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Reedy JL, Jensen KN, Crossen AJ, Basham KJ, Ward RA, Reardon CM, Brown Harding H, Hepworth OW, Simaku P, Kwaku GN, Tone K, Willment JA, Reid DM, Stappers MHT, Brown GD, Rajagopal J, Vyas JM. Fungal melanin suppresses airway epithelial chemokine secretion through blockade of calcium fluxing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5817. [PMID: 38987270 PMCID: PMC11237042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of mortality for immunocompromised patients. Exposure to these pathogens occurs through inhalation, although the role of the respiratory epithelium in disease pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Employing a primary human airway epithelial model, we demonstrate that fungal melanins potently block the post-translational secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 independent of transcription or the requirement of melanin to be phagocytosed, leading to a significant reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the apical airway both in vitro and in vivo. Aspergillus-derived melanin, a major constituent of the fungal cell wall, dampened airway epithelial chemokine secretion in response to fungi, bacteria, and exogenous cytokines. Furthermore, melanin muted pathogen-mediated calcium fluxing and hindered actin filamentation. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role for melanin interaction with airway epithelium in shaping the host response to fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Reedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arianne J Crossen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle J Basham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Reardon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Brown Harding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia W Hepworth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Simaku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geneva N Kwaku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuya Tone
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Janet A Willment
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth M Reid
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Reedy JL, Jensen KN, Crossen AJ, Basham KJ, Ward RA, Reardon CM, Harding HB, Hepworth OW, Simaku P, Kwaku GN, Tone K, Willment JA, Reid DM, Stappers MHT, Brown GD, Rajagopal J, Vyas JM. Fungal melanin suppresses airway epithelial chemokine secretion through blockade of calcium fluxing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.28.534632. [PMID: 37034634 PMCID: PMC10081279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of mortality for immunocompromised patients. Exposure to these pathogens occurs through inhalation, although the role of the respiratory epithelium in disease pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Employing a primary human airway epithelial model, we demonstrate that fungal melanins potently block the post-translational secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 independent of transcription or the requirement of melanin to be phagocytosed, leading to a significant reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the apical airway both in vitro and in vivo . Aspergillus -derived melanin, a major constituent of the fungal cell wall, dampened airway epithelial chemokine secretion in response to fungi, bacteria, and exogenous cytokines. Furthermore, melanin muted pathogen-mediated calcium fluxing and hindered actin filamentation. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role for melanin interaction with airway epithelium in shaping the host response to fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Matthaiou EI, Chiu W, Conrad C, Hsu J. Macrophage Lysosomal Alkalinization Drives Invasive Aspergillosis in a Mouse Cystic Fibrosis Model of Airway Transplantation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:751. [PMID: 35887506 PMCID: PMC9321820 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung transplant recipients (LTRs) exhibit a disproportionately high rate of life-threatening invasive aspergillosis (IA). Loss of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR-/-) in macrophages (mφs) has been associated with lyosomal alkalinization. We hypothesize that this alkalinization would persist in the iron-laden post-transplant microenvironment increasing the risk of IA. To investigate our hypothesis, we developed a murine CF orthotopic tracheal transplant (OTT) model. Iron levels were detected by immunofluorescence staining and colorimetric assays. Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) invasion was evaluated by Grocott methenamine silver staining. Phagocytosis and killing of Af conidia were examined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. pH and lysosomal acidification were measured by LysoSensorTM and LysotrackerTM, respectively. Af was more invasive in the CF airway transplant recipient compared to the WT recipient (p < 0.05). CFTR-/- mφs were alkaline at baseline, a characteristic that was increased with iron-overload. These CFTR-/- mφs were unable to phagocytose and kill Af conidia (p < 0.001). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles acidified lysosomes, restoring the CFTR-/- mφs’ ability to clear conidia. Our results suggest that CFTR-/- mφs’ alkalinization interacts with the iron-loaded transplant microenvironment, decreasing the CF-mφs’ ability to kill Af conidia, which may explain the increased risk of IA. Therapeutic pH modulation after transplantation could decrease the risk of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Iliana Matthaiou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (E.I.M.); (W.C.)
| | - Wayland Chiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (E.I.M.); (W.C.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carol Conrad
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Joe Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; (E.I.M.); (W.C.)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disease due to pulmonary infection with Aspergillus, and other emerging opportunistic fungi remains a significant unmet need. Existing antifungal medicines are predominantly dosed either orally or systemically, but because of limited exposure to the lung lumen, adverse events, and problematic drug-drug interactions, inhaled treatment could provide an attractive option. AREA COVERED This review summarizes 1) the limitations of current antifungal therapy, 2) the beneficial effects of inhaled antifungal agents, 3) the clinical development of inhaled antifungal triazoles (repurposed with an innovative inhalation system or a novel inhaled agent) for the treatment of pulmonary fungal infections, and 4) the difficulties and challenges of inhaled antifungal agent development. Regrettably, details of novel inhaled devices or formulations were not covered. EXPERT OPINION Inhaled antifungal treatment could provide an attractive option by shifting the risk benefit ratio of treatment favorably. Preclinical and clinical studies with inhaled antifungal agents (off-label use) are encouraging so far. New inhaled antifungal triazoles are well tolerated in early clinical studies and warrant further clinical development. However, challenges remain and many unaddressed issues including required preclinical studies, appropriate clinical design, pharmacokinetics, delivery system(s) and regulatory process need to be resolved. Early communication with regulatory authorities is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Respiratory Molecular Medicine, Genomic and Environmental Medicine section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Serum Cytokines Usefulness for Understanding the Pathology in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050436. [PMID: 35628692 PMCID: PMC9147526 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are important fungal infections caused by Aspergillus species. An overlap of ABPA and CPA has been reported; therefore, it is critical to determine whether the main pathology is ABPA or CPA and whether antifungals are required. In this study, we investigated whether the serum cytokine profile is useful for understanding the pathology and for differentiating between these diseases. We compared the various serum cytokine levels among healthy subjects and patients diagnosed with asthma, ABPA, or CPA at Nagasaki University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2018. In total, 14 healthy subjects, 19 patients with asthma, 11 with ABPA, and 10 with CPA were enrolled. Interleukin (IL) -5 levels were significantly higher in patients with ABPA than in those with CPA, and IL-33 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels were significantly higher in patients with CPA than in those with asthma (p < 0.05, Dunn’s multiple comparison test). The sensitivity and specificity of the IL-10/IL-5 ratio (cutoff index 2.47) for diagnosing CPA were 70% and 100%, respectively. The serum cytokine profile is useful in understanding the pathology of ABPA and CPA, and the IL-10/IL-5 ratio may be a novel supplemental biomarker for indicating the pathology of CPA.
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Arastehfar A, Carvalho A, Houbraken J, Lombardi L, Garcia-Rubio R, Jenks J, Rivero-Menendez O, Aljohani R, Jacobsen I, Berman J, Osherov N, Hedayati M, Ilkit M, Armstrong-James D, Gabaldón T, Meletiadis J, Kostrzewa M, Pan W, Lass-Flörl C, Perlin D, Hoenigl M. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis: From basics to clinics. Stud Mycol 2021; 100:100115. [PMID: 34035866 PMCID: PMC8131930 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus poses a serious health threat to humans by causing numerous invasive infections and a notable mortality in humans, especially in immunocompromised patients. Mould-active azoles are the frontline therapeutics employed to treat aspergillosis. The global emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates in clinic and environment, however, notoriously limits the therapeutic options of mould-active antifungals and potentially can be attributed to a mortality rate reaching up to 100 %. Although specific mutations in CYP 51A are the main cause of azole resistance, there is a new wave of azole-resistant isolates with wild-type CYP 51A genotype challenging the efficacy of the current diagnostic tools. Therefore, applications of whole-genome sequencing are increasingly gaining popularity to overcome such challenges. Prominent echinocandin tolerance, as well as liver and kidney toxicity posed by amphotericin B, necessitate a continuous quest for novel antifungal drugs to combat emerging azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Animal models and the tools used for genetic engineering require further refinement to facilitate a better understanding about the resistance mechanisms, virulence, and immune reactions orchestrated against A. fumigatus. This review paper comprehensively discusses the current clinical challenges caused by A. fumigatus and provides insights on how to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Arastehfar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - A. Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L. Lombardi
- UCD Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R. Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - J.D. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
- Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - O. Rivero-Menendez
- Medical Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28222, Spain
| | - R. Aljohani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I.D. Jacobsen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - J. Berman
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - N. Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - M.T. Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center/Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M. Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - T. Gabaldón
- Life Sciences Programme, Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - W. Pan
- Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - C. Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D.S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - M. Hoenigl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Davies G, Singh O, Prattes J, Hoenigl M, Sheppard PW, Thornton CR. Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Allergenic Ribotoxin Asp f I: Old Enemies but New Opportunities for Urine-Based Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Lateral-Flow Technology. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:19. [PMID: 33396482 PMCID: PMC7823411 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is a life-threatening lung disease of immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific chest CT, culture of the fungus from invasive lung biopsy, and detection of the cell wall carbohydrate galactomannan (GM) in serum or in BAL fluids recovered during invasive bronchoscopy. Urine provides an ideal bodily fluid for the non-invasive detection of pathogen biomarkers, with current urine-based immunodiagnostics for IPA focused on GM. Surrogate protein biomarkers might serve to improve disease detection. Here, we report the development of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), PD7, which is specific to A. fumigatus and related species in the section Fumigati, and which binds to its 18 kDa ribotoxin Asp f I. Using PD7, we show that the protein is secreted during hyphal development, and so represents an ideal candidate for detecting invasive growth. We have developed a lateral-flow device (Afu-LFD®) incorporating the mAb which has a limit of detection of ~15 ng Asp f I/mL urine. Preliminary evidence of the test's diagnostic potential is demonstrated with urine from a patient with acute lymphoid leukaemia with probable IPA. The Afu-LFD® therefore provides a potential novel opportunity for non-invasive urine-based detection of IPA caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
- Biosciences and MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Oski Singh
- Biosciences and MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Juergen Prattes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (M.H.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul W. Sheppard
- Vacye Associates, Lowerdown Cottage, Lowerdown, Bovey Tracey TQ13 9LF, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
- Biosciences and MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
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PC945, a Novel Inhaled Antifungal Agent, for the Treatment of Respiratory Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040373. [PMID: 33348852 PMCID: PMC7765807 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease due to pulmonary Aspergillus infection remains a significant unmet need, particularly in immunocompromised patients, patients in critical care and those with underlying chronic lung diseases. To date, treatment using inhaled antifungal agents has been limited to repurposing available systemic medicines. PC945 is a novel triazole antifungal agent, a potent inhibitor of CYP51, purpose-designed to be administered via inhalation for high local lung concentrations and limited systemic exposure. In preclinical testing, PC945 is potent versus Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. and showed two remarkable properties in preclinical studies, in vitro and in vivo. The antifungal effects against Aspergillus fumigatus accumulate on repeat dosing and improved efficacy has been demonstrated when PC945 is dosed in combination with systemic anti-fungal agents of multiple classes. Resistance to PC945 has been induced in Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro, resulting in a strain which remained susceptible to other antifungal triazoles. In healthy volunteers and asthmatics, nebulised PC945 was well tolerated, with limited systemic exposure and an apparently long lung residency time. In two lung transplant patients, PC945 treated an invasive pulmonary Aspergillus infection that had been unresponsive to multiple antifungal agents (systemic ± inhaled) without systemic side effects or detected drug–drug interactions.
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK. New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:521-544. [PMID: 32938247 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1824238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common, long-lasting inflammatory airway disease that affects more than 10% of the world population. It is characterized by bronchial narrowing, airway hyperresponsiveness, vasodilatation, airway edema, and stimulation of sensory nerve endings that lead to recurring events of breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. It is the main reason for global morbidity and occurs as a result of the weakening of the immune system in response to exposure to allergens or environmental exposure. In asthma condition, it results in the activation of numerous inflammatory cells like the mast and dendritic cells along with the accumulation of activated eosinophils and lymphocytes at the inflammation site. The structural cells such as airway epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells release inflammatory mediators that promote the bronchial inflammation. Long-lasting bronchial inflammation can cause pathological alterations, viz. the improved thickness of the bronchial epithelium and friability of airway epithelial cells, epithelium fibrosis, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle, angiogenesis, and mucus gland hyperplasia. The stimulation of bronchial epithelial cell would result in the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that attract inflammatory cells into bronchial airways and plays an important role in asthma. Asthma patients who do not respond to marketed antiasthmatic drugs needed novel biological medications to regulate the asthmatic situation. The present review enumerates various types of asthma, etiological factors, and in vivo animal models for the induction of asthma. The underlying pathological, immunological mechanism of action, the role of inflammatory mediators, the effect of inflammation on the bronchial airways, newer treatment approaches, and novel biological targets of asthma have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharat Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandawane, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon, Maharashtra, India
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Rich HE, Antos D, Melton NR, Alcorn JF, Manni ML. Insights Into Type I and III Interferons in Asthma and Exacerbations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574027. [PMID: 33101299 PMCID: PMC7546400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent, chronic respiratory disease that impacts millions of people worldwide and causes thousands of deaths every year. Asthmatics display different phenotypes with distinct genetic components, environmental causes, and immunopathologic signatures, and are broadly characterized into type 2-high or type 2-low (non-type 2) endotypes by linking clinical characteristics, steroid responsiveness, and molecular pathways. Regardless of asthma severity and adequate disease management, patients may experience acute exacerbations of symptoms and a loss of disease control, often triggered by respiratory infections. The interferon (IFN) family represents a group of cytokines that play a central role in the protection against and exacerbation of various infections and pathologies, including asthma. Type I and III IFNs in particular play an indispensable role in the host immune system to fight off pathogens, which seems to be altered in both pediatric and adult asthmatics. Impaired IFN production leaves asthmatics susceptible to infection and with uncontrolled type 2 immunity, promotes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and inflammation which can lead to asthma exacerbations. However, IFN deficiency is not observed in all asthmatics, and alterations in IFN expression may be independent of type 2 immunity. In this review, we discuss the link between type I and III IFNs and asthma both in general and in specific contexts, including during viral infection, co-infection, and bacterial/fungal infection. We also highlight several studies which examine the potential role for type I and III IFNs as asthma-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Rich
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Natalie R Melton
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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11
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Stauber RH, Westmeier D, Wandrey M, Becker S, Docter D, Ding GB, Thines E, Knauer SK, Siemer S. Mechanisms of nanotoxicity - biomolecule coronas protect pathological fungi against nanoparticle-based eradication. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1157-1174. [PMID: 32835557 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1808251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whereas nanotoxicity is intensely studied in mammalian systems, our knowledge of desired or unwanted nano-based effects for microbes is still limited. Fungal infections are global socio-economic health and agricultural problems, and current chemical antifungals may induce adverse side-effects in humans and ecosystems. Thus, nanoparticles are discussed as potential novel and sustainable antifungals via the desired nanotoxicity but often fail in practical applications. In our study, we found that nanoparticles' toxicity strongly depends on their binding to fungal spores, including the clinically relevant pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus as well as common plant pests, such as Botrytis cinerea or Penicillum expansum. Employing a selection of the model and antimicrobial nanoparticles, we found that nanoparticle-spore complex formation is influenced by the NM's physicochemical properties, such as size, identified as a key determinant for our silica model particles. Biomolecule coronas acquired in pathophysiologically and ecologically relevant environments, protected fungi against nanoparticle-induced toxicity as shown by employing antimicrobial ZnO, Ag, or CuO nanoparticles as well as dissolution-resistant quantum dots. Mechanistically, dose-dependent corona-mediated resistance was conferred via reducing the physical adsorption of nanoparticles to fungi. The inhibitory effect of biomolecules on nano-based toxicity of Ag NPs was further verified in vivo, using the invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an alternative non-mammalian infection model. We provide the first evidence that biomolecule coronas are not only relevant in mammalian systems but also for nanomaterial designs as future antifungals for human health, biotechnology, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Westmeier
- ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Madita Wandrey
- ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominic Docter
- ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Shanxi, China
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute for Microbiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)/Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja Siemer
- ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Liu HY, Li CX, Liang ZY, Zhang SY, Yang WY, Ye YM, Lin YX, Chen RC, Zhou HW, Su J. The Interactions of Airway Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Clinically Stable Asthma. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1647. [PMID: 32849339 PMCID: PMC7396634 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiotic airway microbiota play important roles in the inflammatory progression of asthma, and exploration of airway microbial interactions further elucidates asthma pathogenesis. However, little is known regarding the airway bacterial-fungal interactions in asthma patients. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of the sputum bacterial and fungal microbiota from 116 clinically stable asthma patients and 29 healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene and ITS1 sequencing. Compared with healthy individuals, asthma patients exhibited a significantly altered microbiota and increased bacterial and fungal alpha diversities in the airway. Microbial genera Moraxella, Capnocytophaga, and Ralstonia (bacteria) and Schizophyllum, Candida, and Phialemoniopsis (fungi) were more abundant in the asthma airways, while Rothia, Veillonella and Leptotrichia (bacteria) and Meyerozyma (fungus) were increased in healthy controls. The Moraxellaceae family and their genus Moraxella were significantly enriched in asthma patients compared with healthy controls (80.5-fold, P = 0.007 and 314.7-fold, P = 0.027, respectively). Moreover, Moraxellaceae, along with Schizophyllum, Candida, and Aspergillus (fungal genera), were positively associated with fungal alpha diversity. Correlation networks revealed 3 fungal genera (Schizophyllum, Candida, and Aspergillus) as important airway microbes in asthma that showed positive correlations with each other and multiple co-exclusions with other common microbiota. Moraxellaceae members were positively associated with asthma-enriched fungal taxa but negatively related to several healthy-enriched bacterial taxa. Collectively, our findings revealed an altered microbiota and complex microbial interactions in the airways of asthma patients. The Moraxellaceae family and their genus Moraxella, along with 3 important fungal taxa, showed significant interactions with the airway microbiota, providing potential insights into the novel pathogenic mechanisms of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yue Liu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xi Li
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Mei Ye
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Lin
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Su
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Bongomin F, Asio LG, Baluku JB, Kwizera R, Denning DW. Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Notes for a Clinician in a Resource-Limited Setting Where There Is No Mycologist. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E75. [PMID: 32498415 PMCID: PMC7345130 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a spectrum of several progressive disease manifestations caused by Aspergillus species in patients with underlying structural lung diseases. Duration of symptoms longer than three months distinguishes CPA from acute and subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. CPA affects over 3 million individuals worldwide. Its diagnostic approach requires a thorough Clinical, Radiological, Immunological and Mycological (CRIM) assessment. The diagnosis of CPA requires (1) demonstration of one or more cavities with or without a fungal ball present or nodules on chest imaging, (2) direct evidence of Aspergillus infection or an immunological response to Aspergillus species and (3) exclusion of alternative diagnoses, although CPA and mycobacterial disease can be synchronous. Aspergillus antibody is elevated in over 90% of patients and is the cornerstone for CPA diagnosis. Long-term oral antifungal therapy improves quality of life, arrests haemoptysis and prevents disease progression. Itraconazole and voriconazole are alternative first-line agents; voriconazole is preferred for patients with contra-indications to itraconazole and in those with severe disease (including large aspergilloma). In patients co-infected with tuberculosis (TB), it is not possible to treat TB with rifampicin and concurrently administer azoles, because of profound drug interactions. In those with pan-azole resistance or intolerance or progressive disease while on oral triazoles, short-term courses of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B or micafungin is used. Surgery benefits patients with well-circumscribed simple aspergillomas and should be offered earlier in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda;
| | - Lucy Grace Asio
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda;
| | - Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala P.O. Box 7051, Uganda;
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Translational Research Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda;
| | - David W. Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK;
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Paiva Ferreira LKD, Paiva Ferreira LAM, Monteiro TM, Bezerra GC, Bernardo LR, Piuvezam MR. Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS). Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105718. [PMID: 31255882 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is a concept of "one airway - one disease" or "unified airway disease ". The upper and lower airway inflammation characterizes allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively and both diseases have shown an intimate connection in their genesis, coexistence and similarities as triggered by the same etiological agents; the same inflammatory cell profile and share therapeutic treatment. This review highlights the concept of CARAS by its phenotype, endotype and biomarker classification. Indeed, rhinitis is divided into four major phenotypes: allergic rhinitis; infectious rhinitis; non-infective/non-allergic rhinitis and mixed rhinitis. On the other hand, asthma has no common consensus yet; however, the most accepted classification is based on the stage of life (early- or late- onset asthma) in which the clinical symptoms are presented. Experimental researches where animals develop a syndrome similar to CARAS have been contributed to better understand the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this review is to clarify current terms related to CARAS as definition, phenotypes, endotypes/biomarkers, physiopathology and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laércia K D Paiva Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Larissa A M Paiva Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Talissa M Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Costa Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Bernardo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation of Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Piuvezam
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pathology, Graduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation of Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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15
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Øya E, Becher R, Ekeren L, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Holme JA. Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Spores and Hyphal Fragments of Common Damp Indoor Molds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061085. [PMID: 30917597 PMCID: PMC6466608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Damp indoor environments contaminated with different mold species may contribute to the development and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to X-ray treated spores and hyphal fragments from pure cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum. Hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum induced expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokine IL-8, while none of the other hyphal preparations had effects. Hyphal fragments from A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum also increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but these cytokines were not released. X-ray treated spores had little or no inflammatory potential. Attenuating Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by blocking antibodies strongly reduced the A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum hyphae-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release, whereas TLR4 antagonist treatment was without effects. Untreated A. fumigatus spores formed hyphae and triggered expression of pro-inflammatory genes with similarities to the effects of hyphal fragments. In conclusion, while X-ray treated spores induced no pro-inflammatory responses, hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum enhanced a TLR2-dependent expression and release of IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Becher
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leni Ekeren
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Zhao Y, Prideaux B, Baistrocchi S, Sheppard DC, Perlin DS. Beyond tissue concentrations: antifungal penetration at the site of infection. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S161-S167. [PMID: 30816968 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in antifungal therapy, invasive fungal infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One important factor contributing to the relative ineffectiveness of existing antifungal drugs is insufficient drug exposure at the site of infection. Despite the importance of this aspect of antifungal therapy, we generally lack a full appreciation of how antifungal drugs distribute, penetrate, and interact with their target organisms in different tissue subcompartments. A better understanding of drug distribution will be critical to guide appropriate use of currently available antifungal drugs, as well as to aid development of new agents. Herein we briefly review current perspectives of antifungal drug exposure at the site of infection and describe a new technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging, which has the potential to greatly expand our understanding of drug penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Shane Baistrocchi
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
| | - David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103
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17
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Gago S, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Pathophysiological aspects of Aspergillus colonization in disease. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S219-S227. [PMID: 30239804 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus colonization of the lower respiratory airways is common in normal people, and of little clinical significance. However, in some patients, colonization is associated with severe disease including poorly controlled asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) with sputum plugs, worse lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary aspergillosis (COPD), invasive aspergillosis, and active infection in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). Therefore, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of fungal colonization in disease is essential to develop strategies to avert or minimise disease. Aspergillus cell components promoting fungal adherence to the host surface, extracellular matrix, or basal lamina are indispensable for pathogen persistence. However, our understanding of individual differences in clearance of A. fumigatus from the lung in susceptible patients is close to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton, Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - David W Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton, Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.,National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton, Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
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18
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Siemer S, Westmeier D, Vallet C, Becker S, Voskuhl J, Ding GB, Thines E, Stauber RH, Knauer SK. Resistance to Nano-Based Antifungals Is Mediated by Biomolecule Coronas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:104-114. [PMID: 30560648 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing global health and agricultural threat, and current chemical antifungals may induce various side-effects. Thus, nanoparticles are investigated as potential novel antifungals. We report that nanoparticles' antifungal activity strongly depends on their binding to fungal spores, focusing on the clinically important fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus as well as common plant pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. We show that nanoparticle-spore complex formation was enhanced by the small nanoparticle size rather than the material, shape or charge, and could not be prevented by steric surface modifications. Fungal resistance to metal-based nanoparticles, such as ZnO-, Ag-, or CuO-nanoparticles as well as dissolution-resistant quantum dots, was mediated by biomolecule coronas acquired in pathophysiological and ecological environments, including the lung surfactant, plasma or complex organic matters. Mechanistically, dose-dependent corona-mediated resistance occurred via reducing physical adsorption of nanoparticles to fungal spores. The inhibitory effect of biomolecules on the antifungal activity of Ag-nanoparticles was further verified in vivo, using the invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an A. fumigatus infection model. Our results explain why current nanoantifungals often show low activity in realistic application environments, and will guide nanomaterial designs that maximize functionality and safe translatability as potent antifungals for human health, biotechnology, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Siemer
- Nanobiomedicine Department , University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
| | - Dana Westmeier
- Nanobiomedicine Department , University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Sven Becker
- Nanobiomedicine Department , University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Nanobiomedicine Department , University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology , Shanxi University , No. 92 Wucheng Road , 030006 Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute for Microbiology , Johannes Gutenberg University , Becherweg 15 , D 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine Department , University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
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19
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Richard N, Marti L, Varrot A, Guillot L, Guitard J, Hennequin C, Imberty A, Corvol H, Chignard M, Balloy V. Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus Germination of Extracellular Conidia via FleA Recognition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15699. [PMID: 30356167 PMCID: PMC6200801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental filamentous fungus that may act as an opportunistic pathogen causing a variety of diseases, including asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and infection, ranging from asymptomatic colonization to invasive pulmonary form, especially in immunocompromised patients. This fungus is characterized by different morphotypes including conidia which are the infective propagules able to germinate into hyphae. Due to their small size (2–3 µm), conidia released in the air can reach the lower respiratory tract. The objective of this study was to characterize the interactions between conidia and bronchial epithelial cells. To this end, we studied the role of bronchial epithelial cells, i.e., the BEAS-2B cell line and human primary cells, in conidial germination of a laboratory strain and three clinical strains of A. fumigatus. Microscopic observations and galactomannan measurements demonstrated that contact between epithelial cells and conidia leads to the inhibition of conidia germination. We demonstrated that this fungistatic process is not associated with the release of any soluble components nor internalization by the epithelial cells. We highlight that this antifungal process involves the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway on the host cellular side and the lectin FleA on the fungal side. Collectively, our results show that bronchial epithelial cells attenuate fungal virulence by inhibiting germination of extracellular conidia, thus preventing the morphological change from conidia to filaments, which is responsible for tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richard
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Léa Marti
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc Guillot
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France.,Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital St Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France.,Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital St Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France.,Pneumologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Michel Chignard
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Balloy
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Paris, Paris, France.
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20
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Aun MV, Bonamichi-Santos R, Arantes-Costa FM, Kalil J, Giavina-Bianchi P. Animal models of asthma: utility and limitations. J Asthma Allergy 2017; 10:293-301. [PMID: 29158683 PMCID: PMC5683778 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies in asthma are not able to clear up all aspects of disease pathophysiology. Animal models have been developed to better understand these mechanisms and to evaluate both safety and efficacy of therapies before starting clinical trials. Several species of animals have been used in experimental models of asthma, such as Drosophila, rats, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, pigs, primates and equines. However, the most common species studied in the last two decades is mice, particularly BALB/c. Animal models of asthma try to mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. They classically include two phases: sensitization and challenge. Sensitization is traditionally performed by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, but intranasal instillation of allergens has been increasingly used because human asthma is induced by inhalation of allergens. Challenges with allergens are performed through aerosol, intranasal or intratracheal instillation. However, few studies have compared different routes of sensitization and challenge. The causative allergen is another important issue in developing a good animal model. Despite being more traditional and leading to intense inflammation, ovalbumin has been replaced by aeroallergens, such as house dust mites, to use the allergens that cause human disease. Finally, researchers should define outcomes to be evaluated, such as serum-specific antibodies, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. The present review analyzes the animal models of asthma, assessing differences between species, allergens and routes of allergen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vivolo Aun
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bonamichi-Santos
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Cramer RA, Sheppard DC, Clemons KV. 7th Advances Against Aspergillosis: Basic, diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic studies. Med Mycol 2016; 55:1-3. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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