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Yung WS, Huang C, Li MW, Lam HM. Changes in epigenetic features in legumes under abiotic stresses. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20237. [PMID: 35730915 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume crops are rich in nutritional value for human and livestock consumption. With global climate change, developing stress-resilient crops is crucial for ensuring global food security. Because of their nitrogen-fixing ability, legumes are also important for sustainable agriculture. Various abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought, and elevated temperatures, are known to adversely affect legume production. The responses of plants to abiotic stresses involve complicated cellular processes including stress hormone signaling, metabolic adjustments, and transcriptional regulations. Epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in regulating gene expressions at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of epigenetic regulations of abiotic stress responses in legumes, and recent investigations have extended the scope to the epigenomic level using next-generation sequencing technologies. In this review, the current knowledge on the involvement of epigenetic features, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs, in abiotic stress responses in legumes is summarized and discussed. Since most of the available information focuses on a single aspect of these epigenetic features, integrative analyses involving omics data in multiple layers are needed for a better understanding of the dynamic chromatin statuses and their roles in transcriptional regulation. The inheritability of epigenetic modifications should also be assessed in future studies for their applications in improving stress tolerance in legumes through the stable epigenetic optimization of gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Shing Yung
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural Univ., Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Man-Wah Li
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Kumar M, Rani K. Epigenomics in stress tolerance of plants under the climate change. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08539-6. [PMID: 37294468 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change has had a tremendous impact on the environment in general as well as agricultural crops grown in these situations as time passed. Agricultural production of crops is less suited and of lower quality due to disturbances in plant metabolism brought on by sensitivity to environmental stresses, which are brought on by climate change. Abiotic stressors that are specific to climate change, including as drought, extremes in temperature, increasing CO2, waterlogging from heavy rain, metal toxicity, and pH changes, are known to negatively affect an array of species. Plants adapt to these challenges by undergoing genome-wide epigenetic changes, which are frequently accompanied by differences in transcriptional gene expression. The sum of a cell's biochemical modifications to its nuclear DNA, post-translational modifications to histones, and variations in the synthesis of non-coding RNAs is called an epigenome. These modifications frequently lead to variations in gene expression that occur without any alteration in the underlying base sequence. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND MARKS The methylation of homologous loci by three different modifications-genomic (DNA methylation), chromatin (histone modifications), and RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)-could be regarded as epigenetic mechanisms that control the regulation of differential gene expression. Stresses from the environment cause chromatin remodelling, which enables plant cells to adjust their expression patterns temporarily or permanently. EPIGENOMICS' CONSEQUENCES FOR GENOME STABILITY AND GENE EXPRESSION: DNA methylation affects gene expression in response to abiotic stressors by blocking or suppressing transcription. Environmental stimuli cause changes in DNA methylation levels, either upward in the case of hypermethylation or downward in the case of hypomethylation. The type of stress response that occurs as a result also affects the degree of DNA methylation alterations. Stress is also influenced by DRM2 and CMT3 methylating CNN, CNG, and CG. Both plant development and stress reactions depend on histone changes. Gene up-regulation is associated with histone tail phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation, while gene down-regulation is associated with de-acetylation and biotinylation. Plants undergo a variety of dynamic changes to histone tails in response to abiotic stressors. The relevance of these transcripts against stress is highlighted by the accumulation of numerous additional antisense transcripts, a source of siRNAs, caused by abiotic stresses. The study highlights the finding that plants can be protected from a range of abiotic stresses by epigenetic mechanisms such DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-directed DNA methylation. TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND SOURCES OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION: Stress results in the formation of epialleles, which are either transient or enduring epigenetic stress memory in plants. After the stress is gone, the stable memory is kept for the duration of the plant's remaining developmental cycles or passed on to the next generations, leading to plant evolution and adaptability. The bulk of epigenetic changes brought on by stress are temporary and return to normal after the stress has passed. Some of the modifications, however, might be long-lasting and transmitted across mitotic or even meiotic cell divisions. Epialleles often have genetic or non-genetic causes. Epialleles can arise spontaneously due to improper methylation state maintenance, short RNA off-target effects, or other non-genetic causes. Developmental or environmental variables that influence the stability of epigenetic states or direct chromatin modifications may also be non-genetic drivers of epigenetic variation. Transposon insertions that change local chromatin and structural rearrangements, such copy number changes that are genetically related or unrelated, are two genetic sources of epialleles. EPIGENOMICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT To include epigenetics into crop breeding, it is necessary to create epigenetic variation as well as to identify and evaluate epialleles. Epigenome editing or epi-genomic selection may be required for epiallele creation and identification. In order to combat the challenges given by changing environments, these epigenetic mechanisms have generated novel epialleles that can be exploited to develop new crop types that are more climate-resilient. Numerous techniques can be used to alter the epigenome generally or at specific target loci in order to induce the epigenetic alterations necessary for crop development. Technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas, which have recently advanced, have opened up new avenues for the study of epigenetics. Epialleles could be employed in epigenomics-assisted breeding in addition to sequence-based markers for crop breeding. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS A few of the exciting questions that still need to be resolved in the area of heritable epigenetic variation include a better understanding of the epigenetic foundation of characteristics, the stability and heritability of epialleles, and the sources of epigenetic variation in crops. Investigating long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) as an epigenetic process might open up a new path to understanding crop plant's ability to withstand abiotic stress. For many of these technologies and approaches to be more applicable and deployable at a lower cost, technological breakthroughs will also be necessary. Breeders will probably need to pay closer attention to crop epialleles and how they can affect future responses to climate changes. The development of epialleles suitable for particular environmental circumstances may be made possible by creating targeted epigenetic changes in pertinent genes and by comprehending the molecular underpinnings of trans generational epigenetic inheritance. More research on a wider variety of plant species is required in order to fully comprehend the mechanisms that produce and stabilise epigenetic variation in crops. In addition to a collaborative and multidisciplinary effort by researchers in many fields of plant science, this will require a greater integration of the epigenomic data gathered in many crops. Before it may be applied generally, more study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Kumar
- AICRN On Potential Crops, ARS Mandor, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 342 304, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Kirti Rani
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Regional Station, Jodhpur, 342 003, Rajasthan, India
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Identification of the NAC Transcription Factors and Their Function in ABA and Salinity Response in Nelumbo nucifera. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012394. [PMID: 36293250 PMCID: PMC9604248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is an important perennial aquatic herb that has high ornamental, edible, medicinal, and economic value, being widely distributed and used in China. The NAC superfamily (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) plays critical roles in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Though there have been a few reports about NAC genes in lotus, systematic analysis is still relatively lacking. The present study aimed to characterize all the NAC genes in the lotus and obtain better insights on the NnNACs in response to salt stress by depending on ABA signaling. Here, 97 NAC genes were identified by searching the whole lotus genome based on the raw HMM models of the conserved NAM domain and NAC domain. They were characterized by bioinformatics analysis and divided into 18 subgroups based on the phylogenetic tree. Cis-element analysis demonstrated that NAC genes are responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses, light, low temperature, and plant hormones. Meanwhile, NAC genes had tissue expression specificity. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that NAC genes could be upregulated or downregulated by NaCl treatment, ABA, and fluoridone. In addition, NAC016, NAC025, and NAC070, whose encoding genes were significantly induced by NaCl and ABA, were located in the nucleus. Further analysis showed the three NAC proteins had transcriptional activation capabilities. The co-expression network analysis reflected that NAC proteins may form complexes with other proteins to play a role together. Our study provides a theoretical basis for further research to be conducted on the regulatory mechanisms of salinity resistance in the lotus.
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Liu J, Cheng F. Non-coding RNAs fine-tune the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:965745. [PMID: 36311129 PMCID: PMC9597485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.965745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To survive in adverse environmental conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to balance their growth and abiotic stress tolerance. An increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including small RNAs (sRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as essential regulators which enable plants to coordinate multiple aspects of growth and responses to environmental stresses through modulating the expression of target genes at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding ncRNAs-mediated prioritization towards plant growth or tolerance to abiotic stresses, especially to cold, heat, drought and salt stresses. We highlight the diverse roles of evolutionally conserved microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and the underlying phytohormone-based signaling crosstalk in regulating the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. We also review current discoveries regarding the potential roles of ncRNAs in stress memory in plants, which offer their descendants the potential for better fitness. Future ncRNAs-based breeding strategies are proposed to optimize the balance between growth and stress tolerance to maximize crop yield under the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Chandana BS, Mahto RK, Singh RK, Ford R, Vaghefi N, Gupta SK, Yadav HK, Manohar M, Kumar R. Epigenomics as Potential Tools for Enhancing Magnitude of Breeding Approaches for Developing Climate Resilient Chickpea. Front Genet 2022; 13:900253. [PMID: 35937986 PMCID: PMC9355295 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.900253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenomics has become a significant research interest at a time when rapid environmental changes are occurring. Epigenetic mechanisms mainly result from systems like DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference. Epigenetic mechanisms are gaining importance in classical genetics, developmental biology, molecular biology, cancer biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Epigenetic mechanisms play important role in the action and interaction of plant genes during development, and also have an impact on classical plant breeding programs, inclusive of novel variation, single plant heritability, hybrid vigor, plant-environment interactions, stress tolerance, and performance stability. The epigenetics and epigenomics may be significant for crop adaptability and pliability to ambient alterations, directing to the creation of stout climate-resilient elegant crop cultivars. In this review, we have summarized recent progress made in understanding the epigenetic mechanisms in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have also tried to provide the ways for the efficient utilization of epigenomic mechanisms in developing climate-resilient crop cultivars, especially in chickpea, and other legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Chandana
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rebecca Ford
- Center for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Rajendra Kumar,
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Mishra S, Sahu G, Shaw BP. Integrative small RNA and transcriptome analysis provides insight into key role of miR408 towards drought tolerance response in cowpea. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:75-94. [PMID: 34570259 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress response studies and overexpression of vun-miR408 proved it to be essential for abiotic stress tolerance in cowpea. Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing of an elite high-yielding drought-tolerant Indian cowpea cultivar, Pusa Komal revealed a differential expression of 198 highly conserved, 21 legume-specific, 14 less-conserved, and 10 novel drought-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) along with 3391 (up-regulated) and 3799 (down-regulated) genes, respectively, in the leaf and root libraries. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, vun-miR408-3p, showed an up-regulation of 3.53-log2-fold change under drought stress. Furthermore, laccase 12 (LAC 12) was identified as the potential target of vun-miR408-3p using 5' RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The stable transgenic cowpea lines overexpressing artificial vun-miR408-3p (OX-amiR408) displayed enhanced drought and salinity tolerance as compared to the wild-type plants. An average increase of 30.17% in chlorophyll, 26.57% in proline, and 27.62% in relative water content along with lesser cellular H2O2 level was observed in the transgenic lines in comparison with the wild-type plants under drought stress. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopic study revealed a decrease in the stomatal aperture and an increase in the trichome density in the transgenic lines. The expression levels of laccase 3 and laccase 12, the potential targets of miR408, related to lipid catabolic processes showed a significant reduction in the wild-type plants under drought stress and the transgenic lines, indicating the regulation of lignin content as a plausibly essential trait related to the drought tolerance in cowpea. Taken together, this study primarily focused on identification of drought-responsive miRNAs and genes in cowpea, and functional validation of role of miR408 towards drought stress response in cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Gyanasri Sahu
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Birendra Prasad Shaw
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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Sanan-Mishra N, Abdul Kader Jailani A, Mandal B, Mukherjee SK. Secondary siRNAs in Plants: Biosynthesis, Various Functions, and Applications in Virology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:610283. [PMID: 33737942 PMCID: PMC7960677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.610283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The major components of RNA silencing include both transitive and systemic small RNAs, which are technically called secondary sRNAs. Double-stranded RNAs trigger systemic silencing pathways to negatively regulate gene expression. The secondary siRNAs generated as a result of transitive silencing also play a substantial role in gene silencing especially in antiviral defense. In this review, we first describe the discovery and pathways of transitivity with emphasis on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases followed by description on the short range and systemic spread of silencing. We also provide an in-depth view on the various size classes of secondary siRNAs and their different roles in RNA silencing including their categorization based on their biogenesis. The other regulatory roles of secondary siRNAs in transgene silencing, virus-induced gene silencing, transitivity, and trans-species transfer have also been detailed. The possible implications and applications of systemic silencing and the different gene silencing tools developed are also described. The details on mobility and roles of secondary siRNAs derived from viral genome in plant defense against the respective viruses are presented. This entails the description of other compatible plant-virus interactions and the corresponding small RNAs that determine recovery from disease symptoms, exclusion of viruses from shoot meristems, and natural resistance. The last section presents an overview on the usefulness of RNA silencing for management of viral infections in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K. Mukherjee
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil K. Mukherjee,
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Liu Y, Teng C, Xia R, Meyers BC. PhasiRNAs in Plants: Their Biogenesis, Genic Sources, and Roles in Stress Responses, Development, and Reproduction. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3059-3080. [PMID: 32817252 PMCID: PMC7534485 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) constitute a major category of small RNAs in plants, but most of their functions are still poorly defined. Some phasiRNAs, known as trans-acting siRNAs, are known to target complementary mRNAs for degradation and to function in development. However, the targets or biological roles of other phasiRNAs remain speculative. New insights into phasiRNA biogenesis, their conservation, and their variation across the flowering plants continue to emerge due to the increased availability of plant genomic sequences, deeper and more sophisticated sequencing approaches, and improvements in computational biology and biochemical/molecular/genetic analyses. In this review, we survey recent progress in phasiRNA biology, with a particular focus on two classes associated with male reproduction: 21-nucleotide (accumulate early in anther ontogeny) and 24-nucloetide (produced in somatic cells during meiosis) phasiRNAs. We describe phasiRNA biogenesis, function, and evolution and define the unanswered questions that represent topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Teng
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Blake C Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Wu X, Fan Y, Li L, Liu Y. The influence of soil drought stress on the leaf transcriptome of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:381. [PMID: 32802723 PMCID: PMC7413945 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water deficit has a significant impact on growth, development and yield of fava bean (Vicia fava L.) in arid and semi-arid climates. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the Qinghai 13 genotype under soil drought through leaf transcriptome analysis. A total of 256.95 M clean reads were obtained and assembled into 176334 unigenes, with an average length of 766 bp. A total of 9126 (4439 upregulated and 4687 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in faba bean leaves under soil drought. In total, 324 putative transcription factors were identified and classified as belonging to different transcription factor families. According to GO and KEGG analysis, the soil drought stress-inducible DEGs encoded proteins mainly involved in regulating photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, detoxification, autophagy and other functions. In addition, a large portion of DEGs appeared to be novel because they could not be annotated in any functional databases, therefore, suggesting a specific response to soil drought in faba bean. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was validated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. This work provides comprehensive and valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms which faba bean uses to respond to soil drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Ningda Road No. 251, Xining, 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Youcun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Ningda Road No. 251, Xining, 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Lanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Ningda Road No. 251, Xining, 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Ningda Road No. 251, Xining, 810016 Qinghai China
- Qinghai Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Xining, 810016 Qinghai China
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10
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Varotto S, Tani E, Abraham E, Krugman T, Kapazoglou A, Melzer R, Radanović A, Miladinović D. Epigenetics: possible applications in climate-smart crop breeding. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5223-5236. [PMID: 32279074 PMCID: PMC7475248 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To better adapt transiently or lastingly to stimuli from the surrounding environment, the chromatin states in plant cells vary to allow the cells to fine-tune their transcriptional profiles. Modifications of chromatin states involve a wide range of post-transcriptional histone modifications, histone variants, DNA methylation, and activity of non-coding RNAs, which can epigenetically determine specific transcriptional outputs. Recent advances in the area of '-omics' of major crops have facilitated identification of epigenetic marks and their effect on plant response to environmental stresses. As most epigenetic mechanisms are known from studies in model plants, we summarize in this review recent epigenetic studies that may be important for improvement of crop adaptation and resilience to environmental changes, ultimately leading to the generation of stable climate-smart crops. This has paved the way for exploitation of epigenetic variation in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and the Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleni Tani
- Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Abraham
- Laboratory of Range Science, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aliki Kapazoglou
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Department of Vitis, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Lykovrysi, Greece
| | - Rainer Melzer
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Luan W, Dai Y, Li XY, Wang Y, Tao X, Li CX, Mao P, Ma XR. Identification of tRFs and phasiRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their responses to exogenous abscisic acid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:320. [PMID: 32635887 PMCID: PMC7339384 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-coding small RNA tRFs (tRNA-derived fragments) and phasiRNAs (plant-specific) exert important roles in plant growth, development and stress resistances. However, whether the tRFs and phasiRNAs respond to the plant important stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) remain enigma. RESULTS Here, the RNA-sequencing was implemented to decipher the landscape of tRFs and phasiRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves and their responses when foliar spraying exogenous ABA after 24 h. In total, 733 tRFs and 137 phasiRNAs were detected. The tRFs were mainly derived from the tRNAAla transporting alanine, which tended to be cleaved at the 5'terminal guanine site and D loop uracil site to produce tRFAla with length of 20 nt. Most of phasiRNAs originated from NBS-LRR resistance genes. Expression analysis revealed that 156 tRFs and 68 phasiRNAs expressed differentially, respectively. Generally, exogenous ABA mainly inhibited the expression of tRFs and phasiRNAs. Furthermore, integrating analysis of target gene prediction and transcriptome data presented that ABA significantly downregulated the abundance of phsaiRNAs associated with biological and abiotic resistances. Correspondingly, their target genes such as AP2/ERF, WRKY and NBS-LRR, STK and RLK, were mainly up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Combined with the previous analysis of ABA-response miRNAs, it was speculated that ABA can improve the plant resistances to various stresses by regulating the expression and interaction of small RNAs (such as miRNAs, tRFs, phasiRNAs) and their target genes. This study enriches the plant tRFs and phasiRNAs, providing a vital basis for further investigating ABA response-tRFs and phasiRNAs and their functions in biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Mao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rong Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Tang W, Thompson WA. OsmiR528 Enhances Cold Stress Tolerance by Repressing Expression of Stress Response-related Transcription Factor Genes in Plant Cells. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:100-114. [PMID: 31555061 PMCID: PMC6728904 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190129145439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs participate in many molecular mechanisms and signaling trans-duction pathways that are associated with plant stress tolerance by repressing expression of their target genes. However, how microRNAs enhance tolerance to low temperature stress in plant cells remains elusive. Objective: In this investigation, we demonstrated that overexpression of the rice microRNA528 (Os-miR528) increases cell viability, growth rate, antioxidants content, ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activi-ty, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreases ion leakage rate and thiobarbituric acid reac-tive substances (TBARS) under low temperature stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), pine (Pi-nus elliottii), and rice (Oryza sativa). Methods: To investigate the potential mechanism of OsmiR528 in increasing cold stress tolerance, we examined expression of stress-associated MYB transcription factors OsGAMYB-like1, OsMYBS3, OsMYB4, OsMYB3R-2, OsMYB5, OsMYB59, OsMYB30, OsMYB1R, and OsMYB20 in rice cells by qRT-PCR. Results:
Our experiments demonstrated that OsmiR528 decreases expression of transcription factor OsMYB30 by targeting a F-box domain containing protein gene (Os06g06050), which is a positive regulator of OsMYB30. In OsmiR528 transgenic rice, reduced OsMYB30 expression results in in-creased expression of BMY genes OsBMY2, OsBMY6, and OsBMY10. The transcript levels of the OsBMY2, OsBMY6, and OsBMY10 were elevated by OsMYB30 knockdown, but decreased by Os-MYB30 overexpression in OsmiR528 transgenic cell lines, suggesting that OsmiR528 increases low temperature tolerance by modulating expression of stress response-related transcription factor. Conclusion: Our experiments provide novel information in increasing our understanding in molecular mechanisms of microRNAs-associated low temperature tolerance and are valuable in plant molecular breeding from monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous, and gymnosperm plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- 1College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province 434025, P.R. China; 2Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708, USA
| | - Wells A Thompson
- 1College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province 434025, P.R. China; 2Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708, USA
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13
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Ramesh SV, Govindasamy V, Rajesh MK, Sabana AA, Praveen S. Stress-responsive miRNAome of Glycine max (L.) Merrill: molecular insights and way forward. PLANTA 2019; 249:1267-1284. [PMID: 30798358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Analysis of stress-associated miRNAs of Glycine max (L.) Merrill reveals wider ramifications of small RNA-mediated (conserved and legume-specific miRNAs) gene regulatory foot prints in molecular adaptive responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are indispensable components of gene regulatory mechanism of plants. Soybean is a crop of immense commercial potential grown worldwide for its edible oil and soy meal. Intensive research efforts, using the next generation sequencing and bioinformatics techniques, have led to the identification and characterization of numerous small RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), in soybean. Furthermore, studies have unequivocally demonstrated the significance of miRNAs during the developmental processes and various stresses in soybean. In this review, we summarize the current state of understanding of miRNA-based abiotic and biotic stress responses in soybean. In addition, the molecular insights gained from the stress-related soybean miRNAs have been compared to the miRNAs of other crops, especially legumes, and the core commonalities have been highlighted, though differences among them were not ignored. Nature of response of soybean-derived conserved miRNAs during various stresses was also analyzed to gain deeper insights regarding sRNAome-based defense responses. This review further provides way forward in legume small RNA transcriptomics based on the adaptive responses of soybean and other legume-derived miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ramesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research (ICAR-IISR), Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India.
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671124, India.
| | - V Govindasamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - M K Rajesh
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671124, India
| | - A A Sabana
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671124, India
| | - Shelly Praveen
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
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14
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Kondhare KR, Malankar NN, Devani RS, Banerjee AK. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals small RNA profiles involved in early stages of stolon-to-tuber transitions in potato under photoperiodic conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:284. [PMID: 30445921 PMCID: PMC6238349 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small RNAs (sRNAs), especially miRNAs, act as crucial regulators of plant growth and development. Two other sRNA groups, trans-acting short-interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) or phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs), are also emerging as potential regulators of plant development. Stolon-to-tuber transition in potato is an important developmental phase governed by many environmental, biochemical and hormonal cues. Among different environmental factors, photoperiod has a major influence on tuberization. Several mobile signals, mRNAs, proteins and transcription factors have been widely studied for their role in tuber formation in potato, however, no information is yet available that describes the molecular signals governing the early stages of stolon transitions or cell-fate changes at the stolon tip before it matures to potato. Stolon could be an interesting model for studying below ground organ development and we hypothesize that small RNAs might be involved in regulation of stolon-to-tuber transition process in potato. Also, there is no literature that describes the phased siRNAs in potato development. RESULTS We performed sRNA profiling of early stolon stages (4, 7 and 10 d) under long-day (LD; 16 h light, 8 h dark) and short-day (SD; 8 h light, 16 h dark) photoperiodic conditions. Altogether, 7 (out of 324) conserved and 12 (out of 311) novel miRNAs showed differential expression in early stolon stages under SD vs LD photoperiodic conditions. Key target genes (StGRAS, StTCP2/4 and StPTB6) exhibited differential expression in early stolon stages under SD vs LD photoperiodic conditions, indicative of their potential role in tuberization. Out of 830 TAS-like loci identified, 24 were cleaved by miRNAs to generate 190 phased siRNAs. Some of them targeted crucial tuberization genes such as StPTB1, POTH1 and StCDPKs. Two conserved TAS loci, referred as StTAS3 and StTAS5, which share close conservation with members of the Solanaceae family, were identified in our analysis. One TAS-like locus (StTm2) was validated for phased siRNA generation and one of its siRNA was predicted to cleave an important tuber marker gene StGA2ox1. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that sRNAs and their selective target genes could be associated with the regulation of early stages of stolon-to-tuber transitions in a photoperiod-dependent manner in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar Ramesh Kondhare
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
| | - Nilam Namdeo Malankar
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
| | - Ravi Suresh Devani
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
| | - Anjan Kumar Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
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miRNA mediated regulation of NAC transcription factors in plant development and environment stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Wu J, Wang L, Wang S. MicroRNAs associated with drought response in the pulse crop common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Gene 2017; 628:78-86. [PMID: 28711666 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress significantly reduces common bean yields. Recently, some drought-related miRNAs were found in various plants. However, reports of miRNAs involved in drought stress in common bean are limited. Here, we obtained four sRNA samples from drought-tolerant and -sensitive cultivars of common bean that experienced with or without drought treatment. A total of 49 novel miRNAs and 120 known miRNAs were detected. Under drought treatment, 9 and 7 known miRNAs were down and up-regulated, respectively, and 5 and 3 of the novel miRNAs were increased and decreased, respectively. Among these miRNAs, four miRNAs shared the same pattern of expression between Long 22-0579 and Naihua. Target genes of these miRNAs included transcription factors, protein kinases, and nuclear transcription factors. Finally, we verified all of the differentially expressed miRNAs by RT-qPCR, and we identified 16 miRNAs that are potentially associated with the drought stress response. These miRNAs and target genes will be useful in future basic studies and in applied studies investigating how miRNA regulation can be used to enhance drought resistance in plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA, the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lanfen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA, the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA, the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China.
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Abstract
Biological processes such as defense mechanisms and microbial offense strategies are regulated through RNA induced interference in eukaryotes. Genetic mutations are modulated through biogenesis of small RNAs which directly impacts upon host development. Plant defense mechanisms are regulated and supported by a diversified group of small RNAs which are involved in streamlining several RNA interference pathways leading toward the initiation of pathogen gene silencing mechanisms. In the similar context, pathogens also utilize the support of small RNAs to launch their offensive attacks. Also there are strong evidences about the active involvement of these RNAs in symbiotic associations. Interestingly, small RNAs are not limited to the individuals in whom they are produced; they also show cross kingdom influences through variable interactions with other species thus leading toward the inter-organismic gene silencing. The phenomenon is understandable in the microbes which utilize these mechanisms to overcome host defense line. Understanding the mechanism of triggering host defense strategies can be a valuable step toward the generation of disease resistant host plants. We think that the cross kingdom trafficking of small RNA is an interesting insight that is needed to be explored for its vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- a College of Plant Protection , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Saif Ul Islam
- a College of Plant Protection , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- a College of Plant Protection , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Liande Wang
- a College of Plant Protection , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
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18
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Considine MJ, Siddique KHM, Foyer CH. Nature's pulse power: legumes, food security and climate change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1815-1818. [PMID: 28499041 PMCID: PMC5429020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Australia, LB 5005, Perth WA 6001, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth WA 6151, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Australia, LB 5005, Perth WA 6001, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Australia, LB 5005, Perth WA 6001, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Sosa-Valencia G, Romero-Pérez PS, Palomar VM, Covarrubias AA, Reyes JL. Insights into the function of the phasiRNA-triggering miR1514 in response to stress in legumes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1284724. [PMID: 28151043 PMCID: PMC5399905 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1284724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently described the activity of miR1514a in response to water deficit in Phaseolus vulgaris. Pvu-miR1514a targets a NAC transcription factor mRNA for cleavage and subsequently triggers NAC-derived phasiRNA formation. Here we show that accumulation and activity of miR1514a are also conserved in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Consistently, we identified Mtr-miR1514a and detected its increased accumulation in response to stress conditions, targeting a NAC TF mRNA for cleavage and triggering phasiRNA production. In P. vulgaris, miR1514a inhibition in transgenic hairy roots was reported to increase NAC 700 mRNA levels and to affect expression patterns of several genes, including that of a Sec 14 homolog. We report here that in adult plant roots exposed to dehydration conditions, where miR1514a levels increased and NAC 700 mRNA decreased, there was a reduction of Sec 14 homolog mRNA levels, suggesting a direct transcriptional effect. The functions of miR1514a, NAC 700 and derived phasiRNAs have just begun to be elucidated in common bean; future understanding of their activities in this and other legumes species will advance our knowledge of microRNA functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Sosa-Valencia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular De Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Paulette S. Romero-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular De Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - V. Miguel Palomar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular De Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Alejandra A. Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular De Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - José L. Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular De Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
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