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Dong J, Hou J, Yao Q, Wang B, Wang J, Shen X, Lai K, Ge H, Wang Y, Xu M, Fu A, Wang F. The thylakoid phosphatase TEF8 is involved in state transition and high light stress resistance in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39453967 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/27/2024]
Abstract
The sophisticated regulation of state transition is required to maintain optimal photosynthetic performance under fluctuating light condition, through balancing the absorbed light energy between photosystem II and photosystem I. This exquisite process incorporates phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of light-harvesting complexes and PSII core subunits, accomplished by thylakoid membrane-localized kinases and phosphatases that have not been fully identified. In this study, one Chlamydomonas high light response gene, THYLAKOID ENRICHED FRACTION 8 (TEF8), was characterized. The Chlamydomonas tef8 mutant showed high light sensitivity and defective state transition. The enzymatic activity assays showed that TEF8 is a bona fide phosphatase localized in thylakoid membranes. Biochemical assays, including BN-PAGE, pull-down, and phosphopeptide mass spectrometry, proved that TEF8 associates with photosystem II and is involved in the dephosphorylation of D2 and CP29 subunits during state 2 to state 1 transition. Taken together, our results identified TEF8 as a thylakoid phosphatase with multiple dephosphorylation targets on photosystem II, and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of state transition and high light resistance in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jinrong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Baoxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Carbon Neutral Technology, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xuan Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ke Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Carbon Neutral Technology, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Carbon Neutral Technology, No 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Levin G, Yasmin M, Pieńko T, Yehishalom N, Hanna R, Kleifeld O, Glaser F, Schuster G. The protein phosphorylation landscape in photosystem I of the desert algae Chlorella sp. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:544-557. [PMID: 38379464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of photosystem II (PSII) and its antenna (LHCII) proteins has been studied, and its involvement in state transitions and PSII repair is known. Yet, little is known about the phosphorylation of photosystem I (PSI) and its antenna (LHCI) proteins. Here, we applied proteomics analysis to generate a map of the phosphorylation sites of the PSI-LHCI proteins in Chlorella ohadii cells that were grown under low or extreme high-light intensities (LL and HL). Furthermore, we analyzed the content of oxidized tryptophans and PSI-LHCI protein degradation products in these cells, to estimate the light-induced damage to PSI-LHCI. Our work revealed the phosphorylation of 17 of 22 PSI-LHCI subunits. The analyses detected the extensive phosphorylation of the LHCI subunits Lhca6 and Lhca7, which is modulated by growth light intensity. Other PSI-LHCI subunits were phosphorylated to a lesser extent, including PsaE, where molecular dynamic simulation proposed that a phosphoserine stabilizes ferredoxin binding. Additionally, we show that HL-grown cells accumulate less oxidative damage and degradation products of PSI-LHCI proteins, compared with LL-grown cells. The significant phosphorylation of Lhca6 and Lhca7 at the interface with other LHCI subunits suggests a physiological role during photosynthesis, possibly by altering light-harvesting characteristics and binding of other subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Levin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | | | - Tomasz Pieńko
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | | | - Rawad Hanna
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | | | - Fabian Glaser
- The Lorry I. Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gadi Schuster
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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Okegawa Y. PCP Research Highlights: Regulatory Role of Three Important Post-Translational Modifications in Chloroplast Proteins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1119-1123. [PMID: 37655986 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
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Cutolo EA, Caferri R, Guardini Z, Dall'Osto L, Bassi R. Analysis of state 1-state 2 transitions by genome editing and complementation reveals a quenching component independent from the formation of PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Direct 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37612770 PMCID: PMC10463614 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The light-harvesting antennae of photosystem (PS) I and PSII are pigment-protein complexes responsible of the initial steps of sunlight conversion into chemical energy. In natural environments plants are constantly confronted with the variability of the photosynthetically active light spectrum. PSII and PSI operate in series but have different optimal excitation wavelengths. The prompt adjustment of light absorption by photosystems is thus crucial to ensure efficient electron flow needed to sustain downstream carbon fixing reactions. Fast structural rearrangements equilibrate the partition of excitation pressure between PSII and PSI following the enrichment in the red (PSII-favoring) or far-red (PSI-favoring) spectra. Redox imbalances trigger state transitions (ST), a photoacclimation mechanism which involves the reversible phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins by the antagonistic activities of the State Transition 7 (STN7) kinase/TAP38 phosphatase enzyme pair. During ST, a mobile PSII antenna pool associates with PSI increasing its absorption cross section. LHCII consists of assorted trimeric assemblies of Lhcb1, Lhcb2 and Lhcb3 protein isoforms (LHCII), several being substrates of STN7. However, the precise roles of Lhcb phosphorylation during ST remain largely elusive. RESULTS We inactivated the complete Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 gene clades in Arabidopsis thaliana and reintroduced either wild type Lhcb1.3 and Lhcb2.1 isoforms, respectively, or versions lacking N-terminal phosphorylatable residues proposed to mediate state transitions. While the substitution of Lhcb2.1 Thr-40 prevented the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII complex, replacement of Lhcb1.3 Thr-38 did not affect the formation of this supercomplex, nor did influence the amplitude or kinetics of PSII fluorescence quenching upon state 1-state 2 transition. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of Lhcb2 Thr-40 by STN7 alone accounts for ≈ 60% of PSII fluorescence quenching during state transitions. Instead, the presence of Thr-38 phosphosite in Lhcb1.3 was not required for the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex nor for re-equilibration of the plastoquinone redox state. The Lhcb2 phosphomutant was still capable of ≈ 40% residual fluorescence quenching, implying that a yet uncharacterized, STN7-dependent, component of state transitions, which is unrelated to Lhcb2 Thr-40 phosphorylation and to the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex, contributes to the equilibration of the PSI/PSII excitation pressure upon plastoquinone over-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via Della Lungara, 10, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Gao ZF, Yang X, Mei Y, Zhang J, Chao Q, Wang BC. A dynamic phosphoproteomic analysis provides insight into the C4 plant maize (Zea mays L.) response to natural diurnal changes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:291-307. [PMID: 36440987 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants need to respond to rapid changes in numerous environmental factors, mainly diurnal changes of light, temperature, and humidity. Maize is the world's most grown crop, and as a C4 plant it exhibits high photosynthesis capacity, reaching the highest rate of net photosynthesis at midday; that is, there is no "midday depression." Revealing the physiological responses to diurnal changes and underlying mechanisms will be of great significance for guiding maize improvement efforts. In this study, we collected maize leaf samples and analyzed the proteome and phosphoproteome at nine time points during a single day/night cycle, quantifying 7424 proteins and 5361 phosphosites. The new phosphosites identified in our study increased the total maize phosphoproteome coverage by 8.5%. Kinase-substrate network analysis indicated that 997 potential substrates were phosphorylated by 20 activated kinases. Through analysis of proteins with significant changes in abundance and phosphorylation, we found that the response to a heat stimulus involves a change in the abundance of numerous proteins. By contrast, the high light at noon and rapidly changing light conditions induced changes in the phosphorylation level of proteins involved in processes such as chloroplast movement, photosynthesis, and C4 pathways. Phosphorylation is involved in regulating the activity of large number of enzymes; for example, phosphorylation of S55 significantly enhanced the activity of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1 (ZmPEPCK1). Overall, the database of dynamic protein abundance and phosphorylation we have generated provides a resource for the improvement of C4 crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingchang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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Gerotto C, Trotta A, Bajwa AA, Morosinotto T, Aro EM. Role of serine/threonine protein kinase STN7 in the formation of two distinct photosystem I supercomplexes in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:698-713. [PMID: 35736511 PMCID: PMC9434285 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible thylakoid protein phosphorylation provides most flowering plants with dynamic acclimation to short-term changes in environmental light conditions. Here, through generating Serine/Threonine protein kinase 7 (STN7)-depleted mutants in the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), we identified phosphorylation targets of STN7 kinase and their roles in short- and long-term acclimation of the moss to changing light conditions. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses revealed STN7-dependent phosphorylation of N-terminal Thr in specific Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) trimer subunits (LHCBM2 and LHCBM4/8) and provided evidence that phospho-LHCBM accumulation is responsible for the assembly of two distinct Photosystem I (PSI) supercomplexes (SCs), both of which are largely absent in STN7-depleted mutants. Besides the canonical state transition complex (PSI-LHCI-LHCII), we isolated the larger moss-specific PSI-Large (PSI-LHCI-LHCB9-LHCII) from stroma-exposed thylakoids. Unlike PSI-LHCI-LHCII, PSI-Large did not demonstrate short-term dynamics for balancing the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI. Instead, PSI-Large contributed to a more stable increase in PSI antenna size in Physcomitrella, except under prolonged high irradiance. Additionally, the STN7-depleted mutants revealed altered light-dependent phosphorylation of a monomeric antenna protein, LHCB6, whose phosphorylation displayed a complex regulation by multiple kinases. Collectively, the unique phosphorylation plasticity and dynamics of Physcomitrella monomeric LHCB6 and trimeric LHCBM isoforms, together with the presence of PSI SCs with different antenna sizes and responsiveness to light changes, reflect the evolutionary position of mosses between green algae and vascular plants, yet with clear moss-specific features emphasizing their adaptation to terrestrial low-light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Azfar Ali Bajwa
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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Jonwal S, Verma N, Sinha AK. Regulation of photosynthetic light reaction proteins via reversible phosphorylation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111312. [PMID: 35696912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of photosynthesis occurs at different levels including the control of nuclear and plastid genes transcription, RNA processing and translation, protein translocation, assemblies and their post translational modifications. Out of all these, post translational modification enables rapid response of plants towards changing environmental conditions. Among all post-translational modifications, reversible phosphorylation is known to play a crucial role in the regulation of light reaction of photosynthesis. Although, phosphorylation of PS II subunits has been extensively studied but not much attention is given to other photosynthetic complexes such as PS I, Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase. Phosphorylation reaction is known to protect photosynthetic apparatus in challenging environment conditions such as high light, elevated temperature, high salinity and drought. Recent studies have explored the role of photosynthetic protein phosphorylation in conferring plant immunity against the rice blast disease. The evolution of phosphorylation of different subunits of photosynthetic proteins occurred along with the evolution of plant lineage for their better adaptation to the changing environment conditions. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the research field of phosphorylation of photosynthetic proteins and highlights the missing links that need immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Jonwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neetu Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Dissecting the Chloroplast Proteome of the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) and Its Comparison with the Tuber Amyloplast Proteome. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151915. [PMID: 35893618 PMCID: PMC9332351 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast, the energy organelle unique to plants and green algae, performs many functions, including photosynthesis and biosynthesis of metabolites. However, as the most critical tuber crop worldwide, the chloroplast proteome of potato (Solanum tuberosum) has not been explored. Here, we use Percoll density gradient centrifugation to isolate intact chloroplasts from leaves of potato cultivar E3 and establish a reference proteome map of potato chloroplast by bottom-up proteomics. A total of 1834 non-redundant proteins were identified in the chloroplast proteome, including 51 proteins encoded by the chloroplast genome. Extensive sequence-based localization prediction revealed over 62% of proteins to be chloroplast resident by at least one algorithm. Sixteen proteins were selected to evaluate the prediction result by transient fluorescence assay, which confirmed that 14 were distributed in distinct internal compartments of the chloroplast. In addition, we identified 136 phosphorylation sites in 61 proteins encoded by chloroplast proteome. Furthermore, we reconstruct the snapshots along starch metabolic pathways in the two different types of plastids by a comparative analysis between chloroplast and previously reported amyloplast proteomes. Altogether, our results establish a comprehensive proteome map with post-translationally modified sites of potato chloroplast, which would provide the theoretical principle for the research of the photosynthesis pathway and starch metabolism.
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Macromolecular conformational changes in photosystem II: interaction between structure and function. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:871-886. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Mazur R, Maszkowska J, Anielska-Mazur A, Garstka M, Polkowska-Kowalczyk L, Czajkowska A, Zmienko A, Dobrowolska G, Kulik A. The SnRK2.10 kinase mitigates the adverse effects of salinity by protecting photosynthetic machinery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2785-2802. [PMID: 34632500 PMCID: PMC8644180 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-Related protein kinases Type 2 (SnRK2) are plant-specific enzymes widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are key players controlling abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways in the plant response to osmotic stress. Here we established that SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, ABA-nonactivated kinases, are activated in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes during the early response to salt stress and contribute to leaf growth retardation under prolonged salinity but act by maintaining different salt-triggered mechanisms. Under salinity, snrk2.10 insertion mutants were impaired in the reconstruction and rearrangement of damaged core and antenna protein complexes in photosystem II (PSII), which led to stronger non-photochemical quenching, lower maximal quantum yield of PSII, and lower adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light intensity. The observed effects were likely caused by disturbed accumulation and phosphorylation status of the main PSII core and antenna proteins. Finally, we found a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the snrk2.10 mutant leaves under a few-day-long exposure to salinity which also could contribute to the stronger damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and cause other deleterious effects affecting plant growth. We found that the snrk2.4 mutant plants did not display substantial changes in photosynthesis. Overall, our results indicate that SnRK2.10 is activated in leaves shortly after plant exposure to salinity and contributes to salt stress tolerance by maintaining efficient photosynthesis and preventing oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Anielska-Mazur
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Polkowska-Kowalczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czajkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Longoni FP, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation in Chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1094-1107. [PMID: 33768241 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of their abundance and extensive phosphorylation, numerous thylakoid proteins stand out amongst the phosphoproteins of plants and algae. In particular, subunits of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and of photosystem II (PSII) are dynamically phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in response to light conditions and metabolic demands. These phosphorylations are controlled by evolutionarily conserved thylakoid protein kinases and counteracting protein phosphatases, which have distinct but partially overlapping substrate specificities. The best characterized are the kinases STATE TRANSITION 7 (STN7/STT7) and STATE TRANSITION 8 (STN8), and the antagonistic phosphatases PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1/THYLAKOID-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHATASE 38 (PPH1/TAP38) and PHOTOSYSTEM II CORE PHOSPHATASE (PBCP). The phosphorylation of LHCII is mainly governed by STN7 and PPH1/TAP38 in plants. LHCII phosphorylation is essential for state transitions, a regulatory feedback mechanism that controls the allocation of this antenna to either PSII or PSI, and thus maintains the redox balance of the electron transfer chain. Phosphorylation of several core subunits of PSII, regulated mainly by STN8 and PBCP, correlates with changes in thylakoid architecture, the repair cycle of PSII after photodamage as well as regulation of light harvesting and of alternative routes of photosynthetic electron transfer. Other kinases, such as the PLASTID CASEIN KINASE II (pCKII), also intervene in thylakoid protein phosphorylation and take part in the chloroplast kinase network. While some features of thylakoid phosphorylation were conserved through the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes, others have diverged in different lineages possibly as a result of their adaptation to varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Paolo Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Nishioka K, Kato Y, Ozawa SI, Takahashi Y, Sakamoto W. Phos-tag-based approach to study protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:107-124. [PMID: 33269435 PMCID: PMC7728655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental post-translational modification in all organisms. In photoautotrophic organisms, protein phosphorylation is essential for the fine-tuning of photosynthesis. The reversible phosphorylation of the photosystem II (PSII) core and the light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) contribute to the regulation of photosynthetic activities. Besides the phosphorylation of these major proteins, recent phosphoproteomic analyses have revealed that several proteins are phosphorylated in the thylakoid membrane. In this study, we utilized the Phos-tag technology for a comprehensive assessment of protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE enables the mobility shift of phosphorylated proteins compared with their non-phosphorylated isoform, thus differentiating phosphorylated proteins from their non-phosphorylated isoforms. We extrapolated this technique to two-dimensional (2D) SDS-PAGE for detecting protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid proteins were separated in the first dimension by conventional SDS-PAGE and in the second dimension by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. In addition to the isolation of major phosphorylated photosynthesis-related proteins, 2D Phos-tag SDS-PAGE enabled the detection of several minor phosphorylated proteins in the thylakoid membrane. The analysis of the thylakoid kinase mutants demonstrated that light-dependent protein phosphorylation was mainly restricted to the phosphorylation of the PSII core and LHCII proteins. Furthermore, we assessed the phosphorylation states of the structural domains of the thylakoid membrane, grana core, grana margin, and stroma lamella. Overall, these results demonstrated that Phos-tag SDS-PAGE is a useful biochemical tool for studying in vivo protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishioka
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ozawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
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Specific thylakoid protein phosphorylations are prerequisites for overwintering of Norway spruce ( Picea abies) photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17499-17509. [PMID: 32690715 PMCID: PMC7395503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coping of evergreen conifers in boreal forests with freezing temperatures on bright winter days puts the photosynthetic machinery in great risk of oxidative damage. To survive harsh winter conditions, conifers have evolved a unique but poorly characterized photoprotection mechanism, a sustained form of nonphotochemical quenching (sustained NPQ). Here we focused on functional properties and underlying molecular mechanisms related to the development of sustained NPQ in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Data were collected during 4 consecutive years (2016 to 2019) from trees growing in sun and shade habitats. When day temperatures dropped below -4 °C, the specific N-terminally triply phosphorylated LHCB1 isoform (3p-LHCII) and phosphorylated PSBS (p-PSBS) could be detected in the thylakoid membrane. Development of sustained NPQ coincided with the highest level of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS, occurring after prolonged coincidence of bright winter days and temperatures close to -10 °C. Artificial induction of both the sustained NPQ and recovery from naturally induced sustained NPQ provided information on differential dynamics and light-dependence of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS accumulation as prerequisites for sustained NPQ. Data obtained collectively suggest three components related to sustained NPQ in spruce: 1) Freezing temperatures induce 3p-LHCII accumulation independently of light, which is suggested to initiate destacking of appressed thylakoid membranes due to increased electrostatic repulsion of adjacent membranes; 2) p-PSBS accumulation is both light- and temperature-dependent and closely linked to the initiation of sustained NPQ, which 3) in concert with PSII photoinhibition, is suggested to trigger sustained NPQ in spruce.
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Na 2CO 3-responsive Photosynthetic and ROS Scavenging Mechanisms in Chloroplasts of Alkaligrass Revealed by Phosphoproteomics. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:271-288. [PMID: 32683046 PMCID: PMC7801222 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkali-salinity exerts severe osmotic, ionic, and high-pH stresses to plants. To understand the alkali-salinity responsive mechanisms underlying photosynthetic modulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, physiological and diverse quantitative proteomics analyses of alkaligrass (Puccinellia tenuiflora) under Na2CO3 stress were conducted. In addition, Western blot, real-time PCR, and transgenic techniques were applied to validate the proteomic results and test the functions of the Na2CO3-responsive proteins. A total of 104 and 102 Na2CO3-responsive proteins were identified in leaves and chloroplasts, respectively. In addition, 84 Na2CO3-responsive phosphoproteins were identified, including 56 new phosphorylation sites in 56 phosphoproteins from chloroplasts, which are crucial for the regulation of photosynthesis, ion transport, signal transduction, and energy homeostasis. A full-length PtFBA encoding an alkaligrass chloroplastic fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) was overexpressed in wild-type cells of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803, leading to enhanced Na2CO3 tolerance. All these results indicate that thermal dissipation, state transition, cyclic electron transport, photorespiration, repair of photosystem (PS) II, PSI activity, and ROS homeostasis were altered in response to Na2CO3 stress, which help to improve our understanding of the Na2CO3-responsive mechanisms in halophytes.
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Grieco M, Roustan V, Dermendjiev G, Rantala S, Jain A, Leonardelli M, Neumann K, Berger V, Engelmeier D, Bachmann G, Ebersberger I, Aro E, Weckwerth W, Teige M. Adjustment of photosynthetic activity to drought and fluctuating light in wheat. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1484-1500. [PMID: 32176335 PMCID: PMC7384038 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major cause of losses in crop yield. Under field conditions, plants exposed to drought are usually also experiencing rapid changes in light intensity. Accordingly, plants need to acclimate to both, drought and light stress. Two crucial mechanisms in plant acclimation to changes in light conditions comprise thylakoid protein phosphorylation and dissipation of light energy as heat by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Here, we analyzed the acclimation efficacy of two different wheat varieties, by applying fluctuating light for analysis of plants, which had been subjected to a slowly developing drought stress as it usually occurs in the field. This novel approach allowed us to distinguish four drought phases, which are critical for grain yield, and to discover acclimatory responses which are independent of photodamage. In short-term, under fluctuating light, the slowdown of NPQ relaxation adjusts the photosynthetic activity to the reduced metabolic capacity. In long-term, the photosynthetic machinery acquires a drought-specific configuration by changing the PSII-LHCII phosphorylation pattern together with protein stoichiometry. Therefore, the fine-tuning of NPQ relaxation and PSII-LHCII phosphorylation pattern represent promising traits for future crop breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Grieco
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)SeelandGermany
| | - Valentin Roustan
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Sanna Rantala
- Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Arpit Jain
- Applied Bioinformatics GroupInstitute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe‐University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Kerstin Neumann
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)SeelandGermany
| | - Vitus Berger
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Doris Engelmeier
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gert Bachmann
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Applied Bioinformatics GroupInstitute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe‐University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (S‐BIK‐F)FrankfurtGermany
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity GenomicsFrankfurtGermany
| | - Eva‐Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME)University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Markus Teige
- Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry & Cell BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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Cutolo E, Parvin N, Ruge H, Pirayesh N, Roustan V, Weckwerth W, Teige M, Grieco M, Larosa V, Vothknecht UC. The High Light Response in Arabidopsis Requires the Calcium Sensor Protein CAS, a Target of STN7- and STN8-Mediated Phosphorylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:974. [PMID: 31417591 PMCID: PMC6682602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins contributes to photoacclimation responses in photosynthetic organisms, enabling the fine-tuning of light harvesting under changing light conditions and promoting the onset of photoprotective processes. However, the precise functional role of many of the described phosphorylation events on thylakoid proteins remains elusive. The calcium sensor receptor protein (CAS) has previously been indicated as one of the targets of the state transition kinase 8 (STN8). Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, CAS is also phosphorylated by the state transition kinase 7 (STN7), as well as by another, so-far unknown, Ca2+-dependent kinase. Phosphoproteomics analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays on CAS variants identified the phylogenetically conserved residues Thr-376, Ser-378, and Thr-380 as the major phosphorylation sites of the STN kinases. Spectroscopic analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 77K further showed that, while the cas mutant is not affected in state transition, it displays a persistent strong excitation of PSI under high light exposure, similar to the phenotype previously observed in other mutants defective in photoacclimation mechanisms. Together with the observation of a strong concomitant phosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) and photosynthetic core proteins under high irradiance in the cas mutant this suggests a role for CAS in the STN7/STN8/TAP38 network of phosphorylation-mediated photoacclimation processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cutolo
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nargis Parvin
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Ruge
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niloufar Pirayesh
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Roustan
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Grieco
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Veronique Larosa
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Quantitative Phosphoproteomic and Physiological Analyses Provide Insights into the Formation of the Variegated Leaf in Catalpa fargesii. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081895. [PMID: 30999580 PMCID: PMC6514904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegated plants are valuable materials for investigating leaf color regulated mechanisms. To unveil the role of posttranslational modification in the variegated phenotype, we conducted global quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis on different leaf color sectors of Maiyuanjinqiu and the corresponding of Catalpa fargesii using Ti4+-IMAC phosphopeptide enrichment. A total of 3778 phosphorylated sites assigned to 1646 phosphoproteins were identified, and 3221 in 1434 proteins were quantified. Differential phosphoproteins (above 1.5 or below 1/1.5) in various leaf color sectors were selected for functional enrichment analyses. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment revealed that processes of photosynthesis, regulation of the generation of precursor metabolites, response to stress, homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, transport–related processes, and most of the energy metabolisms might contribute to leaf color. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed based on differential phosphoproteins (DPs) in different organelles. The result showed that most enriched pathways were located in the chloroplasts and cytosol. The phosphorylation levels of glycometabolism enzymes might greatly affect leaf variegation. Measurements of fluorescence parameters and enzyme activities confirmed that protein phosphorylation could affect plant physiology by regulating enzyme activity. These results provide new clues for further study the formation mechanisms of naturally variegated phenotype.
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Kato Y, Sakamoto W. Phosphorylation of the Chloroplastic Metalloprotease FtsH in Arabidopsis Characterized by Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1080. [PMID: 31552075 PMCID: PMC6747001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
FtsH is an essential ATP-dependent metalloprotease for protein quality control in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. It is required for chloroplast development during leaf growth, and particularly for the specific degradation of photo-damaged D1 protein in the photosystem II (PSII) complex to maintain photosynthesis activity. In the thylakoid membrane, the reversible phosphorylation of proteins is known to control the activity and remodeling of photosynthetic complexes, and previous studies implicate that FtsH is also phosphorylated. We therefore assessed the phosphorylation status of FtsH and its possible role in the regulatory mechanism in this study. The phosphorylation level of FtsHs that compose the FtsH heterohexameric complex was investigated by phosphate-affinity gel electrophoresis using a Phos-Tag molecule. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE of thylakoid proteins and subsequent immunoblot analysis showed that both type A (FtsH1/5) and type B (FtsH2/8) subunits were separable into phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms. Neither different light conditions nor the lack of two major thylakoid kinases, STN7 and STN8, resulted in any clear difference in FtsH phosphorylation, suggesting that this process is independent of the light-dependent regulation of photosynthesis-related proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis of putatively phosphorylated Ser or Thr residues into Ala demonstrated that Ser-212 may play a role in FtsH stability in the thylakoid membranes. Different phosphorylation status of FtsH oligomers analyzed by two-dimensional clear-native/Phos-tag SDS-PAGE implied that phosphorylation partially affects FtsH complex formation or its stability.
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Pawłowicz I, Waśkiewicz A, Perlikowski D, Rapacz M, Ratajczak D, Kosmala A. Remodeling of chloroplast proteome under salinity affects salt tolerance of Festuca arundinacea. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:475-492. [PMID: 29881986 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus to variable environmental conditions is an important component of tolerance to dehydration stresses, including salinity. The present study deals with the research on alterations in chloroplast proteome of the forage grasses. Based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, two genotypes of a model grass species-Festuca arundinacea with distinct levels of salinity tolerance: low salt tolerant (LST) and high salt tolerant (HST), were selected. Next, two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were applied under both control and salt stress conditions to identify proteins accumulated differentially between these two genotypes. The physiological analysis revealed that under NaCl treatment the studied plants differed in photosystem II activity, water content, and ion accumulation. The differentially accumulated proteins included ATPase B, ATP synthase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large and small subunits, cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins (OEE), OEE1 and OEE2, plastidic fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (pFBA), and lipocalin. A higher level of lipocalin, potentially involved in prevention of lipid peroxidation under stress, was also observed in the HST genotype. Our physiological and proteomic results performed for the first time on the species of forage grasses clearly showed that chloroplast metabolism adjustment could be a crucial factor in developing salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Pawłowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rapacz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Podluzna 3, 30-239, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Ratajczak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
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Li L, Aro EM, Millar AH. Mechanisms of Photodamage and Protein Turnover in Photoinhibition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:667-676. [PMID: 29887276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid protein degradation and replacement is an important response to photodamage and a means of photoprotection by recovering proteostasis. Protein turnover and translation efficiency studies have discovered fast turnover subunits in cytochrome b6f and the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, in addition to PSII subunit D1. Mutations of these complexes have been linked to enhanced photodamage at least partially via cyclic electron flow. Photodamage and photoprotection involving cytochrome b6f, NDH complex, cyclic electron flow, PSI, and nonphotochemical quenching proteins have been reported. Here, we propose that the rapid turnover of specific proteins in cytochrome b6f and the NDH complex need to be characterised and compared with the inhibition of PSII by excess excitation energy and PSI by excess electron flux to expand our understanding of photoinhibition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology of Primary Producers, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia.
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White-Gloria C, Johnson JJ, Marritt K, Kataya A, Vahab A, Moorhead GB. Protein Kinases and Phosphatases of the Plastid and Their Potential Role in Starch Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1032. [PMID: 30065742 PMCID: PMC6056723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospho-proteomic studies have confirmed that phosphorylation is a common mechanism to regulate protein function in the chloroplast, including the enzymes of starch metabolism. In addition to the photosynthetic machinery protein kinases (STN7 and STN8) and their cognate protein phosphatases PPH1 (TAP38) and PBCP, multiple other protein kinases and phosphatases have now been localized to the chloroplast. Here, we build a framework for understanding protein kinases and phosphatases, their regulation, and potential roles in starch metabolism. We also catalog mapped phosphorylation sites on proteins of chloroplast starch metabolism to illustrate the potential and mostly unknown roles of protein phosphorylation in the regulation of starch biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris White-Gloria
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jayde J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kayla Marritt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amr Kataya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ahmad Vahab
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Greg B. Moorhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Greg B. Moorhead,
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Chen YE, Su YQ, Mao HT, Wu N, Zhu F, Yuan M, Zhang ZW, Liu WJ, Yuan S. Terrestrial Plants Evolve Highly Assembled Photosystem Complexes in Adaptation to Light Shifts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1811. [PMID: 30619393 PMCID: PMC6306036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that PSI and PSII supercomplexes are involved in the linear and cyclic electron transfer, dynamics of light capture, and the repair cycle of PSII under environmental stresses. However, evolutions of photosystem (PS) complexes from evolutionarily divergent species are largely unknown. Here, we improved the blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) separation method and successfully separated PS complexes from all terrestrial plants. It is well known that reversible D1 protein phosphorylation is an important protective mechanism against oxidative damages to chloroplasts through the PSII photoinhibition-repair cycle. The results indicate that antibody-detectable phosphorylation of D1 protein is the latest event in the evolution of PS protein phosphorylation and occurs exclusively in seed plants. Compared to angiosperms, other terrestrial plant species presented much lower contents of PS supercomplexes. The amount of light-harvesting complexes II (LHCII) trimers was higher than that of LHCII monomers in angiosperms, whereas it was opposite in gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and bryophytes. LHCII assembly may be one of the evolutionary characteristics of vascular plants. In vivo chloroplast fluorescence measurements indicated that lower plants (bryophytes especially) showed slower changes in state transition and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in response to light shifts. Therefore, the evolution of PS supercomplexes may be correlated with their acclimations to environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Tian Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Yuan,
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Macrander JC, Dimond JL, Bingham BL, Reitzel AM. Transcriptome sequencing and characterization of Symbiodinium muscatinei and Elliptochloris marina, symbionts found within the aggregating sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Mar Genomics 2017; 37:82-91. [PMID: 28888836 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature using transcriptomic data to study how tropical cnidarians and their photosynthetic endosymbionts respond to environmental stressors and participate in metabolic exchange. Despite these efforts, our understanding of how essential genes function to facilitate symbiosis establishment and maintenance remains limited. The inclusion of taxonomically and ecologically diverse endosymbionts will enhance our understanding of these interactions. Here we characterize the transcriptomes of two very different symbionts found within the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima: the chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei. We use a multi-level approach to assess the diversity of genes found across S. muscatinei and E. marina transcriptomes, and compare their overall protein domains with other dinoflagellates and chlorophytes. Our analysis identified several genes that are potentially involved in mitigating stress response (e.g., heat shock proteins pathways for mediating reactive oxygen species) and metabolic exchange (e.g., ion transporters). Finally, we show that S. muscatinei and other Symbiodinium strains are equipped with a high salt peridinin-chl-protein (HSPCP) gene previously identified only in free-living dinoflagellates. The addition of these transcriptomes to the cnidarian-symbiont molecular toolkit will aid in understanding how these vitally important symbiotic relationships are established and maintained across a variety of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Macrander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - James L Dimond
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA
| | - Brian L Bingham
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Adam M Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Schönberg A, Rödiger A, Mehwald W, Galonska J, Christ G, Helm S, Thieme D, Majovsky P, Hoehenwarter W, Baginsky S. Identification of STN7/STN8 kinase targets reveals connections between electron transport, metabolism and gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1176-1186. [PMID: 28295753 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid-associated kinases STN7 and STN8 are involved in short- and long-term acclimation of photosynthetic electron transport to changing light conditions. Here we report the identification of STN7/STN8 in vivo targets that connect photosynthetic electron transport with metabolism and gene expression. Comparative phosphoproteomics with the stn7 and stn8 single and double mutants identified two proteases, one RNA-binding protein, a ribosomal protein, the large subunit of Rubisco and a ferredoxin-NADP reductase as targets for the thylakoid-associated kinases. Phosphorylation of three of the above proteins can be partially complemented by STN8 in the stn7 single mutant, albeit at lower efficiency, while phosphorylation of the remaining three proteins strictly depends on STN7. The properties of the STN7-dependent phosphorylation site are similar to those of phosphorylated light-harvesting complex proteins entailing glycine or another small hydrophobic amino acid in the -1 position. Our analysis uncovers the STN7/STN8 kinases as mediators between photosynthetic electron transport, its immediate downstream sinks and long-term adaptation processes affecting metabolite accumulation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schönberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Rödiger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wiebke Mehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johann Galonska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gideon Christ
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Domenika Thieme
- Proteomeanalytik, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Proteomeanalytik, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Sacha Baginsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Sjuts I, Soll J, Bölter B. Import of Soluble Proteins into Chloroplasts and Potential Regulatory Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:168. [PMID: 28228773 PMCID: PMC5296341 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event in which a free-living cyanobacterium was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic host. During evolution the majority of the chloroplast genetic information was transferred to the host cell nucleus. As a consequence, proteins formerly encoded by the chloroplast genome are now translated in the cytosol and must be subsequently imported into the chloroplast. This process involves three steps: (i) cytosolic sorting procedures, (ii) binding to the designated receptor-equipped target organelle and (iii) the consecutive translocation process. During import, proteins have to overcome the two barriers of the chloroplast envelope, namely the outer envelope membrane (OEM) and the inner envelope membrane (IEM). In the majority of cases, this is facilitated by two distinct multiprotein complexes, located in the OEM and IEM, respectively, designated TOC and TIC. Plants are constantly exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions such as temperature and light and must therefore regulate protein composition within the chloroplast to ensure optimal functioning of elementary processes such as photosynthesis. In this review we will discuss the recent models of each individual import stage with regard to short-term strategies that plants might use to potentially acclimate to changes in their environmental conditions and preserve the chloroplast protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Sjuts
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunich, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Bölter,
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