckγ-ECS) gene was induced by PEG 6000-mediated drought stress in the leaves of C. korshinskii. and the Ckγ-ECS overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants was constructed using the C. korshinskii. isolated γ-ECS. RESULTS Compared with the wildtype, the Ckγ-ECS overexpressing plants enhanced the γ-ECS activity, reduced the stomatal density and aperture sizes; they also had higher relative water content, lower water loss, and lower malondialdehyde content. At the same time, the mRNA expression of stomatal development-related gene EPF1 was increased and FAMA and STOMAGEN were decreased. Besides, the expression of auxin-relative signaling genes AXR3 and ARF5 were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS These changes suggest that transgenic Arabidopsis improved drought tolerance, and Ckγ-ECS may act as a negative regulator in stomatal development by regulating the mRNA expression of EPF1 and STOMAGEN through auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinjuan Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Light regulates stomatal development by modulating paracrine signaling from inner tissues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3403. [PMID: 34099707 PMCID: PMC8184810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental outcomes are shaped by the interplay between intrinsic and external factors. The production of stomata—essential pores for gas exchange in plants—is extremely plastic and offers an excellent system to study this interplay at the cell lineage level. For plants, light is a key external cue, and it promotes stomatal development and the accumulation of the master stomatal regulator SPEECHLESS (SPCH). However, how light signals are relayed to influence SPCH remains unknown. Here, we show that the light-regulated transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a critical regulator for photomorphogenic growth, is present in inner mesophyll cells and directly binds and activates STOMAGEN. STOMAGEN, the mesophyll-derived secreted peptide, in turn stabilizes SPCH in the epidermis, leading to enhanced stomatal production. Our work identifies a molecular link between light signaling and stomatal development that spans two tissue layers and highlights how an environmental signaling factor may coordinate growth across tissue types. Light promotes stomatal development in plants. Here Wang et al. show that light stimulates stomatal development via the HY5 transcription factor which induces expression of STOMAGEN, a mesophyll-derived secreted peptide, that in turn leads to stabilization of a master regulator of stomatal development in the epidermis.
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12
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Han SK, Kwak JM, Qi X. Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751852. [PMID: 34707632 PMCID: PMC8542704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soon-Ki Han,
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
- Xingyun Qi,
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13
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Jiao Q, Chen T, Niu G, Zhang H, Zhou C, Hong Z. N-glycosylation is involved in stomatal development by modulating the release of active abscisic acid and auxin in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5865-5879. [PMID: 32649744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) is one of the most important protein modifications in eukaryotes, affecting the folding, transport, and function of a wide range of proteins. However, little is known about the roles of N-glycosylation in the development of stomata in plants. In the present study, we provide evidence that the Arabidopsis stt3a-2 mutant, defective in oligosaccharyltransferase catalytic subunit STT3, has a greater transpirational water loss and weaker drought avoidance, accompanied by aberrant stomatal distribution. Through physiological, biochemical, and genetic analyses, we found that the abnormal stomatal density of stt3a-2 was partially attributed to low endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) content. Exogenous application of ABA or IAA could partially rescue the mutant's salt-sensitive and abnormal stomatal phenotype. Further analyses revealed that the decrease of IAA or ABA in stt3a-2 seedlings was associated with the underglycosylation of β-glucosidase (AtBG1), catalysing the conversion of conjugated ABA/IAA to active hormone. Our results provide strong evidence that N-glycosylation is involved in stomatal development and participates in abiotic stress tolerance by modulating the release of active plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - ChangFang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Zeng SM, Lo EKW, Hazelton BJ, Morales MF, Torii KU. Effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning. Development 2020; 147:dev192237. [PMID: 32816968 PMCID: PMC7502594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Zeng
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily K W Lo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bryna J Hazelton
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Miguel F Morales
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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15
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Liu Z, Zhou Y, Guo J, Li J, Tian Z, Zhu Z, Wang J, Wu R, Zhang B, Hu Y, Sun Y, Shangguan Y, Li W, Li T, Hu Y, Guo C, Rochaix JD, Miao Y, Sun X. Global Dynamic Molecular Profiling of Stomatal Lineage Cell Development by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1178-1193. [PMID: 32592820 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal lineage cell development has been extensively investigated. However, a comprehensive characterization of this biological process based on single-cell transcriptome analysis has not yet been reported. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing on 12 844 individual cells from the cotyledons of 5-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. We identified 11 cell clusters corresponding mostly to cells at specific stomatal developmental stages using a series of marker genes. Comparative analysis of genes with the highest variable expression among these cell clusters revealed transcriptional networks that regulate development from meristemoid mother cells to guard mother cells. Examination of the developmental dynamics of marker genes via pseudo-time analysis revealed potential interactions between these genes. Collectively, our study opens the door for understanding how the identified novel marker genes participate in the regulation of stomatal lineage cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiaoai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zixia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhinan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yongjian Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yijing Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yan Shangguan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yunhe Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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16
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Wei H, Kong D, Yang J, Wang H. Light Regulation of Stomatal Development and Patterning: Shifting the Paradigm from Arabidopsis to Grasses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100030. [PMID: 33367232 PMCID: PMC7747992 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The stomatal pores of plant leaves control gas exchange with the environment. Stomatal development is prevised regulated by both internal genetic programs and environmental cues. Among various environmental factors, light regulation of stomata formation has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the genetic control of stomata development and its regulation by light. We also present a comparative analysis of the conserved and diverged stomatal regulatory networks between Arabidopsis and cereal grasses. Lastly, we provide our perspectives on manipulation of the stomata density on plant leaves for the purpose of breeding crops that are better adapted to the adverse environment and high-density planting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Corresponding author
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17
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Abstract
Stomatal cell fate and patterning, which are regulated by key transcriptional factors and intercellular communications, are critical for plant growth and survival. The known regulators of stomatal development do not appear to have microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating them. Thus, it remains elusive as to whether and how miRNAs are involved in stomatal development. This study identifies stomatal lineage miRNAs including developmental stage-specific miRNAs. Genetic analysis shows that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively or negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning. Moreover, biological processes modulated by stomatal lineage miRNAs reveal previously unknown regulatory pathways in stomatal development, indicating that miRNAs function as a critical element of stomatal development. These results provide a resource for guiding the study of stomatal development. Stomata in the plant epidermis play a critical role in growth and survival by controlling gas exchange, transpiration, and immunity to pathogens. Plants modulate stomatal cell fate and patterning through key transcriptional factors and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to contribute to developmental plasticity in multicellular organisms; however, no miRNAs appear to target the known regulators of stomatal development. It remains unclear as to whether miRNAs are involved in stomatal development. Here, we report highly dynamic, developmentally stage-specific miRNA expression profiles from stomatal lineage cells. We demonstrate that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively and negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning to avoid clustered stomata. Target prediction of stomatal lineage miRNAs implicates potential cellular processes in stomatal development. We show that miR399-mediated PHO2 regulation, involved in phosphate homeostasis, contributes to the control of stomatal development. Our study demonstrates that miRNAs constitute a critical component in the regulatory mechanisms controlling stomatal development.
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18
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Chen L, Wu Z, Hou S. SPEECHLESS Speaks Loudly in Stomatal Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 32153616 PMCID: PMC7046557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, the small pores on the epidermis of plant shoot, control gas exchange between the plant and environment and play key roles in plant physiology, evolution, and global ecology. Stomatal development is initiated by the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH), whose central importance in stomatal development has recently come to light. SPCH integrates intralineage signals and serves as an acceptor of hormonal and environmental signals to regulate stomatal density and patterning during the development. SPCH also plays a direct role in regulating asymmetric cell division in the stomatal lineage. Owing to its importance in stomatal development, SPCH expression is tightly and spatiotemporally regulated. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the SPCH-mediated regulation of stomatal development, reinforcing the idea that SPCH is the central molecular hub for stomatal development.
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19
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Dunn J, Hunt L, Afsharinafar M, Meselmani MA, Mitchell A, Howells R, Wallington E, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Reduced stomatal density in bread wheat leads to increased water-use efficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4737-4748. [PMID: 31172183 PMCID: PMC6760291 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a staple crop, frequently cultivated in water-restricted environments. Improving crop water-use efficiency would be desirable if grain yield can be maintained. We investigated whether a decrease in wheat stomatal density via the manipulation of epidermal patterning factor (EPF) gene expression could improve water-use efficiency. Our results show that severe reductions in stomatal density in EPF-overexpressing wheat plants have a detrimental outcome on yields. However, wheat plants with a more moderate reduction in stomatal density (i.e. <50% reduction in stomatal density on leaves prior to tillering) had yields indistinguishable from controls, coupled with an increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency. Yields of these moderately reduced stomatal density plants were also comparable with those of control plants under conditions of drought and elevated CO2. Our data demonstrate that EPF-mediated control of wheat stomatal development follows that observed in other grasses, and we identify the potential of stomatal density as a tool for breeding wheat plants that are better able to withstand water-restricted environments without yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dunn
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lee Hunt
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mana Afsharinafar
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Moaed Al Meselmani
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alice Mitchell
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Julie E Gray
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
- Correspondence: or
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20
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Lu J, He J, Zhou X, Zhong J, Li J, Liang YK. Homologous genes of epidermal patterning factor regulate stomatal development in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 234-235:18-27. [PMID: 30660943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores on the surface of leaves through which water as vapor passes to the atmosphere and CO2 uptake for the photosynthesis. The signaling peptides of the epidermal patterning factor (EPF) family regulate stomatal development and density in Arabidopsis. Several putative homologs of EPF/EPFL exist in rice genome. To understand their possible involvement in stomatal formation, in this study we generated a series of transgenic lines including reporter promoter fusions, down-regulation and overexpression and demonstrated drastic differences in stomatal densities between different genotypes, as elevated expression of OsEPF1 or OsEPF2 greatly reduced stomatal density in rice, whereas ectopic overexpression of either OsEPF1 or OsEPF2 significantly decreased the high stomatal frequency of both mutant lines of epf2 and epf1epf2 Arabidopsis. Conversely, knocking down OsEPFL9 transcription conferred transgenic plants with fewer stomata than WT in rice, whereas overexpressing rice OsEPFL9 gene could cause excessive production of stomata in Arabidopsis. In conclusion, homologs of EPF/EPFL regulate stomatal development in a generally highly conserved way yet there exist function distinctions between dicot and monocot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinjin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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21
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Abstract
Stomata are pores on plant epidermis that facilitate gas exchange and water evaporation between plants and the environment. Given the central role of stomata in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, two vital events for plant growth, stomatal development is tightly controlled by a diverse range of signals. A family of peptide hormones regulates stomatal patterning and differentiation. In addition, plant hormones as well as numerous environmental cues influence the decision of whether to make stomata or not in distinct and complex manners. In this review, we summarize recent findings that reveal the mechanism of these three groups of signals in controlling stomatal formation, and discuss how these signals are integrated into the core stomatal development pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Plant peptides secreted as signal molecular to trigger cell-to-cell signaling are indispensable for plant growth and defense processes. Preciously, it is regraded some plant peptides function in plant growth and development, whereas others regulate defense response in plant-microbe interactions. However, this prejudice is got rid due to more and more evidence showed growth-related plant peptides also exhibit bifunctional roles in plant defense response against different microbial pathogens. Here we provide a mini-review of reported types of plant peptides, including their basic information, reported receptor ligands, and especially direct or indirect roles in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - H. Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - K. Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- CONTACT Kai Shi Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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23
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Hronková M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Stomatal function, density and pattern, and CO 2 assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana tmm1 and sdd1-1 mutants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:689-701. [PMID: 28453883 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata modulate the exchange of water and CO2 between plant and atmosphere. Although stomatal density is known to affect CO2 diffusion into the leaf and thus photosynthetic rate, the effect of stomatal density and patterning on CO2 assimilation is not fully understood. We used wild types Col-0 and C24 and stomatal mutants sdd1-1 and tmm1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, differing in stomatal density and pattern, to study the effects of these variations on both stomatal and mesophyll conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Anatomical parameters of stomata, leaf temperature and carbon isotope discrimination were also assessed. Our results indicate that increased stomatal density enhanced stomatal conductance in sdd1-1 plants, with no effect on photosynthesis, due to both unchanged photosynthetic capacity and decreased mesophyll conductance. Clustering (abnormal patterning formed by clusters of two or more stomata) and a highly unequal distribution of stomata between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides in tmm1 mutants also had no effect on photosynthesis. Except at very high stomatal densities, stomatal conductance and water loss were proportional to stomatal density. Stomatal formation in clusters reduced stomatal dynamics and their operational range as well as the efficiency of CO2 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vráblová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VSB-TU Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - D Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Šantrůček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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24
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Caine RS, Chater CC, Kamisugi Y, Cuming AC, Beerling DJ, Gray JE, Fleming AJ. An ancestral stomatal patterning module revealed in the non-vascular land plant Physcomitrella patens. Development 2016; 143:3306-14. [PMID: 27407102 PMCID: PMC5047656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of stomata plays a vital role in plant development and has emerged as a paradigm for the role of peptide signals in the spatial control of cellular differentiation. Research in Arabidopsis has identified a series of epidermal patterning factors (EPFs), which interact with an array of membrane-localised receptors and associated proteins (encoded by ERECTA and TMM genes) to control stomatal density and distribution. However, although it is well-established that stomata arose very early in the evolution of land plants, until now it has been unclear whether the established angiosperm stomatal patterning system represented by the EPF/TMM/ERECTA module reflects a conserved, universal mechanism in the plant kingdom. Here, we use molecular genetics to show that the moss Physcomitrella patens has conserved homologues of angiosperm EPF, TMM and at least one ERECTA gene that function together to permit the correct patterning of stomata and that, moreover, elements of the module retain function when transferred to Arabidopsis Our data characterise the stomatal patterning system in an evolutionarily distinct branch of plants and support the hypothesis that the EPF/TMM/ERECTA module represents an ancient patterning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Caine
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Caspar C Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Yasuko Kamisugi
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew C Cuming
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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25
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Han SK, Torii KU. Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries during stomatal development. Development 2016; 143:1259-70. [PMID: 27095491 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are dispersed pores found in the epidermis of land plants that facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. Stomata are formed from progenitor cells, which execute a series of differentiation events and stereotypical cell divisions. The sequential activation of master regulatory basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors controls the initiation, proliferation and differentiation of stomatal cells. Cell-cell communication mediated by secreted peptides, receptor kinases, and downstream mitogen-activated kinase cascades enforces proper stomatal patterning, and an intrinsic polarity mechanism ensures asymmetric cell divisions. As we review here, recent studies have provided insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control stomatal development. These findings have also highlighted striking similarities between plants and animals with regards to their mechanisms of specialized cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Simmons AR, Bergmann DC. Transcriptional control of cell fate in the stomatal lineage. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:1-8. [PMID: 26550955 PMCID: PMC4753106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis stomatal lineage is a microcosm of development; it undergoes selection of precursor cells, asymmetric and stem cell-like divisions, cell commitment and finally, acquisition of terminal cell fates. Recent transcriptomic approaches revealed major shifts in gene expression accompanying each fate transition, and mechanistic analysis of key bHLH transcription factors, along with mathematical modeling, has begun to unravel how these major shifts are coordinated. In addition, stomatal initiation is proving to be a tractable model for defining the genetic and epigenetic basis of stable cell identities and for understanding the integration of environmental responses into developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Simmons
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; HHMI, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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27
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Torii KU. Stomatal differentiation: the beginning and the end. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:16-22. [PMID: 26344486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stomata follows a series of stereotypical cell divisions and cell-state transitional steps specified by the master-regulatory transcription factors. The density and numbers of stomata are regulated by cell-cell signaling and flexibly modulated by environmental and physiological inputs. This review focuses on the latest breakthroughs in Arabidopsis elucidating the mechanisms behind the initiation of stomatal precursors, asymmetric cell division and stem cell behavior, and terminal differentiation of guard cells. I discuss new insights emerging from these studies: (i) competitive actions of signals and regulatory circuits initiating stomatal precursor pattern; (ii) a subcellular partitioning of signaling components determining the stomatal lineage stem-cell divisions; and (iii) epigenetic regulation maintaining the differentiated guard cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Institute of Transformative Biomolecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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