1
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Moore S, Jervis G, Topping JF, Chen C, Liu J, Lindsey K. A predictive model for ethylene-mediated auxin and cytokinin patterning in the Arabidopsis root. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100886. [PMID: 38504522 PMCID: PMC11287175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between auxin and cytokinin is important in many aspects of plant development. Experimental measurements of both auxin and cytokinin concentration and reporter gene expression clearly show the coexistence of auxin and cytokinin concentration patterning in Arabidopsis root development. However, in the context of crosstalk among auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene, little is known about how auxin and cytokinin concentration patterns simultaneously emerge and how they regulate each other in the Arabidopsis root. This work utilizes a wide range of experimental observations to propose a mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations. In addition to revealing the regulatory relationships between auxin and cytokinin, this mechanism shows that ethylene signaling is an important factor in achieving simultaneous auxin and cytokinin patterning, while also predicting other experimental observations. Combining the mechanism with a realistic in silico root model reproduces experimental observations of both auxin and cytokinin patterning. Predictions made by the mechanism can be compared with a variety of experimental observations, including those obtained by our group and other independent experiments reported by other groups. Examples of these predictions include patterning of auxin biosynthesis rate, changes in PIN1 and PIN2 patterns in pin3,4,7 mutants, changes in cytokinin patterning in the pls mutant, PLS patterning, and various trends in different mutants. This research reveals a plausible mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations in Arabidopsis root development and suggests a key role for ethylene pattern integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Moore
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - George Jervis
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jennifer F Topping
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chunli Chen
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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2
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Rutten J, van den Berg T, Tusscher KT. Modeling Auxin Signaling in Roots: Auxin Computations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040089. [PMID: 34001532 PMCID: PMC8805645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin signaling and patterning is an inherently complex process, involving polarized auxin transport, metabolism, and signaling, its effect on developmental zones, as well as growth rates, and the feedback between all these different aspects. This complexity has led to an important role for computational modeling in unraveling the multifactorial roles of auxin in plant developmental and adaptive processes. Here we discuss the basic ingredients of auxin signaling and patterning models for root development as well as a series of key modeling studies in this area. These modeling studies have helped elucidate how plants use auxin signaling to compute the size of their root meristem, the direction in which to grow, and when and where to form lateral roots. Importantly, these models highlight how auxin, through patterning of and collaborating with other factors, can fulfill all these roles simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rutten
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Thea van den Berg
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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3
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Yang Q, Zhang J, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Uragami T, Kiba T, Sakakibara H, Lee Y. ABCG11 modulates cytokinin responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976267. [PMID: 35958217 PMCID: PMC9358225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCG11 transports lipidic precursors of surface coating polymers at the plasma membrane of epidermal cells. Mutants in ABCG11 exhibit severe developmental defects, suggesting that ABCG11 might also participate in phytohormone-mediated development. Here, we report that ABCG11 is involved in cytokinin-mediated development. The roots of abcg11 mutant seedlings failed to respond to cytokinins and accumulated more cytokinins than wild-type roots. When grown under short-day conditions, abcg11 exhibited longer roots and shorter hypocotyls compared to wild type, similar to abcg14, a knockout mutant in a cytokinin transporter. Treatment with exogenous trans-zeatin, which inhibits primary root elongation in the wild type, enhanced abcg11 primary root elongation. It also increased the expression of cytokinin-responsive Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) genes, and the signal of the TCS::GFP reporter in abcg11 roots compared to wild-type roots, suggesting that cytokinin signaling was enhanced in abcg11 roots. When we treated only the roots of abcg11 with trans-zeatin, their shoots showed lower ARR induction than the wild type. The abcg14 abcg11 double mutant did not have additional root phenotypes compared to abcg11. Together, these results suggest that ABCG11 is necessary for normal cytokinin-mediated root development, likely because it contributes to cytokinin transport, either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Uragami
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youngsook Lee,
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4
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Yang B, Minne M, Brunoni F, Plačková L, Petřík I, Sun Y, Nolf J, Smet W, Verstaen K, Wendrich JR, Eekhout T, Hoyerová K, Van Isterdael G, Haustraete J, Bishopp A, Farcot E, Novák O, Saeys Y, De Rybel B. Non-cell autonomous and spatiotemporal signalling from a tissue organizer orchestrates root vascular development. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1485-1494. [PMID: 34782768 PMCID: PMC7612341 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, a precise balance of cytokinin is crucial for correct growth and patterning, but it remains unclear how this is achieved across different cell types and in the context of a growing organ. Here we show that in the root apical meristem, the TMO5/LHW complex increases active cytokinin levels via two cooperatively acting enzymes. By profiling the transcriptomic changes of increased cytokinin at single-cell level, we further show that this effect is counteracted by a tissue-specific increase in CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 expression via direct activation of the mobile transcription factor SHORTROOT. In summary, we show that within the root meristem, xylem cells act as a local organizer of vascular development by non-autonomously regulating cytokinin levels in neighbouring procambium cells via sequential induction and repression modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoJun Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Max Minne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonah Nolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Verstaen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos R Wendrich
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Eekhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Haustraete
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Protein Service Facility, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Agustí J, Blázquez MA. Plant vascular development: mechanisms and environmental regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3711-3728. [PMID: 32193607 PMCID: PMC11105054 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant vascular development is a complex process culminating in the generation of xylem and phloem, the plant transporting conduits. Xylem and phloem arise from specialized stem cells collectively termed (pro)cambium. Once developed, xylem transports mainly water and mineral nutrients and phloem transports photoassimilates and signaling molecules. In the past few years, major advances have been made to characterize the molecular, genetic and physiological aspects that govern vascular development. However, less is known about how the environment re-shapes the process, which molecular mechanisms link environmental inputs with developmental outputs, which gene regulatory networks facilitate the genetic adaptation of vascular development to environmental niches, or how the first vascular cells appeared as an evolutionary innovation. In this review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in vascular development, focusing on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, (2) describe the anatomical effect of specific environmental factors on the process, (3) speculate about the main entry points through which the molecular mechanisms controlling of the process might be altered by specific environmental factors, and (4) discuss future research which could identify the genetic factors underlying phenotypic plasticity of vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Qi Y, Huang JL, Zhang SB. Correlated evolution of leaf and root anatomic traits in Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa034. [PMID: 32818052 PMCID: PMC7426005 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The whole-plant economic spectrum concept predicts that leaf and root traits evolve in coordination to cope with environmental stresses. However, this hypothesis is difficult to test in many species because their leaves and roots are exposed to different environments, above- and below-ground. In epiphytes, both leaves and roots are exposed to the atmosphere. Thus, we suspect there are consistent water conservation strategies in leaf and root traits of epiphytes due to similar selection pressures. Here, we measured the functional traits of 21 species in the genus Dendrobium, which is one of the largest epiphytic taxa in the family Orchidaceae, and used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test the relationships among traits, and between traits and the environment. Our results demonstrate that species with a thicker velamen tended to have thicker roots, a thicker root cortex and vascular cylinder, and a larger number of vessels in the root. Correspondingly, these species also had higher leaf mass per area, and thicker leaf lower cuticles. Leaf and root traits associated with water conservation showed significantly positive relationships. The number of velamen layers, leaf density and the ratio of vascular cylinder radius to root radius were significantly affected by the species' differing environments. Thus, traits related to water conservation and transport may play an important role in helping Dendrobium cope with the cool and dry conditions found at high elevations. These findings confirmed the hypothesis that leaf and root traits have evolved in coordination, and also provide insights into trait evolution and ecological adaptation in epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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7
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Ramachandran P, Augstein F, Nguyen V, Carlsbecker A. Coping With Water Limitation: Hormones That Modify Plant Root Xylem Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570. [PMID: 32499804 PMCID: PMC7243681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Periods of drought, that threaten crop production, are expected to become more prominent in large parts of the world, making it necessary to explore all aspects of plant growth and development, to breed, modify and select crops adapted to such conditions. One such aspect is the xylem, where influencing the size and number of the water-transporting xylem vessels, may impact on hydraulic conductance and drought tolerance. Here, we focus on how plants adjust their root xylem as a response to reduced water availability. While xylem response has been observed in a wide array of species, most of our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying xylem plasticity comes from studies on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. When grown under water limiting conditions, Arabidopsis rapidly adjusts its development to produce more xylem strands with altered identity in an abscisic acid (ABA) dependent manner. Other hormones such as auxin and cytokinin are essential for vascular patterning and differentiation. Their balance can be perturbed by stress, as evidenced by the effects of enhanced jasmonic acid signaling, which results in similar xylem developmental alterations as enhanced ABA signaling. Furthermore, brassinosteroids and other signaling molecules involved in drought tolerance can also impact xylem development. Hence, a multitude of signals affect root xylem properties and, potentially, influence survival under water limiting conditions. Here, we review the likely entangled signals that govern root vascular development, and discuss the importance of taking root anatomical traits into account when breeding crops for enhanced resilience toward changes in water availability.
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8
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Atif MJ, Ahanger MA, Amin B, Ghani MI, Ali M, Cheng Z. Mechanism of Allium Crops Bulb Enlargement in Response to Photoperiod: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1325. [PMID: 32079095 PMCID: PMC7072895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiod marks a varied set of behaviors in plants, including bulbing. Bulbing is controlled by inner signals, which can be stimulated or subdued by the ecological environment. It had been broadly stated that phytohormones control the plant development, and they are considered to play a significant part in the bulb formation. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in understanding and advancement about the photoperiodic initiation of bulbing in plants. A noticeable query is to what degree the mechanisms discovered in bulb crops are also shared by other species and what other qualities are also dependent on photoperiod. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein has a role in flowering; however, the FT genes were afterward reported to play further functions in other biological developments (e.g., bulbing). This is predominantly applicable in photoperiodic regulation, where the FT genes seem to have experienced significant development at the practical level and play a novel part in the switch of bulb formation in Alliums. The neofunctionalization of FT homologs in the photoperiodic environments detects these proteins as a new class of primary signaling mechanisms that control the growth and organogenesis in these agronomic-related species. In the present review, we report the underlying mechanisms regulating the photoperiodic-mediated bulb enlargement in Allium species. Therefore, the present review aims to systematically review the published literature on the bulbing mechanism of Allium crops in response to photoperiod. We also provide evidence showing that the bulbing transitions are controlled by phytohormones signaling and FT-like paralogues that respond to independent environmental cues (photoperiod), and we also show that an autorelay mechanism involving FT modulates the expression of the bulbing-control gene. Although a large number of studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- Vegetable Crops Program, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
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9
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Allen HR, Ptashnyk M. Mathematical Modelling of Auxin Transport in Plant Tissues: Flux Meets Signalling and Growth. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:17. [PMID: 31970524 PMCID: PMC6976557 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormone auxin has critical roles in plant growth, dependent on its heterogeneous distribution in plant tissues. Exactly how auxin transport and developmental processes such as growth coordinate to achieve the precise patterns of auxin observed experimentally is not well understood. Here we use mathematical modelling to examine the interplay between auxin dynamics and growth and their contribution to formation of patterns in auxin distribution in plant tissues. Mathematical models describing the auxin-related signalling pathway, PIN and AUX1 dynamics, auxin transport, and cell growth in plant tissues are derived. A key assumption of our models is the regulation of PIN proteins by the auxin-responsive ARF-Aux/IAA signalling pathway, with upregulation of PIN biosynthesis by ARFs. Models are analysed and solved numerically to examine the long-time behaviour and auxin distribution. Changes in auxin-related signalling processes are shown to be able to trigger transition between passage- and spot-type patterns in auxin distribution. The model was also shown to be able to generate isolated cells with oscillatory dynamics in levels of components of the auxin signalling pathway which could explain oscillations in levels of ARF targets that have been observed experimentally. Cell growth was shown to have influence on PIN polarisation and determination of auxin distribution patterns. Numerical simulation results indicate that auxin-related signalling processes can explain the different patterns in auxin distributions observed in plant tissues, whereas the interplay between auxin transport and growth can explain the ‘reverse-fountain’ pattern in auxin distribution observed at plant root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Allen
- Department of Mathematics, Fulton Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Mariya Ptashnyk
- Department of Mathematics, Colin Maclaurin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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10
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Chiang MH, Greb T. How to organize bidirectional tissue production? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:15-21. [PMID: 31003119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cambium is a plant-borne stem cell system producing wood and bast, two distinct types of vascular tissues, in strictly opposite directions. Thereby, the cambium contributes substantially to terrestrial biomass accumulation and represents the basis for the formation of large plant bodies. Although the bidirectional mode of tissue production by a common stem cell pool holds interesting implications for developmental biology, functional domains of the cambium, and their interaction remained poorly defined for decades. Here, we summarize recent findings on domain organization of the cambium and discuss potential mechanisms important for its bipartite organization. By highlighting the conceptual implication for stem cell biology, we integrate our understanding of cambium regulation into a larger context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hao Chiang
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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11
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Mellor N, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Kümpers BMC, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Miyashima S, Mähönen AP, Campilho A, King JR, Bishopp A. A core mechanism for specifying root vascular patterning can replicate the anatomical variation seen in diverse plant species. Development 2019; 146:dev.172411. [PMID: 30858228 PMCID: PMC6451317 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pattern formation is typically controlled through the interaction between molecular signals within a given tissue. During early embryonic development, roots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have a radially symmetric pattern, but a heterogeneous input of the hormone auxin from the two cotyledons forces the vascular cylinder to develop a diarch pattern with two xylem poles. Molecular analyses and mathematical approaches have uncovered the regulatory circuit that propagates this initial auxin signal into a stable cellular pattern. The diarch pattern seen in Arabidopsis is relatively uncommon among flowering plants, with most species having between three and eight xylem poles. Here, we have used multiscale mathematical modelling to demonstrate that this regulatory module does not require a heterogeneous auxin input to specify the vascular pattern. Instead, the pattern can emerge dynamically, with its final form dependent upon spatial constraints and growth. The predictions of our simulations compare to experimental observations of xylem pole number across a range of species, as well as in transgenic systems in Arabidopsis in which we manipulate the size of the vascular cylinder. By considering the spatial constraints, our model is able to explain much of the diversity seen in different flowering plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mellor
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology/School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology/School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Britta M C Kümpers
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology/School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ana Campilho
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - John R King
- School of Mathematical Sciences/Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology/School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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12
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Wybouw B, De Rybel B. Cytokinin - A Developing Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:177-185. [PMID: 30446307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade tremendous advances have been made in understanding the biosynthesis, perception, and signaling pathways of the plant hormone cytokinin. It also became clear that interfering with any of these steps greatly impacts all on stages of growth and development. This has recently spurted renewed effort to understand how cytokinin signaling affects developmental processes. As a result, new insights on the role of cytokinin signaling and the downstream targets during, for example, shoot apical meristem, flower, female gametophyte, stomata and vascular development are being unraveled. In this review we aim to give a comprehensive overview of recent findings on how cytokinin influences growth and development in plants, and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Wybouw
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Miyashima S, Roszak P, Sevilem I, Toyokura K, Blob B, Heo JO, Mellor N, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Otero S, Smet W, Boekschoten M, Hooiveld G, Hashimoto K, Smetana O, Siligato R, Wallner ES, Mähönen AP, Kondo Y, Melnyk CW, Greb T, Nakajima K, Sozzani R, Bishopp A, De Rybel B, Helariutta Y. Mobile PEAR transcription factors integrate positional cues to prime cambial growth. Nature 2019; 565:490-494. [PMID: 30626969 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apical growth in plants initiates upon seed germination, whereas radial growth is primed only during early ontogenesis in procambium cells and activated later by the vascular cambium1. Although it is not known how radial growth is organized and regulated in plants, this system resembles the developmental competence observed in some animal systems, in which pre-existing patterns of developmental potential are established early on2,3. Here we show that in Arabidopsis the initiation of radial growth occurs around early protophloem-sieve-element cell files of the root procambial tissue. In this domain, cytokinin signalling promotes the expression of a pair of mobile transcription factors-PHLOEM EARLY DOF 1 (PEAR1) and PHLOEM EARLY DOF 2 (PEAR2)-and their four homologues (DOF6, TMO6, OBP2 and HCA2), which we collectively name PEAR proteins. The PEAR proteins form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements, and activates gene expression that promotes radial growth. The expression and function of PEAR proteins are antagonized by the HD-ZIP III proteins, well-known polarity transcription factors4-the expression of which is concentrated in the more-internal domain of radially non-dividing procambial cells by the function of auxin, and mobile miR165 and miR166 microRNAs. The PEAR proteins locally promote transcription of their inhibitory HD-ZIP III genes, and thereby establish a negative-feedback loop that forms a robust boundary that demarks the zone of cell division. Taken together, our data establish that during root procambial development there exists a network in which a module that links PEAR and HD-ZIP III transcription factors integrates spatial information of the hormonal domains and miRNA gradients to provide adjacent zones of dividing and more-quiescent cells, which forms a foundation for further radial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyashima
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iris Sevilem
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Bernhard Blob
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan Mellor
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB) and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Otero
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kayo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.,Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Ondřej Smetana
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB) and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Augstein F, Carlsbecker A. Getting to the Roots: A Developmental Genetic View of Root Anatomy and Function From Arabidopsis to Lycophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1410. [PMID: 30319672 PMCID: PMC6167918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Roots attach plants to the ground and ensure efficient and selective uptake of water and nutrients. These functions are facilitated by the morphological and anatomical structures of the root, formed by the activity of the root apical meristem (RAM) and consecutive patterning and differentiation of specific tissues with distinct functions. Despite the importance of this plant organ, its evolutionary history is not clear, but fossils suggest that roots evolved at least twice, in the lycophyte (clubmosses and their allies) and in the euphyllophyte (ferns and seed plants) lineages. Both lycophyte and euphyllophyte roots grow indeterminately by the action of an apical meristem, which is protected by a root cap. They produce root hairs, and in most species the vascular stele is guarded by a specialized endodermal cell layer. Hence, most of these traits must have evolved independently in these lineages. This raises the question if the development of these apparently analogous tissues is regulated by distinct or homologous genes, independently recruited from a common ancestor of lycophytes and euphyllophytes. Currently, there are few studies of the genetic and molecular regulation of lycophyte and fern roots. Therefore, in this review, we focus on key regulatory networks that operate in root development in the model angiosperm Arabidopsis. We describe current knowledge of the mechanisms governing RAM maintenance as well as patterning and differentiation of tissues, such as the endodermis and the vasculature, and compare with other species. We discuss the importance of comparative analyses of anatomy and morphology of extant and extinct species, along with analyses of gene regulatory networks and, ultimately, gene function in plants holding key phylogenetic positions to test hypotheses of root evolution.
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16
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Liu J, Moore S, Chen C, Lindsey K. Crosstalk Complexities between Auxin, Cytokinin, and Ethylene in Arabidopsis Root Development: From Experiments to Systems Modeling, and Back Again. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1480-1496. [PMID: 29162416 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how hormones and genes interact to coordinate plant growth in a changing environment is a major challenge in plant developmental biology. Auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene are three important hormones that regulate many aspects of plant development. This review critically evaluates the crosstalk between the three hormones in Arabidopsis root development. We integrate a variety of experimental data into a crosstalk network, which reveals multiple layers of complexity in auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene crosstalk. In particular, data integration reveals an additional, largely overlooked link between the ethylene and cytokinin pathways, which acts through a phosphorelay mechanism. This proposed link addresses outstanding questions on whether ethylene application promotes or inhibits receptor kinase activity of the ethylene receptors. Elucidating the complexity in auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene crosstalk requires a combined experimental and systems modeling approach. We evaluate important modeling efforts for establishing how crosstalk between auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene regulates patterning in root development. We discuss how a novel methodology that iteratively combines experiments with systems modeling analysis is essential for elucidating the complexity in crosstalk of auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene in root development. Finally, we discuss the future challenges from a combined experimental and modeling perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Simon Moore
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chunli Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Ruonala
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
| | - Donghwi Ko
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
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18
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Shi D, Tavhelidse T, Thumberger T, Wittbrodt J, Greb T. Bifacial stem cell niches in fish and plants. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:28-33. [PMID: 28242480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development is key for determining the architecture and shape of multicellular bodies. However, most cells are produced postembryonically in, at least partly, differentiated organs. In this regard, organismal growth faces common challenges in coordinating expansion and function of body structures. Here we compare two examples for postembryonic growth processes from two different kingdoms of life to reveal common regulatory principles: lateral growth of plants and the enlargement of the fish retina. In both cases, growth is based on stem cell systems mediating radial growth by a bifacial mode of tissue production. Surprisingly, although being evolutionary distinct, we find similar patterns in regulatory circuits suggesting the existence of preferable solutions to a common developmental problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tinatini Tavhelidse
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Etchells JP, Turner SR. Realizing pipe dreams - a detailed picture of vascular development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1-4. [PMID: 28013229 PMCID: PMC5183087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
| | - Simon R Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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20
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Abstract
Vascular tissue, comprising xylem and phloem, is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body. Such tissue is continually produced from stable populations of stem cells, specifically the procambium during primary growth and the cambium during secondary growth. As the majority of plant biomass is produced by the cambium, there is an obvious demand for an understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control the rate of vascular cell division. Moreover, wood is an industrially important product of the cambium, and research is beginning to uncover similar mechanisms in trees such as poplar. This review focuses upon recent work that has identified the major molecular pathways that regulate procambial and cambial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Campbell
- University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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