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Piccinini L, Nirina Ramamonjy F, Ursache R. Imaging plant cell walls using fluorescent stains: The beauty is in the details. J Microsc 2024; 295:102-120. [PMID: 38477035 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants continuously face various environmental stressors throughout their lifetime. To be able to grow and adapt in different environments, they developed specialized tissues that allowed them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. These tissues undergo specific primary and secondary cell wall modifications that are essential to ensure normal plant growth, adaptation and successful land colonization. The composition of cell walls can vary among different plant species, organs and tissues. The ability to remodel their cell walls is fundamental for plants to be able to cope with multiple biotic and abiotic stressors. A better understanding of the changes taking place in plant cell walls may help identify and develop new strategies as well as tools to enhance plants' survival under environmental stresses or prevent pathogen attack. Since the invention of microscopy, numerous imaging techniques have been developed to determine the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during normal growth and in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss the main advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular focus on fluorescent stains for different cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. Lay Description: Plants are continuously subjected to various environmental stresses during their lifespan. They evolved specialized tissues that thrive in different environments, enabling them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. Such tissues undergo distinct primary and secondary cell wall alterations essential to normal plant growth, their adaptability and successful land colonization. Cell wall composition may differ among various plant species, organs and even tissues. To deal with various biotic and abiotic stresses, plants must have the capacity to remodel their cell walls. Gaining insight into changes that take place in plant cell walls will help identify and create novel tools and strategies to improve plants' ability to withstand environmental challenges. Multiple imaging techniques have been developed since the introduction of microscopy to analyse the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during growth and in response to environmental changes. Advancements in plant tissue cleaning procedures and their compatibility with cell wall stains have significantly enhanced our ability to perform high-resolution cell wall imaging. At the same time, several factors influence the effectiveness of cleaning and staining plant specimens, as well as the time necessary for the process, including the specimen's size, thickness, tissue complexity and the presence of autofluorescence. In this review, we will discuss the major advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular emphasis on fluorescent stains for diverse cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. We hope that this review will assist readers in selecting the most appropriate stain or combination of stains to highlight specific cell wall components of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Piccinini
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabien Nirina Ramamonjy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Villarino G, Dahlberg-Wright S, Zhang L, Schaedel M, Wang L, Miller K, Bartlett J, Vu AMD, Busch W. PAT (Periderm Assessment Toolkit): A Quantitative and Large-Scale Screening Method for Periderm Measurements. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 6:0156. [PMID: 38560381 PMCID: PMC10981931 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The periderm is a vital protective tissue found in the roots, stems, and woody elements of diverse plant species. It plays an important function in these plants by assuming the role of the epidermis as the outermost layer. Despite its critical role for protecting plants from environmental stresses and pathogens, research on root periderm development has been limited due to its late formation during root development, its presence only in mature root regions, and its impermeability. One of the most straightforward measurements for comparing periderm formation between different genotypes and treatments is periderm (phellem) length. We have developed PAT (Periderm Assessment Toolkit), a high-throughput user-friendly pipeline that integrates an efficient staining protocol, automated imaging, and a deep-learning-based image analysis approach to accurately detect and measure periderm length in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The reliability and reproducibility of our method was evaluated using a diverse set of 20 Arabidopsis natural accessions. Our automated measurements exhibited a strong correlation with human-expert-generated measurements, achieving a 94% efficiency in periderm length quantification. This robust PAT pipeline streamlines large-scale periderm measurements, thereby being able to facilitate comprehensive genetic studies and screens. Although PAT proves highly effective with automated digital microscopes in Arabidopsis roots, its application may pose challenges with nonautomated microscopy. Although the workflow and principles could be adapted for other plant species, additional optimization would be necessary. While we show that periderm length can be used to distinguish a mutant impaired in periderm development from wild type, we also find it is a plastic trait. Therefore, care must be taken to include sufficient repeats and controls, to minimize variation, and to ensure comparability of periderm length measurements between different genotypes and growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villarino
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Signe Dahlberg-Wright
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Schaedel
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karyssa Miller
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jack Bartlett
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Albert Martin Dang Vu
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Bourdon M, Lyczakowski JJ, Cresswell R, Amsbury S, Vilaplana F, Le Guen MJ, Follain N, Wightman R, Su C, Alatorre-Cobos F, Ritter M, Liszka A, Terrett OM, Yadav SR, Vatén A, Nieminen K, Eswaran G, Alonso-Serra J, Müller KH, Iuga D, Miskolczi PC, Kalmbach L, Otero S, Mähönen AP, Bhalerao R, Bulone V, Mansfield SD, Hill S, Burgert I, Beaugrand J, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Dupree R, Dupree P, Helariutta Y. Ectopic callose deposition into woody biomass modulates the nano-architecture of macrofibrils. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1530-1546. [PMID: 37666966 PMCID: PMC10505557 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and technological barriers to industrial processing. However, previous efforts have mostly targeted the major constituents of woody biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Here we report the engineering of wood structure through the introduction of callose, a polysaccharide novel to most secondary cell walls. Our multiscale analysis of genetically engineered poplar trees shows that callose deposition modulates cell wall porosity, water and lignin contents and increases the lignin-cellulose distance, ultimately resulting in substantially decreased biomass recalcitrance. We provide a model of the wood cell wall nano-architecture engineered to accommodate the hydrated callose inclusions. Ectopic polymer introduction into biomass manifests in new physico-chemical properties and offers new avenues when considering lignocellulose engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bourdon
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sam Amsbury
- Centre for Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, Rouen, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chang Su
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Conacyt-Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anne Vatén
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stomatal Development and Plasticity group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Production systems / Tree Breeding Department, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- UMR 5667 Reproduction et Développement Des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, France
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Pal Csaba Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Otero
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Science and Technology Office of the Congress of Deputies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Hill
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- The Centre for Plant Science, The Bragg Centre, The Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Zakieva A, Cerrone L, Greb T. Deep machine learning for cell segmentation and quantitative analysis of radial plant growth. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203842. [PMID: 37080460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce the major part of terrestrial biomass and are long-term deposits of atmospheric carbon. This capacity is to a large extent due to radial growth of woody species - a process driven by cambium stem cells located in distinct niches of shoot and root axes. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, thousands of cells are produced by the cambium in radial orientation generating a complex organ anatomy enabling long-distance transport, mechanical support and protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. These complex organ dynamics make a comprehensive and unbiased analysis of radial growth challenging and asks for tools for automated quantification. Here, we combined the recently developed PlantSeg and MorphographX image analysis tools, to characterize tissue morphogenesis of the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. After sequential training of segmentation models on ovules, shoot apical meristems and adult hypocotyls using deep machine learning, followed by the training of cell type classification models, our pipeline segments complex images of transverse hypocotyl sections with high accuracy and classifies central hypocotyl cell types. By applying our pipeline on both wild type and phloem intercalated with xylem (pxy) mutants, we also show that this strategy faithfully detects major anatomical aberrations. Collectively, we conclude that our established pipeline is a powerful phenotyping tool comprehensively extracting cellular parameters and providing access to tissue topology during radial plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zakieva
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cerrone
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Sugimoto H, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Kitagawa-Yogo R, Mitsukawa N. Transcription factor NTL9 negatively regulates Arabidopsis vascular cambium development during stem secondary growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1731-1746. [PMID: 35951755 PMCID: PMC9614505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In plant stems, secondary vascular development is established through the differentiation of cylindrical vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (bast), which have economic importance. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the genetic mechanism underlying this process. NAC with Transmembrane Motif 1-like transcription factor 9 (NTL9) plays a central role in abiotic and immune signaling responses. Here, we investigated the role of NTL9 in vascular cambium development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) inflorescence stems by identifying and characterizing an Arabidopsis phloem circular-timing (pct) mutant. The pct mutant exhibited enhanced vascular cambium formation following secondary phloem production. In the pct mutant, although normal organization in vascular bundles was maintained, vascular cambium differentiation occurred at an early stage of stem development, which was associated with increased expression of cambium-/phloem-related genes and enhanced cambium activity. The pct mutant stem phenotype was caused by a recessive frameshift mutation that disrupts the transmembrane (TM) domain of NTL9. Our results indicate that NTL9 functions as a negative regulator of cambial activity and has a suppressive role in developmental transition to the secondary growth phase in stem vasculature, which is necessary for its precise TM domain-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nobuhiko Muramoto
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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6
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Blicharz S, Beemster GT, Ragni L, De Diego N, Spíchal L, Hernándiz AE, Marczak Ł, Olszak M, Perlikowski D, Kosmala A, Malinowski R. Phloem exudate metabolic content reflects the response to water-deficit stress in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1338-1355. [PMID: 33738886 PMCID: PMC8360158 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress impacts the quality and yield of Pisum sativum. Here, we show how short periods of limited water availability during the vegetative stage of pea alters phloem sap content and how these changes are connected to strategies used by plants to cope with water deficit. We have investigated the metabolic content of phloem sap exudates and explored how this reflects P. sativum physiological and developmental responses to drought. Our data show that drought is accompanied by phloem-mediated redirection of the components that are necessary for cellular respiration and the proper maintenance of carbon/nitrogen balance during stress. The metabolic content of phloem sap reveals a shift from anabolic to catabolic processes as well as the developmental plasticity of P. sativum plants subjected to drought. Our study underlines the importance of phloem-mediated transport for plant adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions. We also show that phloem exudate analysis can be used as a useful proxy to study stress responses in plants. We propose that the decrease in oleic acid content within phloem sap could be considered as a potential marker of early signalling events mediating drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blicharz
- Integrative Plant Biology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerpen2020Belgium
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP‐Center for Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Alba E. Hernándiz
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of SciencesNoskowskiego 12/14Poznan61‐704Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Department of Plant BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Pawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Plant Physiology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Plant Physiology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Integrative Plant Biology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
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7
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Ben-Targem M, Ripper D, Bayer M, Ragni L. Auxin and gibberellin signaling cross-talk promotes hypocotyl xylem expansion and cambium homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3647-3660. [PMID: 33619529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During secondary growth, the thickening of plant organs, wood (xylem) and bast (phloem) is continuously produced by the vascular cambium. In Arabidopsis hypocotyl and root, we can distinguish two phases of secondary growth based on cell morphology and production rate. The first phase, in which xylem and phloem are equally produced, precedes the xylem expansion phase in which xylem formation is enhanced and xylem fibers differentiate. It is known that gibberellins (GA) trigger this developmental transition via degradation of DELLA proteins and that the cambium master regulator BREVIPEDICELLUS/KNAT1 (BP/KNAT1) and receptor like kinases ERECTA and ERL1 regulate this process downstream of GA. However, our understanding of the regulatory network underlying GA-mediated secondary growth is still limited. Here, we demonstrate that DELLA-mediated xylem expansion in Arabidopsis hypocotyl is mainly achieved through DELLA family members RGA and GAI, which promote cambium senescence. We further show that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6) and ARF8, which physically interact with DELLAs, specifically repress phloem proliferation and induce cambium senescence during the xylem expansion phase. Moreover, the inactivation of BP in arf6 arf8 background revealed an essential role for ARF6 and ARF8 in cambium establishment and maintenance. Overall, our results shed light on a pivotal hormone cross-talk between GA and auxin in the context of plant secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ben-Targem
- ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Ripper
- ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bayer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Strock CF, Lynch JP. Root secondary growth: an unexplored component of soil resource acquisition. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:205-218. [PMID: 32588876 PMCID: PMC7523590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite recent progress in elucidating the molecular basis of secondary growth (cambial growth), the functional implications of this developmental process remain poorly understood. Targeted studies exploring how abiotic and biotic factors affect this process, as well as the relevance of secondary growth to fitness of annual dicotyledonous crop species under stress, are almost entirely absent from the literature. Specifically, the physiological role of secondary growth in roots has been completely neglected yet entails a unique array of implications for plant performance that are distinct from secondary growth in shoot tissue. SCOPE Since roots are directly responsible for soil resource capture, understanding of the fitness landscape of root phenotypes is important in both basic and applied plant biology. Interactions between root secondary growth, edaphic conditions and soil resource acquisition may have significant effects on plant fitness. Our intention here is not to provide a comprehensive review of a sparse and disparate literature, but rather to highlight knowledge gaps, propose hypotheses and identify opportunities for novel and agriculturally relevant research pertaining to secondary growth of roots. This viewpoint: (1) summarizes evidence from our own studies and other published work; (2) proposes hypotheses regarding the fitness landscape of secondary growth of roots in annual dicotyledonous species for abiotic and biotic stress; and (3) highlights the importance of directing research efforts to this topic within an agricultural context. CONCLUSIONS Secondary growth of the roots of annual dicots has functional significance with regards to soil resource acquisition and transport, interactions with soil organisms and carbon sequestration. Research on these topics would contribute significantly toward understanding the agronomic value of secondary growth of roots for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Strock
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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9
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Alonso-Serra J, Shi X, Peaucelle A, Rastas P, Bourdon M, Immanen J, Takahashi J, Koivula H, Eswaran G, Muranen S, Help H, Smolander OP, Su C, Safronov O, Gerber L, Salojärvi J, Hagqvist R, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y, Nieminen K. ELIMÄKI Locus Is Required for Vertical Proprioceptive Response in Birch Trees. Curr Biol 2020; 30:589-599.e5. [PMID: 32004453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tree architecture has evolved to support a top-heavy above-ground biomass, but this integral feature poses a weight-induced challenge to trunk stability. Maintaining an upright stem is expected to require vertical proprioception through feedback between sensing stem weight and responding with radial growth. Despite its apparent importance, the principle by which plant stems respond to vertical loading forces remains largely unknown. Here, by manipulating the stem weight of downy birch (Betula pubescens) trees, we show that cambial development is modulated systemically along the stem. We carried out a genetic study on the underlying regulation by combining an accelerated birch flowering program with a recessive mutation at the ELIMÄKI locus (EKI), which causes a mechanically defective response to weight stimulus resulting in stem collapse after just 3 months. We observed delayed wood morphogenesis in eki compared with WT, along with a more mechanically elastic cambial zone and radial compression of xylem cell size, indicating that rapid tissue differentiation is critical for cambial growth under mechanical stress. Furthermore, the touch-induced mechanosensory pathway was transcriptionally misregulated in eki, indicating that the ELIMÄKI locus is required to integrate the weight-growth feedback regulation. By studying this birch mutant, we were able to dissect vertical proprioception from the gravitropic response associated with reaction wood formation. Our study provides evidence for both local and systemic responses to mechanical stimuli during secondary plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alonso-Serra
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Hanna Koivula
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sampo Muranen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Help
- Department of Physics, Division of Materials Sciences, X-ray Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Chang Su
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Omid Safronov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden; Genome Institute of Singapore, 138672 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 63755 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Risto Hagqvist
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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10
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Nelissen H, Gonzalez N. Understanding plant organ growth: a multidisciplinary field. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7-10. [PMID: 31725876 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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11
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Bagdassarian KS, Connor KA, Jermyn IH, Etchells J. Versatile method for quantifying and analyzing morphological differences in experimentally obtained images. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1693092. [PMID: 31762388 PMCID: PMC7012139 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1693092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing high-resolution images to gain insight into anatomical properties is an essential tool for investigation in many scientific fields. In plant biology, studying plant phenotypes from micrographs is often used to build hypotheses on gene function. In this report, we discuss a bespoke method for inspecting the significance in the differences between the morphologies of several plant mutants at cellular level. By examining a specific example in the literature, we will detail the approach previously used to quantify the effects of two gene families on the vascular development of hypocotyls in Arabidopsis thaliana. The method incorporates a MATLAB algorithm and statistical tools which can be modified and enhanced to tailor to different research questions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine S. Bagdassarian
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
- CONTACT J. Peter Etchells Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Ian H Jermyn
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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12
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Convolutional neural networks for segmenting xylem vessels in stained cross-sectional images. Neural Comput Appl 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-019-04546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Zhang J, Eswaran G, Alonso-Serra J, Kucukoglu M, Xiang J, Yang W, Elo A, Nieminen K, Damén T, Joung JG, Yun JY, Lee JH, Ragni L, Barbier de Reuille P, Ahnert SE, Lee JY, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y. Transcriptional regulatory framework for vascular cambium development in Arabidopsis roots. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1033-1042. [PMID: 31595065 PMCID: PMC6795544 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cambium, a lateral plant meristem, is a central producer of woody biomass. Although a few transcription factors have been shown to regulate cambial activity1, the phenotypes of the corresponding loss-of-function mutants are relatively modest, highlighting our limited understanding of the underlying transcriptional regulation. Here, we use cambium cell-specific transcript profiling followed by a combination of transcription factor network and genetic analyses to identify 62 new transcription factor genotypes displaying an array of cambial phenotypes. This approach culminated in virtual loss of cambial activity when both WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 4 (WOX4) and KNOTTED-like from Arabidopsis thaliana 1 (KNAT1; also known as BREVIPEDICELLUS) were mutated, thereby unlocking the genetic redundancy in the regulation of cambium development. We also identified transcription factors with dual functions in cambial cell proliferation and xylem differentiation, including WOX4, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and PETAL LOSS (PTL). Using the transcription factor network information, we combined overexpression of the cambial activator WOX4 and removal of the putative inhibitor PTL to engineer Arabidopsis for enhanced radial growth. This line also showed ectopic cambial activity, thus further highlighting the central roles of WOX4 and PTL in cambium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiale Xiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Weibing Yang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annakaisa Elo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teddy Damén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Je-Gun Joung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yun
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian E Ahnert
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Etchells JP, Turner SR. Realizing pipe dreams - a detailed picture of vascular development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1-4. [PMID: 28013229 PMCID: PMC5183087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
| | - Simon R Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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