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Ran Z, Chen X, Li R, Duan W, Zhang Y, Fang L, Guo L, Zhou J. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the changes induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Panax quinquefolius L. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4919-4933. [PMID: 36942522 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax quinquefolius L. is one of the most important foods and herbs because of its high nutritional value and medicinal potential. In our previous study we found that the ginsenoside content in P. quinquefolius was improved by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs). However, little research has been conducted on the molecular mechanisms in P. quinquefolius roots induced by AMFs colonization. To identify the metabolomic and transcriptomic mechanisms of P. quinquefolius induced by AMFs, non-mycorrhized (control) and mycorrhized (AMF) P. quinquefolius were used as experimental materials for comparative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome. RESULTS Compared with the control, 182 metabolites and 545 genes were significantly changed at the metabolic and transcriptional levels in AMFs treatment. The metabolic pattern of AMFs was changed, and the contents of ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg2), threonine, and glutaric acid were significantly increased. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. In addition, several transcription factors from the NAC, WRKY, and basic helix-loop-helix families were identified in AMFs versus the control. Furthermore, the combined analysis of 'transcriptomics-metabolomics' analysis showed that 'Plant hormone signal transduction', 'Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism' and 'Glutathione metabolism' pathways were the important enriched pathways in response to AMFs colonization. CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide new insights into P. quinquefolius response to AMFs, which improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. quinquefolius induced by AMFs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Ran
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Duan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Metabolomics as an emerging tool to study plant–microbe interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:175-183. [PMID: 35191478 PMCID: PMC9023012 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, interaction between plant roots and microorganisms are common. These interactions between microbial species and plants inhabited by them are being studied using various techniques. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is one of the crucial approaches that underpins system biology and relies on precision instrument analysis. In the last decade, this emerging field has received extensive attention. It provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the mechanisms of symbiosis of bacteria and fungi with plants and also helps to elucidate the tolerance mechanisms of host plants against various abiotic stresses. However, this -omics application and its tools in plant–microbe interaction studies is still underutilized compared with genomic and transcriptomic methods. Therefore, it is crucial to bring this field forward to bear on the study of plant resistance and susceptibility. This review describes the current status of methods and progress in metabolomics applications for plant–microbe interaction studies discussing current challenges and future prospects.
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Malik RJ, Bever JD. Enriched CO 2 and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six Asclepias Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2474. [PMID: 34834836 PMCID: PMC8617772 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO2 flux may afflict Asclepias species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO2-induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO2 to influence Asclepias biomass and root morphology. A broad range of Asclepias species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species (A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa, and A. viridis) and two fibrous root species (A. incarnata and A. verticillata). Collectively, the six Asclepias species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (-/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO2 levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months, Asclepias responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased Asclepias biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO2 decreased biomass by about 25%. CO2 did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ's response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO2 and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO2 fixation (rbcL) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO2, while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO2 induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondy J. Malik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey, 2101 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
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Sardans J, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Holub P, Janssens IA, Walker TWN, Pesqueda A, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics of plant–herbivore and plant–fungi interactions: a synthesis study. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Albert Gargallo‐Garriga
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| | - Tom W. N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Argus Pesqueda
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
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Gao T, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhao K, Shan L, Wu Q, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ma F, Li C. Exogenous dopamine and overexpression of the dopamine synthase gene MdTYDC alleviated apple replant disease. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1524-1541. [PMID: 33171491 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease that leads to economic losses due to reduced plant growth and diminished fruit yields. Dopamine is involved in interactions between plants and pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether dopamine can directly stimulate defense responses to ARD. In this study, an exogenous dopamine treatment and dopamine synthetase MdTYDC (tyrosine decarboxylase) transgenic plants were used to verify the role of dopamine in treating ARD. First, 2-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica cv. Fuji), grafted onto rootstock M26, were grown in replant soils. The addition of dopamine (100 μM) to the soil promoted seedling growth and changed the accumulation of mineral elements in plants in replant soils. Such supplementation improved the activity of invertase, urease, proteinase and phosphatase under replant conditions. Sequencing analysis of 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA revealed that dopamine had a slight influence on bacterial diversity but had an obvious effect on the fungal diversity in replant soils. The application of dopamine to replant soil changed the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Second, overexpression of MdTYDC in apple plants alleviated the effects of ARD. MdTYDC transgenic lines exhibited mitigated ARD through inhibited degradation of photosynthetic pigment, maintaining the stability of photosystems I and II and improving the antioxidant system. Furthermore, overexpression of MdTYDC improved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization by improving the accumulation of soluble sugars under replant conditions. Together, these results demonstrated that dopamine enhances the tolerance of apples to ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yusong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Rivero J, Lidoy J, Llopis-Giménez Á, Herrero S, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhizal symbiosis primes the accumulation of antiherbivore compounds and enhances herbivore mortality in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5038-5050. [PMID: 33884424 PMCID: PMC8219033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase their ability to overcome multiple stresses, but their impact on plant interactions with herbivorous insects is controversial. Here we show higher mortality of the leaf-chewer Spodoptera exigua when fed on tomato plants colonized by the AMF Funneliformis mosseae, evidencing mycorrhiza-induced resistance. In search of the underlying mechanisms, an untargeted metabolomic analysis through ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was performed. The results showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis had a very limited impact on the leaf metabolome in the absence of stress, but significantly modulated the response to herbivory in the damaged area. A cluster of over accumulated metabolites was identified in those leaflets damaged by S. exigua feeding in mycorrhizal plants, while unwounded distal leaflets responded similar to those from non-mycorrhizal plants. These primed-compounds were mostly related to alkaloids, fatty acid derivatives and phenylpropanoid-polyamine conjugates. The deleterious effect on larval survival of some of these compounds, including the alkaloid physostigmine, the fatty acid derivatives 4-oxododecanedioic acid and azelaic acid, was confirmed. Thus, our results evidence the impact of AMF on metabolic reprograming upon herbivory that leads to a primed accumulation of defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Llopis-Giménez
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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7
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Peng Y, Li SJ, Yan J, Tang Y, Cheng JP, Gao AJ, Yao X, Ruan JJ, Xu BL. Research Progress on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Role as Biocontrol Agents. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670135. [PMID: 34122383 PMCID: PMC8192705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi decrease crop yield and quality and cause huge losses in agricultural production. To prevent the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, farmers have to use many synthetic chemical pesticides. The extensive use of these pesticides has resulted in a series of environmental and ecological problems, such as the increase in resistant weed populations, soil compaction, and water pollution, which seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture. This review discusses the main advances in research on plant-pathogenic fungi in terms of their pathogenic factors such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, effector proteins, and fungal viruses, as well as their application as biocontrol agents for plant pests, diseases, and weeds. Finally, further studies on plant-pathogenic fungal resources with better biocontrol effects can help find new beneficial microbial resources that can control diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi J Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian P Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - An J Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing J Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing L Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Ghirardo A, Fochi V, Lange B, Witting M, Schnitzler JP, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1939-1952. [PMID: 32668507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. In fact, orchid seed germination leads to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site of nutrient transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown. We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using nontargeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions. Symbiosis induced substantial metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds increased markedly in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms. This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results - combined with previous transcriptomic data - provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Birgit Lange
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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Sanmartín N, Sánchez-Bel P, Pastor V, Pastor-Fernández J, Mateu D, Pozo MJ, Cerezo M, Flors V. Root-to-shoot signalling in mycorrhizal tomato plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110595. [PMID: 32771152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is restricted in roots, but it also improves shoot responses against leaf challenges, a phenomenon known as Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance (MIR). This study focuses on mycorrhizal root signals that may orchestrate shoot defence responses. Metabolomic analysis of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection showed that roots rearrange their metabolome mostly in response to the symbiosis, whereas in shoots a stronger impact of the infection is observed. Specific clusters of compounds in shoots and roots display a priming profile suggesting an implication in the enhanced resistance observed in mycorrhizal plants. Among the primed pathways in roots, lignans showed the highest number of hits followed by oxocarboxylic acids, compounds of the amino acid metabolism, and phytohormones. The lignan yatein was present at higher concentrations in roots, root efflux and leaves of mycorrhizal plants This lignan displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and it was also functional protecting tomato plants. Besides, several JA defence-related genes were upregulated in mycorrhizal roots regardless of the pathogen infection, whereas PIN-II was primed in roots of mycorrhizal infected plants. These observations suggest that the enhanced resistance in shoots during MIR may be coordinated by lignans and oxylipins with the participation of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Diego Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María José Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Ortíz J, Sanhueza C, Romero-Munar A, Hidalgo-Castellanos J, Castro C, Bascuñán-Godoy L, Coba de la Peña T, López-Gómez M, Florez-Sarasa I, Del-Saz NF. In Vivo Metabolic Regulation of Alternative Oxidase under Nutrient Deficiency-Interaction with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4201. [PMID: 32545597 PMCID: PMC7349880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway with nutrient metabolism is important for understanding how respiration modulates ATP synthesis and carbon economy in plants under nutrient deficiency. Although AOX activity reduces the energy yield of respiration, this enzymatic activity is upregulated under stress conditions to maintain the functioning of primary metabolism. The in vivo metabolic regulation of AOX activity by phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and during plant symbioses with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium bacteria is still not fully understood. We highlight several findings and open questions concerning the in vivo regulation of AOX activity and its impact on plant metabolism during P deficiency and symbiosis with AMF. We also highlight the need for the identification of which metabolic regulatory factors of AOX activity are related to N availability and nitrogen-fixing legume-rhizobia symbiosis in order to improve our understanding of N assimilation and biological nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (J.O.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (L.B.-G.)
| | - Carolina Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (J.O.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (L.B.-G.)
| | - Antònia Romero-Munar
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Camino Las Parcelas 882, km 105 Ruta 5 Sur. Sector los Choapinos, 2940000 Rengo, Chile;
| | - Javier Hidalgo-Castellanos
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.H.-C.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Catalina Castro
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (J.O.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (L.B.-G.)
| | - Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (J.O.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (L.B.-G.)
| | | | - Miguel López-Gómez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.H.-C.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Néstor Fernández Del-Saz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (J.O.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (L.B.-G.)
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11
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Ranjbar Sistani N, Desalegn G, Kaul HP, Wienkoop S. Seed Metabolism and Pathogen Resistance Enhancement in Pisum sativum During Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Integrative Metabolomics-Proteomics Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:872. [PMID: 32612631 PMCID: PMC7309134 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pulses are one of the most important categories of food plants, and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as a member of pulses is considered a key crop for food and feed and sustainable agriculture. Integrative multi-omics and microsymbiont impact studies on the plant's immune system are important steps toward more productive and tolerant food plants and thus will help to find solutions against food poverty. Didymella pinodes is a main fungal pathogen of pea plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote plant growth and alleviate various stresses. However, it remained unclear as to how the AMF effect on seed metabolism and how this influences resistance against the pathogen. This study assesses the AMF impacts on yield components and seed quality upon D. pinodes infection on two different P. sativum cultivars, susceptible versus tolerant, grown in pots through phenotypic and seed molecular analyses. We found that AMF symbiosis affects the majority of all tested yield components as well as a reduction of disease severity in both cultivars. Seeds of mycorrhizal pea plants showed strong responses of secondary metabolites with nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical attributes, also involved in pathogen response. This is further supported by proteomic data, functionally determining those primary and secondary metabolic pathways, involved in pathogen response and induced upon AMF-colonization. The data also revealed cultivar specific effects of AMF symbiosis that increase understanding of genotype related differences. Additionally, a suite of proteins and secondary metabolites are presented, induced in seeds of P. sativum upon AMF-colonization and pathogen attack, and possibly involved in induced systemic resistance against D. pinodes, useful for modern breeding strategies implementing microsymbionts toward increased pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ranjbar Sistani
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Getinet Desalegn
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kaul
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Vangelisti A, Turrini A, Sbrana C, Avio L, Giordani T, Natali L, Giovannetti M, Cavallini A. Gene expression in Rhizoglomus irregulare at two different time points of mycorrhiza establishment in Helianthus annuus roots, as revealed by RNA-seq analysis. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:373-387. [PMID: 32227272 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a fundamental role in plant growth and nutrition in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Despite the importance of such symbionts, the different developmental changes occurring during the AMF life cycle have not been fully elucidated at the molecular level. Here, the RNA-seq approach was used to investigate Rhizoglomus irregulare specific and common transcripts at two different time points of mycorrhizal establishment in Helianthus annuus in vivo. Four days after inoculation, transcripts related to cellular remodeling (actin and tubulin), cellular signaling (calmodulin, serine/threonine protein kinase, 14-3-3 protein, and calcium transporting ATPase), lipid metabolism (fatty acid desaturation, steroid hormone, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis), and biosynthetic processes were detected. In addition to such transcripts, 16 days after inoculation, expressed genes linked to binding and catalytic activities; ion (K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Pi, ammonia), sugar, and lipid transport; and those involved in vacuolar polyphosphate accumulation were found. Knowledge of transcriptomic changes required for symbiosis establishment and performance is of great importance to understand the functional role of AMF symbionts in food crop nutrition and health, and in plant diversity in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Song Y, Wang M, Zeng R, Groten K, Baldwin IT. Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2945-2961. [PMID: 31348534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory-elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory-elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory-elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs-connected "receiver" plants after the elicitation of "donor" plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA-Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well-characterized JAs-regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS-elicited "receivers" with CMN connections with "donors" that had been W + OS-elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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14
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Herrera H, Valadares R, Oliveira G, Fuentes A, Almonacid L, do Nascimento SV, Bashan Y, Arriagada C. Adaptation and tolerance mechanisms developed by mycorrhizal Bipinnula fimbriata plantlets (Orchidaceae) in a heavy metal-polluted ecosystem. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:651-663. [PMID: 30094512 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation and performance of orchid mycorrhizae in heavy metal-polluted soils have been poorly explored. In the present study, proteomic and metabolic approaches were used to detect physiological changes in orchid roots established in a heavy metal-polluted soil and to ascertain whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the metabolic responses of roots. Young Bipinnula fimbriata plantlets were established in control and heavy metal-polluted soils in a greenhouse. After 14 months, exudation of root organic acids, phenolics, percentage of mycorrhization, mineral content, and differential protein accumulation were measured. More root biomass, higher root colonization, and higher exudation rates of citrate, succinate, and malate were detected in roots growing in heavy metal-polluted soils. Higher accumulation of phosphorus and heavy metals was found inside mycorrhizal roots under metal stress. Under non-contaminated conditions, non-mycorrhizal root segments showed enhanced accumulation of proteins related to carbon metabolism and stress, whereas mycorrhizal root segments stimulated protein synthesis related to pathogen control, cytoskeleton modification, and sucrose metabolism. Under heavy metal stress, the proteome profile of non-mycorrhizal root segments indicates a lower induction of defense mechanisms, which, together with the stimulation of enzymes related to carotenoid biosynthesis and cell wall organization, may positively influence mycorrhizal fungi colonization. The results point to different metabolic strategies in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root segments that are exposed to heavy metal stress. The results indicate that root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi is stimulated to alleviate the negative effects of heavy metals in the orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Valadares
- Instituto Tecnologico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Cep, Belém, PA, 66050-090, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnologico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Cep, Belém, PA, 66050-090, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonardo Almonacid
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Yoav Bashan
- The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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15
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Li Q, Yan L, Ye L, Zhou J, Zhang B, Peng W, Zhang X, Li X. Chinese Black Truffle ( Tuber indicum) Alters the Ectomycorrhizosphere and Endoectomycosphere Microbiome and Metabolic Profiles of the Host Tree Quercus aliena. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2202. [PMID: 30283422 PMCID: PMC6156548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are one group of the most famous ectomycorrhizal fungi in the world. There is little information on the ecological mechanisms of truffle ectomycorrhizal synthesis in vitro. In this study, we investigated the ecological effects of Tuber indicum – Quercus aliena ectomycorrhizal synthesis on microbial communities in the host plant roots and the surrounding soil using high-throughput sequencing and on the metabolic profiles of host plant roots using metabolomics approaches. We observed an increase in the diversity and richness of prokaryotic communities and a decrease in richness of fungal communities in the presence of T. indicum. The microbial community structures in the host roots and the surrounding soil were altered by ectomycorrhizal synthesis in the greenhouse. Bacterial genera Pedomicrobium, Variibacter, and Woodsholea and fungal genera Aspergillus, Phaeoacremonium, and Pochonia were significantly more abundant in ectomycorhizae and the ectomycorrhizosphere soil compared with the corresponding T. indicum-free controls (P < 0.05). Truffle-colonization reduced the abundance of some fungal genera surrounding the host tree, such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Putative prokaryotic metabolic functions and fungal functional groups (guilds) were also differentiated by ectomycorrhizal synthesis. The ectomycorrhizal synthesis had great impact on the measured soil physicochemical properties. Metabolic profiling analysis uncovered 55 named differentially abundant metabolites between the ectomycorhizae and the control roots, including 44 upregulated and 11 downregulated metabolites. Organic acids and carbohydrates were two major upregulated metabolites in ectomycorhizae, which were found formed dense interactions with other metabolites, suggesting their crucial roles in sustaining the metabolic functions in the truffle ectomycorrhization system. This study revealed the effects of truffle-colonization on the metabolites of ectomycorrhiza and illustrates an interactive network between truffles, the host plant, soil and associated microbial communities, shedding light on understanding the ecological effects of truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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16
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Dearth SP, Castro HF, Venice F, Tague ED, Novero M, Bonfante P, Campagna SR. Metabolome changes are induced in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita by germination and by its bacterial endosymbiont. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:421-433. [PMID: 29860608 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling is becoming an increasingly important technique in the larger field of systems biology by allowing the simultaneous measurement of thousands of small molecules participating in and resulting from cellular reactions. In this way, metabolomics presents an opportunity to observe the physiological state of a system, which may provide the ability to monitor the whole of cellular metabolism as the technology progresses. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita has not previously been explored with regard to metabolite composition. To develop a better understanding of G. margarita and the influences of its endosymbiont Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum, a metabolomic analysis was applied to quiescent and germinated spores with and without endobacteria. Over 100 metabolites were identified and greater than 2600 unique unidentified spectral features were observed. Multivariate analysis of the metabolomes was performed, and a differentiation between all metabolic states of spores and spores hosting the endobacteria was observed. The known metabolites were recruited to many biochemical pathways, with many being involved in maintenance of the antioxidant potential, tyrosine metabolism, and melanin production. Each of the pathways had higher metabolite abundances in the presence of the endosymbiont. These metabolomics data also agree with previously reported transcriptomics results demonstrating the capability of this technique to confirm hypotheses and showing the feasibility of multi-omic approaches for the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their endobacterial communities. Challenges still exist in metabolomic analysis, e.g., the identification of compounds is demanding due to incomplete libraries. A metabolomics technique to probe the effects of bacterial endosymbionts on fungal physiology is presented herein, and this method is useful for hypothesis generation as well as testing as noted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Dearth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Hector F Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Francesco Venice
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Eric D Tague
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Shawn Robert Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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17
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Marquez N, Giachero ML, Gallou A, Debat HJ, Cranenbrouck S, Di Rienzo JA, Pozo MJ, Ducasse DA, Declerck S. Transcriptional Changes in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Soybean Plants upon Infection with the Fungal Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:842-855. [PMID: 29498566 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0282-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne fungal pathogen with a wide host range that causes charcoal rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Control of the disease is a challenge, due to the absence of genetic resistance and effective chemical control. Alternative or complementary measures are needed, such as the use of biological control agents, in an integrated approach. Several studies have demonstrated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant resistance or tolerance to biotic stresses, decreasing the symptoms and pressure caused by various pests and diseases, including M. phaseolina in soybean. However, the specific contribution of AMF in the regulation of the plant response to M. phaseolina remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate, under strict in-vitro culture conditions, the global transcriptional changes in roots of premycorrhized soybean plantlets challenged by M. phaseolina (+AMF+Mp) as compared with nonmycorrhizal soybean plantlets (-AMF+Mp). MapMan software was used to distinguish transcriptional changes, with special emphasis on those related to plant defense responses. Soybean genes identified as strongly upregulated during infection by the pathogen included pathogenesis-related proteins, disease-resistance proteins, transcription factors, and secondary metabolism-related genes, as well as those encoding for signaling hormones. Remarkably, the +AMF+Mp treatment displayed a lower number of upregulated genes as compared with the -AMF+Mp treatment. AMF seemed to counteract or balance costs upon M. phaseolina infection, which could be associated to a negative impact on biomass and seed production. These detailed insights in soybean-AMF interaction help us to understand the complex underlying mechanisms involved in AMF-mediated biocontrol and support the importance of preserving and stimulating the existing plant-AMF associates, via adequate agricultural practices, to optimize their agro-ecological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marquez
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
- 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - María L Giachero
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrien Gallou
- 3 Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC. Apdo. Postal 67, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Humberto J Debat
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- 4 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Part of the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julio A Di Rienzo
- 5 Cátedra de Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ing Agr; Felix Aldo Marrone 746, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Pozo
- 6 Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel A Ducasse
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- 7 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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18
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Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050187. [PMID: 29735944 PMCID: PMC5983243 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination is associated with the development of aflatoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on food grains. This study was aimed at investigating metabolites produced during fungal development on maize and their correlation with aflatoxin levels. Maize cobs were harvested at R3 (milk), R4 (dough), and R5 (dent) stages of maturity. Individual kernels were inoculated in petri dishes with four doses of fungal spores. Fungal colonisation, metabolite profile, and aflatoxin levels were examined. Grain colonisation decreased with kernel maturity: milk-, dough-, and dent-stage kernels by approximately 100%, 60%, and 30% respectively. Aflatoxin levels increased with dose at dough and dent stages. Polar metabolites including alanine, proline, serine, valine, inositol, iso-leucine, sucrose, fructose, trehalose, turanose, mannitol, glycerol, arabitol, inositol, myo-inositol, and some intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA—also known as citric acid or Krebs cycle) were important for dose classification. Important non-polar metabolites included arachidic, palmitic, stearic, 3,4-xylylic, and margaric acids. Aflatoxin levels correlated with levels of several polar metabolites. The strongest positive and negative correlations were with arabitol (R = 0.48) and turanose and (R = −0.53), respectively. Several metabolites were interconnected with the TCA; interconnections of the metabolites with the TCA cycle varied depending upon the grain maturity.
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19
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Veličković D, Chu RK, Carrell AA, Thomas M, Paša-Tolić L, Weston DJ, Anderton CR. Multimodal MSI in Conjunction with Broad Coverage Spatially Resolved MS 2 Increases Confidence in Both Molecular Identification and Localization. Anal Chem 2017; 90:702-707. [PMID: 29210566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One critical aspect of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is the need to confidently identify detected analytes. While orthogonal tandem MS (e.g., LC-MS2) experiments from sample extracts can assist in annotating ions, the spatial information about these molecules is lost. Accordingly, this could cause mislead conclusions, especially in cases where isobaric species exhibit different distributions within a sample. In this Technical Note, we employed a multimodal imaging approach, using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI and liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA)-MS2I, to confidently annotate and localize a broad range of metabolites involved in a tripartite symbiosis system of moss, cyanobacteria, and fungus. We found that the combination of these two imaging modalities generated very congruent ion images, providing the link between highly accurate structural information onfered by LESA and high spatial resolution attainable by MALDI. These results demonstrate how this combined methodology could be very useful in differentiating metabolite routes in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alyssa A Carrell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | | | | | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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20
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The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16409. [PMID: 29180695 PMCID: PMC5703727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Belowground interactions between plant roots, mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve plant health via enhanced nutrient acquisition and priming of the plant immune system. Two wheat cultivars differing in their ability to form mycorrhiza were (co)inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The cultivar with high mycorrhizal compatibility supported higher levels of rhizobacterial colonization than the low compatibility cultivar. Those levels were augmented by mycorrhizal infection. Conversely, rhizobacterial colonization of the low compatibility cultivar was reduced by mycorrhizal arbuscule formation. Single inoculations with R. irregularis or P. putida had differential growth effects on both cultivars. Furthermore, while both cultivars developed systemic priming of chitosan-induced callose after single inoculations with R. irregularis or P. putida, only the cultivar with high mycorrhizal compatibility showed a synergistic increase in callose responsiveness following co-inoculation with both microbes. Our results show that multilateral interactions between roots, mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR can have synergistic effects on growth and systemic priming of wheat.
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Pérez-de-Luque A, Tille S, Johnson I, Pascual-Pardo D, Ton J, Cameron DD. The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 29180695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐16697‐4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Belowground interactions between plant roots, mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve plant health via enhanced nutrient acquisition and priming of the plant immune system. Two wheat cultivars differing in their ability to form mycorrhiza were (co)inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The cultivar with high mycorrhizal compatibility supported higher levels of rhizobacterial colonization than the low compatibility cultivar. Those levels were augmented by mycorrhizal infection. Conversely, rhizobacterial colonization of the low compatibility cultivar was reduced by mycorrhizal arbuscule formation. Single inoculations with R. irregularis or P. putida had differential growth effects on both cultivars. Furthermore, while both cultivars developed systemic priming of chitosan-induced callose after single inoculations with R. irregularis or P. putida, only the cultivar with high mycorrhizal compatibility showed a synergistic increase in callose responsiveness following co-inoculation with both microbes. Our results show that multilateral interactions between roots, mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR can have synergistic effects on growth and systemic priming of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-de-Luque
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. .,IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, Avda. Menédez Pidal s/n, Apdo. 3092, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Stefanie Tille
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Irene Johnson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Pascual-Pardo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Romero-Munar A, Del-Saz NF, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J, Baraza E, Florez-Sarasa I, Fernie AR, Gulías J. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis with Arundo donax Decreases Root Respiration and Increases Both Photosynthesis and Plant Biomass Accumulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1115-1126. [PMID: 28060998 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis on plant growth is associated with the balance between costs and benefits. A feedback regulation loop has been described in which the higher carbohydrate cost to plants for AM symbiosis is compensated by increases in their photosynthetic rates. Nevertheless, plant carbon balance depends both on photosynthetic carbon uptake and respiratory carbon consumption. The hypothesis behind this research was that the role of respiration in plant growth under AM symbiosis may be as important as that of photosynthesis. This hypothesis was tested in Arundo donax L. plantlets inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae. We tested the effects of AM inoculation on both photosynthetic capacity and in vivo leaf and root respiration. Additionally, analyses of the primary metabolism and ion content were performed in both leaves and roots. AM inoculation increased photosynthesis through increased CO2 diffusion and electron transport in the chloroplast. Moreover, respiration decreased only in AM roots via the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) as measured by the oxygen isotope technique. This decline in the COP can be related to the reduced respiratory metabolism and substrates (sugars and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates) observed in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antònia Romero-Munar
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Néstor Fernández Del-Saz
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Baraza
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair Robert Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Javier Gulías
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Tenenboim H, Brotman Y. Omic Relief for the Biotically Stressed: Metabolomics of Plant Biotic Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:781-791. [PMID: 27185334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the way plants protect themselves against pathogen attack, or react upon such an attack, are realized by metabolites. The ambitious aim of metabolomics, namely the identification and annotation of the entire cellular metabolome, still poses a considerable challenge due to the high diversity of the metabolites in the cell. Recent advances in analytical methods and data analysis have resulted in improved sensitivity, accuracy, and capacity, allowing the analysis of several hundreds or even thousands of compounds within one sample. Investigators have only recently begun to acknowledge and harness the power of metabolomics to elucidate key questions in the study of plant biotic interactions; we review trends and developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Tenenboim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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Daghino S, Martino E, Perotto S. Model systems to unravel the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:263-274. [PMID: 26710764 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhizal plants dominate in harsh environments where nutrient-poor, acidic soil conditions result in a higher availability of potentially toxic metals. Although metal-tolerant plant species and ecotypes are known in the Ericaceae, metal tolerance in these plants has been mainly attributed to their association with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms underlying plant protection by the fungal symbiont are poorly understood, whereas some insights have been achieved regarding the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in the fungal symbiont. This review will briefly introduce the general features of heavy metal tolerance in mycorrhizal fungi and will then focus on the use of "omics" approaches and heterologous expression in model organisms to reveal the molecular bases of fungal response to heavy metals. Functional complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has allowed the identification of several ericoid mycorrhizal fungi genes (i.e., antioxidant enzymes, metal transporters, and DNA damage repair proteins) that may contribute to metal tolerance in a metal-tolerant ericoid Oidiodendron maius isolate. Although a powerful system, the use of the yeast complementation assay to study metal tolerance in mycorrhizal symbioses has limitations. Thus, O. maius has been developed as a model system to study heavy metal tolerance mechanisms in mycorrhizal fungi, thanks to its high metal tolerance, easy handling and in vitro mycorrhization, stable genetic transformation, genomics, transcriptomic and proteomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Ghaffari MR, Ghabooli M, Khatabi B, Hajirezaei MR, Schweizer P, Salekdeh GH. Metabolic and transcriptional response of central metabolism affected by root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica under salinity in barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:699-717. [PMID: 26951140 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica enhances plant adaptation to environmental stress based on general and non-specific plant species mechanisms. In the present study, we integrated the ionomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics data to identify the genes and metabolic regulatory networks conferring salt tolerance in P. indica-colonized barley plants. To this end, leaf samples were harvested at control (0 mM NaCl) and severe salt stress (300 mM NaCl) in P. indica-colonized and non-inoculated barley plants 4 weeks after fungal inoculation. The metabolome analysis resulted in an identification of a signature containing 14 metabolites and ions conferring tolerance to salt stress. Gene expression analysis has led to the identification of 254 differentially expressed genes at 0 mM NaCl and 391 genes at 300 mM NaCl in P. indica-colonized compared to non-inoculated samples. The integration of metabolome and transcriptome analysis indicated that the major and minor carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and ethylene biosynthesis pathway might play a role in systemic salt-tolerance in leaf tissue induced by the root-colonized fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghabooli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Behnam Khatabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
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Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Comparison of Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation of Penicillium expansum KACC 40815. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149012. [PMID: 26863302 PMCID: PMC4749308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are known to harbor a wide array of secondary metabolites with cryptic bioactivities. However, the metabolomics of these species is not well-understood in terms of different fermentation models and conditions. The present study involved metabolomics profiling and transcriptomic analysis of Penicillium expansum 40815 under solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF). Metabolite profiling was carried out using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry with multivariate analysis, followed by transcriptomic analyses of differentially expressed genes. In principal component analysis, the metabolite profiling data was studied under different experimental sets, including SSF and SmF. The significantly different metabolites such as polyketide metabolites (agonodepside B, rotiorin, verrucosidin, and ochrephilone) and corresponding gene transcripts (polyketide synthase, aromatic prenyltransferase, and terpenoid synthase) were primarily detected under SmF conditions. In contrast, the meroterpenoid compounds (andrastin A and C) and their genes transcripts were exclusively detected under SSF conditions. We demonstrated that the metabolite production and its corresponding gene expression levels in P. expansum 40815 were significantly influenced by the varying growth parameters and the immediate environment. This study further provides a foundation to produce specific metabolites by regulating fermentation conditions.
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Tohge T, Scossa F, Fernie AR. Integrative Approaches to Enhance Understanding of Plant Metabolic Pathway Structure and Regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1499-511. [PMID: 26371234 PMCID: PMC4634077 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Huge insight into molecular mechanisms and biological network coordination have been achieved following the application of various profiling technologies. Our knowledge of how the different molecular entities of the cell interact with one another suggests that, nevertheless, integration of data from different techniques could drive a more comprehensive understanding of the data emanating from different techniques. Here, we provide an overview of how such data integration is being used to aid the understanding of metabolic pathway structure and regulation. We choose to focus on the pairwise integration of large-scale metabolite data with that of the transcriptomic, proteomics, whole-genome sequence, growth- and yield-associated phenotypes, and archival functional genomic data sets. In doing so, we attempt to provide an update on approaches that integrate data obtained at different levels to reach a better understanding of either single gene function or metabolic pathway structure and regulation within the context of a broader biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
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Gaude N, Bortfeld S, Erban A, Kopka J, Krajinski F. Symbiosis dependent accumulation of primary metabolites in arbuscule-containing cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:234. [PMID: 26424710 PMCID: PMC4590214 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is characterized by the presence of different symbiotic structures and stages within a root system. Therefore tools allowing the analysis of molecular changes at a cellular level are required to reveal insight into arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis development and functioning. RESULTS Here we describe the analysis of metabolite pools in arbuscule-containing cells, which are the site of nutrient transfer between AM fungus and host plant. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-EI/TOF-MS) enabled the analysis of primary metabolite levels,which might be of plant or fungal origin, within these cells. CONCLUSIONS High levels of the amino acids, aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine, were observed in arbuscule-containing cells. Elevated amounts of sucrose and the steady-state of hexose levels indicated a direct assimilation of monosaccharides by the fungal partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gaude
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Silvia Bortfeld
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Franziska Krajinski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Groten K, Pahari NT, Xu S, Miloradovic van Doorn M, Baldwin IT. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Using Tobacco Rattle Virus as a Tool to Study the Interaction between Nicotiana attenuata and Rhizophagus irregularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136234. [PMID: 26291081 PMCID: PMC4546398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most land plants live in a symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. Although a number of plant genes involved in the plant-AMF interactions have been identified by analyzing mutants, the ability to rapidly manipulate gene expression to study the potential functions of new candidate genes remains unrealized. We analyzed changes in gene expression of wild tobacco roots (Nicotiana attenuata) after infection with mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis) by serial analysis of gene expression (SuperSAGE) combined with next generation sequencing, and established a virus-induced gene-silencing protocol to study the function of candidate genes in the interaction. From 92,434 SuperSAGE Tag sequences, 32,808 (35%) matched with our in-house Nicotiana attenuata transcriptome database and 3,698 (4%) matched to Rhizophagus genes. In total, 11,194 Tags showed a significant change in expression (p<0.05, >2-fold change) after infection. When comparing the functions of highly up-regulated annotated Tags in this study with those of two previous large-scale gene expression studies, 18 gene functions were found to be up-regulated in all three studies mainly playing roles related to phytohormone metabolism, catabolism and defense. To validate the function of identified candidate genes, we used the technique of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to silence the expression of three putative N. attenuata genes: germin-like protein, indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.9 and, as a proof-of-principle, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK). The silencing of the three plant genes in roots was successful, but only CCaMK silencing had a significant effect on the interaction with R. irregularis. Interestingly, when a highly activated inoculum was used for plant inoculation, the effect of CCaMK silencing on fungal colonization was masked, probably due to trans-complementation. This study demonstrates that large-scale gene expression studies across different species induce of a core set of genes of similar functions. However, additional factors seem to influence the overall pattern of gene expression, resulting in high variability among independent studies with different hosts. We conclude that VIGS is a powerful tool with which to investigate the function of genes involved in plant-AMF interactions but that inoculum strength can strongly influence the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nabin T. Pahari
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Gerlach N, Schmitz J, Polatajko A, Schlüter U, Fahnenstich H, Witt S, Fernie AR, Uroic K, Scholz U, Sonnewald U, Bucher M. An integrated functional approach to dissect systemic responses in maize to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1591-612. [PMID: 25630535 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most terrestrial plants benefit from the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mainly under nutrient-limited conditions. Here the crop plant Zea mays was grown with and without AMF in a bi-compartmented system separating plant and phosphate (Pi) source by a hyphae-permeable membrane. Thus, Pi was preferentially taken up via the mycorrhizal Pi uptake pathway while other nutrients were ubiquitously available. To study systemic effects of mycorrhizal Pi uptake on leaf status, leaves of these plants that display an increased biomass in the presence of AMF were subjected to simultaneous ionomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. We observed robust changes of the leaf elemental composition, that is, increase of P, S and Zn and decrease of Mn, Co and Li concentration in mycorrhizal plants. Although changes in anthocyanin and lipid metabolism point to an improved P status, a global increase in C versus N metabolism highlights the redistribution of metabolic pools including carbohydrates and amino acids. Strikingly, an induction of systemic defence gene expression and concomitant accumulation of secondary metabolites such as the terpenoids alpha- and beta-amyrin suggest priming of mycorrhizal maize leaves as a mycorrhiza-specific response. This work emphasizes the importance of AM symbiosis for the physiological status of plant leaves and could lead to strategies for optimized breeding of crop species with high growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gerlach
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Polatajko
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Urte Schlüter
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Witt
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Kalle Uroic
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Feussner I, Polle A. What the transcriptome does not tell - proteomics and metabolomics are closer to the plants' patho-phenotype. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:26-31. [PMID: 26051215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The proteome and metabolome of the plant provide a wealth of additional information on plant-microbe interactions since they not only represent additional levels of regulation, but often they harbor the end products of regulatory processes. Proteomics has contributed to our understanding of plant-microbe research by increasing the spatial resolution of the analysis within the infected tissue, because components of the basal immunity were uncovered in the apoplast. Metabolomics has developed into a powerful approach to discover the role of small molecules during plant-microbe interactions in non-model plants since it does not depend on the availability of genome or transcriptome data. Moreover, novel molecules involved in systemic acquired resistance and the precursors for the formation of molecules that provide physical barriers to prevent spreading of pathogens were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Polle
- Georg-August University, Büsgen-Institute, Department for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Rivero J, Gamir J, Aroca R, Pozo MJ, Flors V. Metabolic transition in mycorrhizal tomato roots. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:598. [PMID: 26157423 PMCID: PMC4477175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial plant-microorganism interactions are widespread in nature. Among them, the symbiosis between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is of major importance, commonly improving host nutrition and tolerance against environmental and biotic challenges. Metabolic changes were observed in a well-established symbiosis between tomato and two common AMF: Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae. Principal component analysis of metabolites, determined by non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, showed a strong metabolic rearrangement in mycorrhizal roots. There was generally a negative impact of mycorrhizal symbiosis on amino acid content, mainly on those involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. On the other hand, many intermediaries in amino acid and sugar metabolism and the oxylipin pathway were among the compounds accumulating more in mycorrhizal roots. The metabolic reprogramming also affected other pathways in the secondary metabolism, mainly phenyl alcohols (lignins and lignans) and vitamins. The results showed that source metabolites of these pathways decreased in mycorrhizal roots, whilst the products derived from α-linolenic and amino acids presented higher concentrations in AMF-colonized roots. Mycorrhization therefore increased the flux into those pathways. Venn-diagram analysis showed that there are many induced signals shared by both mycorrhizal interactions, pointing to general mycorrhiza-associated changes in the tomato metabolome. Moreover, fungus-specific fingerprints were also found, suggesting that specific molecular alterations may underlie the reported functional diversity of the symbiosis. Since most positively regulated pathways were related to stress response mechanisms, their potential contribution to improved host stress tolerance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Associated Unit UJI-CSIC, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
- Unit of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Associated Unit UJI-CSIC, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
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Metabolomics Suggests That Soil Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Decreased Free Amino Acid Content in Roots of Durum Wheat Grown under N-Limited, P-Rich Field Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129591. [PMID: 26067663 PMCID: PMC4466249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a major impact on plant nutrition, defence against pathogens, a plant’s reaction to stressful environments, soil fertility, and a plant’s relationship with other microorganisms. Such effects imply a broad reprogramming of the plant’s metabolic activity. However, little information is available regarding the role of AMF and their relation to other soil plant growth—promoting microorganisms in the plant metabolome, especially under realistic field conditions. In the present experiment, we evaluated the effects of inoculation with AMF, either alone or in combination with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), on the metabolome and changes in metabolic pathways in the roots of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under N-limited agronomic conditions in a P-rich environment. These two treatments were compared to infection by the natural AMF population (NAT). Soil inoculation with AMF almost doubled wheat root colonization by AMF and decreased the root concentrations of most compounds in all metabolic pathways, especially amino acids (AA) and saturated fatty acids, whereas inoculation with AMF+PGPR increased the concentrations of such compounds compared to inoculation with AMF alone. Enrichment metabolomics analyses showed that AA metabolic pathways were mostly changed by the treatments, with reduced amination activity in roots most likely due to a shift from the biosynthesis of common AA to γ-amino butyric acid. The root metabolome differed between AMF and NAT but not AMF+PGPR and AMF or NAT. Because the PGPR used were potent mineralisers, and AMF can retain most nitrogen (N) taken as organic compounds for their own growth, it is likely that this result was due to an increased concentration of mineral N in soil inoculated with AMF+PGPR compared to AMF alone.
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