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Yang Q, Tan S, Wang HL, Wang T, Cao J, Liu H, Sha Y, Zhao Y, Xia X, Guo H, Li Z. Spliceosomal protein U2B″ delays leaf senescence by enhancing splicing variant JAZ9β expression to attenuate jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1116-1133. [PMID: 37608617 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory framework of leaf senescence is gradually becoming clearer; however, the fine regulation of this process remains largely unknown. Here, genetic analysis revealed that U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B (U2B″), a component of the spliceosome, is a negative regulator of leaf senescence. Mutation of U2B″ led to precocious leaf senescence, whereas overexpression of U2B″ extended leaf longevity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway was activated in the u2b″ mutant. U2B″ enhances the generation of splicing variant JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN 9β (JAZ9β) with an intron retention in the Jas motif, which compromises its interaction with CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 and thus enhances the stability of JAZ9β protein. Moreover, JAZ9β could interact with MYC2 and obstruct its activity, thereby attenuating JA signaling. Correspondingly, overexpression of JAZ9β rescued the early senescence phenotype of the u2b″ mutant. Furthermore, JA treatment promoted expression of U2B″ that was found to be a direct target of MYC2. Overexpression of MYC2 in the u2b″ mutant resulted in a more pronounced premature senescence than that in wild-type plants. Collectively, our findings reveal that the spliceosomal protein U2B″ fine-tunes leaf senescence by enhancing the expression of JAZ9β and thereby attenuating JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuya Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hairong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yueqi Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Ding Z, Meng YR, Fan YJ, Xu YZ. Roles of minor spliceosome in intron recognition and the convergence with the better understood major spliceosome. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1761. [PMID: 36056453 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Catalyzed by spliceosomes in the nucleus, RNA splicing removes intronic sequences from precursor RNAs in eukaryotes to generate mature RNA, which also significantly increases proteome complexity and fine-tunes gene expression. Most metazoans have two coexisting spliceosomes; the major spliceosome, which removes >99.5% of introns, and the minor spliceosome, which removes far fewer introns (only 770 at present have been predicted in the human genome). Both spliceosomes are large and dynamic machineries, each consisting of five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and more than 100 proteins. However, the dynamic assembly, catalysis, and protein composition of the minor spliceosome are still poorly understood. With different splicing signals, minor introns are rare and usually distributed alone and flanked by major introns in genes, raising questions of how they are recognized by the minor spliceosome and how their processing deals with the splicing of neighboring major introns. Due to large numbers of introns and close similarities between the two machinery, cooperative, and competitive recognition by the two spliceosomes has been investigated. Functionally, many minor-intron-containing genes are evolutionarily conserved and essential. Mutations in the minor spliceosome exhibit a variety of developmental defects in plants and animals and are linked to numerous human diseases. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of minor splicing, compare currently known components of the two spliceosomes, survey minor introns in a wide range of organisms, discuss cooperation and competition of the two spliceosomes in splicing of minor-intron-containing genes, and contributions of minor splicing mutations in development and diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics and Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Ding
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ran Meng
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jie Fan
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Xu
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Siebert AE, Corll J, Paige Gronevelt J, Levine L, Hobbs LM, Kenney C, Powell CLE, Battistuzzi FU, Davenport R, Mark Settles A, Brad Barbazuk W, Westrick RJ, Madlambayan GJ, Lal S. Genetic analysis of human RNA binding motif protein 48 (RBM48) reveals an essential role in U12-type intron splicing. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac129. [PMID: 36040194 PMCID: PMC9526058 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
U12-type or minor introns are found in most multicellular eukaryotes and constitute ∼0.5% of all introns in species with a minor spliceosome. Although the biological significance for the evolutionary conservation of U12-type introns is debated, mutations disrupting U12 splicing cause developmental defects in both plants and animals. In human hematopoietic stem cells, U12 splicing defects disrupt proper differentiation of myeloid lineages and are associated with myelodysplastic syndrome, predisposing individuals to acute myeloid leukemia. Mutants in the maize ortholog of RNA binding motif protein 48 (RBM48) have aberrant U12-type intron splicing. Human RBM48 was recently purified biochemically as part of the minor spliceosome and shown to recognize the 5' end of the U6atac snRNA. In this report, we use CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of RBM48 in human K-562 cells to show the genetic function of RBM48. RNA-seq analysis comparing wild-type and mutant K-562 genotypes found that 48% of minor intron-containing genes have significant U12-type intron retention in RBM48 mutants. Comparing these results to maize rbm48 mutants defined a subset of minor intron-containing genes disrupted in both species. Mutations in the majority of these orthologous minor intron-containing genes have been reported to cause developmental defects in both plants and animals. Our results provide genetic evidence that the primary defect of human RBM48 mutants is aberrant U12-type intron splicing, while a comparison of human and maize RNA-seq data identifies candidate genes likely to mediate mutant phenotypes of U12-type splicing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Siebert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Jacob Corll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - J Paige Gronevelt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Laurel Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Linzi M Hobbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Catalina Kenney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Christopher L E Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Fabia U Battistuzzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Ruth Davenport
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A Mark Settles
- Horticultural Sciences Department and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - W Brad Barbazuk
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Randal J Westrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Gerard J Madlambayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
| | - Shailesh Lal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI 48309, USA
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Gómez-Redondo I, Pericuesta E, Navarrete-Lopez P, Ramos-Ibeas P, Planells B, Fonseca-Balvís N, Vaquero-Rey A, Fernández-González R, Laguna-Barraza R, Horiuchi K, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Zrsr2 and functional U12-dependent spliceosome are necessary for follicular development. iScience 2022; 25:103860. [PMID: 35198906 PMCID: PMC8850803 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZRSR2 is a splicing factor involved in recognition of 3'-intron splice sites that is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies and several tumors; however, the role of mutations of Zrsr2 in other tissues has not been analyzed. To explore the biological role of ZRSR2, we generated three Zrsr2 mutant mouse lines. All Zrsr2 mutant lines exhibited blood cell anomalies, and in two lines, oogenesis was blocked at the secondary follicle stage. RNA-seq of Zrsr2 mu secondary follicles showed aberrations in gene expression and showed altered alternative splicing (AS) events involving enrichment of U12-type intron retention (IR), supporting the functional Zrsr2 action in minor spliceosomes. IR events were preferentially associated with centriole replication, protein phosphorylation, and DNA damage checkpoint. Notably, we found alterations in AS events of 50 meiotic genes. These results indicate that ZRSR2 mutations alter splicing mainly in U12-type introns, which may affect peripheral blood cells, and impede oogenesis and female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gómez-Redondo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pericuesta
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Navarrete-Lopez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila Ramos-Ibeas
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamín Planells
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Fonseca-Balvís
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Vaquero-Rey
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-González
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Laguna-Barraza
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Keiko Horiuchi
- Department of Protein-Protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA-CSIC, Avda. Puerta de Hierro nº 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Wang HL, Zhang Y, Wang T, Yang Q, Yang Y, Li Z, Li B, Wen X, Li W, Yin W, Xia X, Guo H, Li Z. An alternative splicing variant of PtRD26 delays leaf senescence by regulating multiple NAC transcription factors in Populus. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1594-1614. [PMID: 33793897 PMCID: PMC8254505 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, nutrients are recycled from leaves to other organs, and therefore proper control of senescence is thus critical for plant fitness. Although substantial progress has been achieved in understanding leaf senescence in annual plants, the molecular factors that control leaf senescence in perennial woody plants are largely unknown. Using RNA sequencing, we obtained a high-resolution temporal profile of gene expression during autumn leaf senescence in poplar (Populus tomentosa). Identification of hub transcription factors (TFs) by co-expression network analysis of genes revealed that senescence-associated NAC family TFs (Sen-NAC TFs) regulate autumn leaf senescence. Age-dependent alternative splicing (AS) caused an intron retention (IR) event in the pre-mRNA encoding PtRD26, a NAC-TF. This produced a truncated protein PtRD26IR, which functions as a dominant-negative regulator of senescence by interacting with multiple hub Sen-NAC TFs, thereby repressing their DNA-binding activities. Functional analysis of senescence-associated splicing factors identified two U2 auxiliary factors that are involved in AS of PtRD26IR. Correspondingly, silencing of these factors decreased PtRD26IR transcript abundance and induced early senescence. We propose that an age-dependent increase of IR splice variants derived from Sen-NAC TFs is a regulatory program to fine tune the molecular mechanisms that regulate leaf senescence in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Ling Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ze Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Author for correspondence: (Z.L.), (H.G.)
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Author for correspondence: (Z.L.), (H.G.)
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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Zhang YM, Guo P, Xia X, Guo H, Li Z. Multiple Layers of Regulation on Leaf Senescence: New Advances and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788996. [PMID: 34938309 PMCID: PMC8685244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development and is an orderly biological process accompanied by degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling, which contributes to plant fitness. Forward genetic mutant screening and reverse genetic studies of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have revealed that leaf senescence is a genetically regulated process, and the initiation and progression of leaf senescence are influenced by an array of internal and external factors. Recently, multi-omics techniques have revealed that leaf senescence is subjected to multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin, transcriptional and post-transcriptional, as well as translational and post-translational levels. Although impressive progress has been made in plant senescence research, especially the identification and functional analysis of a large number of SAGs in crop plants, we still have not unraveled the mystery of plant senescence, and there are some urgent scientific questions in this field, such as when plant senescence is initiated and how senescence signals are transmitted. This paper reviews recent advances in the multiple layers of regulation on leaf senescence, especially in post-transcriptional regulation such as alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengru Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhonghai Li,
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8
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Gómez-Redondo I, Ramos-Ibeas P, Pericuesta E, Fernández-González R, Laguna-Barraza R, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Minor Splicing Factors Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 Are Essential for Early Embryo Development and 2-Cell-Like Conversion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4115. [PMID: 32527007 PMCID: PMC7312986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor splicing plays an important role in vertebrate development. Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 paralog genes have essential roles in alternative splicing, mainly participating in the recognition of minor (U12) introns. To further explore their roles during early embryo development, we produced Zrsr1mu and Zrsr2mu mutant mice, containing truncating mutations within the second zinc finger domain. Both homozygous mutant mice were viable with a normal lifespan. When we crossed a homozygous Zrsr2mu/mu female with Zrsr1mu/mu male, the double heterozygotes were non-viable, giving rise to embryos that stopped developing mainly between the 2- and 4-cell stages, just after zygotic gene activation. RNA-seq analysis of Zrsr1/2mu 2-cell embryos showed altered gene and isoform expression of thousands of genes enriched in gene ontology terms and biological pathways related to ribosome, RNA transport, spliceosome, and essential zygotic gene activation steps. Alternative splicing was analyzed, showing a significant increase in intron retention in both U2 and U12 intron-containing genes related to cell cycle and mitotic nuclear division. Remarkably, both Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 were required for the conversion of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells into 2C-like cells. According to our results, Zrsr1 or Zrsr2 are necessary for ZGA and both are indispensable for the conversion of induced pluripotent stem cells into 2C-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro n° 12. Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-I.); (E.P.); (R.F.-G.); (R.L.-B.)
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9
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Baumgartner M, Drake K, Kanadia RN. An Integrated Model of Minor Intron Emergence and Conservation. Front Genet 2019; 10:1113. [PMID: 31798628 PMCID: PMC6865273 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor introns constitute <0.5% of the introns in the human genome and have remained an enigma since their discovery. These introns are removed by a distinct splicing complex, the minor spliceosome. Both are ancient, tracing back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), which is reflected by minor intron enrichment in specific gene families, such as the mitogen activated-protein kinase kinases, voltage-gated sodium and calcium ion channels, and E2F transcription factors. Most minor introns occur as single introns in genes with predominantly major introns. Due to this organization, minor intron-containing gene (MIG) expression requires the coordinated action of two spliceosomes, which increases the probability of missplicing. Thus, one would expect loss of minor introns via purifying selection. This has resulted in complete minor intron loss in at least nine eukaryotic lineages. However, minor introns are highly conserved in land plants and metazoans, where their importance is underscored by embryonic lethality when the minor spliceosome is inactivated. Conditional inactivation of the minor spliceosome has shown that rapidly dividing progenitor cells are highly sensitive to minor spliceosome loss. Indeed, we found that MIGs were significantly enriched in a screen for genes essential for survival in 341 cycling cell lines. Here, we propose that minor introns inserted randomly into genes in LECA or earlier and were subsequently conserved in genes crucial for cycling cell survival. We hypothesize that the essentiality of MIGs allowed minor introns to endure through the unicellularity of early eukaryotic evolution. Moreover, we identified 59 MIGs that emerged after LECA, and that many of these are essential for cycling cell survival, reinforcing our essentiality model for MIG conservation. This suggests that minor intron emergence is dynamic across eukaryotic evolution, and that minor introns should not be viewed as molecular fossils. We also posit that minor intron splicing was co-opted in multicellular evolution as a regulatory switch for en masse control of MIG expression and the biological processes they regulate. Specifically, this mode of regulation could control cell proliferation and thus body size, an idea supported by domestication syndrome, wherein MIGs are enriched in common candidate animal domestication genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Baumgartner
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States.,Institute of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Kyle Drake
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Rahul N Kanadia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States.,Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
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Sex-Dimorphic Behavioral Alterations and Altered Neurogenesis in U12 Intron Splicing-Defective Zrsr1 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143543. [PMID: 31331069 PMCID: PMC6678158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant mice with respect to the splicing factor Zrsr1 present altered spermatogenesis and infertility. To investigate whether Zrsr1 is involved in the homeostatic control that the hypothalamus exerts over reproductive functions, we first analyzed both differential gene and isoform expression and alternative splicing alterations in Zrsr1 mutant (Zrsr1mu) hypothalamus; second, we analyzed the spontaneous and social behavior of Zrsr1mu mice; and third, we analyzed adult cell proliferation and survival in the Zrsr1mu hypothalamus. The Zrsr1mu hypothalamus showed altered expression of genes and isoforms related to the glutathione metabolic process, synaptonemal complex assembly, mRNA transport, and altered splicing events involving the enrichment of U12-type intron retention (IR). Furthermore, increased IR in U12-containing genes related with the prolactin, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) reproductive signaling pathway was observed. This was associated with a hyperactive phenotype in both males and females, with an anxious phenotype in females, and with increased social interaction in males, instead of the classical aggressive behavior. In addition, Zrsr1mu females but not males exhibited reduced cell proliferation in both the hypothalamus and the subventricular zone. Overall, these results suggest that Zrsr1 expression and function are relevant to organization of the hypothalamic cell network controlling behavior.
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11
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is an important developmental process involving orderly disassembly of macromolecules for relocating nutrients from leaves to other organs and is critical for plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is the response of an intricate integration of various environmental signals and leaf age information and involves a complex and highly regulated process with the coordinated actions of multiple pathways. Impressive progress has been made in understanding how senescence signals are perceived and processed, how the orderly degeneration process is regulated, how the senescence program interacts with environmental signals, and how senescence regulatory genes contribute to plant productivity and fitness. Employment of systems approaches using omics-based technologies and characterization of key regulators have been fruitful in providing newly emerging regulatory mechanisms. This review mainly discusses recent advances in systems understanding of leaf senescence from a molecular network dynamics perspective. Genetic strategies for improving the productivity and quality of crops are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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12
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Bai F, Corll J, Shodja DN, Davenport R, Feng G, Mudunkothge J, Brigolin CJ, Martin F, Spielbauer G, Tseung CW, Siebert AE, Barbazuk WB, Lal S, Settles AM. RNA Binding Motif Protein 48 Is Required for U12 Splicing and Maize Endosperm Differentiation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:715-733. [PMID: 30760564 PMCID: PMC6482629 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The last eukaryotic common ancestor had two classes of introns that are still found in most eukaryotic lineages. Common U2-type and rare U12-type introns are spliced by the major and minor spliceosomes, respectively. Relatively few splicing factors have been shown to be specific to the minor spliceosome. We found that the maize (Zea mays) RNA binding motif protein 48 (RBM48) is a U12 splicing factor that functions to promote cell differentiation and repress cell proliferation. RBM48 is coselected with the U12 splicing factor, zinc finger CCCH-type, RNA binding motif, and Ser/Arg rich 2/Rough endosperm 3 (RGH3). Protein-protein interactions between RBM48, RGH3, and U2 Auxiliary Factor (U2AF) subunits suggest major and minor spliceosome factors required for intron recognition form complexes with RBM48. Human RBM48 interacts with armadillo repeat containing 7 (ARMC7). Maize RBM48 and ARMC7 have a conserved protein-protein interaction. These data predict that RBM48 is likely to function in U12 splicing throughout eukaryotes and that U12 splicing promotes endosperm cell differentiation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Jacob Corll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - Donya N Shodja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - Ruth Davenport
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Guanqiao Feng
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Janaki Mudunkothge
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Christian J Brigolin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - Federico Martin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Gertraud Spielbauer
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Chi-Wah Tseung
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Amy E Siebert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - W Brad Barbazuk
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Shailesh Lal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - A Mark Settles
- Horticultural Sciences Department, and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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13
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Pieczynski M, Kruszka K, Bielewicz D, Dolata J, Szczesniak M, Karlowski W, Jarmolowski A, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z. A Role of U12 Intron in Proper Pre-mRNA Splicing of Plant Cap Binding Protein 20 Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:475. [PMID: 29755485 PMCID: PMC5932401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) is composed of two cap-binding proteins: CBP20 and CBP80. The CBP20 gene structure is highly conserved across land plant species. All studied CBP20 genes contain eight exons and seven introns, with the fourth intron belonging to the U12 class. This highly conserved U12 intron always divides the plant CBP20 gene into two parts: one part encodes the core domain containing the RNA binding domain (RBD), and the second part encodes the tail domain with a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In this study, we investigate the importance of the U12 intron in the Arabidopsis thaliana CBP20 gene by moving it to different intron locations of the gene. Relocation of the U12 intron resulted in a significant decrease in the U12 intron splicing efficiency and the accumulation of wrongly processed transcripts. These results suggest that moving the U12 intron to any other position of the A. thaliana CBP20 gene disturbs splicing, leading to substantial downregulation of the level of properly spliced mRNA and CBP20 protein. Moreover, the replacement of the U12 intron with a U2 intron leads to undesired alternative splicing events, indicating that the proper localization of the U12 intron in the CBP20 gene secures correct CBP20 pre-mRNA maturation and CBP20 protein levels in a plant. Surprisingly, our results also show that the efficiency of U12 splicing depends on intron length. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the importance of proper U12 intron localization in plant CBP20 genes for correct pre-mRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pieczynski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kruszka
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Bielewicz
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Szczesniak
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
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14
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Kim J, Kim JH, Lyu JI, Woo HR, Lim PO. New insights into the regulation of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:787-799. [PMID: 28992051 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo developmental changes throughout their life history. Senescence, the final stage in the life history of a leaf, is an important and unique developmental process whereby plants relocate nutrients from leaves to other developing organs, such as seeds, stems, or roots. Recent attempts to answer fundamental questions about leaf senescence have employed a combination of new ideas and advanced technologies. As senescence is an integral part of a plant's life history that is linked to earlier developmental stages, age-associated leaf senescence may be analysed from a life history perspective. The successful utilization of multi-omics approaches has resolved the complicated process of leaf senescence, replacing a component-based view with a network-based molecular mechanism that acts in a spatial-temporal manner. Senescence and death are critical for fitness and are thus evolved characters. Recent efforts have begun to focus on understanding the evolutionary basis of the developmental process that incorporates age information and environmental signals into a plant's survival strategy. This review describes recent insights into the regulatory mechanisms of leaf senescence in terms of systems-level spatiotemporal changes, presenting them from the perspectives of life history strategy and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lyu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kwak KJ, Kim BM, Lee K, Kang H. quatre-quart1 is an indispensable U12 intron-containing gene that plays a crucial role in Arabidopsis development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2731-2739. [PMID: 28475733 PMCID: PMC5853960 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing understanding of the importance of the splicing of U12-type introns in plant development, the key question of which U12 intron-containing genes are essential for plant development has not yet been explored. Here, we assessed the functional role of the quatre-quart1 (QQT1) gene, one of the ~230 U12 intron-containing genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of QQT1 in the U11/U12-31K small nuclear ribonucleoprotein mutant (31k) rescued the developmental-defect phenotypes of the 31k mutant, whereas the miRNA-mediated qqt1 knockdown mutants displayed severe defects in growth and development, including severely arrested stem growth, small size, and the formation of serrated leaves. The structures of the shoot apical meristems in the qqt1 mutants were abnormal and disordered. Identification of QQT1-interacting proteins via a yeast two-hybrid screening and a firefly luciferase complementation-imaging assay revealed that a variety of proteins, including many chloroplast-targeted proteins, interacted with QQT1. Importantly, the levels of chloroplast-targeted proteins in the chloroplast were reduced, and the chloroplast structure was abnormal in the qqt1 mutant. Collectively, these results provide clear evidence that QQT1 is an indispensable U12 intron-containing gene whose correct splicing is crucial for the normal development of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Kwak
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwanuk Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence:
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16
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Aberrant splicing in maize rough endosperm3 reveals a conserved role for U12 splicing in eukaryotic multicellular development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2195-E2204. [PMID: 28242684 PMCID: PMC5358371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616173114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing of U12-type introns functions in human cell differentiation, but it is not known whether this class of introns has a similar role in plants. The maize ROUGH ENDOSPERM3 (RGH3) protein is orthologous to the human splicing factor, ZRSR2. ZRSR2 mutations are associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and cause U12 splicing defects. Maize rgh3 mutants have aberrant endosperm cell differentiation and proliferation. We found that most U12-type introns are retained or misspliced in rgh3 Genes affected in rgh3 and ZRSR2 mutants identify cell cycle and protein glycosylation as common pathways disrupted. Transcripts with retained U12-type introns can be found in polysomes, suggesting that splicing efficiency can alter protein isoforms. The rgh3 mutant protein disrupts colocalization with a known ZRSR2-interacting protein, U2AF2. These results indicate conserved function for RGH3/ZRSR2 in U12 splicing and a deeply conserved role for the minor spliceosome to promote cell differentiation from stem cells to terminal fates.
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17
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Park SJ, Jung HJ, Nguyen Dinh S, Kang H. Structural features important for the U12 snRNA binding and minor spliceosome assembly of Arabidopsis U11/U12-small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. RNA Biol 2016; 13:670-9. [PMID: 27232356 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1191736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although seven proteins unique to U12 intron-specific minor spliceosomes, denoted as U11/U12-65K, -59K, -48K, -35K, -31K, -25K, and -20K, have been identified in humans and the roles of some of them have been demonstrated, the functional role of most of these proteins in plants is not understood. A recent study demonstrated that Arabidopsis U11/U12-65K is essential for U12 intron splicing and normal plant development. However, the structural features and sequence motifs important for 65 K binding to U12 snRNA and other spliceosomal proteins remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated by domain-deletion analysis that the C-terminal region of the 65 K protein bound specifically to the stem-loop III of U12 snRNA, whereas the N-terminal region of the 65 K protein was responsible for interacting with the 59 K protein. Analysis of the interactions between each snRNP protein using yeast two-hybrid analysis and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays demonstrated that the core interactions among the 65 K, 59 K, and 48 K proteins were conserved between plants and animals, and multiple interactions were observed among the U11/U12-snRNP proteins. Taken together, these results reveal that U11/U12-65K is an indispensible component of the minor spliceosome complex by binding to both U11/U12-59K and U12 snRNA, and that multiple interactions among the U11/U12-snRNP proteins are necessary for minor spliceosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Park
- a Department of Plant Biotechnology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Jung
- a Department of Plant Biotechnology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Sy Nguyen Dinh
- a Department of Plant Biotechnology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- a Department of Plant Biotechnology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju , South Korea
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