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Artins A, Martins MCM, Meyer C, Fernie AR, Caldana C. Sensing and regulation of C and N metabolism - novel features and mechanisms of the TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1268-1280. [PMID: 38349940 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms are tightly integrated to allow proper plant growth and development. Photosynthesis is dependent on N invested in chlorophylls, enzymes, and structural components of the photosynthetic machinery, while N uptake and assimilation rely on ATP, reducing equivalents, and C-skeletons provided by photosynthesis. The direct connection between N availability and photosynthetic efficiency allows the synthesis of precursors for all metabolites and building blocks in plants. Thus, the capacity to sense and respond to sudden changes in C and N availability is crucial for plant survival and is mediated by complex yet efficient signaling pathways such as TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING-1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (SnRK1). In this review, we present recent advances in mechanisms involved in sensing C and N status as well as identifying current gaps in our understanding. We finally attempt to provide new perspectives and hypotheses on the interconnection of diverse signaling pathways that will allow us to understand the integration and orchestration of the major players governing the regulation of the CN balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Artins
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Marina C M Martins
- in Press - Scientific Consulting and Communication Services, 05089-030, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
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2
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Wu E, Li X, Ma Q, Wang H, Han X, Feng B. Comparative Multi-Omics Analysis of Broomcorn Millet in Response to Anthracocystis destruens Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1215-1225. [PMID: 38281141 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0269-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Anthracocystis destruens is the causal agent of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) smut disease, which results in serious yield losses in broomcorn millet production. However, the molecular basis underlying broomcorn millet defense against A. destruens is less understood. In this study, we investigated how broomcorn millet responds to infection by A. destruens by employing a comprehensive multi-omics approach. We examined the responses of broomcorn millet across transcriptome, metabolome, and microbiome levels. Infected leaves exhibited an upregulation of genes related to photosynthesis, accompanied by a higher accumulation of photosynthesis-related compounds and alterations in hormonal levels. However, broomcorn millet genes involved in immune response were downregulated post A. destruens infection, suggesting that A. destruens may suppress broomcorn millet immunity. In addition, we show that the immune suppression and altered host metabolism induced by A. destruens have no significant effect on the microbial community structure of broomcorn millet leaf, thus providing a new perspective for understanding the tripartite interaction between plant, pathogen, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuepei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Honglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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3
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Komatsu S, Uemura M. Special Issue "State-of-the-Art Molecular Plant Sciences in Japan". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2365. [PMID: 38397042 PMCID: PMC10888678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Food shortages are one of the most serious problems caused by global warming and population growth in this century [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-0028, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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4
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Marash I, Gupta R, Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Lindner N, Israeli A, Nir D, Avni A, Bar M. TOR coordinates cytokinin and gibberellin signals mediating development and defense. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:629-650. [PMID: 37904283 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly perceive and process environmental signals and balance between the energetic demands of growth and defense. Growth arrest upon pathogen attack was previously suggested to result from a redirection of the plants' metabolic resources towards the activation of plant defense. The energy sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved master coordinator of growth and development in all eukaryotes. Although TOR is positioned at the interface between development and defense, little is known about the mechanisms by which TOR may potentially regulate the relationship between these two modalities. The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) execute various aspects of plant development and defense. The ratio between CK and GA was reported to determine the outcome of developmental programmes. Here, investigating the interplay between TOR-mediated development and TOR-mediated defense in tomato, we found that TOR silencing resulted in rescue of several different aberrant developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that TOR is required for the execution of developmental cues. In parallel, TOR inhibition enhanced immunity in genotypes with a low CK/GA ratio but not in genotypes with a high CK/GA ratio. TOR-inhibition mediated disease resistance was found to depend on developmental status, and was abolished in strongly morphogenetic leaves, while being strongest in mature, differentiated leaves. CK repressed TOR activity, suggesting that CK-mediated immunity may rely on TOR downregulation. At the same time, TOR activity was promoted by GA, and TOR silencing reduced GA sensitivity, indicating that GA signalling requires normal TOR activity. Our results demonstrate that TOR likely acts in concert with CK and GA signalling, executing signalling cues in both defense and development. Thus, differential regulation of TOR or TOR-mediated processes could regulate the required outcome of development-defense prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Naomi Lindner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Nir
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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5
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Giese J, Eirich J, Walther D, Zhang Y, Lassowskat I, Fernie AR, Elsässer M, Maurino VG, Schwarzländer M, Finkemeier I. The interplay of post-translational protein modifications in Arabidopsis leaves during photosynthesis induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1172-1193. [PMID: 37522418 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal dark to light transition causes profound physiological changes in plant metabolism. These changes require distinct modes of regulation as a unique feature of photosynthetic lifestyle. The activities of several key metabolic enzymes are regulated by light-dependent post-translational modifications (PTM) and have been studied at depth at the level of individual proteins. In contrast, a global picture of the light-dependent PTMome dynamics is lacking, leaving the response of a large proportion of cellular function undefined. Here, we investigated the light-dependent metabolome and proteome changes in Arabidopsis rosettes in a time resolved manner to dissect their kinetic interplay, focusing on phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, and cysteine-based redox switches. Of over 24 000 PTM sites that were detected, more than 1700 were changed during the transition from dark to light. While the first changes, as measured 5 min after onset of illumination, occurred mainly in the chloroplasts, PTM changes at proteins in other compartments coincided with the full activation of the Calvin-Benson cycle and the synthesis of sugars at later timepoints. Our data reveal connections between metabolism and PTM-based regulation throughout the cell. The comprehensive multiome profiling analysis provides unique insight into the extent by which photosynthesis reprograms global cell function and adds a powerful resource for the dissection of diverse cellular processes in the context of photosynthetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Giese
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, D-14476, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, D-14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Ines Lassowskat
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, D-14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, Münster, D-48149, Germany
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Alam I, Zhang H, Du H, Rehman NU, Manghwar H, Lei X, Batool K, Ge L. Bioengineering Techniques to Improve Nitrogen Transformation and Utilization: Implications for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Future Sustainable Crop Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3921-3938. [PMID: 36842151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and development, especially in physiological and biochemical processes such as component of different proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and plant growth regulators. Six categories, such as transporters, nitrate absorption, signal molecules, amino acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, and miscellaneous genes, broadly encompass the genes regulating NUE in various cereal crops. Herein, we outline detailed research on bioengineering modifications of N metabolism to improve the different crop yields and biomass. We emphasize effective and precise molecular approaches and technologies, including N transporters, transgenics, omics, etc., which are opening up fascinating opportunities for a complete analysis of the molecular elements that contribute to NUE. Moreover, the detection of various types of N compounds and associated signaling pathways within plant organs have been discussed. Finally, we highlight the broader impacts of increasing NUE in crops, crucial for better agricultural yield and in the greater context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanyin Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Naveed Ur Rehman
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khadija Batool
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Zheng Z, Chen S, Wei P, Guo S, Yu G, Wu J. The proteomics and metabolomics studies of GZU001 on promoting the Merisis of maize (Zea mays L.) roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:103. [PMID: 36803498 PMCID: PMC9942296 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant growth regulators are chemicals that regulate plant growth and development, which can regulate hormonal balance and affect plant growth, thereby increasing crop yield and improving crop quality. Our studies have revealed a new compound, GZU001, which could be used as a plant growth regulator. This compound has been observed to affect root elongation in maize significantly. However, the exact mechanism of this phenomenon is still being investigated. RESULTS Metabolomics and proteomics were used in unison in this study to explore the response pathway and regulation mechanism of GZU001 in promoting maize root elongation. From the appearance, we can see that both roots and plants of maize treated with GZU001 are significantly improved. Maize root metabolism revealed 101 differentially abundant proteins and 79 differentially expressed metabolites. The current study identified altered proteins and metabolites associated with physiological and biochemical processes. GZU001 treatment has been demonstrated to promote primary metabolism, essential for carbohydrates, amino acids, energy, and secondary metabolism. The result suggests that the stimulation of primary metabolism is beneficial for the growth and development of maize and plays a significant role in sustaining metabolism and growth. CONCLUSIONS This study recorded the changes of related proteins and metabolites in maize roots after GZU001 treatment and provided evidence for this compound's action mode and mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education/Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Fine Tuning of ROS, Redox and Energy Regulatory Systems Associated with the Functions of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Plants under Heat Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021356. [PMID: 36674866 PMCID: PMC9865929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress severely affects plant growth and crop production. It is therefore urgent to uncover the mechanisms underlying heat stress responses of plants and establish the strategies to enhance heat tolerance of crops. The chloroplasts and mitochondria are known to be highly sensitive to heat stress. Heat stress negatively impacts on the electron transport chains, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause damages on the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Disruptions of photosynthetic and respiratory metabolisms under heat stress also trigger increase in ROS and alterations in redox status in the chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, ROS and altered redox status in these organelles also activate important mechanisms that maintain functions of these organelles under heat stress, which include HSP-dependent pathways, ROS scavenging systems and retrograde signaling. To discuss heat responses associated with energy regulating organelles, we should not neglect the energy regulatory hub involving TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SNF-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (SnRK1). Although roles of TOR and SnRK1 in the regulation of heat responses are still unknown, contributions of these proteins to the regulation of the functions of energy producing organelles implicate the possible involvement of this energy regulatory hub in heat acclimation of plants.
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Urrea-Castellanos R, Caldana C, Henriques R. Growing at the right time: interconnecting the TOR pathway with photoperiod and circadian regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7006-7015. [PMID: 35738873 PMCID: PMC9664226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can adjust their growth to specific times of the day and season. Different photoperiods result in distinct growth patterns, which correlate with specific carbon-partitioning strategies in source (leaves) and sink (roots) organs. Therefore, external cues such as light, day length, and temperature need to be integrated with intracellular processes controlling overall carbon availability and anabolism. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a signalling hub where environmental signals, circadian information, and metabolic processes converge to regulate plant growth. TOR complex mutants display altered patterns of root growth and starch levels. Moreover, depletion of TOR or reduction in cellular energy levels affect the pace of the clock by extending the period length, suggesting that this pathway could participate in circadian metabolic entrainment. However, this seems to be a mutual interaction, since the TOR pathway components are also under circadian regulation. These results strengthen the role of this signalling pathway as a master sensor of metabolic status, integrating day length and circadian cues to control anabolic processes in the cell, thus promoting plant growth and development. Expanding this knowledge from Arabidopsis thaliana to crops will improve our understanding of the molecular links connecting environmental perception and growth regulation under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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10
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Wang S, Steed G, Webb AAR. Circadian entrainment in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:981-993. [PMID: 35512209 PMCID: PMC9516740 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks coordinate physiology and development as an adaption to the oscillating day/night cycle caused by the rotation of Earth on its axis and the changing length of day and night away from the equator caused by orbiting the sun. Circadian clocks confer advantages by entraining to rhythmic environmental cycles to ensure that internal events within the plant occur at the correct time with respect to the cyclic external environment. Advances in determining the structure of circadian oscillators and the pathways that allow them to respond to light, temperature, and metabolic signals have begun to provide a mechanistic insight to the process of entrainment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We describe the concepts of entrainment and how it occurs. It is likely that a thorough mechanistic understanding of the genetic and physiological basis of circadian entrainment will provide opportunities for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- School of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Gareth Steed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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11
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Engineering Ribosomes to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Plants: A Perspective. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162097. [PMID: 36015400 PMCID: PMC9415564 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the centerpiece of the biomass production process, ribosome activity is highly coordinated with environmental cues. Findings revealing ribosome subgroups responsive to adverse conditions suggest this tight coordination may be grounded in the induction of variant ribosome compositions and the differential translation outcomes they might produce. In this perspective, we go through the literature linking ribosome heterogeneity to plants’ abiotic stress response. Once unraveled, this crosstalk may serve as the foundation of novel strategies to custom cultivars tolerant to challenging environments without the yield penalty.
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12
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Mechanisms Regulating Energy Homeostasis in Plant Cells and Their Potential to Inspire Electrical Microgrids Models. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020083. [PMID: 35735599 PMCID: PMC9221007 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the main features of systems that are required to flexibly modulate energy states of plant cells in response to environmental fluctuations are surveyed and summarized. Plant cells possess multiple sources (chloroplasts and mitochondria) to produce energy that is consumed to drive many processes, as well as mechanisms that adequately provide energy to the processes with high priority depending on the conditions. Such energy-providing systems are tightly linked to sensors that monitor the status of the environment and inside the cell. In addition, plants possess the ability to efficiently store and transport energy both at the cell level and at a higher level. Furthermore, these systems can finely tune the various mechanisms of energy homeostasis in plant cells in response to the changes in environment, also assuring the plant survival under adverse environmental conditions. Electrical power systems are prone to the effects of environmental changes as well; furthermore, they are required to be increasingly resilient to the threats of extreme natural events caused, for example, by climate changes, outages, and/or external deliberate attacks. Starting from this consideration, similarities between energy-related processes in plant cells and electrical power grids are identified, and the potential of mechanisms regulating energy homeostasis in plant cells to inspire the definition of new models of flexible and resilient electrical power grids, particularly microgrids, is delineated. The main contribution of this review is surveying energy regulatory mechanisms in detail as a reference and helping readers to find useful information for their work in this research field.
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13
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Nguyen TH, Goossens A, Lacchini E. Jasmonate: A hormone of primary importance for plant metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102197. [PMID: 35248983 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, jasmonates (JAs) have become recognized as one of the main plant hormones that regulate stress responses by activating defense programs and the production of specialized metabolites. High JA levels have been associated with reduced plant growth, supposedly as a result of the reallocation of carbon sources from primary growth to the biosynthesis of defense compounds. Recent advances suggest however that tight regulatory networks integrate several sensing pathways to steer plant metabolism, and thereby drive the trade-off between growth and defense. In this review, we discuss how JA influences primary metabolism and how it is connected to light-regulated processes, nutrient sensing and energy metabolism. Finally, we speculate that JA, in a conceptual parallelism with adrenaline for humans, overall boosts cellular processes to keep up with an increased metabolic demand during harsh times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hieu Nguyen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Wingler A, Henriques R. Sugars and the speed of life-Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13656. [PMID: 35243645 PMCID: PMC9314607 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink activity. Optimal utilisation of resources is under circadian clock control. This molecular timekeeper ensures that growth responses are adjusted to different photoperiod and temperature settings by modulating starch accumulation and degradation accordingly. For example, during the night, starch degradation is required to provide sugars for growth. Under favourable growth conditions, high sugar availability stimulates growth and development, resulting in an overall accelerated life cycle of annual plants. Key signalling components include trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), which reflects sucrose availability and stimulates growth and branching when the conditions are favourable. Under sink limitation, Tre6P does, however, inhibit night-time starch degradation. Tre6P interacts with Sucrose-non-fermenting1-Related Kinase1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that inhibits growth under starvation and stress conditions and delays development (including flowering and senescence). Tre6P inhibits SnRK1 activity, but SnRK1 increases the Tre6P to sucrose ratio under favourable conditions. Alongside Tre6P, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) stimulates processes such as protein synthesis and growth when sugar availability is high. In annual plants, an accelerated life cycle results in early leaf and plant senescence, thus shortening the lifespan. While the availability of carbohydrates in the form of sucrose and other sugars also plays an important role in seasonal life cycle events (phenology) of perennial plants, the sugar signalling pathways in perennials are less well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College Cork, Distillery FieldsCork
| | - Rossana Henriques
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College Cork, Distillery FieldsCork
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15
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Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Luzarowski M, Monte-Bello CC, Minen RI, Zühlke BM, Nikoloski Z, Skirycz A, Caldana C. Proteogenic Dipeptides Are Characterized by Diel Fluctuations and Target of Rapamycin Complex-Signaling Dependency in the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758933. [PMID: 35003157 PMCID: PMC8727597 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As autotrophic organisms, plants capture light energy to convert carbon dioxide into ATP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and sugars, which are essential for the biosynthesis of building blocks, storage, and growth. At night, metabolism and growth can be sustained by mobilizing carbon (C) reserves. In response to changing environmental conditions, such as light-dark cycles, the small-molecule regulation of enzymatic activities is critical for reprogramming cellular metabolism. We have recently demonstrated that proteogenic dipeptides, protein degradation products, act as metabolic switches at the interface of proteostasis and central metabolism in both plants and yeast. Dipeptides accumulate in response to the environmental changes and act via direct binding and regulation of critical enzymatic activities, enabling C flux distribution. Here, we provide evidence pointing to the involvement of dipeptides in the metabolic rewiring characteristics for the day-night cycle in plants. Specifically, we measured the abundance of 13 amino acids and 179 dipeptides over short- (SD) and long-day (LD) diel cycles, each with different light intensities. Of the measured dipeptides, 38 and eight were characterized by day-night oscillation in SD and LD, respectively, reaching maximum accumulation at the end of the day and then gradually falling in the night. Not only the number of dipeptides, but also the amplitude of the oscillation was higher in SD compared with LD conditions. Notably, rhythmic dipeptides were enriched in the glucogenic amino acids that can be converted into glucose. Considering the known role of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling in regulating both autophagy and metabolism, we subsequently investigated whether diurnal fluctuations of dipeptides levels are dependent on the TOR Complex (TORC). The Raptor1b mutant (raptor1b), known for the substantial reduction of TOR kinase activity, was characterized by the augmented accumulation of dipeptides, which is especially pronounced under LD conditions. We were particularly intrigued by the group of 16 dipeptides, which, based on their oscillation under SD conditions and accumulation in raptor1b, can be associated with limited C availability or photoperiod. By mining existing protein-metabolite interaction data, we delineated putative protein interactors for a representative dipeptide Pro-Gln. The obtained list included enzymes of C and amino acid metabolism, which are also linked to the TORC-mediated metabolic network. Based on the obtained results, we speculate that the diurnal accumulation of dipeptides contributes to its metabolic adaptation in response to changes in C availability. We hypothesize that dipeptides would act as alternative respiratory substrates and by directly modulating the activity of the focal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Boris M. Zühlke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Couso I, Smythers AL, Ford MM, Umen JG, Crespo JL, Hicks LM. Inositol polyphosphates and target of rapamycin kinase signalling govern photosystem II protein phosphorylation and photosynthetic function under light stress in Chlamydomonas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2011-2025. [PMID: 34529857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stress and nutrient availability influence cell proliferation through complex intracellular signalling networks. In a previous study it was found that pyro-inositol polyphosphates (InsP7 and InsP8 ) produced by VIP1 kinase, and target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase signalling interacted synergistically to control cell growth and lipid metabolism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the relationship between InsPs and TOR was not completely elucidated. We used an in vivo assay for TOR activity together with global proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses to assess differences between wild-type and vip1-1 in the presence and absence of rapamycin. We found that TOR signalling is more severely affected by the inhibitor rapamycin in a vip1-1 mutant compared with wild-type, indicating that InsP7 and InsP8 produced by VIP1 act independently but also coordinately with TOR. Additionally, among hundreds of differentially phosphorylated peptides detected, an enrichment for photosynthesis-related proteins was observed, particularly photosystem II proteins. The significance of these results was underscored by the finding that vip1-1 strains show multiple defects in photosynthetic physiology that were exacerbated under high light conditions. These results suggest a novel role for inositol pyrophosphates and TOR signalling in coordinating photosystem phosphorylation patterns in Chlamydomonas cells in response to light stress and possibly other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Couso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Megan M Ford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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17
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Castellano MM, Merchante C. Peculiarities of the regulation of translation initiation in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102073. [PMID: 34186463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process for life and, as such, plays a crucial role in the adaptation to energy, developmentaland environmental conditions. For these reasons, and despite the general conservation of the eukaryotic translational machinery, it is not surprising that organisms with different lifestyles have evolved distinct mechanisms of regulation to adapt translation initiation to their intrinsic growth and development. Plants have clear peculiarities compared with other eukaryotes that have also extended to translation control. This review describes the plant-specific mechanisms for regulation of translation initiation, with a focus on those that modulate the eIF4F complexes, central translational regulatory hubs in all eukaryotes, and highlights the latest discoveries on the signaling pathways that regulate their constituents and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain.
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain.
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18
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Heinemann B, Hildebrandt TM. The role of amino acid metabolism in signaling and metabolic adaptation to stress-induced energy deficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4634-4645. [PMID: 33993299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of plant metabolism to stress-induced energy deficiency involves profound changes in amino acid metabolism. Anabolic reactions are suppressed, whereas respiratory pathways that use amino acids as alternative substrates are activated. This review highlights recent progress in unraveling the stress-induced amino acid oxidation pathways, their regulation, and the role of amino acids as signaling molecules. We present an updated map of the degradation pathways for lysine and the branched-chain amino acids. The regulation of amino acid metabolism during energy deprivation, including the coordinated induction of several catabolic pathways, is mediated by the balance between TOR and SnRK signaling. Recent findings indicate that some amino acids might act as nutrient signals in TOR activation and thus promote a shift from catabolic to anabolic pathways. The metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is highly interconnected with TOR and SnRK signaling. Mechanistic details have recently been elucidated for cysteine signaling during the abscisic acid-dependent drought response. Local cysteine synthesis triggers abscisic acid production and, in addition, cysteine degradation produces the gaseous messenger hydrogen sulfide, which promotes stomatal closure via protein persulfidation. Amino acid signaling in plants is still an emerging topic with potential for fundamental discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Heinemann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Zhigailov AV, Stanbekova GE, Beisenov DK, Nizkorodova AS, Polimbetova NS, Iskakov BK. Constructing the constitutively active ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtRPS6K2) and testing its activity in vitro. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:233-238. [PMID: 33659803 PMCID: PMC7904244 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.39-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is the only phosphorylatable protein of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit. Ribosomes with phosphorylated RPS6 can selectively translate 5'TOP-(5'-terminal oligopyrimidine)-containing mRNAs that encode most proteins of the translation apparatus. The study of translational control of 5'TOP-mRNAs, which are preferentially translated when RPS6 is phosphorylated and cease to be translated when RPS6 is de-phosphorylated, is particularly important. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtRPS6 is phosphorylated by kinase AtRPS6K2, which should in turn be phosphorylated by upper level kinases (AtPDK1 - at serine (S) 296, AtTOR - at threonine (T) 455 and S437) for full activation. We have cloned AtRPS6K2 cDNA gene and carried out in vitro mutagenesis replacing codons encoding S296, S437 and T455 by triplets of phosphomimetic glutamic acid (E). After the expression of both natural and mutated cDNAs in Escherichia coli cells, two recombinant proteins were isolated: native AtRPS6K2 and presumably constitutively active AtRPS6K2(S296E, S437E, T455E). The activity of these variants was tested in vitro. Both kinases could phosphorylate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaRPS6 as part of 40S ribosomal subunits isolated from wheat embryos, though the non-mutated variant had less activity than phosphomimetic one. The ability of recombinant non-mutated kinase to phosphorylate TaRPS6 can be explained by its phosphorylation by bacterial kinases during the expression and isolation steps. The phosphomimetically mutated AtRPS6K2(S296E, S437E, T455E) can serve as a tool to investigate preferential translation of 5'TOP-mRNAs in wheat germ cell-free system, in which most of 40S ribosomal subunits have phosphorylated TaRPS6. Besides, such an approach has a biotechnological application in producing genetically modified plants with increased biomass and productivity through stimulation of cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zhigailov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - G E Stanbekova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - D K Beisenov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - A S Nizkorodova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - N S Polimbetova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - B K Iskakov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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20
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Mateo de Arias M, Gao L, Sherwood DA, Dwivedi KK, Price BJ, Jamison M, Kowallis BM, Carman JG. Whether Gametophytes are Reduced or Unreduced in Angiosperms Might Be Determined Metabolically. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121449. [PMID: 33276690 PMCID: PMC7761559 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, meiotic failure coupled with the formation of genetically unreduced gametophytes in ovules (apomeiosis) constitute major components of gametophytic apomixis. These aberrant developmental events are generally thought to be caused by mutation. However, efforts to locate the responsible mutations have failed. Herein, we tested a fundamentally different hypothesis: apomeiosis is a polyphenism of meiosis, with meiosis and apomeiosis being maintained by different states of metabolic homeostasis. Microarray analyses of ovules and pistils were used to differentiate meiotic from apomeiotic processes in Boechera (Brassicaceae). Genes associated with translation, cell division, epigenetic silencing, flowering, and meiosis characterized sexual Boechera (meiotic). In contrast, genes associated with stress responses, abscisic acid signaling, reactive oxygen species production, and stress attenuation mechanisms characterized apomictic Boechera (apomeiotic). We next tested whether these metabolic differences regulate reproductive mode. Apomeiosis switched to meiosis when premeiotic ovules of apomicts were cultured on media that increased oxidative stress. These treatments included drought, starvation, and H2O2 applications. In contrast, meiosis switched to apomeiosis when premeiotic pistils of sexual plants were cultured on media that relieved oxidative stress. These treatments included antioxidants, glucose, abscisic acid, fluridone, and 5-azacytidine. High-frequency apomeiosis was initiated in all sexual species tested: Brassicaceae, Boechera stricta, Boechera exilis, and Arabidopsis thaliana; Fabaceae, Vigna unguiculata; Asteraceae, Antennaria dioica. Unreduced gametophytes formed from ameiotic female and male sporocytes, first division restitution dyads, and nucellar cells. These results are consistent with modes of reproduction and types of apomixis, in natural apomicts, being regulated metabolically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayelyn Mateo de Arias
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA; (M.M.d.A.); (L.G.); (D.A.S.); (B.J.P.)
- Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, 10103 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Lei Gao
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA; (M.M.d.A.); (L.G.); (D.A.S.); (B.J.P.)
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - David A. Sherwood
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA; (M.M.d.A.); (L.G.); (D.A.S.); (B.J.P.)
- Sherwood Pet Health, Logan, UT 84321, USA
| | - Krishna K. Dwivedi
- Caisson Laboratories, Inc., Smithfield, UT 84335, USA; (K.K.D.); (M.J.); (B.M.K.)
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, 284003 Jhansi, India
| | - Bo J. Price
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA; (M.M.d.A.); (L.G.); (D.A.S.); (B.J.P.)
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5750, USA
| | - Michelle Jamison
- Caisson Laboratories, Inc., Smithfield, UT 84335, USA; (K.K.D.); (M.J.); (B.M.K.)
- Wescor, Inc. An Elitech Company, Logan, UT 84321, USA
| | - Becky M. Kowallis
- Caisson Laboratories, Inc., Smithfield, UT 84335, USA; (K.K.D.); (M.J.); (B.M.K.)
- Cytiva, Inc., Logan, UT 84321, USA
| | - John G. Carman
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA; (M.M.d.A.); (L.G.); (D.A.S.); (B.J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-512-4913
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21
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Urquidi-Camacho RA, Lokdarshi A, von Arnim AG. Translational gene regulation in plants: A green new deal. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2020; 11:e1597. [PMID: 32367681 PMCID: PMC9258721 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular machinery for protein synthesis is profoundly similar between plants and other eukaryotes. Mechanisms of translational gene regulation are embedded into the broader network of RNA-level processes including RNA quality control and RNA turnover. However, over eons of their separate history, plants acquired new components, dropped others, and generally evolved an alternate way of making the parts list of protein synthesis work. Research over the past 5 years has unveiled how plants utilize translational control to defend themselves against viruses, regulate translation in response to metabolites, and reversibly adjust translation to a wide variety of environmental parameters. Moreover, during seed and pollen development plants make use of RNA granules and other translational controls to underpin developmental transitions between quiescent and metabolically active stages. The economics of resource allocation over the daily light-dark cycle also include controls over cellular protein synthesis. Important new insights into translational control on cytosolic ribosomes continue to emerge from studies of translational control mechanisms in viruses. Finally, sketches of coherent signaling pathways that connect external stimuli with a translational response are emerging, anchored in part around TOR and GCN2 kinase signaling networks. These again reveal some mechanisms that are familiar and others that are different from other eukaryotes, motivating deeper studies on translational control in plants. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Urquidi-Camacho
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ansul Lokdarshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Albrecht G von Arnim
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology and UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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22
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Ingargiola C, Turqueto Duarte G, Robaglia C, Leprince AS, Meyer C. The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111285. [PMID: 33138108 PMCID: PMC7694126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ingargiola
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, UMR 7265, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Díaz-Granados VH, López-López JM, Flores-Sánchez J, Olguin-Alor R, Bedoya-López A, Dinkova TD, Salazar-Díaz K, Vázquez-Santana S, Vázquez-Ramos JM, Lara-Núñez A. Glucose modulates proliferation in root apical meristems via TOR in maize during germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:126-135. [PMID: 32745931 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Glucose-Target of Rapamycin (Glc-TOR) pathway has been studied in different biological systems, but scarcely during early seed germination. This work examines its importance for cell proliferation, expression of cell cycle key genes, their protein levels, besides morphology and cellularization of the root apical meristem of maize (Zea mays) embryo axes during germination under the influence of two simple sugars, glucose and sucrose, and a specific inhibitor of TOR activity, AZD 8055. The two sugars promote germination similarly and to an extent, independently of TOR activity. However, the Glc-TOR pathway increases the number of cells committed to proliferation, increasing the expression of a cell cycle gene, ZmCycD4;2, a putative G1/S regulator. Also, Glc-TOR may have influence on the protein stability of another G1/S cyclin, ZmCycD3, but had no influence on ZmCDKA;1 or ZmKRP3 or their proteins. Results suggest that the Glc-TOR pathway participates in the regulation of proliferation through different mechanisms that, in the end, modify the timing of seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Díaz-Granados
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Manuel López-López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Flores-Sánchez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Roxana Olguin-Alor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Andrea Bedoya-López
- Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Tzvetanka D Dinkova
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Kenia Salazar-Díaz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Manuel Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Aurora Lara-Núñez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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24
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Upadhyaya S, Agrawal S, Gorakshakar A, Rao BJ. TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is modulated by cellular metabolic states. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3122-3141. [PMID: 32677084 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a sensor and a central integrator of internal and external metabolic cues. However, in algae and in higher plants, the components of TOR kinase signaling are yet to be characterized. Here, we establish an assay system to study TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the phosphorylation status of its putative downstream target, CrS6K. Using this assay, we probe the modulation of cellular TOR kinase activity under various physiological states such as photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy, and nitrogen (N) starvation. Importantly, we uncover that excess acetate in the medium leads to high cellular reactive oxygen species levels, triggering autophagy and a concomitant drop in TOR kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, thus leading to a N-starvation-like cellular phenotype, even when nitrogen is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anmol Gorakshakar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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25
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Armarego-Marriott T, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Kowalewska Ł. Beyond the darkness: recent lessons from etiolation and de-etiolation studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1215-1225. [PMID: 31854450 PMCID: PMC7031072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts) in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown seedling system, etiolation is coupled with a type of growth called skotomorphogenesis. Upon illumination, de-etiolation occurs, marked by the transition from etioplast to chloroplast, and, at the seedling level, a switch to photomorphogenic growth. Etiolation and de-etiolation systems are therefore important for understanding both the acquisition of photosynthetic capacity during chloroplast biogenesis and plant responses to light-the most relevant signal in the life and growth of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries (within the past 2-3 years) in the field of etiolation and de-etiolation, with a particular focus on post-transcriptional processes and ultrastructural changes. We further discuss ambiguities in definitions of the term 'etiolation', and benefits and biases of common etiolation/de-etiolation systems. Finally, we raise several open questions and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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26
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Pereyra CM, Aznar NR, Rodriguez MS, Salerno GL, Martínez-Noël GMA. Target of rapamycin signaling is tightly and differently regulated in the plant response under distinct abiotic stresses. PLANTA 2019; 251:21. [PMID: 31781934 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
TOR signaling is finely regulated under diverse abiotic stresses and may be required for the plant response with a different time-course depending on the duration and nature of the stress. Target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling is a central regulator of growth and development in eukaryotic organisms. However, its regulation under stress conditions has not yet been elucidated. In Arabidopsis, we show that TOR transcripts and activity in planta are finely regulated within hours after the onset of salt, osmotic, cold and oxidative stress. The expression of genes encoding the partner proteins of the TOR complex, RAPTOR3G and LST8-1, is also regulated. Besides, the data indicate that TOR activity increases at some time during the adverse condition. Interestingly, in oxidative stress, the major TOR activity increment occurred transiently at the early phase of treatment, while in salt, osmotic and cold stress, it was around 1 day after the unfavorable condition was applied. Those results suggest that the TOR signaling has an important role in the plant response to an exposure to stress. Moreover, basal ROS (H2O2) levels and their modification under abiotic stresses were altered in TOR complex mutants. On the other hand, the root phenotypic analysis of the effects caused by the diverse abiotic stresses on TOR complex mutants revealed that they were differently affected, being in some cases less sensitive, than wild-type plants to long-term unfavorable conditions. Therefore, in this work, we demonstrated that TOR signaling is tightly regulated under abiotic stresses, at transcript and activity level, with different and specific time-course patterns according to the type of abiotic stress in Arabidopsis. Taking our results together, we propose that TOR signaling should be necessary during the plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia M Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Néstor R Aznar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Marianela S Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela L Salerno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Giselle M A Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar Del Plata, Argentina.
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27
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Rodriguez M, Parola R, Andreola S, Pereyra C, Martínez-Noël G. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways in plant response to abiotic stresses: Do they always act according to the "yin-yang" model? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110220. [PMID: 31521220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile photo-autotrophic organisms continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses. Monitoring the sugar level and energy status is essential, since this knowledge allows the integration of external and internal cues required for plant physiological and developmental plasticity. Most abiotic stresses induce severe metabolic alterations and entail a great energy cost, restricting plant growth and producing important crop losses. Therefore, balancing energy requirements with supplies is a major challenge for plants under unfavorable conditions. The conserved kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose-non-fermenting-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) play central roles during plant growth and development, and in response to environmental stresses; these kinases affect cellular processes and metabolic reprogramming, which has physiological and phenotypic consequences. The "yin-yang" model postulates that TOR and SnRK1 act in opposite ways in the regulation of metabolic-driven processes. In this review, we describe and discuss the current knowledge about the complex and intricate regulation of TOR and SnRK1 under abiotic stresses. We especially focus on the physiological perspective that, under certain circumstances during the plant stress response, the TOR and SnRK1 kinases could be modulated differently from what is postulated by the "yin-yang" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo Parola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Andreola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cintia Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Giselle Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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28
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Ryabova LA, Robaglia C, Meyer C. Target of Rapamycin kinase: central regulatory hub for plant growth and metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2211-2216. [PMID: 30984977 PMCID: PMC6463030 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov A Ryabova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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