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Zhuang X, Li R, Jiang L. A century journey of organelles research in the plant endomembrane system. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1312-1333. [PMID: 38226685 PMCID: PMC11062446 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We are entering an exciting century in the study of the plant organelles in the endomembrane system. Over the past century, especially within the past 50 years, tremendous advancements have been made in the complex plant cell to generate a much clearer and informative picture of plant organelles, including the molecular/morphological features, dynamic/spatial behavior, and physiological functions. Importantly, all these discoveries and achievements in the identification and characterization of organelles in the endomembrane system would not have been possible without: (1) the innovations and timely applications of various state-of-art cell biology tools and technologies for organelle biology research; (2) the continuous efforts in developing and characterizing new organelle markers by the plant biology community; and (3) the landmark studies on the identification and characterization of the elusive organelles. While molecular aspects and results for individual organelles have been extensively reviewed, the development of the techniques for organelle research in plant cell biology is less appreciated. As one of the ASPB Centennial Reviews on "organelle biology," here we aim to take a journey across a century of organelle biology research in plants by highlighting the important tools (or landmark technologies) and key scientists that contributed to visualize organelles. We then highlight the landmark studies leading to the identification and characterization of individual organelles in the plant endomembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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2
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Sparkes I, White RR, Bateman B, Botchway S, Ward A. Using Optical Tweezers Combined with Total Internal Reflection Microscopy to Study Interactions Between the ER and Golgi in Plant Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:179-190. [PMID: 38411814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Optical tweezers have been used to trap and micro-manipulate several biological specimens ranging from DNA, macromolecules, organelles, to single-celled organisms. Using a combination of the refraction and scattering of laser light from a focused laser beam, refractile objects are physically captured and can be moved within the surrounding media. The technique is routinely used to determine biophysical properties such as the forces exerted by motor proteins. Here, we describe how optical tweezers combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) can be used to assess physical interactions between organelles, more specifically the ER and Golgi bodies in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Benji Bateman
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Oxon, UK
| | - Stanley Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Oxon, UK
| | - Andy Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Oxon, UK
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3
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Humphries EM, Ahn K, Kember RL, Lopes FL, Mocci E, Peralta JM, Blangero J, Glahn DC, Goes FS, Zandi PP, Kochunov P, Van Hout C, Shuldiner AR, Pollin TI, Mitchell BD, Bucan M, Hong LE, McMahon FJ, Ament SA. Genome-wide significant risk loci for mood disorders in the Old Order Amish founder population. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5262-5271. [PMID: 36882501 PMCID: PMC10483025 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of mood disorders in large case-control cohorts have identified numerous risk loci, yet pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive, primarily due to the very small effects of common variants. We sought to discover risk variants with larger effects by conducting a genome-wide association study of mood disorders in a founder population, the Old Order Amish (OOA, n = 1,672). Our analysis revealed four genome-wide significant risk loci, all of which were associated with >2-fold relative risk. Quantitative behavioral and neurocognitive assessments (n = 314) revealed effects of risk variants on sub-clinical depressive symptoms and information processing speed. Network analysis suggested that OOA-specific risk loci harbor novel risk-associated genes that interact with known neuropsychiatry-associated genes via gene interaction networks. Annotation of the variants at these risk loci revealed population-enriched, non-synonymous variants in two genes encoding neurodevelopmental transcription factors, CUX1 and CNOT1. Our findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of mood disorders and a substrate for mechanistic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Humphries
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Molecular Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabiana L Lopes
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evelina Mocci
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan M Peralta
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | - John Blangero
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | | | - Fernando S Goes
- Departments of Epidemiology and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristopher Van Hout
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigatión sobre el Genoma Humano, Campus Juriquilla de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth A Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Fletcher EM, Bateman BC, Botchway SW, Ward AD, Sparkes IA. Applying Optical Tweezers with TIRF Microscopy to Quantify Physical Interactions Between Organelles in the Plant Endomembrane System. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e854. [PMID: 37555795 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles are associated with each other through tethering proteins at membrane contact sites (MCS). Methods such as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) optical tweezers allow us to probe organelle interactions in live plant cells. Optical tweezers (focused infrared laser beams) can trap organelles that have a different refractive index to their surrounding medium (cytosol), whilst TIRF allows us to simultaneously image behaviors of organelles in the thin region of cortical cytoplasm. However, few MCS tethering proteins have so far been identified and tested in a quantitative manner. Automated routines (such as setting trapping laser power and controlling the stage speed and distance) mean we can quantify organelle interactions in a repeatable and reproducible manner. Here we outline a series of protocols which describe laser calibrations required to collect robust data sets, generation of fluorescent plant material (Nicotiana tabacum, tobacco), how to set up an automated organelle trapping routine, and how to quantify organelle interactions (particularly organelle interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum). TIRF-optical tweezers enable quantitative testing of putative tethering proteins to reveal their role in plant organelle associations at MCS. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Microscope system set-up and stability Basic Protocol 2: Generation of transiently expressed fluorescent tobacco tissue by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration Basic Protocol 3: Setting up an automated organelle trapping routine Basic Protocol 4: Quantifying organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Fletcher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Benji C Bateman
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen A Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Bian J, Su X, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Li X. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites: cross-talk between membrane-bound organelles in plant cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2956-2967. [PMID: 36847172 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles surrounded by monolayer or bilayer membranes. Organelles take part in highly dynamic and organized interactions at membrane contact sites, which play vital roles during development and response to stress. The endoplasmic reticulum extends throughout the cell and acts as an architectural scaffold to maintain the spatial distribution of other membrane-bound organelles. In this review, we highlight the structural organization, dynamics, and physiological functions of membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and various membrane-bound organelles, especially recent advances in plants. We briefly introduce how the combined use of dynamic and static imaging techniques can enable monitoring of the cross-talk between organelles via membrane contact sites. Finally, we discuss future directions for research fields related to membrane contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Bian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Ulaganathan T, Perales S, Mani S, Baskhairoun BA, Rajasingh J. Pathological implications of cellular stress in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106397. [PMID: 36931385 PMCID: PMC10124590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress has been a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Major types of cellular stress such as mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, and replicative stress have been implicated in clinical complications of cardiac patients. The heart is the central regulator of the body by supplying oxygenated blood throughout the system. Impairment of cellular function could lead to heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and even stroke. Understanding the effect of these distinct types of cellular stress on cardiac function is crucial for the scientific community to understand and develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review will comprehensively explain the different mechanisms of cellular stress and the most recent findings related to stress-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennavan Ulaganathan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Selene Perales
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Saiprahalad Mani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Boula A Baskhairoun
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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7
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Zouhar J, Cao W, Shen J, Rojo E. Retrograde transport in plants: Circular economy in the endomembrane system. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151309. [PMID: 36933283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of endomembrane trafficking is crucial for understanding how cells and whole organisms function. Moreover, there is a special interest in investigating endomembrane trafficking in plants, given its role in transport and accumulation of seed storage proteins and in secretion of cell wall material, arguably the two most essential commodities obtained from crops. The mechanisms of anterograde transport in the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways of plants have been thoroughly discussed in recent reviews, but, comparatively, retrograde trafficking pathways have received less attention. Retrograde trafficking is essential to recover membranes, retrieve proteins that have escaped from their intended localization, maintain homeostasis in maturing compartments, and recycle trafficking machinery for its reuse in anterograde transport reactions. Here, we review the current understanding on retrograde trafficking pathways in the endomembrane system of plants, discussing their integration with anterograde transport routes, describing conserved and plant-specific retrieval mechanisms at play, highlighting contentious issues and identifying open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenhan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Enrique Rojo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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McGinness AJ, Schoberer J, Pain C, Brandizzi F, Kriechbaumer V. On the nature of the plant ER exit sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010569. [PMID: 36275575 PMCID: PMC9585722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi bodies are not only in close proximity, but are also physically linked. This unique organization raises questions about the nature of the transport vectors carrying cargo between the two organelles. Same as in metazoan and yeast cells, it was suggested that cargo is transported from the ER to Golgi cisternae via COPII-coated vesicles produced at ribosome-free ER exit sites (ERES). Recent developments in mammalian cell research suggest, though, that COPII helps to select secretory cargo, but does not coat the carriers leaving the ER. Furthermore, it was shown that mammalian ERES expand into a tubular network containing secretory cargo, but no COPII components. Because of the close association of the ER and Golgi bodies in plant cells, it was previously proposed that ERES and the Golgi comprise a secretory unit that travels over or with a motile ER membrane. In this study, we aimed to explore the nature of ERES in plant cells and took advantage of high-resolution confocal microscopy and imaged ERES labelled with canonical markers (Sar1a, Sec16, Sec24). We found that ERES are dynamically connected to Golgi bodies and most likely represent pre-cis-Golgi cisternae. Furthermore, we showed fine tubular connections from the ER to Golgi compartments (ERGo tubules) as well as fine protrusions from ERES/Golgi cisternae connecting with the ER. We suggest that these tubules observed between the ER and Golgi as well as between the ER and ERES are involved in stabilizing the physical connection between ER and ERES/Golgi cisternae, but may also be involved in cargo transport from the ER to Golgi bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. McGinness
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Pain
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Hitchhiking Across Kingdoms: Cotransport of Cargos in Fungal, Animal, and Plant Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2022; 38:155-178. [PMID: 35905769 PMCID: PMC10967659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins interact with cargos via adaptor proteins and move along filamentous actin or microtubule tracks. In contrast to this canonical mode, hitchhiking is a newly discovered mode of intracellular transport in which a cargo attaches itself to an already-motile cargo rather than directly associating with a motor protein itself. Many cargos including messenger RNAs, protein complexes, and organelles hitchhike on membrane-bound cargos. Hitchhiking-like behaviors have been shown to impact cellular processes including local protein translation, long-distance signaling, and organelle network reorganization. Here, we review instances of cargo hitchhiking in fungal, animal, and plant cells and discuss the potential cellular and evolutionary importance of hitchhiking in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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10
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Català-Castro F, Schäffer E, Krieg M. Exploring cell and tissue mechanics with optical tweezers. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259355. [PMID: 35942913 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and tissue biosystems emerge from the assembly of their constituent molecules and obtain a set of specific material properties. To measure these properties and understand how they influence cellular function is a central goal of mechanobiology. From a bottoms-up, physics or engineering point-of-view, such systems are a composition of basic mechanical elements. However, the sheer number and dynamic complexity of them, including active molecular machines and their emergent properties, makes it currently intractable to calculate how biosystems respond to forces. Because many diseases result from an aberrant mechanotransduction, it is thus essential to measure this response. Recent advances in the technology of optical tweezers have broadened their scope from single-molecule applications to measurements inside complex cellular environments, even within tissues and animals. Here, we summarize the basic optical trapping principles, implementations and calibration procedures that enable force measurements using optical tweezers directly inside cells of living animals, in combination with complementary techniques. We review their versatility to manipulate subcellular organelles and measure cellular frequency-dependent mechanics in the piconewton force range from microseconds to hours. As an outlook, we address future challenges to fully unlock the potential of optical tweezers for mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Català-Castro
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Cellular Nanoscience, ZMBP, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
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11
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Bao Y. An Update on the Key Factors Required for Plant Golgi Structure Maintenance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933283. [PMID: 35837464 PMCID: PMC9274083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant Golgi apparatus serves as the central station of the secretory pathway and is the site where protein modification and cell wall matrix polysaccharides synthesis occur. The polarized and stacked cisternal structure is a prerequisite for Golgi function. Our understanding of Golgi structure maintenance and trafficking are largely obtained from mammals and yeast, yet, plant Golgi has many different aspects. In this review, we summarize the key players in Golgi maintenance demonstrated by genetic studies in plants, which function in ER-Golgi, intra-Golgi and post-Golgi transport pathways. Among these, we emphasize on players in intra-Golgi trafficking.
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12
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Cheung AY, Cosgrove DJ, Hara-Nishimura I, Jürgens G, Lloyd C, Robinson DG, Staehelin LA, Weijers D. A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:53-71. [PMID: 34524464 PMCID: PMC8773953 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke's discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | | | - Gerd Jürgens
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Clive Lloyd
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - David G Robinson
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - L Andrew Staehelin
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
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13
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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14
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Pereira C, Di Sansebastiano GP. Mechanisms of membrane traffic in plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:102-111. [PMID: 34775176 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organelles of the secretory pathway are characterized by specific organization and function but they communicate in different ways with intense functional crosstalk. The best known membrane-bound transport carriers are known as protein-coated vesicles. Other traffic mechanisms, despite the intense investigations, still show incongruences. The review intends to provide a general view of the mechanisms involved in membrane traffic. We evidence that organelles' biogenesis involves mechanisms that actively operate during the entire cell cycle and the persistent interconnections between the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes, the vacuolar complex and the plasma membrane (PM) may be seen as a very dynamic membrane network in which vesicular traffic is part of a general maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/nº, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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15
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Arabidopsis thaliana myosin XIK is recruited to the Golgi through interaction with a MyoB receptor. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1182. [PMID: 34645991 PMCID: PMC8514473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell organelles are highly mobile and their positioning play key roles in plant growth, development and responses to changing environmental conditions. Movement is acto-myosin dependent. Despite controlling the dynamics of several organelles, myosin and myosin receptors identified so far in Arabidopsis thaliana generally do not localise to the organelles whose movement they control, raising the issue of how specificity is determined. Here we show that a MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, specifically localises to the Golgi membrane and affects its movement. Myosin XI-K was identified as a putative MRF7 interactor through mass spectrometry analysis. Co-expression of MRF7 and XI-K tail triggers the relocation of XI-K to the Golgi, linking a MyoB/myosin complex to a specific organelle in Arabidopsis. FRET-FLIM confirmed the in vivo interaction between MRF7 and XI-K tail on the Golgi and in the cytosol, suggesting that myosin/myosin receptor complexes perhaps cycle on and off organelle membranes. This work supports a traditional mechanism for organelle movement where myosins bind to receptors and adaptors on the organelle membranes, allowing them to actively move on the actin cytoskeleton, rather than passively in the recently proposed cytoplasmic streaming model. Perico et al. use co-expression analysis and a FRET-FLIM approach to show that the Arabidopsis MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, triggers the relocation of Myosin XI-K to the Golgi. As such, this study provides evidence for plant myosin recruitment and control of organelle movement.
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16
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Maintaining the structural and functional homeostasis of the plant endoplasmic reticulum. Dev Cell 2021; 56:919-932. [PMID: 33662257 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous organelle that is vital to the life of eukaryotic cells. It synthesizes essential lipids and proteins and initiates the glycosylation of intracellular and surface proteins. As such, the ER is necessary for cell growth and communication with the external environment. The ER is also a highly dynamic organelle, whose structure is continuously remodeled through an interaction with the cytoskeleton and the action of specialized ER shapers. Recent and significant advances in ER studies have brought to light conserved and unique features underlying the structure and function of this organelle in plant cells. In this review, exciting developments in the understanding of the mechanisms for plant ER structural and functional homeostasis, particularly those that underpin ER network architecture and ER degradation, are presented and discussed.
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17
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
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18
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David Y, Castro IG, Schuldiner M. The Fast and the Furious: Golgi Contact Sites. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:1-15. [PMID: 35071979 PMCID: PMC7612241 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211034424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact sites are areas of close apposition between two membranes that coordinate nonvesicular communication between organelles. Such interactions serve a wide range of cellular functions from regulating metabolic pathways to executing stress responses and coordinating organelle inheritance. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in information on certain contact sites, mostly those involving the endoplasmic reticulum. However, despite its central role in the secretory pathway, the Golgi apparatus and its contact sites remain largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of Golgi contact sites and share our thoughts as to why Golgi contact sites are understudied. We also highlight what exciting future directions may exist in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam David
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inês G Castro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Domozych DS, Sun L, Palacio-Lopez K, Reed R, Jeon S, Li M, Jiao C, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Rose JKC. Endomembrane architecture and dynamics during secretion of the extracellular matrix of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3323-3339. [PMID: 31974570 PMCID: PMC7289721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of many charophytes, the assemblage of green algae that are the sister group to land plants, is complex, produced in large amounts, and has multiple essential functions. An extensive secretory apparatus and endomembrane system are presumably needed to synthesize and secrete the ECM, but structural details of such a system have not been fully characterized. Penium margaritaceum is a valuable unicellular model charophyte for studying secretion dynamics. We report that Penium has a highly organized endomembrane system, consisting of 150-200 non-mobile Golgi bodies that process and package ECM components into different sets of vesicles that traffic to the cortical cytoplasm, where they are transported around the cell by cytoplasmic streaming. At either fixed or transient areas, specific cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete their constituents. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was observed to occur in one location of the Golgi body and sometimes in unique Golgi hybrids. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A caused disruption of the Golgi body, and inhibition of EPS secretion and cell wall expansion. The structure of the endomembrane system in Penium provides mechanistic insights into how extant charophytes generate large quantities of ECM, which in their ancestors facilitated the colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | | | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Susan Jeon
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Mingjia Li
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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20
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Baillie AL, Falz AL, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Sparkes I. It Started With a Kiss: Monitoring Organelle Interactions and Identifying Membrane Contact Site Components in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32435254 PMCID: PMC7218140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organelle movement and interaction are dynamic processes. Interpreting the functional role and mechanistic detail of interactions at membrane contact sites requires careful quantification of parameters such as duration, frequency, proximity, and surface area of contact, and identification of molecular components. We provide an overview of current methods used to quantify organelle interactions in plants and other organisms and propose novel applications of existing technologies to tackle this emerging topic in plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Baillie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Falz
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Müller-Schüssele
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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21
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Robinson DG, Aniento F. A Model for ERD2 Function in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:343. [PMID: 32269585 PMCID: PMC7109254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ER lumenal proteins have a K(H)DEL motif at their C-terminus. This is recognized by the ERD2 receptor (KDEL receptor in animals), which localizes to the Golgi apparatus and serves to capture escaped ER lumenal proteins. ERD2-ligand complexes are then transported back to the ER via COPI coated vesicles. The neutral pH of the ER causes the ligands to dissociate with the receptor being returned to the Golgi. According to this generally accepted scenario, ERD2 cycles between the ER and the Golgi, although it has been found to have a predominant Golgi localization. In this short article, we present a model for the functioning of ERD2 receptors in higher plants that explains why it is difficult to detect fluorescently tagged ERD2 proteins in the ER. The model assumes that the residence time for ERD2 in the ER is very brief and restricted to a specific domain of the ER. This is the small disc of ER immediately subjacent to the first cis-cisterna of the Golgi stack, representing specialized ER export and import sites and therefore constituting part of what is known as the "secretory unit", a mobile aggregate of ER domain plus Golgi stack. ERD2 molecules in the ER domain of the secretory unit may be small in number, transient and optically difficult to differentiate from the larger population of ERD2 molecules in the overlying Golgi stack in the confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Optical Trapping in Plant Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31148042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Optical tweezers allow for noninvasive manipulation of subcellular compartments to study their physical interactions and attachments. By measuring (delay of) displacements, (semi)quantitative force measurements within a living cell can be performed. In this chapter, we provide practical tips for setting up such experiments paying special attention to the technical considerations for integrating optical tweezers into a confocal microscope. Next, we describe experimental approaches we have taken to trap intracellular structures in plant cells.
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23
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Ito Y, Boutté Y. Differentiation of Trafficking Pathways at Golgi Entry Core Compartments and Post-Golgi Subdomains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609516. [PMID: 33363561 PMCID: PMC7752856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed specialized membrane structures called organelles, which compartmentalize cellular functions and chemical reactions. Recent improvements in microscopy and membrane compartment isolation techniques are now sophisticating our view. Emerging evidences support that there are distinct sub-populations or subdomains, which are spatially and/or temporally segregated within one type of organelle, contributing to specify differential sorting of various cargos to distinct destinations of the cell. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus represents a main trafficking hub in which entry occurs through a Golgi Entry Core Compartment (GECCO), that remains to be further characterized, and sorting of cargos is mediated through multiple transport pathways with different sets of regulator proteins at the post-Golgi compartment trans-Golgi network (TGN). Both GECCO and TGN are differentiated sub-populations as compared to the rest of Golgi, and moreover, further subdomain formation within TGN is suggested to play a key role for cargo sorting. In this review, we will summarize recent findings obtained on organelle subdomains, and their relationship with cargo entry at and exit from the Golgi apparatus.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- ULLA NEUMANN
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCentral Microscopy Cologne Germany
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25
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Yang X, Liao CY, Tang J, Bassham DC. Overexpression of trans-Golgi network t-SNAREs rescues vacuolar trafficking and TGN morphology defects in a putative tethering factor mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:703-716. [PMID: 31009161 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a major site for sorting of cargo to either the vacuole or apoplast. The TGN-localized coiled-coil protein TNO1 is a putative tethering factor that interacts with the TGN t-SNARE SYP41 and is required for correct localization of the SYP61 t-SNARE. An Arabidopsis thaliana tno1 mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress and partially mislocalizes vacuolar proteins to the apoplast, indicating a role in vacuolar trafficking. Here, we show that overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61 significantly increases SYP41-SYP61 complex formation in a tno1 mutant, and rescues the salt sensitivity and defective vacuolar trafficking of the tno1 mutant. The TGN is disrupted and vesicle budding from Golgi cisternae is reduced in the tno1 mutant, and these defects are also rescued by overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61. Our results suggest that the trafficking and Golgi morphology defects caused by loss of TNO1 can be rescued by increasing SYP41-SYP61 t-SNARE complex formation, implicating TNO1 as a tethering factor mediating efficient vesicle fusion at the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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26
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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27
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Liu L, Li J. Communications Between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Other Organelles During Abiotic Stress Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:749. [PMID: 31249578 PMCID: PMC6582665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to integrate various stress signals and to coordinate plant growth and development. It is well known that inter-organellar communications play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to environmental stresses. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), extending throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is a central organelle involved in lipid metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and synthesis and folding of secretory and transmembrane proteins crucial to perceive and transduce environmental signals. The ER communicates with the nucleus via the highly conserved unfolded protein response pathway to mitigate ER stress. Importantly, recent studies have revealed that the dynamic ER network physically interacts with other intracellular organelles and endomembrane compartments, such as the Golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, vacuole, and the plasma membrane, through multiple membrane contact sites between closely apposed organelles. In this review, we will discuss the signaling and metabolite exchanges between the ER and other organelles during abiotic stress responses in plants as well as the ER-organelle membrane contact sites and their associated tethering complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianming Li, ;
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28
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Stefano G, Brandizzi F. Advances in Plant ER Architecture and Dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:178-186. [PMID: 28986423 PMCID: PMC5761816 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances highlight mechanisms that enable the morphological integrity of the plant ER in relation to the other organelles and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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29
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Goring DR, Di Sansebastiano GP. Protein and membrane trafficking routes in plants: conventional or unconventional? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:1-5. [PMID: 29267941 PMCID: PMC5853521 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
- Correspondence: ;
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Italy
- Correspondence: ;
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30
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Vitale A, Pedrazzini E. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus: old friends, novel intimate relationships. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3283-3285. [PMID: 28859381 PMCID: PMC5853868 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Osterrieder A, Sparkes IA, Botchway SW, Ward A, Ketelaar T, de Ruijter N, Hawes C. 2017. Stacks off tracks: a role for the golgin AtCASP in plant endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi apparatus tethering. Journal of Experimental Botany 68, 3339–3350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy, European Union
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy, European Union
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