1
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Kalita AI, Keller Valsecchi CI. Dosage compensation in non-model insects - progress and perspectives. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00207-5. [PMID: 39341686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In many multicellular eukaryotes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are responsible for determining the sexual characteristics and reproductive functions of individuals. Sex chromosomes can cause a dosage imbalance between sexes, which in some species is re-equilibrated by dosage compensation (DC). Recent genomic advances have extended our understanding of DC mechanisms in insects beyond model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. We review current knowledge of insect DC, focusing on its conservation and divergence across orders, the evolutionary dynamics of neo-sex chromosomes, and the diversity of molecular mechanisms. We propose a framework to uncover DC regulators in non-model insects that relies on integrating evolutionary, genomic, and functional approaches. This comprehensive approach will facilitate a deeper understanding of the evolution and essentiality of gene regulatory mechanisms.
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2
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Höök L, Vila R, Wiklund C, Backström N. Temporal dynamics of faster neo-Z evolution in butterflies. Evolution 2024; 78:1554-1567. [PMID: 38813673 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The faster-Z/X hypothesis predicts that sex-linked genes should diverge faster than autosomal genes. However, studies across different lineages have shown mixed support for this effect. So far, most analyses have focused on old and well-differentiated sex chromosomes, but less is known about the divergence of more recently acquired neo-sex chromosomes. In Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Z-autosome fusions are frequent, but the evolutionary dynamics of neo-Z chromosomes have not been explored in detail. Here, we analyzed the faster-Z effect in Leptidea sinapis, a butterfly with three Z chromosomes. We show that the neo-Z chromosomes have been acquired stepwise, resulting in strata of differentiation and masculinization. While all Z chromosomes showed evidence of the faster-Z effect, selection for genes on the youngest neo-Z chromosome (Z3) appears to have been hampered by a largely intact, homologous neo-W chromosome. However, the intermediately aged neo-Z chromosome (Z2), which lacks W gametologs, showed fewer evolutionary constraints, resulting in particularly fast evolution. Our results therefore support that neo-sex chromosomes can constitute temporary hot-spots of adaptation and divergence. The underlying dynamics are likely causally linked to shifts in selective constraints, evolution of gene expression, and degeneration of W-linked gametologs which gradually expose Z-linked genes to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Höök
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Division of Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Cecalev D, Viçoso B, Galupa R. Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian X. Development 2024; 151:dev202891. [PMID: 39140247 PMCID: PMC11361640 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Changes in gene dosage can have tremendous evolutionary potential (e.g. whole-genome duplications), but without compensatory mechanisms, they can also lead to gene dysregulation and pathologies. Sex chromosomes are a paradigmatic example of naturally occurring gene dosage differences and their compensation. In species with chromosome-based sex determination, individuals within the same population necessarily show 'natural' differences in gene dosage for the sex chromosomes. In this Review, we focus on the mammalian X chromosome and discuss recent new insights into the dosage-compensation mechanisms that evolved along with the emergence of sex chromosomes, namely X-inactivation and X-upregulation. We also discuss the evolution of the genetic loci and molecular players involved, as well as the regulatory diversity and potentially different requirements for dosage compensation across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cecalev
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD) Unit, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatriz Viçoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Rafael Galupa
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD) Unit, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
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4
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Deng Z, Zhang Y, Xie X, Li H, Guo H, Ni X, Li X. Transcriptomic and proteomic elucidation of Z chromosome dosage compensation in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38949741 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptomic data have been used to study sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) in approximately 10 Lepidoptera ZW species, yielding a consensus compensation pattern of Z≈ ZZ < AA . $$ \approx \mathrm{ZZ}<\mathrm{AA}. $$ It remains unclear whether this compensation pattern holds when examining more Lepidoptera ZW species and/or using proteomic data to analyse SCDC. Here we combined transcriptomic and proteomic data as well as transcriptional level of six individual Z genes to reveal the SCDC pattern in Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous lepidopteran pest of economic importance. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the Z chromosome expression of H. armigera was balanced between male and female but substantially reduced relative to autosome expression, exhibiting an SCDC pattern of Z≈ ZZ < AA $$ \approx \mathrm{ZZ}<\mathrm{AA} $$ . When using H. amigera midgut proteomic data, the SCDC pattern of this species changed from Z≈ ZZ < AA $$ \approx \mathrm{ZZ}<\mathrm{AA} $$ at transcriptomic level to Z = ZZ = AA at the proteomic level. RT-qPCR analysis of transcript abundance of six Z genes found that compensation for each Z gene could vary from no compensation to overcompensation, depending on the individual genes and tissues tested. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of a translational compensation mechanism, which is operating in addition to a translational mechanism, such as has been reported in other lepidopteran species. And the transcriptional compensation mechanism functions to accomplish Z chromosome dosage balance between the sexes (M = F on the Z chromosome), whereas the translation compensation mechanism operates to achieve dosage compensation between Z chromosome and autosome (Z = AA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Deng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingcheng Xie
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, University of Georgia-Tifton Campus, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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5
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Webster TH, Vannan A, Pinto BJ, Denbrock G, Morales M, Dolby GA, Fiddes IT, DeNardo DF, Wilson MA. Lack of Dosage Balance and Incomplete Dosage Compensation in the ZZ/ZW Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) Revealed by De Novo Genome Assembly. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae018. [PMID: 38319079 PMCID: PMC10950046 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX/XY and ZZ/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) have ZZ/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a de novo draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Webster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Annika Vannan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brendan J Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Grant Denbrock
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matheo Morales
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Greer A Dolby
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Mora P, Hospodářská M, Voleníková AC, Koutecký P, Štundlová J, Dalíková M, Walters JR, Nguyen P. Sex-biased gene content is associated with sex chromosome turnover in Danaini butterflies. Mol Ecol 2024:e17256. [PMID: 38180347 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes play an outsized role in adaptation and speciation, and thus deserve particular attention in evolutionary genomics. In particular, fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes can produce neo-sex chromosomes, which offer important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes. Here, we investigate the evolutionary origin of the previously reported Danaus neo-sex chromosome within the tribe Danaini. We assembled and annotated genomes of Tirumala septentrionis (subtribe Danaina), Ideopsis similis (Amaurina), Idea leuconoe (Euploeina) and Lycorea halia (Itunina) and identified their Z-linked scaffolds. We found that the Danaus neo-sex chromosome resulting from the fusion between a Z chromosome and an autosome corresponding to the Melitaea cinxia chromosome (McChr) 21 arose in a common ancestor of Danaina, Amaurina and Euploina. We also identified two additional fusions as the W chromosome further fused with the synteny block McChr31 in I. similis and independent fusion occurred between ancestral Z chromosome and McChr12 in L. halia. We further tested a possible role of sexually antagonistic selection in sex chromosome turnover by analysing the genomic distribution of sex-biased genes in I. leuconoe and L. halia. The autosomes corresponding to McChr21 and McChr31 involved in the fusions are significantly enriched in female- and male-biased genes, respectively, which could have hypothetically facilitated fixation of the neo-sex chromosomes. This suggests a role of sexual antagonism in sex chromosome turnover in Lepidoptera. The neo-Z chromosomes of both I. leuconoe and L. halia appear fully compensated in somatic tissues, but the extent of dosage compensation for the ancestral Z varies across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mora
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hospodářská
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Koutecký
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Dalíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - James R Walters
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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7
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Catalán A, Merondun J, Knief U, Wolf JBW. Chromatin accessibility, not 5mC methylation covaries with partial dosage compensation in crows. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010901. [PMID: 37747941 PMCID: PMC10575545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of genetic sex determination is often accompanied by degradation of the sex-limited chromosome. Male heterogametic systems have evolved convergent, epigenetic mechanisms restoring the resulting imbalance in gene dosage between diploid autosomes (AA) and the hemizygous sex chromosome (X). Female heterogametic systems (AAf Zf, AAm ZZm) tend to only show partial dosage compensation (0.5 < Zf:AAf < 1) and dosage balance (0.5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalán
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Justin Merondun
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ulrich Knief
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen B. W. Wolf
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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8
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Webster TH, Vannan A, Pinto BJ, Denbrock G, Morales M, Dolby GA, Fiddes IT, DeNardo DF, Wilson MA. Incomplete dosage balance and dosage compensation in the ZZ/ZW Gila monster ( Heloderma suspectum) revealed by de novo genome assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538436. [PMID: 37163099 PMCID: PMC10168389 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX/XY and ZZ/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) have ZZ/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a de novo draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z-chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z-chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Webster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Annika Vannan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Brendan J. Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Grant Denbrock
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Matheo Morales
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Greer A. Dolby
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Dale F. DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Melissa A. Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ
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9
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Hatchett WJ, Jueterbock AO, Kopp M, Coyer JA, Coelho SM, Hoarau G, Lipinska AP. Evolutionary dynamics of sex-biased gene expression in a young XY system: insights from the brown alga genus Fucus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:422-437. [PMID: 36597732 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex-biased gene expression is considered to be an underlying cause of sexually dimorphic traits. Although the nature and degree of sex-biased expression have been well documented in several animal and plant systems, far less is known about the evolution of sex-biased genes in more distant eukaryotic groups. Here, we investigate sex-biased gene expression in two brown algal dioecious species, Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus, where male heterogamety (XX/XY) has recently emerged. We find that in contrast to evolutionary distant plant and animal lineages, male-biased genes do not experience high turnover rates, but instead reveal remarkable conservation of bias and expression levels between the two species, suggesting their importance in sexual differentiation. Genes with consistent male bias were enriched in functions related to gamete production, along with sperm competition and include three flagellar proteins under positive selection. We present one of the first reports, outside of the animal kingdom, showing that male-biased genes display accelerated rates of coding sequence evolution compared with female-biased or unbiased genes. Our results imply that evolutionary forces affect male and female sex-biased genes differently on structural and regulatory levels, resulting in unique properties of differentially expressed transcripts during reproductive development in Fucus algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hatchett
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Martina Kopp
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - James A Coyer
- Shoals Marine Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Susana M Coelho
- CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Agnieszka P Lipinska
- CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Laslo M, Just J, Angelini DR. Theme and variation in the evolution of insect sex determination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:162-181. [PMID: 35239250 PMCID: PMC10078687 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of dimorphic adult sexes is a critical process for most animals, one that is subject to intense selection. Work in vertebrate and insect model species has revealed that sex determination mechanisms vary widely among animal groups. However, this variation is not uniform, with a limited number of conserved factors. Therefore, sex determination offers an excellent context to consider themes and variations in gene network evolution. Here we review the literature describing sex determination in diverse insects. We have screened public genomic sequence databases for orthologs and duplicates of 25 genes involved in insect sex determination, identifying patterns of presence and absence. These genes and a 3.5 reference set of 43 others were used to infer phylogenies and compared to accepted organismal relationships to examine patterns of congruence and divergence. The function of candidate genes for roles in sex determination (virilizer, female-lethal-2-d, transformer-2) and sex chromosome dosage compensation (male specific lethal-1, msl-2, msl-3) were tested using RNA interference in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. None of these candidate genes exhibited conserved roles in these processes. Amidst this variation we wish to highlight the following themes for the evolution of sex determination: (1) Unique features within taxa influence network evolution. (2) Their position in the network influences a component's evolution. Our analyses also suggest an inverse association of protein sequence conservation with functional conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Laslo
- Department of Cell Biology, Curriculum Fellows ProgramHarvard Medical School25 Shattuck StBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Josefine Just
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University26 Oxford StCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiologyColby College5734 Mayflower Hill DrWatervilleMaineUSA
| | - David R. Angelini
- Department of BiologyColby College5734 Mayflower Hill DrWatervilleMaineUSA
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11
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Elkrewi M, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac123. [PMID: 35977389 PMCID: PMC9526061 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized, and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages. Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females, to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay between sex determination and asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Elkrewi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Uladzislava Khauratovich
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Melissa A Toups
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Mrnjavac
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Christelle Fraisse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198—Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luca Sax
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Ann Kathrin Huylmans
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón), Spain
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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12
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Tomihara K, Kawamoto M, Suzuki Y, Katsuma S, Kiuchi T. Masculinizer-induced dosage compensation is achieved by transcriptional downregulation of both copies of Z-linked genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220116. [PMID: 36069069 PMCID: PMC9449812 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of dosage compensation produces similar expression of sex-linked and autosomal genes in the heterogametic sex. The silkworm (Bombyx mori), a lepidopteran insect, has a female heterogametic WZ sex determination system. A Z-linked gene, Masculinizer (Masc), is the primary determinant of maleness and dosage compensation in B. mori. However, it remains unknown whether one of the two Z chromosomes is inactivated or both Z chromosomes are suppressed in B. mori males. Hence, we performed transcriptome analysis using hybrids between two B. mori strains and analysed allele-specific expression to distinguish these alternatives. Our analysis revealed that genes on both the maternal and paternal Z chromosomes are transcriptionally upregulated in Masc knocked down males. We therefore conclude that both Z chromosomes are transcriptionally downregulated in B. mori males, similar to the system in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tomihara
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Munetaka Kawamoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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13
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Dosage compensation in Bombyx mori is achieved by partial repression of both Z chromosomes in males. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113374119. [PMID: 35239439 PMCID: PMC8915793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113374119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes on sex chromosomes (i.e. human chX) are regulated differently in males and females to balance gene expression levels between sexes (XY vs. XX). This sex-specific regulation is called dosage compensation (DC). DC is achieved by altering the shape and compaction of sex chromosomes specifically in one sex. In this study, we use Oligopaints to examine DC in silkworms. This study visualizes this phenomenon in a species with ZW sex chromosomes, which evolved independently of XY. Our data support a long-standing model for how DC mechanisms evolved across species, and we show potential similarity between DC in silkworms and nematodes, suggesting that this type of DC may have emerged multiple independent times throughout evolution. Interphase chromatin is organized precisely to facilitate accurate gene expression. The structure–function relationship of chromatin is epitomized in sex chromosome dosage compensation (DC), where sex-linked gene expression is balanced between males and females via sex-specific alterations to three-dimensional chromatin structure. Studies in ZW-bearing species suggest that DC is absent or incomplete in most lineages except butterflies and moths, where male (ZZ) Z chromosome (chZ) expression is reduced by half to equal females (ZW). However, whether one chZ is inactivated (as in mammals) or both are partially repressed (as in Caenorhabditis elegans) is unclear. Using Oligopaints in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, we visualize autosomes and chZ in somatic cells from both sexes. We find that B. mori chromosomes are highly compact relative to Drosophila. We show that in B. mori males, both chZs are similar in size and shape and are more compact than autosomes or the female chZ after DC establishment, suggesting both male chZs are partially and equally downregulated. We also find that in the early stages of DC in females, chZ chromatin becomes more accessible and Z-linked expression increases. Concomitant with these changes, the female chZ repositions toward the nuclear center, revealing nonsequencing-based support for Ohno’s hypothesis. These studies visualizing interphase genome organization and chZ structure in Lepidoptera uncover intriguing similarities between DC in B. mori and C. elegans, despite these lineages harboring evolutionarily distinct sex chromosomes (ZW/XY), suggesting a possible role for holocentricity in DC mechanisms.
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14
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Rodriguez-Caro F, Fenner J, Bhardwaj S, Cole J, Benson C, Colombara AM, Papa R, Brown MW, Martin A, Range RC, Counterman BA. Novel doublesex duplication associated with sexually dimorphic development of dogface butterfly wings. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5021-5033. [PMID: 34323995 PMCID: PMC8557438 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic development is responsible for some of the most remarkable phenotypic variation found in nature. Alternative splicing of the transcription factor gene doublesex (dsx) is a highly conserved developmental switch controlling the expression of sex-specific pathways. Here, we leverage sex-specific differences in butterfly wing color pattern to characterize the genetic basis of sexually dimorphic development. We use RNA-seq, immunolocalization, and motif binding site analysis to test specific predictions about the role of dsx in the development of structurally based ultraviolet (UV) wing patterns in Zerene cesonia (Southern Dogface). Unexpectedly, we discover a novel duplication of dsx that shows a sex-specific burst of expression associated with the sexually dimorphic UV coloration. The derived copy consists of a single exon that encodes a DNA binding but no protein-binding domain and has experienced rapid amino-acid divergence. We propose the novel dsx paralog may suppress UV scale differentiation in females, which is supported by an excess of Dsx-binding sites at cytoskeletal and chitin-related genes with sex-biased expression. These findings illustrate the molecular flexibility of the dsx gene in mediating the differentiation of secondary sexual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jared Cole
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Caleb Benson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, USA
| | | | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, USA
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, USA
| | - Ryan C Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, USA
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15
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Bista B, Wu Z, Literman R, Valenzuela N. Thermosensitive sex chromosome dosage compensation in ZZ/ZW softshell turtles, Apalone spinifera. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200101. [PMID: 34304598 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) overcomes gene-dose imbalances that disturb transcriptional networks, as when ZW females or XY males are hemizygous for Z/X genes. Mounting data from non-model organisms reveal diverse SCDC mechanisms, yet their evolution remains obscure, because most informative lineages with variable sex chromosomes are unstudied. Here, we discovered SCDC in turtles and an unprecedented thermosensitive SCDC in eukaryotes. We contrasted RNA-seq expression of Z-genes, their autosomal orthologues, and control autosomal genes in Apalone spinifera (ZZ/ZW) and Chrysemys picta turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (proxy for ancestral expression). This approach disentangled chromosomal context effects on Z-linked and autosomal expression, from lineage effects owing to selection or drift. Embryonic Apalone SCDC is tissue- and age-dependent, regulated gene-by-gene, complete in females via Z-upregulation in both sexes (Type IV) but partial and environmentally plastic via Z-downregulation in males (accentuated at colder temperature), present in female hatchlings and a weakly suggestive in adult liver (Type I). Results indicate that embryonic SCDC evolved with/after sex chromosomes in Apalone's family Tryonichidae, while co-opting Z-gene upregulation present in the TSD ancestor. Notably, Apalone's SCDC resembles pygmy snake's, and differs from the full-SCDC of Anolis lizards who share homologous sex chromosomes (XY), advancing our understanding of how XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems compensate gene-dose imbalance. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Bista
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Literman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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16
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Muyle A, Bachtrog D, Marais GAB, Turner JMA. Epigenetics drive the evolution of sex chromosomes in animals and plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200124. [PMID: 33866802 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review how epigenetics affect sex chromosome evolution in animals and plants. In a few species, sex is determined epigenetically through the action of Y-encoded small RNAs. Epigenetics is also responsible for changing the sex of individuals through time, even in species that carry sex chromosomes, and could favour species adaptation through breeding system plasticity. The Y chromosome accumulates repeats that become epigenetically silenced which leads to an epigenetic conflict with the expression of Y genes and could accelerate Y degeneration. Y heterochromatin can be lost through ageing, which activates transposable elements and lowers male longevity. Y chromosome degeneration has led to the evolution of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in eutherians (placentals) and marsupials, and dosage compensation mechanisms in animals and plants. X-inactivation convergently evolved in eutherians and marsupials via two independently evolved non-coding RNAs. In Drosophila, male X upregulation by the male specific lethal (MSL) complex can spread to neo-X chromosomes through the transposition of transposable elements that carry an MSL-binding motif. We discuss similarities and possible differences between plants and animals and suggest future directions for this dynamic field of research. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Muyle
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Doris Bachtrog
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.,LEAF- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Jiang H, Lin JQ, Sun L, Xu YC, Fang SG. Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Evolution in the Cerebrum and Syrinx of Chinese Hwamei ( Garrulax canorus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040569. [PMID: 33919806 PMCID: PMC8070764 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common that males and females display sexual dimorphisms, which usually result from sex-biased gene expression. Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus) is a good model for studying sex-biased gene expression because the song between the sexes is quite different. In this study, we analyze cerebrum and syrinx sex-biased gene expression and evolution using the de novo assembled Chinese hwamei transcriptome. In both the cerebrum and syrinx, our study revealed that most female-biased genes were actively expressed in females only, while most male-biased genes were actively expressed in both sexes. In addition, both male- and female-biased genes were enriched on the putative Z chromosome, suggesting the existence of sexually antagonistic genes and the insufficient dosage compensation of the Z-linked genes. We also identified a 9 Mb sex linkage region on the putative 4A chromosome which enriched more than 20% of female-biased genes. Resultantly, male-biased genes in both tissues had significantly higher Ka/Ks and effective number of codons (ENCs) than unbiased genes, and this suggested that male-biased genes which exhibit accelerated divergence may have resulted from positive selection. Taken together, our results initially revealed the reasons for the differences in singing behavior between males and females of Chinese hwamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Jian-Qing Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Yan-Chun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88206472
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18
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Genome assembly, sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation in the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Genomics 2021; 113:1828-1837. [PMID: 33831439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of sex chromosomes, and patterns of sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation, are poorly known among early winged insects such as odonates. We assembled and annotated the genome of Ischnura elegans (blue-tailed damselfly), which, like other odonates, has a male-hemigametic sex-determining system (X0 males, XX females). By identifying X-linked genes in I. elegans and their orthologs in other insect genomes, we found homologies between the X chromosome in odonates and chromosomes of other orders, including the X chromosome in Coleoptera. Next, we showed balanced expression of X-linked genes between sexes in adult I. elegans, i.e. evidence of dosage compensation. Finally, among the genes in the sex-determining pathway only fruitless was found to be X-linked, while only doublesex showed sex-biased expression. This study reveals partly conserved sex chromosome synteny and independent evolution of dosage compensation among insect orders separated by several hundred million years of evolutionary history.
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19
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Feron R, Pan Q, Wen M, Imarazene B, Jouanno E, Anderson J, Herpin A, Journot L, Parrinello H, Klopp C, Kottler VA, Roco AS, Du K, Kneitz S, Adolfi M, Wilson CA, McCluskey B, Amores A, Desvignes T, Goetz FW, Takanashi A, Kawaguchi M, Detrich HW, Oliveira MA, Nóbrega RH, Sakamoto T, Nakamoto M, Wargelius A, Karlsen Ø, Wang Z, Stöck M, Waterhouse RM, Braasch I, Postlethwait JH, Schartl M, Guiguen Y. RADSex: A computational workflow to study sex determination using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1715-1731. [PMID: 33590960 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of sex determination and sex chromosome organization in nonmodel species has long been technically challenging, but new sequencing methodologies now enable precise and high-throughput identification of sex-specific genomic sequences. In particular, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) is being extensively applied to explore sex determination systems in many plant and animal species. However, software specifically designed to search for and visualize sex-biased markers using RAD-Seq data is lacking. Here, we present RADSex, a computational analysis workflow designed to study the genetic basis of sex determination using RAD-Seq data. RADSex is simple to use, requires few computational resources, makes no prior assumptions about the type of sex-determination system or structure of the sex locus, and offers convenient visualization through a dedicated R package. To demonstrate the functionality of RADSex, we re-analysed a published data set of Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, where we uncovered a previously unknown Y chromosome polymorphism. We then used RADSex to analyse new RAD-Seq data sets from 15 fish species spanning multiple taxonomic orders. We identified the sex determination system and sex-specific markers in six of these species, five of which had no known sex-markers prior to this study. We show that RADSex greatly facilitates the study of sex determination systems in nonmodel species thanks to its speed of analyses, low resource usage, ease of application and visualization options. Furthermore, our analysis of new data sets from 15 species provides new insights on sex determination in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Feron
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qiaowei Pan
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ming Wen
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Jennifer Anderson
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- SIGENAE, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Verena A Kottler
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro S Roco
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.,Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mateus Adolfi
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Angel Amores
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Frederick W Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ato Takanashi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Kawaguchi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harry William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - Marcos A Oliveira
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamoto
- Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Zhongwei Wang
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.,Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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20
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Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L. Evolution of dosage compensation does not depend on genomic background. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1836-1845. [PMID: 33606326 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved various mechanisms to cope with the differences in the gene copy numbers between sexes caused by degeneration of Y and W sex chromosomes. Complete dosage compensation or at least expression balance between sexes has been reported predominantly in XX/XY systems, but rarely in ZZ/ZW systems. However, this often-reported pattern is based on comparisons of lineages where sex chromosomes evolved from nonhomologous genomic regions, potentially differing in sensitivity to differences in gene copy numbers. Here we document that two reptilian lineages (XX/XY iguanas and ZZ/ZW softshell turtles), which independently co-opted the same ancestral genomic region for the function of sex chromosomes, evolved different gene dose regulatory mechanisms. The independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosomes as in the iguanas and the softshell turtles offers great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control of the genomic background and gene identity. We show that the parallel loss of functional genes from the Y chromosome of the green anole and the W chromosome of the Florida softshell turtle led to different dosage compensation mechanisms. Our approach controlling for genetic background thus does not support that the variability in the regulation of gene dose differences is a consequence of ancestral autosomal gene content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Spoelhof JP, Keeffe R, McDaniel SF. Does reproductive assurance explain the incidence of polyploidy in plants and animals? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:14-21. [PMID: 31883115 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Spoelhof
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rachel Keeffe
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stuart F McDaniel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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22
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Furman BLS, Metzger DCH, Darolti I, Wright AE, Sandkam BA, Almeida P, Shu JJ, Mank JE. Sex Chromosome Evolution: So Many Exceptions to the Rules. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:750-763. [PMID: 32315410 PMCID: PMC7268786 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis of many nonmodel species has uncovered an incredible diversity of sex chromosome systems, making it possible to empirically test the rich body of evolutionary theory that describes each stage of sex chromosome evolution. Classic theory predicts that sex chromosomes originate from a pair of homologous autosomes and recombination between them is suppressed via inversions to resolve sexual conflict. The resulting degradation of the Y chromosome gene content creates the need for dosage compensation in the heterogametic sex. Sex chromosome theory also implies a linear process, starting from sex chromosome origin and progressing to heteromorphism. Despite many convergent genomic patterns exhibited by independently evolved sex chromosome systems, and many case studies supporting these theoretical predictions, emerging data provide numerous interesting exceptions to these long-standing theories, and suggest that the remarkable diversity of sex chromosomes is matched by a similar diversity in their evolution. For example, it is clear that sex chromosome pairs are not always derived from homologous autosomes. In addition, both the cause and the mechanism of recombination suppression between sex chromosome pairs remain unclear, and it may be that the spread of recombination suppression is a more gradual process than previously thought. It is also clear that dosage compensation can be achieved in many ways, and displays a range of efficacy in different systems. Finally, the remarkable turnover of sex chromosomes in many systems, as well as variation in the rate of sex chromosome divergence, suggest that assumptions about the inevitable linearity of sex chromosome evolution are not always empirically supported, and the drivers of the birth-death cycle of sex chromosome evolution remain to be elucidated. Here, we concentrate on how the diversity in sex chromosomes across taxa highlights an equal diversity in each stage of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L S Furman
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David C H Metzger
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iulia Darolti
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison E Wright
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Sandkam
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pedro Almeida
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacelyn J Shu
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judith E Mank
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
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23
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Saccheri IJ, Whiteford S, Yung CJ, Van't Hof AE. Recessive Z-linked lethals and the retention of haplotype diversity in a captive butterfly population. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:28-39. [PMID: 32404940 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are predicted to harbour elevated levels of sexually antagonistic variation due to asymmetries in the heritability of recessive traits in the homogametic versus heterogametic sex. This evolutionary dynamic may manifest as high recessive load specifically affecting the homogametic sex, and the retention of haplotype diversity in small populations. We tested the hypothesis that the Z chromosome in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana carries a high inbred load for male fertility and viability. Homozygosity of Z chromosome blocks was produced by daughter-father backcrosses, and inferred from marker loci positioned via a linkage map. Male sterility was, in general, unrelated to homozygosity in any region of the Z, but there was an extreme deficit of homozygous males within a 2 cM interval in all families. In contrast, no corresponding skew in Z genotype was detected in their (hemizygous) sisters. The same pattern was observed in historically inbred lines, indicating a high frequency of recessive lethals in the ancestral population. Allele-frequency changes between 1993 and 2006 (70 generations at Ne ~ 160) show that, despite the loss of many haplotypes, diversity was retained significantly above the neutral expectation. Effective overdominance in the lethal region can account for this effect locally but not in other parts of the chromosome, that are also associated with persistent linkage disequilibrium. These unexpected patterns suggest the operation of other factors, such as epistatic selection, recombination suppression, assortative mating and meiotic drive. Our results highlight the role of balancing selection in maintaining the inbred load and linked genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilik J Saccheri
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Samuel Whiteford
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carl J Yung
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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24
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Höök L, Leal L, Talla V, Backström N. Multilayered Tuning of Dosage Compensation and Z-Chromosome Masculinization in the Wood White (Leptidea sinapis) Butterfly. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2633-2652. [PMID: 31400207 PMCID: PMC6761951 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In species with genetic sex determination, dosage compensation can evolve to equal expression levels of sex-linked and autosomal genes. Current knowledge about dosage compensation has mainly been derived from male-heterogametic (XX/XY) model organisms, whereas less is understood about the process in female-heterogametic systems (ZZ/ZW). In moths and butterflies, downregulation of Z-linked expression in males (ZZ) to match the expression level in females (ZW) is often observed. However, little is known about the underlying regulatory mechanisms, or if dosage compensation patterns vary across ontogenetic stages. In this study, we assessed dynamics of Z-linked and autosomal expression levels across developmental stages in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis). We found that although expression of Z-linked genes in general was reduced compared with autosomal genes, dosage compensation was actually complete for some categories of genes, in particular sex-biased genes, but equalization in females was constrained to a narrower gene set. We also observed a noticeable convergence in Z-linked expression between males and females after correcting for sex-biased genes. Sex-biased expression increased successively across developmental stages, and male-biased genes were enriched on the Z-chromosome. Finally, all five core genes associated with the ribonucleoprotein dosage compensation complex male-specific lethal were detected in adult females, in correspondence with a reduction in the expression difference between autosomes and the single Z-chromosome. We show that tuning of gene dosage is multilayered in Lepidoptera and argue that expression balance across chromosomal classes may predominantly be driven by enrichment of male-biased genes on the Z-chromosome and cooption of available dosage regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Höök
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Luis Leal
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Venkat Talla
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
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25
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Gu L, Reilly PF, Lewis JJ, Reed RD, Andolfatto P, Walters JR. Dichotomy of Dosage Compensation along the Neo Z Chromosome of the Monarch Butterfly. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4071-4077.e3. [PMID: 31735674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) differ strikingly among animals. In Drosophila flies, chromosome-wide transcription is doubled from the single X chromosome in hemizygous (XY) males, whereas in Caenorhabditis nematodes, expression is halved for both X copies in homozygous (XX) females [1, 2]. Unlike other female-heterogametic (WZ female and ZZ male) animals, moths and butterflies exhibit sex chromosome dosage compensation patterns typically seen only in male-heterogametic species [3]. The monarch butterfly carries a newly derived Z chromosome segment that arose from an autosomal fusion with the ancestral Z [4]. Using a highly contiguous genome assembly, we show that gene expression is balanced between sexes along the entire Z chromosome but with distinct modes of compensation on the two segments. On the ancestral Z segment, depletion of H4K16ac corresponds to nearly halving of biallelic transcription in males, a pattern convergent to nematodes. Conversely, the newly derived Z segment shows a Drosophila-like mode of compensation, with enriched H4K16ac levels corresponding to doubled monoallelic transcription in females. Our work reveals that, contrary to the expectation of co-opting regulatory mechanisms readily in place, the evolution of plural modes of dosage compensation is also possible along a single sex chromosome within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqi Gu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Patrick F Reilly
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James J Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James R Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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26
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Sun D, Maney DL, Layman TS, Chatterjee P, Yi SV. Regional epigenetic differentiation of the Z Chromosome between sexes in a female heterogametic system. Genome Res 2019; 29:1673-1684. [PMID: 31548356 PMCID: PMC6771406 DOI: 10.1101/gr.248641.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In male heterogametic systems, the X Chromosome is epigenetically differentiated between males and females, to facilitate dosage compensation. For example, the X Chromosome in female mammals is largely inactivated. Relative to well-studied male heterogametic systems, the extent of epigenetic differentiation between male and female Z Chromosomes in female heterogametic species, which often lack complete dosage compensation, is poorly understood. Here, we examined the chromosomal DNA methylation landscapes of male and female Z Chromosomes in two distantly related avian species, namely chicken and white-throated sparrow. We show that, in contrast to the pattern in mammals, male and female Z Chromosomes in these species exhibit highly similar patterns of DNA methylation, which is consistent with weak or absent dosage compensation. We further demonstrate that the epigenetic differences between male and female chicken Z Chromosomes are localized to a few regions, including a previously identified male hypermethylated region 1 (MHM1; CGNC: 80601). We discovered a novel region with elevated male-to-female methylation ratios on the chicken Z Chromosome (male hypermethylated region 2 [MHM2]; CGNC: 80602). The MHM1 and MHM2, despite little sequence similarity between them, bear similar molecular features that are likely associated with their functions. We present evidence consistent with female hypomethylation of MHMs and up-regulation of nearby genes. Therefore, despite little methylation differentiation between sexes, extremely localized DNA methylation differences between male and female chicken Z Chromosomes have evolved and affect expression of nearby regions. Our findings offer new insights into epigenetic regulation of gene expression between sexes in female heterogametic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Thomas S Layman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Soojin V Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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27
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Huylmans AK, Toups MA, Macon A, Gammerdinger WJ, Vicoso B. Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-Chromosome. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1033-1044. [PMID: 30865260 PMCID: PMC6456005 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females of Artemia franciscana, a crustacean commonly used in the aquarium trade, are highly dimorphic. Sex is determined by a pair of ZW chromosomes, but the nature and extent of differentiation of these chromosomes is unknown. Here, we characterize the Z chromosome by detecting genomic regions that show lower genomic coverage in female than in male samples, and regions that harbor an excess of female-specific SNPs. We detect many Z-specific genes, which no longer have homologs on the W, but also Z-linked genes that appear to have diverged very recently from their existing W-linked homolog. We assess patterns of male and female expression in two tissues with extensive morphological dimorphism, gonads, and heads. In agreement with their morphology, sex-biased expression is common in both tissues. Interestingly, the Z chromosome is not enriched for sex-biased genes, and seems to in fact have a mechanism of dosage compensation that leads to equal expression in males and in females. Both of these patterns are contrary to most ZW systems studied so far, making A. franciscana an excellent model for investigating the interplay between the evolution of sexual dimorphism and dosage compensation, as well as Z chromosome evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Toups
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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28
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Picard MAL, Vicoso B, Roquis D, Bulla I, Augusto RC, Arancibia N, Grunau C, Boissier J, Cosseau C. Dosage Compensation throughout the Schistosoma mansoni Lifecycle: Specific Chromatin Landscape of the Z Chromosome. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1909-1922. [PMID: 31273378 PMCID: PMC6628874 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated sex chromosomes are accompanied by a difference in gene dose between X/Z-specific and autosomal genes. At the transcriptomic level, these sex-linked genes can lead to expression imbalance, or gene dosage can be compensated by epigenetic mechanisms and results into expression level equalization. Schistosoma mansoni has been previously described as a ZW species (i.e., female heterogamety, in opposition to XY male heterogametic species) with a partial dosage compensation, but underlying mechanisms are still unexplored. Here, we combine transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and epigenetic data (ChIP-Seq against H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H4K20me1 histone marks) in free larval cercariae and intravertebrate parasitic stages. For the first time, we describe differences in dosage compensation status in ZW females, depending on the parasitic status: free cercariae display global dosage compensation, whereas intravertebrate stages show a partial dosage compensation. We also highlight regional differences of gene expression along the Z chromosome in cercariae, but not in the intravertebrate stages. Finally, we feature a consistent permissive chromatin landscape of the Z chromosome in both sexes and stages. We argue that dosage compensation in schistosomes is characterized by chromatin remodeling mechanisms in the Z-specific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A L Picard
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Roquis
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Ingo Bulla
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Ronaldo C Augusto
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Céline Cosseau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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29
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Rovatsos M, Rehák I, Velenský P, Kratochvíl L. Shared Ancient Sex Chromosomes in Varanids, Beaded Lizards, and Alligator Lizards. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1113-1120. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rehák
- Prague Zoological Garden, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Pinharanda A, Rousselle M, Martin SH, Hanly JJ, Davey JW, Kumar S, Galtier N, Jiggins CD. Sexually dimorphic gene expression and transcriptome evolution provide mixed evidence for a fast-Z effect in Heliconius. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:194-204. [PMID: 30523653 PMCID: PMC6850379 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes have different evolutionary properties compared to autosomes due to their hemizygous nature. In particular, recessive mutations are more readily exposed to selection, which can lead to faster rates of molecular evolution. Here, we report patterns of gene expression and molecular evolution for a group of butterflies. First, we improve the completeness of the Heliconius melpomene reference annotation, a neotropical butterfly with a ZW sex determination system. Then, we analyse RNA from male and female whole abdomens and sequence female ovary and gut tissue to identify sex‐ and tissue‐specific gene expression profiles in H. melpomene. Using these expression profiles, we compare (a) sequence divergence and polymorphism; (b) the strength of positive and negative selection; and (c) rates of adaptive evolution, for Z and autosomal genes between two species of Heliconius butterflies, H. melpomene and H. erato. We show that the rate of adaptive substitutions is higher for Z than autosomal genes, but contrary to expectation, it is also higher for male‐biased than female‐biased genes. Additionally, we find no significant increase in the rate of adaptive evolution or purifying selection on genes expressed in ovary tissue, a heterogametic‐specific tissue. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature from other ZW systems that also provide mixed evidence for a fast‐Z effect where hemizygosity influences the rate of adaptive substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pinharanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Marjolaine Rousselle
- UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John W Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sujai Kumar
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicolas Galtier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Picard MAL, Cosseau C, Ferré S, Quack T, Grevelding CG, Couté Y, Vicoso B. Evolution of gene dosage on the Z-chromosome of schistosome parasites. eLife 2018; 7:e35684. [PMID: 30044216 PMCID: PMC6089595 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
XY systems usually show chromosome-wide compensation of X-linked genes, while in many ZW systems, compensation is restricted to a minority of dosage-sensitive genes. Why such differences arose is still unclear. Here, we combine comparative genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics to obtain a complete overview of the evolution of gene dosage on the Z-chromosome of Schistosoma parasites. We compare the Z-chromosome gene content of African (Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium) and Asian (S. japonicum) schistosomes and describe lineage-specific evolutionary strata. We use these to assess gene expression evolution following sex-linkage. The resulting patterns suggest a reduction in expression of Z-linked genes in females, combined with upregulation of the Z in both sexes, in line with the first step of Ohno's classic model of dosage compensation evolution. Quantitative proteomics suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms do not play a major role in balancing the expression of Z-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celine Cosseau
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University MontpellierPerpignanFrance
| | - Sabrina Ferré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGEGrenobleFrance
| | - Thomas Quack
- Institute for Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center SeltersbergJustus-Liebig-UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Christoph G Grevelding
- Institute for Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center SeltersbergJustus-Liebig-UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGEGrenobleFrance
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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32
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Catalán A, Macias-Muñoz A, Briscoe AD. Evolution of Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation in the Eye and Brain of Heliconius Butterflies. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2120-2134. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalán
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
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33
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Gu L, Walters JR. Evolution of Sex Chromosome Dosage Compensation in Animals: A Beautiful Theory, Undermined by Facts and Bedeviled by Details. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2461-2476. [PMID: 28961969 PMCID: PMC5737844 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals with genetic sex determination harbor heteromorphic sex chromosomes, where the heterogametic sex has half the gene dose of the homogametic sex. This imbalance, if reflected in the abundance of transcripts or proteins, has the potential to deleteriously disrupt interactions between X-linked and autosomal loci in the heterogametic sex. Classical theory predicts that molecular mechanisms will evolve to provide dosage compensation that recovers expression levels comparable to ancestral expression prior to sex chromosome divergence. Such dosage compensating mechanisms may also, secondarily, result in balanced sex-linked gene expression between males and females. However, numerous recent studies addressing sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) in a diversity of animals have yielded a surprising array of patterns concerning dosage compensation in the heterogametic sex, as well as dosage balance between sexes. These results substantially contradict longstanding theory, catalyzing both novel perspectives and new approaches in dosage compensation research. In this review, we summarize the theory, analytical approaches, and recent results concerning evolutionary patterns of SCDC in animals. We also discuss methodological challenges and discrepancies encountered in this research, which often underlie conflicting results. Finally, we discuss what outstanding questions and opportunities exist for future research on SCDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqi Gu
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Kansas
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34
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Caspermeyer J. When Butterfly Male Sex-Bias Flaps Its Wings. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:2731-2732. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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