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Mekala JR, Nalluri HP, Reddy PN, S B S, N S SK, G V S D SK, Dhiman R, Chamarthy S, Komaragiri RR, Manyam RR, Dirisala VR. Emerging trends and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Gene 2024; 925:148607. [PMID: 38797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of malignancies and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially. They have become a significant part of many pharmaceutical product lines, and more than 250 therapeutic mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some of the benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies, which are affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering have helped to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. In the future, mAbs generated by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) are expected to become a powerful tool in clinical therapeutics. This article describes the methods of mAb production, pre-clinical and clinical development of mAbs, approved indications targeted by mAbs, and novel developments in the field of mAb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
| | - Hari P Nalluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College, Visakhapatnam 530013, India
| | - Sainath S B
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, AP, India
| | - Sampath Kumar N S
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Sai Kiran G V S D
- Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Kurnool 518501, AP, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, India
| | - Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Raghava Rao Komaragiri
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India.
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Cheng S, Zheng S, Zhong M, Gyawali KR, Pan W, Xu M, Huang H, Huang X. Current situation of sporotrichosis in China. Future Microbiol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39056139 DOI: 10.1080/17460913.2024.2352283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a mycosis resulting from cutaneous or subcutaneous infection with the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix, has been reported in China, particularly in the northeast region. In this review, we conducted a thorough examination of the recent advancements in sporotrichosis in China, encompassing aspects such as etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Within the Chinese context, fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis represents the prevailing clinical manifestation. Fungal culture stands as the gold standard for diagnosing sporotrichosis, while polymerase chain reaction techniques can enhance both the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Besides conventional systemic antifungal agents, alternative modalities such as Chinese herbal medicines, photodynamic therapy and laser therapy show potential efficacy against sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meizhen Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Keshav Raj Gyawali
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02903, USA
| | - Meinian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huaiqiu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Martínez-Duncker I, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host-Fungus Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:302. [PMID: 38786657 PMCID: PMC11121839 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a cutaneous and subcutaneous infection distributed worldwide. Like other medically relevant fungi, its cell wall is a molecular scaffold to display virulence factors, such as protective pigments, hydrolytic enzymes, and adhesins. Cell wall proteins with adhesive properties have been previously reported, but only a handful of them have been identified and characterized. One of them is Gp70, an abundant cell wall protein mainly found on the surface of yeast-like cells. Since the protein also has a role in the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase and its abundance is low in highly virulent strains, its role in the Sporothrix-host interaction remains unclear. Here, a set of GP70-silenced strains was generated, and the molecular and phenotypical characterization was performed. The results showed that mutants with high silencing levels showed a significant reduction in the adhesion to laminin and fibrinogen, enzyme activity, and defects in the cell wall composition, which included reduced mannose, rhamnose, and protein content, accompanied by an increment in β-1,3-glucans levels. The cell wall N-linked glycan content was significantly reduced. These strains induced poor TNFα and IL-6 levels when interacting with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dectin-1-, TLR2-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. The IL-1β and IL-10 levels were significantly higher and were stimulated via dectin-1. Phagocytosis and stimulation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human granulocytes were increased in highly GP70-silenced strains. Furthermore, these mutants showed virulence attenuation in the invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. Our results demonstrate that Gp70 is a versatile protein with adhesin properties, is responsible for the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase, and is relevant for the S. schenckii-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
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Qu Y, Feng Y, Bian S, Yang Y, Li D, Liu W, Shi D. Low toxicity contributes to Sporothrix globosa invade the skin of patients in low-epidemic areas of China. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13724. [PMID: 38584320 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the clinical characteristics of sporotrichosis in low-endemic areas of China, including the prevalence geography, genotypic traits of patients, clinical manifestations, and strain virulence and drug sensitivities. The objective is to improve the currently used clinical management strategies for sporotrichosis. METHODS Retrospective data were collected from patients diagnosed with sporotrichosis through fungal culture identification. The isolates from purified cultures underwent identification using CAL (Calmodulin) gene sequencing. Virulence of each strain was assessed using a Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae infection model. In vitro susceptibility testing against commonly used clinical antifungal agents for sporotrichosis was conducted following CLSI criteria. RESULTS In our low-endemic region for sporotrichosis, the majority of cases (23) were observed in middle-aged and elderly women with a history of trauma, with a higher incidence during winter and spring. All clinical isolates were identified as Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa). The G. mellonella larvae infection model indicated independent and dose-dependent virulence among strains, with varying toxicity levels demonstrated by the degree of melanization of the G. mellonella. Surprisingly, lymphocutaneous types caused by S. globosa exhibited lower in vitro virulence but were more common in affected skin. In addition, all S.globosa strains displayed high resistances to fluconazole, while remaining highly susceptible to terbinafine, itraconazole and amphotericin B. CONCLUSION Given the predominance of elderly women engaged in agricultural labour in our region, which is a low-epidemic areas, they should be considered as crucial targets for sporotrichosis monitoring. S. globosa appears to be the sole causative agent locally. However, varying degrees of melanization in larvae were observed among these isolates, indicating a divergence in their virulence. Itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B remain viable first-line antifungal options for treating S.globosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Qu
- Department of Dermatology, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Yahui Feng
- Labotory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shaodong Bian
- Labotory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Labotory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Galván-Hernández AK, Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Granulocytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 37888242 PMCID: PMC10607474 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. This infection is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. Current research about anti-Sporothrix immunity has been mainly focused on S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, using different types of human or animal immune cells. Granulocytes are a group of cells relevant for cytokine production, with the capacity for phagocytosis and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Considering their importance, this study aimed to compare the capacity of human granulocytes to stimulate cytokines, uptake, and form NETs when interacting with different Sporothrix species. We found that conidia, germlings, and yeast-like cells from S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa play an important role in the interaction with these immune cells, establishing morphology- and species-specific cytokine profiles. S. brasil-iensis tended to stimulate an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst the other two species had a proinflammatory one. S. globosa cells were the most phagocytosed cells, which occurred through a dectin-1-dependent mechanism, while the uptake of S. brasiliensis mainly occurred via TLR4 and CR3. Cell wall N-linked and O-linked glycans, along with β-1,3-glucan, played a significant role in the interaction of these Sporothrix species with human granulocytes. Finally, this study indicates that conidia and yeast-like cells are capable of inducing NETs, with the latter being a better stimulant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the cytokine profiles produced by human granulocytes interacting with Sporothrix cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. Galván-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (A.K.G.-H.); (M.G.-G.); (J.A.M.-Á.)
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Chechi JL, da Costa FAC, Figueiredo JM, de Souza CM, Valdez AF, Zamith-Miranda D, Camara AC, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Vaccine development for pathogenic fungi: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1136-1153. [PMID: 37936254 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2279570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal infections are caused by a broad range of pathogenic fungi that are found worldwide with different geographic distributions, incidences, and mortality rates. Considering that there are relatively few approved medications available for combating fungal diseases and no vaccine formulation commercially available, multiple groups are searching for new antifungal drugs, examining drugs for repurposing and developing antifungal vaccines, in order to control deaths, sequels, and the spread of these complex infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of advances in fungal vaccine studies and the different approaches under development, such as subunit vaccines, whole organism vaccines, and DNA vaccines, as well as studies that optimize the use of adjuvants. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed with terms: fungal vaccines and genus of fungal pathogens (Cryptococcus spp. Candida spp. Coccidioides spp. Aspergillus spp. Sporothrix spp. Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp. Pneumocystis spp. and the Mucorales order), a total of 177 articles were collected from database. EXPERT OPINION Problems regarding the immune response development in an immunocompromised organism, the similarity between fungal and mammalian cells, and the lack of attention by health organizations to fungal infections are closely related to the fact that, at present, there are no fungal vaccines available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica L Chechi
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A C da Costa
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia M de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Biologia Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo, Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Valdez
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aline C Camara
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Gremião IDF, Miranda LHMD, Pereira-Oliveira GR, Menezes RC, Machado ACDS, Rodrigues AM, Pereira SA. Advances and challenges in the management of feline sporotrichosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2022; 39:61-67. [PMID: 35840526 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is the most susceptible host to Sporothrix infection, developing severe clinical forms. Few effective antifungal agents are available for treating feline sporotrichosis, and cases of treatment failure are common. Treatment success depends on cat health status, therapy-related factors, as well as social/economic issues, but it is mainly contingent upon the host-fungus interaction. The owner's adherence is critical and should be reinforced throughout the treatment to increase the chances of a successful outcome. The antifungal agents described for feline sporotrichosis are most often used in monotherapy regimens. Due to cases in which the treatment with itraconazole failed, the use of antifungal agents in combination should be considered to achieve synergy. The combination of itraconazole and potassium iodide represents an important option for the treatment of naïve cats presenting multiple cutaneous lesions, nasal mucosal lesions and/or respiratory signs, as well as for refractory cases. However, the therapeutic options for unsuccessfully treated cases are scarce. Therefore new options are needed, even more taking into account that there are many in vitro potential molecules not available for use in cats yet. More studies are necessary to correlate in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests results and the outcome of cats treated due to sporotrichosis. This review will briefly discuss both the antifungal drugs and treatment protocols used in cats with sporotrichosis, as well as the determinants of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Reis Pereira-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline de Sá Machado
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nava-Pérez N, Neri-García LG, Romero-González OE, Terrones-Cruz JA, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2067-2090. [PMID: 35498634 PMCID: PMC9041366 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis with high prevalence and threat to human and animal health worldwide. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this disease; and even though many efforts have been made recently to understand the Sporothrix-host interaction, little is known about S. globosa, an underestimated species. This organism shows the lowest virulence among the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and represents an important pathogenic agent due to its global distribution. Here, we offer a review with all the known information about S. globosa, including its genome and proteomic information, and compare it with S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, to explain the differences observed among these species, in terms of virulence, the host immune response, and the antifungal sensitivity. Also, we provide the gene prediction of some S. globosa putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Nava-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Lisset G Neri-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Oscar E Romero-González
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Joshua A Terrones-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
- Correspondence: Laura C García-Carnero; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
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Vargas-Macías AP, Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Current Models to Study the Sporothrix-Host Interaction. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:833111. [PMID: 37746241 PMCID: PMC10512367 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor, or ex vivo models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host-Sporothrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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10
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Tong T, Wang Z, Xu Y, Shen J. Immunization with Pneumocystis carinii A12 1-85 antigen activates immune function against P. carinii. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:40. [PMID: 34174820 PMCID: PMC8236001 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), which is caused by Pneumocystis carinii, is a life-threatening infection that affects immunocompromised individuals. Unfortunately, chemoprophylaxis and dapsone are only effective for half of the patients with PcP, indicating that additional preventive methods are needed. We predicated the pneumocystis surface protein A12 sequence 1-85 by DNAStar software and BepiPred, and identified it as a potential vaccine candidate by bioresearch. METHODS We used recombinant A121-85 as antigen to immunized mice and detected serum titer of IgG, expression of inflammatory factors by EILSA, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results showed that immunization with recombinant A121-85 increased the serum titer of IgG, promoted the secretion of T lymphocytes, increased the expression of inflammatory factors, and elevated lung inflammatory injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that A121-85 is a potential vaccine target for preventing Pneumocystis carinii. The evaluation of A121-85-elicited antibodies in the prevention of PcP in humans deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jilu Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
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11
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Advances in Fungal Peptide Vaccines. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030119. [PMID: 32722452 PMCID: PMC7558412 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest public health achievements in the past century, protecting and improving the quality of life of the population worldwide. However, a safe and effective vaccine for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of fungal infections is not yet available. The lack of a vaccine for fungi is a problem of increasing importance as the incidence of diverse species, including Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, Candida, Sporothrix, and Coccidioides, has increased in recent decades and new drug-resistant pathogenic fungi are emerging. In fact, our antifungal armamentarium too frequently fails to effectively control or cure mycoses, leading to high rates of mortality and morbidity. With this in mind, many groups are working towards identifying effective and safe vaccines for fungal pathogens, with a particular focus of generating vaccines that will work in individuals with compromised immunity who bear the major burden of infections from these microbes. In this review, we detail advances in the development of vaccines for pathogenic fungi, and highlight new methodologies using immunoproteomic techniques and bioinformatic tools that have led to new vaccine formulations, like peptide-based vaccines.
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12
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Boniche C, Rossi SA, Kischkel B, Vieira Barbalho F, Nogueira D’Aurea Moura Á, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Pelleschi Taborda C. Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010031. [PMID: 32121415 PMCID: PMC7151209 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Suélen Andreia Rossi
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Ágata Nogueira D’Aurea Moura
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010022. [PMID: 32033168 PMCID: PMC7151206 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.
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14
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Immunization with recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp. (rSsEno) confers effective protection against sporotrichosis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17179. [PMID: 31748544 PMCID: PMC6868355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the Sporothrix schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In a previous study, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with an adjuvanted mixture of S. schenckii cell wall proteins. Here, we sought to assess the protective potential of a Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno) formulated with or without the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) against the S. brasiliensis infection in mice. Mice that were immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titters against rSsEno and increased median survival time when challenged with S. brasiliensis as compared with mice that had not been immunized or that were immunized with rSsEno alone. Immunization with rSsEno plus PGA induced a predominantly T-helper 1 cytokine pattern after in vitro stimulation of splenic cells with rSsEno: elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as of other cytokines involved in host defense against sporotrichosis, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4. Furthermore, we show for the first time the presence of enolase in the cell wall of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. As a whole, our results suggest that enolase could be used as a potential antigenic target for vaccinal purposes against sporotrichosis.
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15
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16
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Téllez-Martínez D, Leandro Portuondo D, Loesch ML, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. A Recombinant Enolase-Montanide™ PetGel A Vaccine Promotes a Protective Th1 Immune Response against a Highly Virulent Sporothrix schenckii by Toluene Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E144. [PMID: 30934594 PMCID: PMC6471120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of vaccination in fungal strains that suffered changes in their virulence by exposure to environmental contaminants is largely known. Growing reports of resistance to antifungal drugs and the emergence of new highly virulent strains, possibly acquired in the environment, prompt the design of new vaccines able to prevent and combat emerging mycotic diseases. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of an enolase-based vaccine and Montanide PetGel A (PGA) as an adjuvant against S. schenckii with increased virulence by exposure to toluene. The adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong specific Th1 response and protective immunity against a challenge with either wildtype or toluene-adapted S. schenckii in Balb/c mice. This study highlights the role of the adjuvant PGA driving the quality of the anti-sporothrix immunity and the key component in the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Chen F, Jiang R, Dong S, Yan B. Efficient Treatment of Sporothrix globosa Infection Using the Antibody Elicited by Recombinant Phage Nanofibers. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:160. [PMID: 30873031 PMCID: PMC6400886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal therapy is used to treat sporotrichosis. However, there are several limitations in this therapy, such as development of drug resistance and potential health risks including liver injury. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of antibody against the hybrid phage nanofibers displaying KPVQHALLTPLGLDR (phage-KR) in a fungal-infected mouse model. In this study, we extracte an antibody against hybrid phage nanofibers (phage-KR) from immunized mice and passively inoculate Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa) infected mice. The study shows that the antibody exhibits efficient inhibition efficacy of the S. globosa infection, including reduction of the progressive fungi colonizing, increase of animal survival rate and relief of organ inflammation in the mice. The results indicate that antibody against phage-KR may act as a potential strategy for safe and efficient treatment of S. globosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bailing Yan
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Martínez-Álvarez JA, García-Carnero LC, Kubitschek-Barreira PH, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Belmonte-Vázquez JL, de Almeida JR, J Gómez-Infante AD, Curty N, Villagómez-Castro JC, Peña-Cabrera E, Martínez-Duncker I, Almeida SR, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Analysis of some immunogenic properties of the recombinant Sporothrix schenckii Gp70 expressed in Escherichia coli. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:397-410. [PMID: 30854893 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sporothrix schenckii is the causative agent of sporotrichosis. A 70-kDa glycoprotein, Gp70, is a candidate for the development of prophylactic alternatives to control the disease, and its gene (GP70) is predicted to encode for a protein of 43 kDa, contrasting with the molecular weight of the native protein. MATERIALS & METHODS The GP70 was expressed in bacteria, the recombinant protein purified, used in immunoassays and injected to Galleria mellonella. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The recombinant protein was detected by anti-Gp70 antibodies, confirming that the Gp70 backbone is a 43-kDa peptide. This protein showed enzyme activity of cyclase and was recognized by sera of patients with sporotrichosis. Although it was not useful for serodiagnosis of sporotrichosis, it conferred protection to animals against experimental sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | | | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - José L Belmonte-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - José Rf de Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio de J Gómez-Infante
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Nathalia Curty
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology & Proteomics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio C Villagómez-Castro
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Eduardo Peña-Cabrera
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sandro R Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology & Proteomics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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19
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Queiroz-Telles F, Buccheri R, Benard G. Sporotrichosis In Immunocompromised Hosts. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010008. [PMID: 30641918 PMCID: PMC6463096 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a global implantation or subcutaneous mycosis caused by several members of the genus Sporothrix, a thermo-dimorphic fungus. This disease may also depict an endemic profile, especially in tropical to subtropical zones around the world. Interestingly, sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonotic disease that may be transmitted to humans by plants or by animals, especially cats. It may be associated with rather isolated or clustered cases but also with outbreaks in different periods and geographic regions. Usually, sporotrichosis affects immunocompetent hosts, presenting a chronic to subacute evolution course. Less frequently, sporotrichosis may be acquired by inhalation, leading to disseminated clinical forms. Both modes of infection may occur in immunocompromised patients, especially associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, steroids, anti-TNF treatment, hematologic cancer and transplanted patients. Similar to other endemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi, sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts may be associated with rather more severe clinical courses, larger fungal burden and longer periods of systemic antifungal therapy. A prolonged outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is in progress in Brazil and potentially crossing the border to neighboring countries. This huge outbreak involves thousands of human and cats, including immunocompromised subjects affected by HIV and FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), respectively. We reviewed the main epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata Buccheri
- Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo 05411-000, Brazil.
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
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20
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Mora-Montes HM. Special Issue " Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis". J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040116. [PMID: 30321990 PMCID: PMC6308924 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected, deep-seated fungal infection traditionally associated with Sporothrixschenckii, a dimorphic organism that was first described more than a century ago in human andrat specimens [1].[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P.; Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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21
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Fornari G, Gomes RR, Degenhardt-Goldbach J, Dos Santos SS, de Almeida SR, Dos Santos GD, Muro MD, Bona C, Scola RH, Trindade ES, Bini IH, Ferreira-Maba LS, Kestring DR, do Nascimento MMF, Lima BJFDS, Voidaleski MF, Steinmacher DA, Soley BDS, Deng S, Bocca AL, da Silva MB, Salgado CG, de Azevedo CMPES, Vicente VA, de Hoog S. A Model for Trans-Kingdom Pathogenicity in Fonsecaea Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2211. [PMID: 30356683 PMCID: PMC6189323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Fonsecaea comprises etiological agents of human chromoblastomycosis, a chronic implantation skin disease. The current hypothesis is that patients acquire the infection through an injury from plant material. The present study aimed to evaluate a model of infection in plant and animal hosts to understand the parameters of trans-kingdom pathogenicity. Clinical strains of causative agents of chromoblastomycosis (Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Fonsecaea monophora) were compared with a strain of Fonsecaea erecta isolated from a living plant. The clinical strains of F. monophora and F. pedrosoi remained concentrated near the epidermis, whereas F. erecta colonized deeper plant tissues, resembling an endophytic behavior. In an invertebrate infection model with larvae of a beetle, Tenebrio molitor, F. erecta exhibited the lowest survival rates. However, F. pedrosoi produced dark, spherical to ovoidal cells that resembled muriform cells, the invasive form of human chromoblastomycosis confirming the role of muriform cells as a pathogenic adaptation in animal tissues. An immunologic assay in BALB/c mice demonstrated the high virulence of saprobic species in animal models was subsequently controlled via host higher immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheniffer Fornari
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Suelen Silvana Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Pharmacological Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Pharmacological Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Germana Davila Dos Santos
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marisol Dominguez Muro
- Support and Diagnosis Unit, Mycology Laboratory, Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Bona
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Edvaldo S Trindade
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daiane Rigoni Kestring
- Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Colombo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Morgana F Voidaleski
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anamelia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Dermato-Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Marituba, Brazil
| | - Moises B da Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil, 13 Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Claudio G Salgado
- Dermato-Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Marituba, Brazil
| | | | - Vania Aparecida Vicente
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Medical Microbiology, People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Jiangsu, China.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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22
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Ikeda MAK, de Almeida JRF, Jannuzzi GP, Cronemberger-Andrade A, Torrecilhas ACT, Moretti NS, da Cunha JPC, de Almeida SR, Ferreira KS. Extracellular Vesicles From Sporothrix brasiliensis Are an Important Virulence Factor That Induce an Increase in Fungal Burden in Experimental Sporotrichosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2286. [PMID: 30333803 PMCID: PMC6176056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis that affects the skin, lymphatic system and other organs in humans and animals. The disease has a worldwide distribution, with endemic areas in Brazil, and is caused by a complex of species, including Sporothrix brasiliensis. Some fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can interact with the host cell and modulate the host immune response. The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of S. brasiliensis EVs in the modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) and in the control of infection in vivo. Our results showed that in vitro, the EVs isolated from S. brasiliensis induced an increase in the phagocytic index and fungal burden in DCs. In addition, we observed a significant increase in IL-12p40 and TNF-α cytokine production. Then, the EVs were inoculated into BALB/c mice before subcutaneous infection with yeast, and the lesion was analyzed after 21, 35, and 42 days. An increase in fungal burden and lesion diameter were observed after 21 days in mice inoculated with a high concentration of EVs. However, after 35 days, we observed a regression of the lesion, which persisted until 42 days after infection. Interestingly, we observed an increase in fungal burden in these mice. In addition, we observed the presence of immunogenic components and proteins that could be related with virulence in EVs. These results suggest that EVs can play an important role in virulence and modulation of the host immune system during experimental S. brasiliensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Augusto Kazuo Ikeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Cronemberger-Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Trocoli Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Roberto de Andrade C, Portuondo DL, Jellmayer JA, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1163-1170. [PMID: 30449354 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in the CD4+ T-cell response induced by Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent species that cause sporotrichosis. Here, the helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses were evaluated comparatively in a murine model of sporotrichosis on days 7, 21 and 35 after subcutaneous infection with either S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis conidia. The fungal load was measured at the site of infection, as well as in the liver and spleen. The Th1/Th17/Tregs responses were analyzed in the spleen, while the level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A and IL-10 cytokines were measured at the local site of infection on 24 h postinfections and in sera on the indicated days. S. brasiliensis caused a longer-lasting infection in the skin and chronic systemic dissemination associated to more severe granulomatous lesions. Similar Th1/Th1-Th17/Tregs responses were induced by both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii on 7th and 21st d.p.i but on 35 d.p.i a reduction of Th1 and Th1-Th17 cells, associated to higher values of Th17/Tregs cells was observed only in S. brasiliensis-infected mice. In summary, S. brasiliensis caused a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17/Tregs responses than S. schenckii in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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García Carnero LC, Lozoya Pérez NE, González Hernández SE, Martínez Álvarez JA. Immunity and Treatment of Sporotrichosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030100. [PMID: 30127270 PMCID: PMC6162376 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Sporothrix complex are the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, an important subcutaneous mycosis with several clinical forms and an increasing incidence around the world that affects humans and other mammals. The immunological mechanisms involved in the prevention and control of this mycosis are not entirely understood. Many reports have suggested that cell-mediated immunity has an essential role in the development of the disease, being the primary response controlling it, while only recent data supports that the humoral response is essential for the appropriate control. This mycosis is a challenge for diagnosis since the culture and isolation of the organism are time-consuming and complicated; reasons that have led to the study of fungus antigenic molecules capable of generating a detectable humoral response. The treatment for this disease includes the use of several antifungal drugs like itraconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and the combination between them among others such as the extract of Vismia guianensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristina García Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Edith Lozoya Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Elizabeth González Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - José Ascención Martínez Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
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García-Carnero LC, Pérez-García LA, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Reyes-Martínez JE, Mora-Montes HM. Current trends to control fungal pathogens: exploiting our knowledge in the host-pathogen interaction. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:903-913. [PMID: 30013373 PMCID: PMC6037146 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s170337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal infections remain a major challenge in medicine. Only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available, which are often related to severe adverse effects. In addition, there is an increased emergence related to resistant strains, which makes imperative to understand the host-pathogen interactions as well as to develop alternative treatments. Host innate and adaptive immunity play a crucial role controlling fungal infections; therefore, vaccines are a viable tool to prevent and treat fungal pathogens. Innate immunity is triggered by the interaction between the cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such an initial immunological response is yet little understood in fungal infections, in part due to the complexity and plasticity of the fungal cell walls. Described host cell-fungus interactions and antigenic molecules are addressed in this paper. Furthermore, antigens found in the cell wall and capsule, including peptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycans, have been used to trigger specific immune responses, and an increased production of antibodies has been observed when attached to immunogenic molecules. The recent biotechnological advances have allowed the development of vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens with positive results; therefore, this technology has been applied to develop anti-fungal vaccines. Passive immunization has also emerged as an appealing alternative to treat disseminated mycosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Those approaches have a long way to be seen in clinical cases. However, all studies discussed here open the possibility to have access to new therapies to be applied alone or in combination with current antifungal drugs. Herein, the state of the art of fungal vaccine developments is discussed in this review, highlighting new advances against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Sporothrix spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García-Carnero
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Multidisciplinay Academic Unit, Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, México
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Juana E Reyes-Martínez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
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Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM, Zhang Y, Nino-Vega G, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cell Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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An immunoproteomic approach revealing peptides from Sporothrix brasiliensis that induce a cellular immune response in subcutaneous sporotrichosis. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520092 PMCID: PMC5843658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent fungus of the Sporothrix complex and is the main species recovered in the sporotrichosis zoonotic hyperendemic area in Rio de Janeiro. A vaccine against S. brasiliensis could improve the current sporotrichosis situation. Here, we show 3 peptides from S. brasiliensis immunogenic proteins that have a higher likelihood for engaging MHC-class II molecules. We investigated the efficiency of the peptides as vaccines for preventing subcutaneous sporotrichosis. In this study, we observed a decrease in lesion diameters in peptide-immunized mice, showing that the peptides could induce a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis. ZR8 peptide is from the GP70 protein, the main antigen of the Sporothrix complex, and was the best potential vaccine candidate by increasing CD4+ T cells and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-1β characterizing a strong cellular immune response. This immune environment induced a higher number of neutrophils in lesions that are associated with fungus clearance. These results indicated that the ZR8 peptide induces a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis and is a vaccine candidate against S. brasiliensis infection.
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28
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Manente FA, Quinello C, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Jellmayer JA, Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Experimental sporotrichosis in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. Med Mycol 2017; 56:711-722. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Quinello
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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29
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Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Quinello C, Téllez-Martínez D, de Aguiar Loesch ML, Carlos IZ. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4430-4436. [PMID: 28687406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important zoonosis in Brazil and the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, caused by different Sporothrix species. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to prevent this disease. In this study, the efficacy and toxicity of the adjuvant Montanide™ Pet Gel A (PGA) formulated with S. schenckii cell wall proteins (ssCWP) was evaluated and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide (AH). Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous doses (1st and 14th days) of either the unadjuvanted or adjuvanted vaccine candidates. On the 21st day, anti-ssCWP antibody levels (ELISA), the phagocytic index, as well as the ex vivo release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by splenocytes and IL-12 by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Cytotoxicity of the vaccine formulations was evaluated in vitro and by histopathological analysis of the inoculation site. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations increased anti-ssCWP IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels, although IgG2a levels were higher in response to PGA+CWP100, probably contributing to the increase in S. schenckii yeast phagocytosis by macrophages in the opsonophagocytosis assay when using serum from PGA+CWP100-immunized mice. Immunization with AH+CWP100 led to a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 ex vivo cytokine release profile, while PGA+CWP100 stimulated a preferential Th1/Th2 profile. Moreover, PGA+CWP100 was less cytotoxic in vitro, caused less local toxicity and led to a similar reduction in fungal load in the liver and spleen of S. schenckii- or S. brasiliensis-challenged mice as compared with AH+CWP100. These results suggest that PGA may be an effective and safe adjuvant for a future sporotrichosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Quinello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza de Aguiar Loesch
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Antifungal Resistance, Metabolic Routes as Drug Targets, and New Antifungal Agents: An Overview about Endemic Dimorphic Fungi. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9870679. [PMID: 28694566 PMCID: PMC5485324 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9870679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by fungi can occur in healthy people, but immunocompromised patients are the major risk group for invasive fungal infections. Cases of fungal resistance and the difficulty of treatment make fungal infections a public health problem. This review explores mechanisms used by fungi to promote fungal resistance, such as the mutation or overexpression of drug targets, efflux and degradation systems, and pleiotropic drug responses. Alternative novel drug targets have been investigated; these include metabolic routes used by fungi during infection, such as trehalose and amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial proteins. An overview of new antifungal agents, including nanostructured antifungals, as well as of repositioning approaches is discussed. Studies focusing on the development of vaccines against antifungal diseases have increased in recent years, as these strategies can be applied in combination with antifungal therapy to prevent posttreatment sequelae. Studies focused on the development of a pan-fungal vaccine and antifungal drugs can improve the treatment of immunocompromised patients and reduce treatment costs.
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31
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de Almeida JRF, Santiago KL, Kaihami GH, Maranhão AQ, de Macedo Brígido M, de Almeida SR. The Efficacy of Humanized Antibody against the Sporothrix Antigen, gp70, in Promoting Phagocytosis and Reducing Disease Burden. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:345. [PMID: 28316596 PMCID: PMC5334357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis distributed worldwide and is frequently reported in countries with tropical climates, as Latin America countries. We previously demonstrated that mice with sporotrichosis produce specific antibodies against a 70-kDa fungal protein, indicating that specific antibodies against this molecule may help to control the sporotrichosis. IgG1 monoclonal antibody was generated, and called mAbP6E7, in mice against a 70-kDa glycoprotein (gp70) of S. schenckii. The mAbP6E7 showed prophylactic and therapeutic activity against sporotrichosis. However, this antibody has a murine origin, and this can generate an immune response when administered to humans, precluding its use for a prolonged time. For its possible use in the treatment of human sporotrichosis, we humanized the mAbP6E7 by genetic engineering. Once expressed, the humanized antibodies had good stability and were able to bind to the 70-kDa cell wall antigens of Sporothrix schenckii and S. brasiliensis. The humanized P6E7 were able to opsonize S. schenckii yeasts, thus increasing the phagocytic index in human monocyte-derived macrophages. The treatment with humanized P6E7 decreased fungal burden in vivo. These data suggest that humanized P6E7 may have a therapeutic role in sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R F de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla L Santiago
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto H Kaihami
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Q Maranhão
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Macedo Brígido
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sandro R de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen F, Jiang R, Wang Y, Zhu M, Zhang X, Dong S, Shi H, Wang L. Recombinant Phage Elicits Protective Immune Response against Systemic S. globosa Infection in Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42024. [PMID: 28165018 PMCID: PMC5292741 DOI: 10.1038/srep42024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix globosa is a type of fungus that typically infects immunocompromised patients. Its prevention continues to pose a challenge. A 70-KDa glycoprotein (Gp70) of Sporothrix has been previously reported to protect host against infection from this fungus. Here, we displayed an epitope peptide (kpvqhalltplgldr) of Gp70 on the major coat protein (pIII), and investigated its efficiency as a vaccine for preventing S. globosa infection. The recombinant phage and the heat-killed S. globosa were used to immunize mice separately. In this study, we evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in the mice and demonstrated that recombinant phage could induce mice to produce a stronger immune response and generate antibodies to inhibit S. globosa infection. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant phage could increase the survival rate of S. globosa infection in mice. All these results together indicated that recombinant phages displaying kpvqhalltplgldr are a potential vaccine candidate against S. globosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingji Zhu
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Hang Surgery, Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxi Shi
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
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34
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Alba-Fierro CA, Pérez-Torres A, Toriello C, Romo-Lozano Y, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E. Molecular Components of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex that Induce Immune Response. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:292-300. [PMID: 27117164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex that includes species such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. pallida, which exhibit different potentially antigenic molecular components. The immune response of susceptible hosts to control infection and disease caused by these fungi has been little studied. Besides, the fungus-host interaction induces the activation of different types of immune response. This mini-review analyzes and discusses existing reports on the identification and functional characterization of molecules from species of the S. schenckii complex with clinical relevance, and the mechanisms that mediate the type and magnitude of the immune response in experimental models in vivo and in vitro. This knowledge is expected to contribute to the development of protective and therapeutic strategies against sporotrichosis and other mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico.
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Immune Response Induced by an Immunodominant 60 kDa Glycoprotein of the Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii in Two Mice Strains with Experimental Sporotrichosis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6525831. [PMID: 27051673 PMCID: PMC4808653 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6525831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) components of fungus Sporothrix schenckii are the major inductors antigens of immune responses. The immunodominant 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) has been shown to be associated with the virulence of this fungus but its role in experimental sporotrichosis is unknown. In this work, the immunological effects of CW-purified gp60 were investigated in a model of experimental subcutaneous sporotrichosis in normal and gp60-preimmunized C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice strains which were then infected with S. schenckii conidia. Results showed that both mice strains use different cytokine profiles in order to fight S. schenckii infection; C57BL/6 mice seem to use a Th17 response while BALB/c mice tend to depend on a Th1 profile. Preimmunization with gp60 showed a downregulatory effect on the immune response since cytokines levels were diminished in both strains. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of dorsoplantar inflammation between gp60-preimmunized and nonimmunized mice of both strains. However, skin lesions due to the infection in gp60-preimmunized mice were more severe in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that the antigen exerts a higher downregulatory effect on the Th1 response.
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Medici NP, Del Poeta M. New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:966-73. [PMID: 26602871 PMCID: PMC4708015 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha P Medici
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, Martínez DT, Polesi MC, Duarte RA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Almeida AMFD, Carlos IZ. A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection. Immunobiology 2015; 221:300-9. [PMID: 26547105 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by several closely related thermo-dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, affecting humans and other mammals. In the last few years, new strategies have been proposed for controlling sporotrichosis owning to concerns about its growing incidence in humans, cats, and dogs in Brazil, as well as the toxicity and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective properties of two aluminum hydroxide (AH)-adsorbed S. schenckii cell wall protein (ssCWP)-based vaccine formulations in a mouse model of systemic S. schenckii infection. Fractioning by SDS-PAGE revealed nine protein bands, two of which were functionally characterized: a 44kDa peptide hydrolase and a 47kDa enolase, which was predicted to be an adhesin. Sera from immunized mice recognized the 47kDa enolase and another unidentified 71kDa protein, whereas serum from S. schenckii-infected mice recognized both these proteins plus another unidentified 9.4kDa protein. Furthermore, opsonization with the anti-ssCWP sera led to markedly increased phagocytosis and was able to strongly inhibit the fungus' adhesion to fibroblasts. Immunization with the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation led to increased ex vivo release of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, whereas only IL-12 and IFN-γ were induced by the higher-dose non-adjuvanted formulation. Lastly, passive transference of the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation's anti-ssCWP serum was able to afford in vivo protection in a subsequent challenge with S. schenckii, becoming a viable vaccine candidate for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2CP 90400, AP 4033 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Aparecida Duarte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Mora-Montes HM, Dantas ADS, Trujillo-Esquivel E, de Souza Baptista AR, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Current progress in the biology of members of the Sporothrix schenckii complex following the genomic era. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov065. [PMID: 26260509 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis has been attributed for more than a century to one single etiological agent, Sporothrix schencki. Only eight years ago, it was described that, in fact, the disease is caused by several pathogenic cryptic species. The present review will focus on recent advances to understand the biology and virulence of epidemiologically relevant pathogenic species of the S. schenckii complex. The main subjects covered are the new clinical and epidemiological aspects including diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, the development of molecular tools, the genome database and the perspectives for study of virulence of emerging Sporothrix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Alessandra da Silva Dantas
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elías Trujillo-Esquivel
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Andrea R de Souza Baptista
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), CEP 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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