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Erthal-Michelato RP, Frigoli GF, de Aquino AM, Punhagui-Umbelino APF, Scarano WR, Fernandes GSA. Low doses of malathion impair ovarian, uterine, and follicular integrity by altering oxidative profile and gene expression of rats exposed during the peripubertal period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21721-21736. [PMID: 38393561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Malathion serves as a pivotal pesticide in agriculture and the management of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Despite its widespread use, there is a notable absence of studies elucidating the mechanisms through which malathion may affect the female reproductive system. Consequently, the objective of this investigation was to assess whether exposing juvenile female rats to low doses of malathion during the juvenile and peripubertal periods could compromise pubertal onset, estradiol levels, and the integrity of the ovaries and uterus while also examining the underlying mechanisms of damage. To achieve this, thirty juvenile female rats were subjected to either a vehicle or malathion (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) between postnatal days 22 and 60, with subsequent verification of pubertal onset. Upon completion of the exposure period, blood samples were collected for estradiol assessment. The ovaries and uterus were then examined to evaluate histological integrity, oxidative stress, and the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation, antiapoptotic responses, and endocrine pathways. Although estradiol levels and pubertal onset remained unaffected, exposure to malathion compromised the integrity and morphometry of the ovaries and uterus. This was evidenced by altered oxidative profiles and changes in the expression of genes regulating the cell cycle, anti-apoptotic processes, and endocrine pathways. Our findings underscore the role of malathion in inducing cell proliferation, promoting cell survival, and causing oxidative damage to the female reproductive system in rats exposed during peripubertal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pires Erthal-Michelato
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Fachetti Frigoli
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Ariana Musa de Aquino
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Franco Punhagui-Umbelino
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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Kabil SL, Rashed HE, Mohamed NM, Elwany NE. Parthenolide repressed endometriosis induced surgically in rats: Role of PTEN/PI3Kinase/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2023; 331:122037. [PMID: 37633416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway is a triggering factor for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) which plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone extract that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer properties. Hence, we investigated the effect of parthenolide against EMT in the endometrial tissue implants and immortalized epithelial endometriotic cell lines 12Z. MAIN METHODS Twenty- four female Rats with surgically induced endometriosis were treated with parthenolide (2, 4 mg/kg), for 4 weeks. Endometriotic cell line 12Z was used to identify the effect of parthenolide on the wound healing, cellular migration and invasion properties of endometriotic cells. KEY FINDINGS Parthenolide decreased the endometriotic implant tissue expression of total PI3K, PI3K-p85, p-AKT, p/total AKT, p-GSK-3β, P/total GSK-3β, and nβ-catenin, as well as increased E-cadherin and decreased vimentin mRNA expression. Parthenolide upregulated PTEN immunoreactivity as well as the endometriotic tissue caspase-3, caspase-9, BAX levels while reducing Bcl2 level. Additionally, parthenolide decreased endometriotic tissue implants surface area and histopathological score of the epithelial growth. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings showed that parthenolide in a dose dependent manner inhibited PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/nβ-catenin cascade via enhancement of PTEN with subsequent inhibition of EMT evidenced by elevation of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin and reduction of mesenchymal marker, vimentin, of the endometriotic implants in addition to reversal of invasion and migration properties of epithelial endometriotic cell lines. These findings provide a valuable therapeutic approach for treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad L Kabil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Hayam E Rashed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | | | - Nisreen E Elwany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
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Rashidi N, Arefi S, Sadri M, Delbandi AA. Effect of active vitamin D on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in endometriotic stromal cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 46:436-445. [PMID: 36588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells (ESC) in endometriotic patients? DESIGN ESC isolated from 10 women with endometriosis and 10 healthy controls were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. The proliferation of control endometrial stromal cells (CESC), eutopic endometrial stromal cells (EuESC) and ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESC) was analysed 72 h after the treatment using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry were used to determine the cell cycle distribution in ESC. Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining was used to evaluate apoptosis in ESC. RESULTS In the presence of oestrogen, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment inhibited the proliferation of ESC from all three origins (P = 0.009 for CESC, P = 0.005 for EuESC and P < 0.001 for EESC). The percentage of S phase cells in EESC was higher than in EuESC and CESC (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). The percentage of S phase cells in EuESC was higher than in CESC (P = 0.005). The percentage of G1 phase cells in EESC was lower than that of EuESC and CESC (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively) and the percentage of G1 phase cells in EuESC was lower than that of CESC (P = 0.007). Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited cell cycle regardless of cell type (P = 0.002 in EESC, P = 0.001 in EuESC and P = 0.014 in CESC), but in the absence of oestrogen, inhibited cell cycle only in EuESC (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Although 1,25(OH)2D3 increased apoptotic and necrotic cells and decreased live cells in the EuESC and EESC, it did not affect apoptosis in CESC and only increased necrotic cells. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 potentially has a growth-inhibiting and pro-apoptotic effect on ESC from endometriotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Rashidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Arefi
- Bahman Hospital Infertility Center, Tehran, Iran; Genetics and In Vitro Assisted Reproductive (GIVAR) Center, Erfan Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Park Y, Han SJ. Interferon Signaling in the Endometrium and in Endometriosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111554. [PMID: 36358904 PMCID: PMC9687697 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease that develops in reproductive-aged women who experience pelvic pain and infertility. Even though endometriosis is not a new disease, its molecular etiology has not been clearly elucidated. Defects in the immune system might be one of the factors that promote endometriosis progression. For example, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with endometriosis. Interferon is one of the cytokines that is elevated in endometriotic tissues compared with normal endometrium. Therefore, high interferon levels play a crucial role in endometriosis progression. In addition to endometriosis, however, interferon has a critical role in endometrial function, particularly in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore, this review describes the double-edged sword of interferon signaling in normal endometrial function versus endometriosis progression and also discusses interferon targeting as a new nonhormonal therapy for endometriosis. This approach may increase the efficacy of endometriosis treatment and reduce the adverse effects associated with current hormonal therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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The role of the Immune System in the Development of Endometriosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132028. [PMID: 35805112 PMCID: PMC9265783 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects about 10% of women of reproductive age. It can contribute to pelvic pain, infertility or other conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, breast or ovarian cancer. Research has shown that one of the conditions for the development of endometrial lesions is the dysfunction of the immune system. It appears that immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells and dendritic cells, may play a specific role in the angiogenesis, growth and invasion of endometriosis cells. Immune cells secrete cytokines and defensins that also affect the endometriosis environment. This review discusses the various components of the immune system that are involved in the formation of endometrial lesions in women.
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Veena KV, Siddamalla S, Deenadayal M, Shivaji S, Bhanoori M. DNMT1 and DNMT3B gene variants and their association with endometriosis in South Indian women. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:321-329. [PMID: 34697715 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a multifactorial estrogen dependent gynecological disease characterized by implantation of functional endometrial tissue at ectopic positions. Though this disease is benign, it is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Epigenetic disruptions like aberrant DNA methylation, resulting changes in gene expression capacity, are important in tumor progression and malignant cellular transformation. Therefore, variation in genes involved in DNA methylation might lead to disease susceptibility. PURPOSE To investigate the association between DNA methyl transferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3B) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of endometriosis in South Indian women. METHODS In the present study, we examined the genotypic and allele distribution of DNMT1 (rs10423341C/A, rs2228611G/Aandrs4804490C/A) and DNMT3B (rs1569686G/T) among the endometriosis patients (n = 150) and controls (n = 150). The genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods. Haplotype frequencies for multiple loci and the standardized disequilibrium coefficient (D') for pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) were surveyed by Haploview Software. RESULT Significant increase in the frequencies of DNMT1 rs10423341 (P = 0.04601), rs2228611 (P = 0.00175) and DNMT3B rs1569686 (P = 0.033) genotypes and alleles was observed in patients compared to controls. In addition, the frequency of A/A/C (P = 0.0065) haplotype was significantly high in patients. But the DNMT1 (rs4804490) SNP did not show significant association with the disease. CONCLUSION The DNMT1 and DNMT3B polymorphism may constitute an inheritable risk factor for endometriosis in South Indian women. To the best of our knowledge there is no reported study on the association of polymorphisms in DNMT1 and DNMT3B with endometriosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Veena
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Swapna Siddamalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Mamata Deenadayal
- Infertility Institute and Research Centre (IIRC), Secunderabad, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manjula Bhanoori
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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Function of Follicular Cytokines: Roles Played during Maturation, Development and Implantation of Embryo. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111251. [PMID: 34833469 PMCID: PMC8625323 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A balance within the immune system is necessary for the proper development of ovarian follicles. Numerous cytokines were detected in follicular fluid, the role of which in reproductive physiology seems crucial. They influence the development and maturation of the follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation, as well as embryo implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. The analysis of follicular fluid requires its collection by puncturing of the ovary, which is usually executed in connection with various gynaecological procedures. When interpreting such test results, clinical indications for a given procedure and the method of patient preparation should be taken into account. This review revealed the results of currently available studies on the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in follicular fluid in various forms of infertility. Additionally, it presented cytokines, whose concentration has a significant impact on the size of ovarian follicles, their number, the effectiveness of in vitro fertilisation, development of the embryo, and chances of correct implantation. Despite the many recent publications, the knowledge of follicular fluid immunology in the context of reproductive pathology is superficial and further research is required to extensively understand the roles of individual cytokines in reproductive pathology. In the future, this knowledge may enable patients’ individual qualifications to individual methods of infertility treatment, as well as the possible adjustment of the treatment regimen to the patient’s immune profile.
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Genovese T, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Cordaro M, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Trovato Salinaro A, Raffone E, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Fusco R, Di Paola R. Regulation of Inflammatory and Proliferative Pathways by Fotemustine and Dexamethasone in Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115998. [PMID: 34206129 PMCID: PMC8199515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common disease. Its pathogenesis still remains uncertain, but it is clear that cell proliferation, apoptosis and chronic inflammation play an important role in its development. This paper aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of a combined therapy with fotemustine and dexamethasone. Endometriosis was induced by intraperitoneal injections of uterine fragments from donor animals to recipient animals. Next, the pathology was allowed to develop for 7 days. On the seventh day, fotemustine was administered once and dexamethasone was administered daily for the next 7 days. On Day 14, the animals were sacrificed, and peritoneal fluids and lesions were explanted. In order to evaluate the gastrointestinal side effects of the drugs, stomachs were harvested as well. The combined therapy of fotemustine and dexamethasone reduced the proinflammatory mediator levels in the peritoneal fluid and reduced the lesions’ area and diameter. In particular, fotemustine and dexamethasone administration reduced the heterogeneous development of endometrial stroma and glands (histological analysis of lesions) and hyperproliferation of endometriotic cells (immunohistochemical analysis of Ki67 and Western blot analysis of PCNA) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Combined fotemustine and dexamethasone therapy showed anti-inflammatory effects by inducing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Western blot analysis of NFκB, COX-2 and PGE2 expression). Fotemustine and dexamethasone administration had anti-apoptotic activity, restoring the impaired mechanism (TUNEL assay and Western blot analysis of Bax and Bcl-2). Moreover, no gastric disfunction was detected (histological analysis of stomachs). Thus, our data showed that the combined therapy of fotemustine and dexamethasone reduced endometriosis-induced inflammation, hyperproliferation and apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Raffone
- Multi-Specialist Institute Rizzo, Torregrotta, 98043 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (T.G.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (R.F.); (R.D.P.)
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Wang H, Ni C, Xiao W, Wang S. Role of lncRNA FTX in invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial stromal cells caused by endometriosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1504. [PMID: 33313249 PMCID: PMC7729346 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have considered long non-coding RNA 5 prime to Xist (lncRNA FTX) a key lncRNA for normal uterine development, but it has not been reported whether lncRNA FTX is involved in regulating the development of endometriosis (EMs). The aim of the present study was to explore the effect and mechanism of long non-coding RNA 5 prime to Xist (lncRNA FTX) on the invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) caused by EMs. Methods Ectopic or normal endometrial tissues were collected from 38 patients with EMs, who were diagnosed and operated on at Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2018 to December 2019, and 20 healthy volunteers with normal endometria. The expression of lncRNA FTX in both groups was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESC) and ESC from patients with EMs and healthy volunteers were separated and cultured, and the expression of lncRNA FTX in the cells was detected. The expression of lncRNA FTX in EESC was overexpressed or interfered. Proliferation, invasion, and migration was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell assay, and scratch assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. EMT-related protein and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Results LncRNA FTX was underexpressed in endometrial tissues and EESC from patients with EMs. The overexpression of lncRNA FTX could significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of EESC, but promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The overexpression of lncRNA FTX significantly increased the expression of EMT-related protein, E-cadherin, and decreased the protein expression of vimentin, N-cadherin, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1. In addition, the overexpression of lncRNA FTX could decrease the expression of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt. Interfering with the expression of lncRNA FTX had the opposite result. Conclusions The overexpression of lncRNA FTX could decrease the invasion, metastasis, and EMT of ESC caused by EMs by inhibiting the activity of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxiang Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sulin Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Jin P, Chen X, Yu G, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhang JV. The Clinical and Experimental Research on the Treatment of Endometriosis with Thiostrepton. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:323-329. [PMID: 29308746 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180108100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) is frequently activated in tumors. We studied the expression and the possible mechanism of FOXM1 and evaluated the effects of thiostrepton in an endometriotic rat model. METHODS AND MATERIAL This was a randomized study in a rat model of endometriosis. Fifty female Wistar rats were surgically induced with endometriosis. After 4 weeks of observation, twenty and thirty rats were randomly allocated to an ovariectomized (OVX) group and a treatment group, respectively. The OVX group was ovariectomized and randomly divided into an OVX-estrogen group and a control (OVX -oil) group. All rats were allowed a resting period of 3 days prior to any operation. The rats in the estrogen group were given estradiol (20 µg/kg, 0.1 ml /d), while the control group was treated with an equivalent amount of sesame oil. Every group was injected with subcutaneous injection for 7 days. The treatment group was randomly divided into three groups to receive the following: TST at 150 mg/kg, ip.; TST at 250 mg/kg, ip.; or sterile normal saline, ip. The groups received these dosages every 2 days for 2 weeks. Lesion growth, histological examination, and protein expression were subsequently analyzed using caliper measurement, histology, immunostaining, and Western blot after each rat received an injection in its own group. RESULTS Our results showed that FOXM1 is enriched in nucleus of an ectopic endometrium when compared with a eutopic uterus. Furthermore, we found that an ERK/FOXM1/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) signaling pathway might result in the establishment and development of endometriosis. Finally, a thiostrepton concentration dependently reduced the expression of FOXM1, MMP9 and Bcl-2 in endometriotic lesions of the treated rats. Statistical significance was accepted for a value of P < 0.05. CONCLUSION We postulate that thiostrepton could inhibit the endometriotic lesions, at least in part, by decreasing the FOXM1 expression and exerting a pro-apoptotic effect. We reported for the first time that FOXM1 expresses in experimental endometriosis rat and thiostrepton may also be suitable for the administration of endometriosis by inhibiting the growth of endometriotic implants. More studies are needed to further evaluate thiostrepton's effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Guiyuan Yu
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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Ma L, Li Z, Li W, Ai J, Chen X. MicroRNA-142-3p suppresses endometriosis by regulating KLF9-mediated autophagy in vitro and in vivo. RNA Biol 2019; 16:1733-1748. [PMID: 31425004 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1657352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed pathogenesis of endometriosis remains largely unclear despite decades of research. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs plays an important role in endometriosis. The expression of miR-142-3p was decreased in ectopic endometrial tissues, while KLF9 and VEGFA expression levels were increased. Overexpression of miR-142-3p or knockdown of KLF9 significantly suppressed CRL-7566 cell proliferation and metastasis, induced cell apoptosis, and decreased both cell autophagy and vascularization. Additionally, KLF9 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-142-3p and to directly bind to the promoter of the VEGFA gene, regulating its expression. Finally, intraperitoneal injection of miR-142-3p lentivirus significantly attenuated ectopic endometriotic lesions in vivo.miR-142-3p directly targeted KLF9, regulated VEGFA expression, and was protective against the growth of ectopic endometriotic lesions. Therefore, the miR-142-3p/KLF9/VEGFA signalling pathway may be a potential target in endometriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Reproductive Medicine center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaiyi Li
- Reproductive Medicine center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Reproductive Medicine center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Reproductive Medicine center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Reproductive Medicine center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Kataoka H, Mori T, Okimura H, Matsushima H, Ito F, Koshiba A, Tanaka Y, Akiyama K, Maeda E, Sugahara T, Tarumi Y, Kusuki I, Khan KN, Kitawaki J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α-mediated pathway as a possible therapeutic target in endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:1019-1029. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kataoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Koshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanoko Akiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiko Maeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tarumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Kusuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Khaleque N Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Samimi M, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehdizadehkashi A, Eftekhar T, Asemi Z. The role of inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of endometriosis: Basic science and new insights based on gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19384-19392. [PMID: 31004368 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a frequent and chronic illness in young women which could be defined by the existence of endometrial stroma and glands outside of the normal site of the lining of the uterus. It has painful symptoms. The advanced stage of endometriosis may lead to gynecological malignancies, such as ovarian cancer, and other complications, including infertility. However, its exact physiopathology is not well known. Recent studies have shown the possible roles of inflammation along with oxidative stress. Additionally, angiogenesis and apoptosis dysregulation contribute to endometriosis pathophysiology. Therapeutic strategies and continuing attempts, to conquer endometriosis should be done regarding molecular signaling pathways. Thus, the present review summarizes current studies and focuses on molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Samimi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Eftekhar
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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14
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Pro-endometriotic niche in endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2019; 38:549-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Yang HL, Chang KK, Mei J, Zhou WJ, Liu LB, Yao L, Meng Y, Wang MY, Ha SY, Lai ZZ, Ye JF, Li DJ, Li MQ. Estrogen restricts the apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells by promoting TSLP secretion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4410-4416. [PMID: 30152851 PMCID: PMC6172381 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is a female hormone‑ dependent disease with controversial reports of its etiology and pathogenesis. Apoptosis is particularly important in the human endometrium due to the dynamic cycles of proliferation and shedding. Estrogen possessed antiapoptotic effects on endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), which appears to be exacerbated in women with EMS; however, the underlying mechanism of the antiapoptotic effects of estrogen on ESC remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine whether estrogen regulates the apoptosis of ESCs via thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and the associated mechanism. An ELISA was conducted to detect TSLP content in the ESC culture medium treated with estrogen. Subsequently, the early apoptotic rate and expression of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl‑2) of ESCs were analyzed by flow cytometry in the presence of recombinant human TSLP, anti‑human TSLP neutralizing antibody or estrogen. In the present study, it was reported that ESCs exhibited basal TSLP secretion in the absence of estrogen as reported in previous studies, and that estrogen promoted TSLP secretion of ESCs in a dose‑dependent manner. The results demonstrated that estrogen suppressed the apoptosis of ESCs associated with the promotion of Bcl‑2 expression, which may be partly reversed by inhibiting TSLP. Therefore, the findings of the present study revealed a novel mechanism of estrogen‑dependent apoptotic suppression of ESCs associated with TSLP secretion and Bcl‑2 regulation. Endogenous and estrogen‑induced endometrial TSLP may promote the initiation and development of EMS via the inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Kai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medicine School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Li-Bing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yi Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yao Ha
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lai
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Feng Ye
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Feng S, Sun Y. Protective role of propofol in endometriosis and its mechanism. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3646-3650. [PMID: 30233720 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EM) is a common benign gynecological disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of propofol, a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent, in the pathogenesis of EM. The EM cell line CRL-7566 was used in the present study. CRL-7566 cells were first treated with various concentrations of propofol (0, 1, 5 or 10 µg/ml) for specific duration, and the cell viability and apoptotic rate were determined by performing an MTT and a flow cytometric cell apoptosis assay, respectively. The protein and mRNA levels of cell proliferation- and apoptosis-associated genes were detected by western blot and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results demonstrated that propofol inhibited CRL-7566 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CRL-7566 cell apoptosis was dose-dependently induced by propofol treatment. In addition, propofol treatment significantly increased the levels of forkhead box (FOX)O1, FOXO3, Bim, pro-caspase-3, active caspase-3, p53 and p21. In conclusion, the present study suggested that propofol inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of EM cells via inducing the expression/activation of multiple associated genes/proteins, indicating a protective role of propofol in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yingui Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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Functional Expression of TRP Ion Channels in Endometrial Stromal Cells of Endometriosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092467. [PMID: 30134548 PMCID: PMC6163224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease that is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial-like lesions in the abdominal cavity. Aside from epithelial cells, these lesions consist of stromal cells that have the capacity to migrate, adhere, proliferate, and induce neuro- and lymphangiogenesis, which allows them to survive at ectopic locations. However, the exact underlying mechanisms that regulate these changes are yet to be elucidated. The common ground of these processes, however, is the second messenger, calcium. In this regard, members of the superfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, which are known to be calcium-permeable and expressed in the endometrium, have emerged as key regulators. Here, we assessed the molecular and functional expression of TRP channels in stromal cells isolated from the eutopic endometrium of endometriosis patients and controls. Using RT-qPCR, high mRNA levels of TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, and TRPC6 were observed in the whole endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. Additionally, and in line with previous reports of control patients, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPC1/4, and TRPC6 were present in human endometrial stromal cells (hESC) from endometriosis patients both at the molecular and functional level. Moreover, proliferation and migration assays illustrated that these parameters were not affected in stromal cells from endometriosis patients. Furthermore, comparison between eutopic and ectopic endometrial samples revealed that the RNA expression pattern of TRP channels did not differ significantly. Collectively, although a functional expression of specific ion channels in hESCs was found, their expression did not correlate with endometriosis.
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Guo SW, Groothuis PG. Is it time for a paradigm shift in drug research and development in endometriosis/adenomyosis? Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:577-598. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick G Groothuis
- Principal Scientist Pharmacology, Preclinical Department, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals bv, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Vassiliadis S. Premature Immunosenescence Impairs Immune Surveillance Allowing the Endometriotic Stem Cell to Migrate: The Cytokine Profile as a Common Denominator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402651000200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While endometriosis, one of the most common reasons for infertility, remains a multifactorial condition and its exact cause highly speculative, there are data pointing to novel pathways of disease initiation which involve a stem cell and its ability to migrate and implant after it differentiates into an endometriotic stem cell. Thus, the mechanisms conferring immune surveillance, which would also normally expel the mesenchymal endometriotic cell, impairing its migration and implantation, appear to be negatively influenced by a state of endometriotic premature immunosenescence. This interplay between the two immunological mechanisms and endometriosis is influenced by a number of common factors having an active role in the host's protection process that inhibits harmful diseases and maintains cellular homeostasis. It appears more than coincidental that production/inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, VEGF, ICAM-1, and the number of Tolllike receptors is the same in immunosenescent states and in conditions with reduced immune surveillance, while the same variations are recorded in endometriotic patients. It is probable that these are common to all process signals, guide the endometriotic stem cell and dictate its fate according to the stochastic, transdifferentiation (plasticity) or deterministic model to become capable of migration and tissue invasion. It is currently unknown whether the pathway taken by the hemopoietic stem cell to become endometriotic represents a normal or aberrant route of development. This prompts research into its isolation and in vitro study of its behavior in order to reveal its potential function and role in endometriosis. (Journal of Endometriosis 2010; 2: 7–18)
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Aoyagi Y, Takebayashi K, Narahara H. Arcyriaflavin a, a cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase4 inhibitor, induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human endometriotic stromal cells: a potential therapeutic agent in endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:53. [PMID: 28720098 PMCID: PMC5516342 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that microRNA-503 (miR-503) transfection into endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by suppressing cyclin D1. This finding prompted us to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of cyclin D1 inhibitors in endometriotic cells. This study aimed to determine whether arcyriaflavin A, a representative inhibitor of cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), is beneficial in the treatment of endometriosis. METHODS ECSCs were isolated from the ovarian endometriotic tissues of 32 women. The effects of arcyriaflavin A on cell viability and proliferation, vascular endothelial growth factor A expression, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were evaluated using a modified methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Arcyriaflavin A significantly inhibited cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis of ECSCs as assessed using the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and methylthiazoletetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ELISA. Arcyriaflavin A induced apoptosis as shown in the Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay and cell death detection ELISA whilethe cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibitors may be promising candidates for the treatment of endometriosis. This is the first study to demonstrate the potential usefulness of arcyriaflavin A as a therapeutic agent for endometriosis. Further studies of the effects of cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibitors on endometriosis may provide useful information on pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirakawa
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kaei Nasu
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Support System for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita Prefecture, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoyagi
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kanetoshi Takebayashi
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- 0000 0001 0665 3553grid.412334.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
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Măluțan AM, Drugan T, Ciortea R, Bucuri C, Rada MP, Mihu D. Endometriosis-associated changes in serum levels of interferons and chemokines. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:115-122. [PMID: 28263477 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1507-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum concentration of main chemokines and interferons in patients with diagnosed endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 160 women were divided in two study groups (group 1 - endometriosis; group 2 - healthy women). Serum levels of IFN-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, eotaxin, IL-8, MIG, IP-10, and IL-17A were measured with Human Multiplex Cytokine Panels. Results. Serum levels of IFN-γ, MCP-1, and IL-8 were significantly higher (mean 14.03, 57.24, and 534.24, respectively, compared to 0.58, 20.51, and 259.82, respectively), and serum levels of IP-10 and eotaxin were significantly lower in women with endometriosis compared to the controls (mean 1.15 and 1.01, respectively, compared to 3.90 and 3.22, respectively). Conclusions. According to our results women with endometriosis have elevated levels IFN-γ, MCP-1, and IL-8, and lower serum levels of IP-10 and eotaxin, indicating unbalanced immune activity in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Mihai Măluțan
- nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Drugan
- Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Răzvan Ciortea
- nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Bucuri
- nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Patricia Rada
- nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Mihu
- nd Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Lv J, Zhu Q, Jia X, Yu N, Li Q. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Tumor Suppressor Gene PTEN on Endometriosis: An Experimental Study. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3727-3736. [PMID: 27744455 PMCID: PMC5070632 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis can cause dysmenorrhea and infertility. Its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified and its treatment continues to pose enormous challenges. The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTEN) gene is a tumor suppressor gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and significance of PTEN protein in the occurrence, development, and treatment of endometriosis through changes in apoptosis rate, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS PTEN was overexpressed and silenced in lentiviral vectors and inserted into primary endometrial cells. The changes in cell cycle and apoptosis in the different PTEN expression groups were evaluated using flow cytometry. Vessel growth mimicry was observed using 3-dimensional culture. A human-mouse chimeric endometriosis model was constructed using SCID mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect pathological changes in ectopic endometrial tissues and the expression of VEGF protein in a human-mouse chimeric endometriosis mouse model. RESULTS PTEN overexpression significantly increased apoptosis and inhibited the cell cycle compared with the silenced and control groups. Furthermore, cells expressing low PTEN levels were better able to undergo vasculogenic mimicry, and exhibited significantly increased angiogenesis compared to cells overexpressing PTEN. We found that ectopic foci were more easily formed in the endometrial tissue of SCID mice with low PTEN expression, and the VEGF expression in this group was relatively high. CONCLUSIONS PTEN inhibits the occurrence and development of endometriosis by regulating angiogenesis and the apoptosis and cell cycle of endometrial cells; therefore, we propose that the PTEN gene can be used to treat endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qiaoying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xuemei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ningzhu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Abe W, Aoyagi Y, Okamoto M, Kai K, Takebayashi K, Narahara H. miR-503, a microRNA epigenetically repressed in endometriosis, induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest and inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and contractility of human ovarian endometriotic stromal cells. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2587-2597. [PMID: 27619772 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the micro-RNA (miRNA) miR-503, downregulated in endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) and does this affect the cell cycle, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and contractility of these cells? SUMMARY ANSWER: miR-503 expression is downregulated in ECSCs by DNA hypermethylation and this contributes to their proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) contractility and angiogenesis through effects on cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia (Bcl)-2, Ras homology A and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A variety of miRNAs are demonstrated to involve in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. miR-503 is a miRNA with tumor-suppressor functions, whose expression is suppressed in ECSCs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We isolated ECSCs and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) from ovarian endometriotic tissues (n = 32) and eutopic endometrial tissues without endometriosis (n = 8), respectively. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We investigated the functions of miR-503 by using miR-503-transfected ECSCs and the DNA methylation status of miR-503 gene in ECSCs and NESCs by combined bisulfite restriction analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In ECSCs, miR-503 is downregulated by the DNA hypermethylation of its gene. The transfection of miR-503 into ECSCs resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through the suppression of cyclin D1, the induction of apoptosis through Bcl-2 suppression, the inhibition of VEGF-A production and the attenuation of ECM contractility via the suppression of Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase-pathways. LARGE SCALE DATA NA. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The present experiments were carried out only with the stromal component of endometriosis and eutopic endometrium. The experiments with the eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis are not performed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings indicate that epigenetically repressed miR-503 in ECSCs is involved in the acquisition of endometriosis-specific cellular functions. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (no. 13237327 to K.N., no. 26861335 to K.K. and no. 23592407 to H.N.) and the Kanzawa Medical Research Foundation (to K.K.). There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan .,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Support System for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Wakana Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.,Genetic Counselling Office, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoyagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Mamiko Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kanetoshi Takebayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Miyashita M, Koga K, Izumi G, Sue F, Makabe T, Taguchi A, Nagai M, Urata Y, Takamura M, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2371-9. [PMID: 27035829 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent, chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D (VD) is an effective modulator of the immune system and plays an important role in controlling many inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to clarify the in vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) on human endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) and to determine the serum levels of VD in endometriosis patients. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ESCs were isolated from ovarian endometrioma and cultured with 1,25(OH)2D3. Gene expression of IL-8, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2, cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 was examined using quantitative RT-PCR. The production of IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 was measured using an ELISA and an enzyme immunoassay. Viable cell number was assessed using a cell-counting assay, and DNA synthesis was assessed using the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. The expression of inhibitory-κBα protein was detected using Western blotting. The serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were measured by a RIA. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced IL-1β- or TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses, such as IL-8 expression and prostaglandin activity. 1,25(OH)2D3 also reduced viable ESC numbers and DNA synthesis but did not affect apoptosis. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were significantly lower in women with severe endometriosis than in the controls and women with mild endometriosis. Serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS VD modulates inflammation and proliferation in endometriotic cells, and a lower VD status is associated with endometriosis. Taken together, VD supplementation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for managing endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Miyashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Gentaro Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Fusako Sue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Makabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miwako Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoko Urata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masashi Takamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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25
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Chen P, Wang DB, Liang YM. Evaluation of estrogen in endometriosis patients: Regulation of GATA-3 in endometrial cells and effects on Th2 cytokines. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:669-77. [PMID: 26890586 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyan China
| | - Dan-Bo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyan China
| | - Yan-Ming Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyan China
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Delbandi AA, Mahmoudi M, Shervin A, Zarnani AH. 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 Modulates Endometriosis-Related Features of Human Endometriotic Stromal Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:461-73. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Adel Shervin
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Immunology Research Center; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; ACECR; Tehran Iran
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Kokcu A. A current view of the role of epigenetic changes in the aetiopathogenesis of endometriosis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2015; 36:153-9. [PMID: 26467001 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2015.1036403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the role of epigenetic changes in the aetiopathogenesis of endometriosis. The analysis and review of the relevant current literature in English language related to the role of epigenetic changes in the aetiopathogenesis of endometriosis. Epigenetic changes are common denominators for hormonal, immunological and inflammatory aberrations which play a key role in the aetiopathogenesis of endometriosis. Many internal and external factors may cause the different running of the epigenetic mechanism. As yet fully unknown genetic factors may increase the sensitivity of the epigenetic mechanism to various internal and external factors. The breakdown of epigenetic regulation is the main factor initiating the pathogenetic mechanisms for endometriosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kokcu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis , Samsun , Turkey
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Thiruchelvam U, Wingfield M, O'Farrelly C. Natural Killer Cells: Key Players in Endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:291-301. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thiruchelvam
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Mary Wingfield
- Merrion Fertility Clinic; National Maternity Hospital; Dublin Ireland
- University College; Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- School of Medicine; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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29
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Mori T, Ito F, Matsushima H, Takaoka O, Tanaka Y, Koshiba A, Kusuki I, Kitawaki J. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 agonist G-1 induces cell cycle arrest in the mitotic phase, leading to apoptosis in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1228-35.e1. [PMID: 25724739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effects of the selective G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) agonist G-1 in human ovarian endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs). DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) A total of 33 patients with ovarian endometrioma. INTERVENTION(S) Endometriotic stromal cells from ovarian chocolate cysts were treated with the GPER agonist G-1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary outcomes were cell proliferation, measured using the WST-8 assay; cell cycle, as analyzed using flow cytometry, fluorescent immunocytochemistry, and cytotoxicity; caspase activity, as measured by fluorescent and luminescent enzyme assays; and protein expression levels, as determined by Western blot analysis. RESULT(S) G-1 suppressed ESC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was not blocked when GPER signaling pathways, including the GPER itself, were inhibited. G-1 induced cell cycle arrest and accumulation in the sub-G1 phase in ESCs. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that G-1 interrupted microtubule assembly at the mitotic phase. G-1 also induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis without significant cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION(S) G-1 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCs, suggesting the potential use of this compound as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Takaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Koshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Kusuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Szczepańska M, Mostowska A, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J, Jagodziłski PP. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor -460 C/T, +405 G/C and +936 C/T polymorphisms in the development of endometriosis. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:220-224. [PMID: 26075076 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There are inconsistent data on the contribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -460 C/T (rs833061), +405 G/C (rs2010963) and +936 C/T (rs3025039) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to endometriosis in different ethnicities. Therefore, using high-resolution melting curve analysis, the present study examined the distribution of these SNPs in females with endometriosis-related infertility and a control group. None of the three VEGF SNPs were associated with endometriosis-related infertility in the dominant and recessive models. The lowest P-values of the trend were observed for the VEGF +936 C/T (rs3025039) SNP in endometriosis-related infertility (Ptrend =0.149). Similarly, haplotype analyses of VEGF SNPs did not demonstrate any SNP combination as a risk for endometriosis-related infertility, and the lowest overall P-values, P=0.141 and Pcorr =0.395, were observed for a haplotype (TGT) of the above SNPs. Taken together, these results did not demonstrate the contribution of VEGF C/T, +405 G/C and +936 C/T SNPs to endometriosis-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szczepańska
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction, Poznań 60-781, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Wirstlein
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction, Poznań 60-781, Poland ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland
| | - Jana Skrzypczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Division of Reproduction, Poznań 60-781, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziłski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Kai K, Aoyagi Y, Ishii T, Uemura T, Yano M, Narahara H. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-binding glycan expression is decreased in endometriomata. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:100. [PMID: 25344456 PMCID: PMC4219044 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of eukaryotic proteins and is known to undergo dynamic changes in a wide range of biological processes. To date, however, the glycan expression profiles in endometriosis are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to identify the panel of glycans that were aberrantly expressed in endometriosis, a hormone-dependent disease. METHODS The glycan expression profiles in primary cultured human endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) were determined by lectin microarray analysis. Distribution of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-binding glycans in ovarian endometriotic cysts and eutopic proliferative phase endometrium were assessed by lectin histochemistry. The expressions of N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases that synthesize WFA-binding glycans were evaluated in ECSCs and NESCs. RESULTS We found that the levels of WFA-binding glycans were decreased in ECSCs. Lectin histochemistry revealed that WFA-binding glycans were decreased only in the stromal components of the ovarian endometriotic cysts, but not in the epithelial components, compared to the eutopic proliferative phase endometrium. The expressions of N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases that synthesize WFA-binding glycans were downregulated in ECSCs. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing lectin microarray analysis and lectin histochemistry, we found that WFA-binding glycans were decreased in endometriosis. The synthetic enzymes of WFA-binding glycans were significantly downregulated in ECSCs. It is suggested that reduced expression of N-glycans with WFA-binding properties on ECSCs is a novel characteristics of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Support System for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kentaro Kai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoyagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Terukazu Ishii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Uemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Mitsutake Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
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Aznaurova YB, Zhumataev MB, Roberts TK, Aliper AM, Zhavoronkov AA. Molecular aspects of development and regulation of endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:50. [PMID: 24927773 PMCID: PMC4067518 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common and painful condition affecting women of reproductive age. While the underlying pathophysiology is still largely unknown, much advancement has been made in understanding the progression of the disease. In recent years, a great deal of research has focused on non-invasive diagnostic tools, such as biomarkers, as well as identification of potential therapeutic targets. In this article, we will review the etiology and cellular mechanisms associated with endometriosis as well as the current diagnostic tools and therapies. We will then discuss the more recent genomic and proteomic studies and how these data may guide development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. The current diagnostic tools are invasive and current therapies primarily treat the symptoms of endometriosis. Optimally, the advancement of "-omic" data will facilitate the development of non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutics that target the pathophysiology of the disease and halt, or even reverse, progression. However, the amount of data generated by these types of studies is vast and bioinformatics analysis, such as we present here, will be critical to identification of appropriate targets for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana B Aznaurova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- The First Open Institute for Regenerative Medicine for Young Scientists, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marat B Zhumataev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- The First Open Institute for Regenerative Medicine for Young Scientists, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tiffany K Roberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander M Aliper
- The First Open Institute for Regenerative Medicine for Young Scientists, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alex A Zhavoronkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- The First Open Institute for Regenerative Medicine for Young Scientists, Moscow, Russian Federation
- The Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
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An influence of immunomodulation on Th1 and Th2 immune response in endometriosis in an animal model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:849492. [PMID: 24298555 PMCID: PMC3835717 DOI: 10.1155/2013/849492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of the Th1 and Th2 cellular response in the etiology of endometriosis observed in a rat model, with the use of the RESAN immunomodulator. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative analysis of cytokines in blood serum typical of Th1 (TNF-α and INF-γ ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) cell response in groups of rats, in which RESAN preparation was used as prophylaxis (Gr. I) or treatment (Gr. II) of endometriosis. RESULTS The results indicated an increase in the level of cytokines in blood serum typical of Th2 cell response by comparing the second and third stages of the experiment in the second group of rats and a decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 between III and IV stages. There was a significant difference in cytokine levels during the third stage of the experiment by comparing I and II groups of rats. In the III group of rats, levels of IL-10 significantly increased between the II and III stages of the experiment. CONCLUSION RESAN preparation shows Th2 cell response, inhibiting the development of endometriosis in a rat model. Due to successful prophylactic action, one may speculate that RESAN vaccine may be effective as a complementary treatment after surgical excision.
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Korkmaz D, Bastu E, Dural O, Yasa C, Yavuz E, Buyru F. Apoptosis through regulation of Bcl-2, Bax and Mcl-1 expressions in endometriotic cyst lesions and the endometrium of women with moderate to severe endometriosis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:725-8. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.824416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Kai K, Nasu K, Kawano Y, Aoyagi Y, Tsukamoto Y, Hijiya N, Abe W, Okamoto M, Moriyama M, Narahara H. Death receptor 6 is epigenetically silenced by histone deacetylation in endometriosis and promotes the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:485-96. [PMID: 24028773 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to evaluate the involvement of death receptor (DR) 6 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. METHODS OF STUDY Endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) were isolated from ovarian endometriotic tissues and the eutopic endometrial tissues, respectively. The effect of valproic acid (VPA) on the DR6 expression in ECSCs was examined. The roles of DR6 in NESC proliferation and apoptosis were investigated with DR6 siRNA transfection. The distribution of DR6 protein in ovarian endometriotic tissues and normal proliferative-phase endometrium was examined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of DR6 mRNA and protein in ECSCs and NESCs was also examined. RESULTS Death receptor 6 expression was attenuated in ECSCs and in endometriotic tissues, and its expression was upregulated by VPA stimulation. VPA treatment resulted in an accumulation of acetylated histone H4 in the promoter region of the DR6 gene. DR6 knockdown directed the stimulation of cell proliferation and the resistance to apoptosis in NESCs. CONCLUSION The present findings suggested that DR6 is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis by creating the proliferative and anti-apoptotic characteristics of endometriosis. The results also suggest that histone deacetylase inhibitors are promising agents for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan
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Reis FM, Petraglia F, Taylor RN. Endometriosis: hormone regulation and clinical consequences of chemotaxis and apoptosis. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19:406-18. [PMID: 23539633 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recruitment of immune cells by chemokines and the regulation of endometrial cell apoptosis are critical aspects of endometriosis biology. Here, we review the local (paracrine) and systemic hormone (endocrine) modulation of these two specific, but highly related phenomena. METHODS We searched Pubmed for items published in English between September 1991 and September 2011 and selected the studies evaluating the effects of hormones on chemokines or apoptosis in normal human endometrium and endometriosis. RESULTS Estradiol has proinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in endometrial cells, and these effects appear to be exacerbated in women with endometriosis. In these women, physiological estradiol concentrations are able to induce an enhanced inflammatory response mediated by local chemokine production and to reinforce mechanisms of cell survival mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Bcl-2. The main effect of progestogens is to inhibit interleukin-8 and other chemokines in stromal cells from both eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Progesterone is also effective in inducing apoptosis in endometrial and endometriotic cells through the inhibition of Bcl-2 and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSIONS Estrogens and progestogens modulate chemotaxis and apoptosis in human endometrium and endometriotic cells and tissues. These endocrine and paracrine pathways are perturbed in women with endometriosis, contributing to inflammatory responses, abnormal tissue remodeling, therapeutic refractoriness and disease persistence. Ultimately, they promote adhesion formation and the clinical symptoms of pelvic pain and infertility. A more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved will offer new opportunities for novel pharmacological strategies to diagnose and treat endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Reis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Kim JH, Jung SH, Yang YI, Ahn JH, Cho JG, Lee KT, Baek NI, Choi JH. Artemisia leaf extract induces apoptosis in human endometriotic cells through regulation of the p38 and NFκB pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:767-775. [PMID: 23228915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia leaves have long been used for the treatment of gynecological disorders, including infertility and dysmenorrhea, which can be commonly caused by endometriosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Artemisia princeps extract (APE) on the cell growth and apoptosis of human endometriotic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assays and FACS analysis using PI and Annexin staining were performed to study cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. We also explored the mechanism of APE-induced effects by evaluating the activation of caspases, Akt, p38, and NFκB. The expressions of XIAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were measured by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS APE significantly inhibited the cell viability of 11Z and 12Z human endometriotic epithelial cells. Interestingly, endometriotic cells were more sensitive to APE treatment than immortalized endometrial cells (HES). Treatment with APE induced apoptosis of 11Z cells in a time-dependent manner, as shown by accumulation of sub G1 and apoptotic cell populations. In addition, treatment with APE stimulated the activation of caspase -3, -8, and -9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, p38 was activated by APE treatment, and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 markedly inhibited APE-induced cell death in 11Z cells. Moreover, treatment with APE suppressed the activation of NFκB and the expressions of anti-apoptotic factors such as XIAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. CONCLUSION These results indicate that APE is a potential anti-endometriotic agent, acting to induce apoptosis of endometrial cells through the modulation of the p38 and NFκB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Abe W, Nasu K, Nakada C, Kawano Y, Moriyama M, Narahara H. miR-196b targets c-myc and Bcl-2 expression, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in endometriotic stromal cells. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:750-61. [PMID: 23293219 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the global expression pattern of microRNAs (miRNAs) in endometriotic stromal cells and is miR-196b involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER Several miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs), including miR-196b whose expression is repressed in endometriotic stromal cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although, histologically, endometriotic tissues and normal proliferative endometrium are similar, a number of distinct molecular differences have been reported to date. The anti-apoptotic and excessive proliferative properties of endometriotic cells are considered to be involved in the development and progression of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN AND SIZE DURATION ECSCs and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) were isolated from ovarian endometriotic tissues and eutopic endometrial tissues, respectively and compared. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS Aberrantly expressed miRNAs in ECSCs were identified by a global miRNA microarray technique. The roles of miR-196b in ECSC proliferation, apoptosis, and c-myc and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia (Bcl)-2 mRNA expression were investigated with precursor hsa-miR-196b transfection. The methylation status of the miR-196b gene in ECSCs and the effect of a DNA demethylating agent on miR-196b expression were also examined. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE miRNA microarray analysis identified eight down-regulated miRNAs (including miR-196b) and four up-regulated miRNAs in ECSCs. Compulsory expression of miR-196b directed the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in ECSCs. miR-196b was found to suppress c-myc and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in ECSCs, and there was a significant correlation between miR-196b and HOXA10 expression in ECSCs and NESCs. The miR-196b gene was hypermethylated in ECSCs when compared with NESCs, and the treatment with a DNA demethylating agent restored the expression of miR-196b in ECSCs. LIMITATIONS AND REASONS FOR CAUTION miRNA expression profiles were investigated only in the stromal component of ectopic and eutopic endometrium samples. In addition to miR-196b, the roles of other miRNAs aberrantly expressed in ECSCs should be examined. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The present findings suggest that aberrant miRNA expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis as a part of epigenetic mechanisms, that expression of miR-196b in ECSCs is repressed by DNA hypermethylation of the miR-196b gene and this repression may be involved in the development of proliferative and anti-apoptotic characteristics of endometriosis. STUDY FUNDING This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (no. 20591920 to K.N. and no. 23592407 to H.N.) and The Uehara Memorial Foundation (to K.N.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
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Minami T, Kosugi K, Suganuma I, Yamanaka K, Kusuki I, Oyama T, Kitawaki J. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of norethisterone on endometriotic stromal cells in vitro. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 166:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Polymorphic variants of DNMT3A and the risk of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 166:81-5. [PMID: 23018098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and aberrant methylation of various genes in eutopic endometrium have been demonstrated in women with endometriosis. We aimed to study whether DNMT3A polymorphisms could be a genetic risk factor for endometriosis and endometriosis-related infertility. STUDY DESIGN We studied 5 SNPs (rs2289195, rs7590760, rs13401241, rs749131 and rs1550117) located in the DNMT3A gene in 357 women with endometriosis and 640 controls. RESULTS We did not observe significant differences between genotype and allele frequencies of rs2289195, rs7590760, rs13401241, rs749131 and rs1550117 SNPs in women with endometriosis, endometriosis-related infertility, and controls. The lowest p values of the trend test were observed for DNMT3A rs1550117 in endometriosis and endometriosis-related infertility (p(trend)=0.049 and p(trend)=0.055, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results did not supply evidence for the contribution of SNPs located in DNMT3A to either endometriosis or endometriosis-related infertility.
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Namkung J, Song JY, Jo HH, Kim MR, Lew YO, Donahoe PK, MacLaughlin DT, Kim JH. Mullerian inhibiting substance induces apoptosis of human endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3224-30. [PMID: 22761458 PMCID: PMC6287505 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is produced in Sertoli cells of fetal testis and causes regression of müllerian ducts in male embryos. MIS also can induce the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in müllerian duct-derived tumors in vivo and in vitro. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the expression of MIS type II receptor (MISR II) and whether MIS can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in primary cultures of endometrial stromal cells (ESC) of endometriosis. DESIGN AND SETTINGS In vitro experiments were performed in the university research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Tissue samples from 12 patients who had undergone evisceration for ovarian endometrial cysts were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The expression of MISR II in ESC was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The cell viability and apoptosis in ESC treated with MIS was measured by methylthiazoletetrazolium assay and annexin V analysis. The expression of regulatory proteins in ESC treated with MIS was shown by Western blotting. RESULTS ESC showed specific immunostaining for the MISR II. ESC treated with MIS exhibited 32% growth inhibition (P = 0.0001). The changes in cell cycle distribution after MIS exposure at 72 h demonstrated that S and G(2)M phases were decreased; G(0)G(1) and sub-G(0)G(1) phases were increased. ESC treated with MIS showed 13.72% annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate positivity. In the ESCs, which contain defective p16, MIS increased the expression of pocket proteins p107 and p130 and decreased E2F transcription factor 1. CONCLUSIONS The results support a central role for MIS in endometriosis. Although the precise mechanism of MIS-mediated inhibition of ESC growth has not been fully defined, these data suggest that MIS has activity against ESC in vitro and may also be an effective targeted therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Namkung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Kim JH, Yang YI, Lee KT, Park HJ, Choi JH. Costunolide induces apoptosis in human endometriotic cells through inhibition of the prosurvival Akt and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:580-5. [PMID: 21467650 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a disease affecting 5-15% of women of reproductive age, is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue. Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities that may be efficacious in therapy for endometriosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of costunolide on the cell growth and apoptosis of endometriotic cells. We found that costunolide significantly inhibited the cell viability of 11Z and 12Z human endometriotic epithelial cells. Interestingly, endometriotic cells were more sensitive to costunolide treatment than immortalized endometrial cells (HES). Costunolide induced apoptosis of 11Z cells in a time-dependent manner as shown by accumulation of sub-G1 population. In addition, treatment with costunolide induced the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the broad caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk significantly reversed the costunolide-induced inhibition of cell viability in 11Z cells. We further demonstrated that costunolide inhibited the activation of Akt and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and the expression of anti-apoptotic factors B-cell lymphoma-extra lage (Bcl-xL) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in 11Z cells. These results suggest that costunolide induces apoptosis in human endometriotic epithelial cells by inhibiting the prosurvival NFκB and Akt pathway, leading to the downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and XIAP and the activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life & Nanopharamceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Tsuno A, Nasu K, Kawano Y, Yuge A, Li H, Abe W, Narahara H. Fasudil inhibits the proliferation and contractility and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human endometriotic stromal cells: a promising agent for the treatment of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1944-52. [PMID: 21917869 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT During the development of endometriotic lesions, excess fibrosis may lead to scarring and to the alterations of tissue function that are the characteristic features of this disease. Enhanced extracellular matrix contractility of endometriotic stromal cells (ECSC) mediated by the mevalonate-Ras homology (Rho)/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) pathway has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. DESIGN To assess the use of fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, for the medical treatment of endometriosis-associated fibrosis, the effects of this agent on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, morphology, cell density, and contractility of ECSC were investigated. The effects of fasudil on the expression of contractility-related, apoptosis-related, and cell cycle-related molecules in ECSC were also evaluated. RESULTS Fasudil significantly inhibited the proliferation and contractility of ECSC and induced the cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis of these cells. Morphological observation revealed the suppression of ECSC attachment to collagen fibers and decrease of cell density by fasudil. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin, RhoA, ROCK-I, and ROCK-II proteins was inhibited by fasudil administration. The expression of the antiapoptotic factors, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), in two-dimensional cultured ECSC were down-regulated by the addition of fasudil, whereas, the expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(Waf1/Cip1) was up-regulated by the addition of fasudil. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that fasudil is a promising agent for the treatment of endometriosis. The inhibition of cell proliferation, contractility, and myofibroblastic differentiation, the attenuation of attachment to collagen fibers, the decrease of cell density, and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of ECSC are involved in the active mechanisms of fasudil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Tsuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Sarapik A, Velthut A, Haller-Kikkatalo K, Faure GC, Béné MC, de Carvalho Bittencourt M, Massin F, Uibo R, Salumets A. Follicular proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as markers of IVF success. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:606459. [PMID: 22007253 PMCID: PMC3189459 DOI: 10.1155/2012/606459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of the immune system and also contribute to regulation of the ovarian cycle. In this study, Bender MedSystems FlowCytomix technology was used to analyze follicular cytokines (proinflammatory: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ, IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-23;, and anti-inflammatory: G-CSF), chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8), and other biomarkers (sAPO-1/Fas, CD44(v6)) in 153 women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Cytokine origin was studied by mRNA analysis of granulosa cells. Higher follicular MIP-1α and CD44(v6) were found to correlate with polycystic ovary syndrome, IL-23, INF-γ, and TNF-α with endometriosis, higher CD44(v6) but lower IL-β and INF-α correlated with tubal factor infertility, and lower levels of IL-18 and CD44(v6) characterized unexplained infertility. IL-12 positively correlated with oocyte fertilization and embryo development, while increased IL-18, IL-8, and MIP-1β were associated with successful IVF-induced pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Sarapik
- Department of Immunology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Agne Velthut
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Street 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tiigi 61b, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Kadri Haller-Kikkatalo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tiigi 61b, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Women's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa Street 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gilbert C. Faure
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Université Henri Poincaré, BP 184, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, 54500 Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Christine Béné
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Université Henri Poincaré, BP 184, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, 54500 Nancy, France
| | | | - Frédéric Massin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Université Henri Poincaré, BP 184, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, 54500 Nancy, France
| | - Raivo Uibo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tiigi 61b, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tiigi 61b, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Kawano Y, Nasu K, Li H, Tsuno A, Abe W, Takai N, Narahara H. Application of the histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis: histone modifications as pathogenesis and novel therapeutic target. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2486-98. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Nasu K, Kawano Y, Tsukamoto Y, Takano M, Takai N, Li H, Furukawa Y, Abe W, Moriyama M, Narahara H. Aberrant DNA methylation status of endometriosis: epigenetics as the pathogenesis, biomarker and therapeutic target. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:683-95. [PMID: 21651673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a common, benign, estrogen-dependent disease affecting 3-10% of women of reproductive age, is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue that is found primarily in the peritoneum, ovaries and rectovaginal septum. Recently, endometriosis has been alternatively described as an immune disease, a genetic disease and a disease caused by exposure to environmental factors, in addition to its usual description as a hormonal disease. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that various epigenetic aberrations play definite roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Epigenetic alterations reported to date in endometriosis include the genomic DNA methylation of progesterone receptor-B, E-cadherin, homeobox A10, estrogen receptor-β, steroidogenic factor-1 and aromatase. Aberrant expression of DNA methyltransferases, which attach a methyl group to the 5-carbon position of cytosine bases in the CpG island of the promoter region and silence the corresponding gene expression, has also been demonstrated in endometriosis. This review summarizes the recent studies on the aberrant DNA methylation status and aberrant expression of DNA methyltransferases, which regulate DNA methylation, in endometriosis. We also discuss the recent information on the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of epigenetic alterations occurring in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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Kim JJ, Choi YM, Hwang SS, Yoon SH, Lee GH, Chae SJ, Hwang KR, Moon SY. Association of the interferon-γ gene (CA)n repeat polymorphism with endometriosis. BJOG 2011; 118:1061-6. [PMID: 21477169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to endometriosis. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. POPULATION Women with (n = 622) and without (n = 442) endometriosis. METHODS Genotyping was performed by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene-scan analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotype distribution and allele frequency of the dinucleotide (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism in the IFN-γ gene. RESULTS Seven alleles (12-18 repeats) of the IFN-γ gene (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism were found. In both patients with endometriosis and controls the most common allele was composed of 13 repeats, followed by an allele of 15 repeats, and then by an allele of 12 repeats. Patients with endometriosis had a significantly higher incidence of genotypes with alleles composed of fewer repeats (12-13 repeats), compared with the controls (92.0 versus 84.4%, respectively, P < 001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism in the IFN-γ gene may be associated with a risk of endometriosis in the South Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Nasu K, Nishida M, Kawano Y, Tsuno A, Abe W, Yuge A, Takai N, Narahara H. Aberrant expression of apoptosis-related molecules in endometriosis: a possible mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2010; 18:206-18. [PMID: 21193803 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110392059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a disease affecting 3% to 10% of women of reproductive age, is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue under the influence of estrogen. It is also becoming recognized as a condition in which ectopic endometrial cells exhibit abnormal proliferative and apoptotic regulation in response to appropriate stimuli. Apoptosis plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and represents a normal function to eliminate excess or dysfunctional cells. Accumulated evidence suggests that, in healthy women, endometrial cells expelled during menstruation do not survive in ectopic locations because of programmed cell death, while decreased apoptosis may lead to the ectopic survival and implantation of these cells, resulting in the development of endometriosis. Both the inability of endometrial cells to transmit a "death" signal and the ability of endometrial cells to avoid cell death have been associated with increased expression of antiapoptotic factors and decreased expression of preapoptotic factors. Further investigations may elucidate the role of apoptosis-associated molecules in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Medical treatment with apoptosis-inducing agents may be novel and promising therapeutic strategy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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Adachi M, Nasu K, Tsuno A, Yuge A, Kawano Y, Narahara H. Attachment to extracellular matrices is enhanced in human endometriotic stromal cells: a possible mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 155:85-8. [PMID: 21112686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue. One of the first steps to the spread of endometriosis in the peritoneal cavity is the attachment of endometriotic cells to peritoneal surfaces after they have been released into the peritoneal fluid from pre-existing endometriotic lesions. The increased adhesive and proliferative potential of endometriotic cells in response to specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN Adhesive properties of endometriotic stromal cells (ECSC) and normal eutopic endometrial cells (NESC) to various extracellular matrix proteins were investigated by in vitro cell adhesion assays. The expression levels of integrins in these cells were also examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Both ECSC and NESC significantly adhered to collagen type I and collagen type IV. ECSC revealed higher adhesive properties to these ECM proteins than NESC did. ECSC, but not NESC, adhered to fibronectin and laminin. Higher levels integrin of α1, α2, αv, β1, and β3 protein expression were observed in ECSC than in NESC. On the other hand, the levels of integrin α3 and αL proteins were lower in ECSC than in NESC. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that endometriotic cells possess stronger adhesion to ECM proteins, and that increase may be mediated, in part, through integrins. These findings may elucidate one of the mechanisms underlying the formation of peritoneal endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan
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“Spot”-ting differences between the ectopic and eutopic endometrium of endometriosis patients. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1964-71, 1971.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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