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Genome-wide identification, characteristics and expression of the prolamin genes in Thinopyrum elongatum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:864. [PMID: 34852761 PMCID: PMC8638145 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolamins, unique to Gramineae (grasses), play a key role in the human diet. Thinopyrum elongatum (syn. Agropyron elongatum or Lophopyrum elongatum), a grass of the Triticeae family with a diploid E genome (2n = 2x = 14), is genetically well-characterized, but little is known about its prolamin genes and the relationships with homologous loci in the Triticeae species. Results In this study, a total of 19 α-gliadin, 9 γ-gliadin, 19 ω-gliadin, 2 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), and 5 low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes were identified in the Th. elongatum genome. Micro-synteny and phylogenetic analysis revealed dynamic changes of prolamin gene regions and genetic affinities among Th. elongatum, Triticum aestivum, T. urartu and Aegilops tauschii. The Th. elongatum genome, like the B subgenome of T. aestivum, only contained celiac disease epitope DQ8-glia-α1/DQ8.5-glia-α1, which provided a theoretical basis for the low gluten toxicity wheat breeding. The transcriptome data of Th. elongatum exhibited differential expression in quantity and pattern in the same subfamily or different subfamilies. Dough rheological properties of T. aestivum-Th. elongatum disomic substitution (DS) line 1E(1D) showed higher peak height values than that of their parents, and DS6E(6D) exhibited fewer α-gliadins, which indicates the potential usage for wheat quality breeding. Conclusions Overall, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the prolamin gene family in Th. elongatum, and suggested a promising use of this species in the generation of improved wheat breeds intended for the human diet. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08088-x.
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Landolfi V, D'Auria G, Nicolai MA, Nitride C, Blandino M, Ferranti P. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of protein in wheat and tritordeum varieties using a proteomic approach. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110617. [PMID: 34507761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wheat, an essential ingredient for several bakery preparations, is also responsible for gluten-related diseases in sensitive subjects. The effect of the N fertilization rate (80 vs 160 kg N ha-1) on gluten protein expression profile has been evaluated considering two soft wheats (landrace and modern) and one tritordeum cultivar (cv), grown in the same experimental field in North Italy. The proteins of refined flour were characterized through advanced proteomic approaches, including chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrophoresis. A static model system was used to simulate in vitro digestion and the digestome peptides were examined by mass spectrometry and in silico approaches, to investigate the celiac and allergenic sequences. The CD-toxic epitopes in the digested samples were quantified by means of a R5 ELISA assay. The N fertilization rate increased the grain protein content, but it did not lead to any difference in gluten composition, with exception of glu/glia ratio in the modern wheat cv. Moreover, the gluten composition and the occurrence of toxic/allergenic epitopes varied to a great extent, according mostly to the genotype. A lower immunoreactivity, determined using R5 ELISA, was detected for the digested tritordeum flours than for the landrace (-51%) or modern (-58%) cvs, while no significant difference was observed for the N rates between each genotype. In silico analysis showed that tritordeum has fewer CD epitopes belonging to the ω-gliadins and a lower LMW-GS than the landrace or modern cv. Tritordeum presented fewer α-gliadin allergenic epitopes than the modern wheat cv. The lower frequency of celiac epitopes in tritordeum, compared to the old and the modern wheat, is probably due to the absence of a D genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Landolfi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Auria
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Maria Adalgisa Nicolai
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Chiara Nitride
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Ferranti
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
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Takač V, Tóth V, Rakszegi M, Mikić S, Mirosavljević M, Kondić-Špika A. Differences in Processing Quality Traits, Protein Content and Composition between Spelt and Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Conventional and Organic Production. Foods 2021; 10:156. [PMID: 33450999 PMCID: PMC7828489 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique rheological properties of bread wheat dough and the breadmaking quality of its flour are the main factors responsible for the global distribution and utilization of wheat. Recently, interest in the production and expansion of spelt wheat has been boosted due to its significance in the production of healthy food, mostly originated from organic production. The aim of this study was to examine and compare quality parameters (gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, farinograph dough properties), protein content and composition (by the Dumas method, Size Exclusion (SE) and Reversed Phase (RP) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses) of five bread and five spelt wheat varieties grown under conventional and organic production in Hungary and under conventional production in Serbia. Most of the analyzed traits showed significant differences between varieties, wheat species and growing sites. Total protein content was significantly higher in spelt than in bread wheat and under conventional than under organic production. In comparison to spelt, bread wheat showed better breadmaking quality, characterized by a higher amount of glutenins (in particular high molecular weight glutenin subunits) and unextractable polymeric proteins. The proportion of the gliadins was also found to be different under conventional and organic systems. Spelt Ostro and Oberkulmer-Rotkorn and bread wheat varieties Balkan, Estevan and Pobeda proved suitable for low input and organic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Takač
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.M.); (A.K.-Š.)
| | - Viola Tóth
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (V.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Marianna Rakszegi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (V.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Sanja Mikić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.M.); (A.K.-Š.)
| | - Milan Mirosavljević
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.M.); (A.K.-Š.)
| | - Ankica Kondić-Špika
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.M.); (A.K.-Š.)
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4
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Effect of high-nitrogen fertilizer on gliadin and glutenin subproteomes during kernel development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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5
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Huo N, Dong L, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhu T, Mohr T, Altenbach S, Liu Z, Dvorak J, Anderson OD, Luo MC, Wang D, Gu YQ. New insights into structural organization and gene duplication in a 1.75-Mb genomic region harboring the α-gliadin gene family in Aegilops tauschii, the source of wheat D genome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:571-583. [PMID: 28857322 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the wheat prolamins important for its end-use traits, α-gliadins are the most abundant, and are also a major cause of food-related allergies and intolerances. Previous studies of various wheat species estimated that between 25 and 150 α-gliadin genes reside in the Gli-2 locus regions. To better understand the evolution of this complex gene family, the DNA sequence of a 1.75-Mb genomic region spanning the Gli-2 locus was analyzed in the diploid grass, Aegilops tauschii, the ancestral source of D genome in hexaploid bread wheat. Comparison with orthologous regions from rice, sorghum, and Brachypodium revealed rapid and dynamic changes only occurring to the Ae. tauschii Gli-2 region, including insertions of high numbers of non-syntenic genes and a high rate of tandem gene duplications, the latter of which have given rise to 12 copies of α-gliadin genes clustered within a 550-kb region. Among them, five copies have undergone pseudogenization by various mutation events. Insights into the evolutionary relationship of the duplicated α-gliadin genes were obtained from their genomic organization, transcription patterns, transposable element insertions and phylogenetic analyses. An ancestral glutamate-like receptor (GLR) gene encoding putative amino acid sensor in all four grass species has duplicated only in Ae. tauschii and generated three more copies that are interspersed with the α-gliadin genes. Phylogenetic inference and different gene expression patterns support functional divergence of the Ae. tauschii GLR copies after duplication. Our results suggest that the duplicates of α-gliadin and GLR genes have likely taken different evolutionary paths; conservation for the former and neofunctionalization for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Huo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lingli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yi Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Toni Mohr
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Susan Altenbach
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jan Dvorak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Olin D Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong Q Gu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
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Fiedler JD, Salsman E, Liu Y, Michalak de Jiménez M, Hegstad JB, Chen B, Manthey FA, Chao S, Xu S, Elias EM, Li X. Genome-Wide Association and Prediction of Grain and Semolina Quality Traits in Durum Wheat Breeding Populations. THE PLANT GENOME 2017; 10. [PMID: 29293807 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2017.05.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Grain yield and semolina quality traits are essential selection criteria in durum wheat breeding. However, high phenotypic screening costs limit selection to relatively few breeding lines in late generations. This selection paradigm confers relatively low selection efficiency due to the advancement of undesirable lines into expensive yield trials for grain yield and quality trait testing. Marker-aided selection can enhance selection efficiency, especially for traits that are difficult or costly to phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify major quality trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to explore potential application of genomic selection (GS) in a durum wheat breeding program. In this study, genome-wide association mapping was conducted for five quality traits using 1184 lines from the North Dakota State University (NDSU) durum wheat breeding program. Several QTL associated with test weight, semolina color, and gluten strength were identified. Genomic selection models were developed and forward prediction accuracies of 0.27 to 0.66 were obtained for the five quality traits. Our results show the potential for grain and semolina quality traits to be selected more efficiently through MAS and GS with further refinement. Considerable opportunity exists to extend these techniques to other traits such as grain yield and agronomic characteristics, further improving breeding efficiency in durum cultivar development.
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7
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Li YG, Liang HH, Bai SL, Zhou Y, Sun G, Su YR, Gao AL, Zhang DL, Li SP. Molecular Characterization and Variation of the Celiac Disease Epitope Domains among α-Gliadin Genes in Aegilops tauschii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3422-3429. [PMID: 28391694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the distribution and quantity of toxic epitopes in α-gliadins from Aegilops tauschii, a total of 133 complete α-gliadin coding sequences were obtained, including 69 pseudogenes with at least one premature stop codon and 64 genes with complete open reading frames (ORFs). Plenty of deletions and single amino acid substitutions were found in the 4 celiac disease (CD) toxic epitope domains through multiple alignments, in which the sequence of DQ2.5-glia-α2 demonstrated the most significant changes. Interestingly, 7 of the 59 α-gliadins were free of any kind of intact CD toxic epitopes, providing potential gene resources for low CD toxicity breeding of common wheat. Analysis of the neighbor-joining tree demonstrates that 2 of the totally 7 α-gliadins cluster within the homologues of Triticum (A genome), and the other 5 group with those of Aegilops Sitopsis (B genome). This result implies that the 7 α-gliadin genes may be originated from the ancestor species of Ae. tauschii, evolved by the homoploid hybrid of Triticum and Aegilops Sitopsis. The remaining 52 α-gliadins form a separate clade from other homologues of A and B genomes, suggesting a recent rapid gene expansion by gene duplication associated with the species adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ge Li
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Liang
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Long Bai
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiling Sun
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Rui Su
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Li Gao
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Le Zhang
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Suo-Ping Li
- School of Life Science, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University , Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
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8
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Dong L, Huo N, Wang Y, Deal K, Wang D, Hu T, Dvorak J, Anderson OD, Luo MC, Gu YQ. Rapid evolutionary dynamics in a 2.8-Mb chromosomal region containing multiple prolamin and resistance gene families in Aegilops tauschii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:495-506. [PMID: 27228577 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolamin and resistance gene families are important in wheat food use and in defense against pathogen attacks, respectively. To better understand the evolution of these multi-gene families, the DNA sequence of a 2.8-Mb genomic region, representing an 8.8 cM genetic interval and harboring multiple prolamin and resistance-like gene families, was analyzed in the diploid grass Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor of bread wheat. Comparison with orthologous regions from rice, Brachypodium, and sorghum showed that the Ae. tauschii region has undergone dramatic changes; it has acquired more than 80 non-syntenic genes and only 13 ancestral genes are shared among these grass species. These non-syntenic genes, including prolamin and resistance-like genes, originated from various genomic regions and likely moved to their present locations via sequence evolution processes involving gene duplication and translocation. Local duplication of non-syntenic genes contributed significantly to the expansion of gene families. Our analysis indicates that the insertion of prolamin-related genes occurred prior to the separation of the Brachypodieae and Triticeae lineages. Unlike in Brachypodium, inserted prolamin genes have rapidly evolved and expanded to encode different classes of major seed storage proteins in Triticeae species. Phylogenetic analyses also showed that the multiple insertions of resistance-like genes and subsequent differential expansion of each R gene family. The high frequency of non-syntenic genes and rapid local gene evolution correlate with the high recombination rate in the 2.8-Mb region with nine-fold higher than the genome-wide average. Our results demonstrate complex evolutionary dynamics in this agronomically important region of Triticeae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Dong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naxin Huo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Karin Deal
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiezhu Hu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Jan Dvorak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Olin D Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Yong Q Gu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. McIntosh
- University of Sydney; Plant Breeding Institute; Castle Hill, N.S.W. Australia
| | - Jane E. Cusick
- University of Sydney; Plant Breeding Institute; Castle Hill, N.S.W. Australia
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10
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Quester S, Dahesh M, Strey R. Microcellular foams made from gliadin. Colloid Polym Sci 2014; 292:2385-2389. [PMID: 25190899 PMCID: PMC4149742 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have generated closed-cell microcellular foams from gliadin, an abundantly available wheat storage protein. The extraction procedure of gliadin from wheat gluten, which involves only the natural solvents water and ethanol, respectively, is described with emphasis on the precipitation step of gliadin which results in a fine dispersion of mostly spherical, submicron gliadin particles composed of myriad of protein molecules. A dense packing of these particles was hydrated and subjected to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen in a high-pressure cell at 250 bar. Subsequent heating to temperatures close to but still below 100 °C followed by sudden expansion and simultaneous cooling resulted in closed-cell microcellular foam. The spherical gliadin templates along with the resulting foam have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures. The size distribution of the primary particles shows diameters peaked around 0.54 μm, and the final foam cell size peaks around 1.2 μm, at a porosity of about 80 %. These are the smallest foam cell sizes ever reported for gliadin. Interestingly, the cell walls of these microcellular foams are remarkably thin with thicknesses in the lower nanometer range, thus nourishing the hope to be able to reach gliadin nanofoam.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quester
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - M Dahesh
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France ; Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France ; UMR IATE, UM2-CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34070 Montpellier, France
| | - R Strey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Identification of Western U.S. wheat varieties by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadin proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v53n07p032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The α-gliadin genes from Brachypodium distachyon L. provide evidence for a significant gap in the current genome assembly. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:149-60. [PMID: 24318766 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon, is a new model plant for most cereal crops while gliadin is a class of wheat storage proteins related with wheat quality attributes. In the published B. distachyon genome sequence databases, no gliadin gene is found. In the current study, a number of gliadin genes in B. distachyon were isolated, which is contradictory to the results of genome sequencing projects. In our study, the B. distachyon seeds were found to have no gliadin protein expression by gel electrophoresis, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and Western blotting analysis. However, Southern blotting revealed a presence of more than ten copies of α-gliadin coding genes in B. distachyon. By means of AS-PCR amplification, four novel full-ORF α-gliadin genes, and 26 pseudogenes with at least one stop codon as well as their promoter regions were cloned and sequenced from different Brachypodium accessions. Sequence analysis revealed a few of single-nucleotide polymorphisms among these genes. Most pseudogenes were resulted from a C to T change, leading to the generation of TAG or TAA in-frame stop codon. To compare both the full-ORFs and the pseudogenes among Triticum and Triticum-related species, their structural characteristics were analyzed. Based on the four T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes and two ployglutamine domains, Aegilops, Triticum, and Brachypodium species were found to be more closely related. The phylogenetic analysis further revealed that B. distachyon was more closely related to Aegilops tauschii, Aegilops umbellulata, and the A or D genome of Triticum aestivum. The α-gliadin genes were able to express successfully in E. coli using the functional T7 promoter. The relative and absolute quantification of the transcripts of α-gliadin genes in wheat was much higher than that in B. distachyon. The abundant pseudogenes may affect the transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional level of the α-gliadin in B. distachyon.
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Johansson E, Malik AH, Hussain A, Rasheed F, Newson WR, Plivelic T, Hedenqvist MS, Gällstedt M, Kuktaite R. Wheat Gluten Polymer Structures: The Impact of Genotype, Environment, and Processing on Their Functionality in Various Applications. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-08-12-0105-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Johansson
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
- Present address: Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ali Hafeez Malik
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Syngenta Seeds AB, Box 302, 26123 Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Abrar Hussain
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS Road, P. Code 57000 Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Rasheed
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - William R. Newson
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ramune Kuktaite
- Department of Agrosystems, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 104, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
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14
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Li J, Wang SL, Cao M, Lv DW, Subburaj S, Li XH, Zeller FJ, Hsam SLK, Yan YM. Cloning, expression, and evolutionary analysis of α-gliadin genes from Triticum and Aegilops genomes. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:157-67. [PMID: 23456845 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen novel α-gliadin genes were cloned and sequenced from Triticum and related Aegilops genomes by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). Sequence comparison displayed high diversities in the α-gliadin gene family. Four toxic epitopes and glutamine residues in the two polyglutamine domains facilitated these α-gliadins to be assigned to specific chromosomes. Five representative α-gliadin genes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and their amount reached a maximum after 4 h induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), indicating a high level of expression under the control of T7 promoter. The transcriptional expression of α-gliadin genes during grain development detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed a similar up-down regulation pattern in different genotypes. A neighbor-joining tree constructed with both full-open reading frame (ORF) α-gliadin genes and pseudogenes further revealed the origin and phylogenetic relationships among Triticum and related Aegilops genomes. The evolutionary analysis demonstrated that α-gliadin genes evolved mainly by synonymous substitutions under strong purifying selection during the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
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15
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Wang S, Shen X, Ge P, Li J, Subburaj S, Li X, Zeller FJ, Hsam SLK, Yan Y. Molecular characterization and dynamic expression patterns of two types of γ-gliadin genes from Aegilops and Triticum species. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 125:1371-84. [PMID: 22751951 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gliadins were the major components of wheat storage proteins and determine the extensibility properties of gluten dough. In this work, 19 new full-length γ-gliadin genes were isolated from various Aegilops and Triticum species. Sequence characterization showed that a specific octapeptide and celiac disease (CD)-toxic epitope Gliγ-3 (VQGQGIIQPQQPAQL) were present in the rich glutamine domain and C-terminal non-repetitive domain, respectively. Based on the sequence features of both peptides, a new classification system for γ-gliadin gene family was established, in which γ-gliadins were classified into two types (types I and II) with each consisting of two groups. An uneven distribution of different types and groups of γ-gliadin genes was exhibited among 11 Aegilops and Triticum genomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that types I and II genes diverged at about 14 MYA while the divergence of 4 γ-gliadin group genes occurred at around 10 MYA almost simultaneously. The γ-gliadin genes from S(l) and B genomes displayed a different transcriptional expression pattern during grain development, and rapid increasing of gliadin mRNA and proteins occurred at 15-20 DPA. In addition, genome-specific variations of CD-toxic epitopes among Aegilops and Triticum genomes were found. The A genome and its related progenitor genomes A(u) and A(m) had fewer CD epitopes than other genomes, suggesting that these genomes might be valuable gene resources to remove CD toxic peptides for wheat quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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16
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Li J, Wang S, Li S, Ge P, Li X, Ma W, Zeller FJ, Hsam SLK, Yan Y. Variations and classification of toxic epitopes related to celiac disease among α-gliadin genes from four Aegilops genomes. Genome 2012; 55:513-21. [PMID: 22762506 DOI: 10.1139/g2012-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The α-gliadins are associated with human celiac disease. A total of 23 noninterrupted full open reading frame α-gliadin genes and 19 pseudogenes were cloned and sequenced from C, M, N, and U genomes of four diploid Aegilops species. Sequence comparison of α-gliadin genes from Aegilops and Triticum species demonstrated an existence of extensive allelic variations in Gli-2 loci of the four Aegilops genomes. Specific structural features were found including the compositions and variations of two polyglutamine domains (QI and QII) and four T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes. The mean numbers of glutamine residues in the QI domain in C and N genomes and the QII domain in C, N, and U genomes were much higher than those in Triticum genomes, and the QI domain in C and N genomes and the QII domain in C, M, N, and U genomes displayed greater length variations. Interestingly, the types and numbers of four T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes in α-gliadins from the four Aegilops genomes were significantly less than those from Triticum A, B, D, and their progenitor genomes. Relationships between the structural variations of the two polyglutamine domains and the distributions of four T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes were found, resulting in the α-gliadin genes from the Aegilops and Triticum genomes to be classified into three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048 Beijing, China
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17
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18
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Xie Z, Wang C, Wang K, Wang S, Li X, Zhang Z, Ma W, Yan Y. Molecular characterization of the celiac disease epitope domains in α-gliadin genes in Aegilops tauschii and hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:1239-51. [PMID: 20556595 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen novel full-ORF α-gliadin genes and 32 pseudogenes containing at least one stop codon were cloned and sequenced from three Aegilops tauschii accessions (T15, T43 and T26) and two bread wheat cultivars (Gaocheng 8901 and Zhongyou 9507). Analysis of three typical α-gliadin genes (Gli-At4, Gli-G1 and Gli-Z4) revealed some InDels and a considerable number of SNPs among them. Most of the pseudogenes were resulted from C to T change, leading to the generation of TAG or TAA in-frame stop codon. The putative proteins of both Gli-At3 and Gli-Z7 genes contained an extra cysteine residue in the unique domain II. Analysis of toxic epitodes among 19 deduced α-gliadins demonstrated that 14 of these contained 1-5 T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes while the other 5 did not contain any toxic epitopes. The glutamine residues in two specific ployglutamine domains ranged from 7 to 27, indicating a high variation in length. According to the numbers of 4 T cell stimulatory toxic epitopes and glutamine residues in the two ployglutamine domains among the 19 α-gliadin genes, 2 were assigned to chromosome 6A, 5 to chromosome 6B and 12 to chromosome 6D. These results were consistent with those from wheat cv. Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic and phylogenetic analysis. Secondary structure prediction showed that all α-gliadins had high content of β-strands and most of the α-helixes and β-strands were present in two unique domains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that α-gliadin genes had a high homology with γ-gliadin, B-hordein, and LMW-GS genes and they diverged at approximate 39 MYA. Finally, the five α-gliadin genes were successfully expressed in E. coli, and their expression amount reached to the maximum after 4 h induced by IPTG, indicating that the α-gliadin genes can express in a high level under the control of T(7) promoter.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Celiac Disease/genetics
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Plant/immunology
- Gliadin/chemistry
- Gliadin/genetics
- Gliadin/immunology
- Humans
- INDEL Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptides
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Pseudogenes
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Triticum/genetics
- Triticum/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Xie
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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19
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D'OVIDIO RENATO, TANZARELLA ORONZOA, MASCI STEFANIA, LAFIANDRA DOMENICO, PORCEDDU ENRICO. RFLP and PCR analyses at Gli-1, Gli-2, Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci in cultivated and wild wheats. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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D'OVIDIO RENATO, TANZARELLA ORONZOA, MASCI STEFANIA, LAFIANDRAxs DOMENICO, PORCEDDU ENRICO. RFLP and PCR analyses at Gli-1, Gli-2, Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci in cultivated and wild wheats. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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21
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22
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Ma ZC, Wei YM, Yan ZH, Zheng YL. Characterization of α-gliadin genes from diploid wheats and the comparative analysis with those from polyploid wheats. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Gao S, Gu YQ, Wu J, Coleman-Derr D, Huo N, Crossman C, Jia J, Zuo Q, Ren Z, Anderson OD, Kong X. Rapid evolution and complex structural organization in genomic regions harboring multiple prolamin genes in the polyploid wheat genome. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:189-203. [PMID: 17629796 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding wheat prolamins belong to complicated multi-gene families in the wheat genome. To understand the structural complexity of storage protein loci, we sequenced and analyzed orthologous regions containing both gliadin and LMW-glutenin genes from the A and B genomes of a tetraploid wheat species, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. Despite their physical proximity to one another, the gliadin genes and LMW-glutenin genes are organized quite differently. The gliadin genes are found to be more clustered than the LMW-glutenin genes which are separated from each other by much larger distances. The separation of the LMW-glutenin genes is the result of both the insertion of large blocks of repetitive DNA owing to the rapid amplification of retrotransposons and the presence of genetic loci interspersed between them. Sequence comparisons of the orthologous regions reveal that gene movement could be one of the major factors contributing to the violation of microcolinearity between the homoeologous A and B genomes in wheat. The rapid sequence rearrangements and differential insertion of repetitive DNA has caused the gene islands to be not conserved in compared regions. In addition, we demonstrated that the i-type LMW-glutenin originated from a deletion of 33-bps in the 5' coding region of the m-type gene. Our results show that multiple rounds of segmental duplication of prolamin genes have driven the amplification of the omega-gliadin genes in the region; such segmental duplication could greatly increase the repetitive DNA content in the genome depending on the amount of repetitive DNA present in the original duplicate region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm & Biotechnology, MOA, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Zhongguancun, Beijing, PR China
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24
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Qi PF, Yue YW, Long H, Wei YM, Yan ZH, Zheng YL. Molecular characterization of of alpha-gliadin genes from wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:415-21. [PMID: 17381042 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600931601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
According to the two distal and conserved regions of known alpha-gliadin genes, gene-specific primers for alpha-gliadin were designed, and the coding regions of four gliadin genes (i.e. GliTd-1, GliTd-2, GliTd-3 and GliTd-4) with the length of about 800 bp were isolated from the genomic DNA of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). No introns were observed. Sequence comparison indicated that these genes should be classified as alpha-gliadins. GliTd-3 (GenBank accession No.DQ140351) and GliTd-4 (DQ140352) were potentially functional, whereas GliTd-1 (DQ140349) and GliTd-2 (DQ140350) were both pseudogenes by the definition of in-frame stop codons and frameshifts. Six conserved cysteine residues were observed. Sequence analysis suggested that the motif units of repetitive domain for the four newly detected genes were different from the known genes, and the QQQP sequence before the position 60 was more toxic to coeliac patients. Codons for proline were strongly biased. Codons (CAG and CAA) for glutamine were clustered into the specific regions, and the high percentage of pseudogenes resulted from the mutation of CAG --> TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
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25
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Qi PF, Wei YM, Yue YW, Yan ZH, Zheng YL. Biochemical and molecular characterization of gliadins. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893306050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Masoudi-Nejad A, Nasuda S, Kawabe A, Endo TR. Molecular cloning, sequencing, and chromosome mapping of a 1A-encoded omega-type prolamin sequence from wheat. Genome 2002; 45:661-9. [PMID: 12175069 DOI: 10.1139/g02-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gliadins are the most abundant component of the seed storage proteins in cereals and, in combination with glutenins, are important for the bread-making quality of wheat. They are divided into four subfamilies, the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and omega-gliadins, depending on their electrophoresis pattern, chromosomal location, and DNA and protein structures. Using a PCR-based strategy we isolated and sequenced an omega-gliadin sequence. We also determined the chromosomal subarm location of this sequence using wheat aneuploids and deletion lines. The gene is 1858 bp long and contains a coding sequence 1248 bp in length. Like all other gliadin gene families characterized in cereals, the omega-gliadin gene described here had characteristic features including two repeated sequences 300 bp upstream of the start codon. At the DNA level, the gene had a high degree of similarity to the omega-secalin and C-hordein genes of rye and barley, but exhibited much less homology to the alpha- and beta-gliadin gene families. In terms of the deduced amino acid sequence, this gene has about 80 and 70% similarity to the omega-secalin and C-hordein genes, respectively, and possesses all the features reported for other gliadin gene families. The omega-gliadin gene has about 30 repeats of the core consensus sequences PQQPX and XQQPQQX, twice as many as other gliadin gene families. Southern blotting and PCR analysis with aneuploid and deletion lines for the short arm of chromosome 1A showed that the omega-gliadin was located on the distal 25% of the short arm of chromosome 1A. By comparison of PCR and A-PAGE profiles for deletion stocks, its genomic location must be at a different locus from gli-Ala in 'Chinese Spring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Masoudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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28
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Kasarda DD, D'Ovidio R. Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of an α-Gliadin Gene from Spelt Wheat (Spelta) Includes Sequences Active in Celiac Disease. Cereal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1999.76.4.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald D. Kasarda
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710-1105
- Corresponding author. Phone: 510/559-5687. E-mail:
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 0100 Viterbo, Italy
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29
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Gorbunova V, Levy AA. Non-homologous DNA end joining in plant cells is associated with deletions and filler DNA insertions. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:4650-7. [PMID: 9358178 PMCID: PMC147090 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.22.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Double strand DNA breaks in plants are primarily repaired via non-homologous end joining. However, little is known about the molecular events underlying this process. We have studied non-homologous end joining of linearized plasmid DNA with different termini configurations following transformation into tobacco cells. A variety of sequences were found at novel end junctions. Joining with no sequence alterations was rare. In most cases, deletions were found at both ends, and rejoining usually occurred at short repeats. A distinct feature of plant junctions was the presence of relatively large, up to 1.2 kb long, insertions (filler DNA), in approximately 30% of the analyzed clones. The filler DNA originated either from internal regions of the plasmid or from tobacco genomic DNA. Some insertions had a complex structure consisting of several reshuffled plasmid-related regions. These data suggest that double strand break repair in plants involves extensive end degradation, DNA synthesis following invasion of ectopic templates and multiple template switches. Such a mechanism is reminiscent of the synthesis-dependent recombination in bacteriophage T4. It can also explain the frequent 'DNA scrambling' associated with illegitimate recombination in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gorbunova
- Department of Plant Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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30
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Vaccino P, Metakovsky EV. RFLP patterns of gliadin alleles in Triticum aestivum L.: implications for analysis of the organization and evolution of complex loci. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1995; 90:173-181. [PMID: 24173888 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/1994] [Accepted: 06/10/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A correspondence between RFLP patterns and gliadin alleles at the Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci was established in a set of 70 common wheat (T.aestivum L.) cultivars using γ-gliadin (K32) and α-gliadin (pTU1) specific probes. All Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 alleles which differed in encoded γ-gliadins showed definite RFLP patterns after hybridization with the K32 probe. Two groups of Gli-B1 alleles, Gli-B1b-like and Gli-B1e-like, were identified, and these could originate from distinct genotypes of the presumptive donor of the B-genome. Intralocus recombination and/or gene conversion as well as small deletions, gene silencing and gene amplification were assumed to be responsible for the origin of new gliadin alleles. Silent γ-gliadin sequences were shown to exist in all of the genotypes studied. K32 also differentiated Gli-A1a from all other Gli-A1 alleles as well as the Gli-B11 allele in cultivars carrying the 1B/1R (wheat/rye) translocation. PTU1 was shown to recognize several Gli-A2 alleles, but not the Gli-B2 or Gli-D2 alleles. Moreover, this probe hybridized to chromosome 1R sequences suggesting the existence of rye gene(s), probably silent, for α-gliadin-like proteins on chromosome 1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vaccino
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, 20079, S. Angelo Lodigiano (Mi), Italy
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31
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Gjertsen HA, Lundin KE, Sollid LM, Eriksen JA, Thorsby E. T cells recognize a peptide derived from alpha-gliadin presented by the celiac disease-associated HLA-DQ (alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) heterodimer. Hum Immunol 1994; 39:243-52. [PMID: 7520895 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(94)90267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD is unique among the HLA-associated diseases since (a) the disease-promoting agent (gliadin) is known and (b) the disease is precipitated mainly in individuals carrying a particular cis- or trans-encoded HLA-DQ heterodimer; i.e., DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201). Further, a preponderance of gliadin-specific T cells derived from the small intestinal mucosa of CD patients are restricted by this DQ heterodimer. T-cell recognition of gliadin peptides presented by the DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) heterodimer may thus be of importance in CD. Here we report that a T-cell clone from a patient with CD recognizes a synthetic alpha-gliadin peptide, when presented by the cis- or trans-encoded CD-associated DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) heterodimer. The minimal peptide recognized by the T-cell clone corresponds to residues 31-47 of alpha-gliadin, which is included in the part of alpha-gliadin previously shown to have disease-promoting activity. When testing analogue peptides derived from other alpha-gliadin sequences, one peptide differing by one amino acid was recognized by the T-cell clone, whereas the other peptide differing by two amino acids was not recognized. Our findings demonstrate that the CD-associated DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) heterodimer may serve as an antigen-presenting molecule to T cells for certain gliadin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Gjertsen
- Institute of Transplantation Immunology, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Vellanoweth RL, Okita TW. Analysis of nuclear proteins interacting with a wheat alpha/beta-gliadin seed storage protein gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:25-41. [PMID: 8499617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00038993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The promoter region (-524 to -46) of the wheat alpha/beta-gliadin seed storage protein gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from developing wheat seeds. Six complexes were detected within the first 165 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. One of the proteins was a non-sequence specific AT-binding protein. The remaining five proteins bound in a sequence specific manner. One (CABP) mapped to a conserved CA-rich element at -134 to -112 while another (PalBP) mapped to an adjacent, palindromic sequence at -112 to -106. Three proteins (CTBPs 1-3) formed complexes at two, independent homologous sites. The activities of four of the binding proteins, CTBPs 1-3 and CABP, exhibited similar patterns of expression during seed development: they first appeared at early to mid stages, reached a maximum at mid stage and subsequently decreased, paralleling the pattern of gliadin mRNA accumulation. The non-specific AT-binding protein was detected at relatively high levels only at mid development. PalBP activity, on the other hand, first appeared at mid stage and was present at a constant level throughout later stages of development. The results suggest that the binding proteins may regulate gliadin expression in an antagonistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Vellanoweth
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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33
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Liu CN, Rubenstein I. Molecular characterization of two types of 22 kilodalton alpha-zein genes in a gene cluster in maize. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 234:244-53. [PMID: 1508150 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Five genes of the alpha-zein subfamily four (SF4) are located in a 56 kb genomic region of the maize inbred line W22. Their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences have been determined. The sequences define two types of alpha-zein SF4 genes-type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2). The single T1 alpha-zein SF4 gene codes for an alpha-zein protein with a M(r) of about 22,000. This is the first alpha-zein SF4 gene sequenced that contains no early in-frame stop codons in its coding sequence. The four T2 alpha-zein SF4 genes in this cluster contain one or two early in-frame stop codons. In addition, our T1 and T2 genes differ markedly in the base sequences of their distal 5' non-translated flanking regions. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of these two types of alpha-zein SF4 genes are similar (greater than 90%) to one another and to all known alpha-zein SF4 genes and cDNAs. Of the known W22 alpha-zein SF4 genes, only one in six does not contain an early in-frame stop codon. If the number of alpha-zein SF4 genes is 15-20, then we estimate that only about 4 of the W22 alpha-zein SF4 genes are without in-frame early stop codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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34
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Blechl AE, Thrasher KS, Vensel WH, Greene FC. Purification and characterization of wheat alpha-gliadin synthesized in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 1992; 116:119-27. [PMID: 1634109 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90507-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for production and purification of plant seed storage proteins in heterologous microbial hosts would facilitate structure-function studies of these proteins. This report describes such methods applied to the production and isolation of wheat alpha-gliadin, a prolamine-type seed storage protein, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Beginning with the vector, growth conditions, and extraction methods of Neill et al. [Gene 55 (1987) 303-317], we implemented several improvements to increase the yields of alpha-gliadin per volume of yeast cell culture. The CYCl::Gli-A2-Y transcriptional fusion vector, pAY31 (Neill et al., 1987), was modified by replacing the ARS1 region of replication with that of the 2 mu plasmid of yeast. We formulated a new medium, a derivative of synthetic defined (SD) medium supplemented with several nitrogen sources, that allows both selection for maintenance of plasmids and growth to high cell densities. Stationary phase cultures of cells bearing the modified expression vector, and grown in this medium with glycerol and lactate as carbon sources, contain significantly higher levels of alpha-gliadin than log-phase cultures grown in SD glucose. Sonication in 80% ethanol selectively and efficiently extracts the alpha-gliadin from cell pellets of small- or large-scale cultures, allowing the purification of several hundred micrograms of the wheat protein per liter in just a few high-yield steps. The alpha-gliadin isolated from yeast elutes at the same position in HPLC as the A-gliadin fraction purified from wheat flour. N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequencing reveals that the signal peptide is removed from the gliadin precursor in yeast cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Blechl
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710
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35
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Analyse von Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln �ber Partialsequenzen charakteristischer Proteinkomponenten (Leitpeptide). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01191628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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D'Ovidio R, Lafiandra D, Tanzarella O, Anderson O, Greene F. Molecular characterization of bread wheat mutants lacking the entire cluster of chromosome 6A controlled gliadin components. J Cereal Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(09)80133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Nägele R, Belitz HD, Wieser H. [Analysis of food and feed by partial sequences of characteristic protein components (carrier peptides). 1. Isolation and structural determination of wheat-specific peptides from chymotryptic hydrolysates of gliadin]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1991; 192:415-21. [PMID: 2058311 DOI: 10.1007/bf01193139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gliadins from wheat flour were extracted with 70% aqueous ethanol and hydrolyzed with alpha-chymotrypsin. Eight peptides, which seemed adequate as specific indicators for wheat ('Leitpeptide'), were isolated from the partial hydrolysate by RP-HPLC and analyzed for their amino acid sequences. Six of them were attributed to gliadin sequences already described in the literature, whereas two peptides represented novel sequence variations. Parallel investigations on the corresponding partial hydrolysates of prolamins from rye, barley, oats and maize showed that the isolated peptides were specific for wheat. A search in the protein data bank MIPS X (as of January 23 rd, 1990) did not produce any identical sequence. The 'Leitpeptide' allows the sensitive and specific recognition of wheat in complex and heated systems by RP-HPLC. They could be used also as the basis for immunochemical tests which would be convenient in routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nägele
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie der TU München, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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38
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Mantzaris G, Jewell DP. In vivo toxicity of a synthetic dodecapeptide from A gliadin in patients with coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26:392-8. [PMID: 1827928 DOI: 10.3109/00365529108996500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A single dose of a synthetic peptide of A gliadin (residues 206-217) sharing homology with the E1b protein of adenovirus 12 was instilled intraduodenally in two treated coeliac patients. Biopsy specimens were taken before and repeatedly up to 24 h after the instillation by means of a Quinton hydraulic multiple biopsy instrument and processed for histology, morphometry (intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, crypt-to-villus ratio), immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and disaccharidase assays. Two subjects with irritable bowel syndrome served as controls. In the coeliac group disaccharidase activities decreased at 24 h, and abnormalities were seen on light and electron microscopy and in morphometric measurements. The lamina propria became infiltrated with mononuclear cells after 2 h, and there was also a rise in IgA-containing cells in one patient. No such abnormalities were seen in the control group. The serum concentrations of C3, C4, and C1 esterase inhibitor remained unchanged. Thus, the dodecapeptide may be one epitope of gliadin mediating the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mantzaris
- Gastroenterology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, U.K
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39
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Kocna P, Mothes T, Krchnák V, Fric P. Relationship between gliadin peptide structure and their effect on the fetal chick duodenum. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1991; 192:116-9. [PMID: 2014713 DOI: 10.1007/bf01202623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to form a beta-turn in alpha-gliadin was estimated using the B-cell determinant prediction program based on the Chou and Fasman probability of beta-turn formation. Six sequences possessing a high probability of beta-turn formation were found. A statistically high agreement was found between these six sequences and three areas in alpha-gliadin with the occurrence of Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln sequence which has recently been considered responsible for toxicity in coeliac disease. By means of solid-phase synthesis seven peptides were obtained covering the above-mentioned regions. Their toxicity was tested using the fetal chick duodenum. The results support the suggestion that peptides containing the sequences Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln and Gln-Gln-Gln-Pro may be involved in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kocna
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Faculty of General Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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40
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Aryan AP, An G, Okita TW. Structural and functional analysis of promoter from gliadin, an endosperm-specific storage protein gene of Triticum aestivum L. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 225:65-71. [PMID: 2000092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify cis-regulatory elements of the gliadin gene, a study of the gliadin gene promoter was conducted by transient expression analysis of plasmid DNAs which were introduced into plant protoplasts by electroporation. The promoter region (-592 bp to +18 bp from the translational start) of this developmentally regulated gene, when fused upstream to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter cassette was unable to direct significant CAT expression in wheat or tobacco suspension cells. Because this monocot gene promoter appeared to be under stringent tissue-specific control, a hybrid promoter approach using a nopaline synthase (nos) promoter was employed. A series of 3' deletions of the gliadin promoter were placed upstream of either a nonfunctional -101 nos or a nearly wild-type -155 nos promoter fused in turn to a CAT reporter gene cassette. Transient expression analysis of these plasmid DNAs in tobacco cells showed that the gliadin fragment could either restore the activity of the non-functional nos promoter (series I) or enhance the activity of the functional nos promoter (series II). The degree of restoration of the promoter function conferred by gliadin fragments of the first series was proportional to the enhancing effect of the same fragments in the second series of constructs. The transcriptional activity of the gliadin (-592 bp to -77 bp) -nos hybrid promoter was reduced by 26% upon 3' deletion of sequences in the region -141 bp to -77 bp, which contains both the TATA and CCAAT boxes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Aryan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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41
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García-Maroto F, Maraña C, García-Olmedo F, Carbonero P. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding an alpha/beta-type gliadin from hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990; 14:867-8. [PMID: 2102865 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F García-Maroto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos-UPM, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Gliadin genes contain heat-shock elements: Possible relevance to heat-induced changes in grain quality. J Cereal Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(09)80162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Anderson OD, Greene FC. The characterization and comparative analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin genes from genomes A and B of a hexaploid bread wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 77:689-700. [PMID: 24232803 DOI: 10.1007/bf00261246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1988] [Accepted: 12/12/1988] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two high-molecular-weight subunit (HMWS) glutenin genes from the A and B genomes of the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv Cheyenne have been isolated and sequenced. Both of these genes are of the high Mr class (x-type) of HMW glutenins, and have not been previously reported. The entire set of six HMW genes from cultivar Cheyenne have now been isolated and characterized. An analysis of the Ax and Bx sequences shows that the Ax sequence is similar to the homoeologous gene from the D genome, while the Bx repeat structure is significantly different. The repetitive region of these proteins can be modelled as a series of interspersed copies of repeat modifs of 6, 9, and 15 amino acid residues. The evolution of these genes includes single-base substitutions over the entire coding region, plus insertion/deletions of single or blocks of repeats in the central repetitive domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Anderson
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, 94710, Albany, CA, USA
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44
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Immunoblotting of gliadins separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: Detection with monoclonal antibodies. J Cereal Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(88)80034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Henrissat B, Popineau Y, Kader JC. Hydrophobic-cluster analysis of plant protein sequences. A domain homology between storage and lipid-transfer proteins. Biochem J 1988; 255:901-5. [PMID: 3214430 PMCID: PMC1135326 DOI: 10.1042/bj2550901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic-cluster analysis was used to characterize a conserved domain located near the C-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat (Triticum aestivum) storage proteins. This domain was transformed into a linear template for a global search for similarities in over 5200 protein sequences. In addition to proteins that had already been found to exhibit homology to wheat storage proteins, a previously unreported homology was found with non-specific lipid-transfer proteins from castor bean (Ricinus communis) and from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf. Hydrophobic-cluster analysis of various members of the present protein group clearly shows a typical domain structure where (i) variable and conserved domains are located along the sequence at precise positions, (ii) the conserved domains probably reflect a common ancestor, and (iii) the unique properties of a given protein (chain cut into subunits, repetitive domains, trypsin-inhibitor active site) are associated with the variable domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Henrissat
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Protéines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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46
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Polymorphism and genetic control of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in wild tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides. Heredity (Edinb) 1988. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1988.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors (breast feeding, probably viral infections) play a role in the expression of the disease. Prevalence of GSE in childhood did not substantially decrease in the last 15 years in all European countries, where GSE is still more common in infantile age and presents frequently gastrointestinal symptoms. A decrease has been reported in childhood in several United Kingdom areas and in Finland, where the clinical presentation is changing, shifting upward with age and coming closer to the adult type of the disease. The following clinical problems have been reported in the recent literature: enamel hypoplasia; monosymptomatic short stature; arthritis and other immunologic diseases; association with diabetes, atopy, Iga deficiency, and probably Down's syndrome. Delay in puberty and other peculiar problems of the disease have been described in adolescents. Tests assessing the permeability of the small intestine and the blood levels of antigliadin antibodies have recently gained success as noninvasive tools for the diagnosis of the GSE. The gluten should be withdrawn from the diet and the challenge with gluten should be performed not before 12 months of gluten-free diet with an accurate timing of the biopsy on the basis of the antigliadin and antireticulin antibodies, to avoid clinical and growth damage. Celiac children do require a permanent gluten-free (and not poor) diet. In reality, too many celiac adolescents are off-diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Auricchio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Italy
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48
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de Ritis G, Auricchio S, Jones HW, Lew EJ, Bernardin JE, Kasarda DD. In vitro (organ culture) studies of the toxicity of specific A-gliadin peptides in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:41-9. [PMID: 3335296 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific peptides of known amino acid sequence were prepared from alpha-gliadin (A-gliadin) by cleavage of the protein with cyanogen bromide and chymotrypsin and purification of the resulting peptides. The three peptides derived from the cyanogen bromide cleavage spanned the complete sequence of A-gliadin (266 residues). Four peptides derived from chymotryptic digestion covered the N-terminal sequence through residue 68. These peptides were tested for toxicity in celiac disease by organ culture of biopsied small intestinal tissues taken from patients with active celiac disease. Enterocyte height was used as a measure of peptide effect on cultured tissues. Five of seven peptides tested significantly inhibited increase of enterocyte height in the cultures and were considered toxic on this basis. The largest common sequences among the toxic peptides were -pro-ser-gln-gln- and -gln-gln-gln-pro-; these sequences were absent from the nontoxic peptides. The relationship of these sequences to the damaging effect of gliadins on the small intestinal mucosa in celiac disease remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Ritis
- Clinica Pediatrica, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
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49
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Joshi CP. Putative polyadenylation signals in nuclear genes of higher plants: a compilation and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:9627-40. [PMID: 3697078 PMCID: PMC306520 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.23.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal and viral pre-mRNAS, the process of polyadenylation is mediated through several cis-acting poly (A) signals present upstream and downstream from poly (A) sites. The situation regarding polyadenylation of higher plant pre-mRNAS, however, has remained obscure so far. In this paper, a search for putative poly (A) signals is made by considering the published data from 46 plant genomic DNA sequences. Certain domains in the 3' untranslated regions from nuclear genes of higher plants were compiled and occurrence of sequence motifs such as AATAAA, CAYTG, YGTGTTYY and YAYTG was scored in relation to poly (A) sites. Moreover, consensus sequences for important regions in the 3' untranslated sequences and poly (A) signals were also deduced from the data. It was inferred that sequence motifs similar to poly (A) signals exist around poly (A) sites but some of them are in entirely different spatial relationship than observed in other eukaryotes. This indicates their probable non-involvement in the process of polyadenylation in higher plants necessitating a functional analysis approach to define the plant specific poly (A) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Joshi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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50
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Brinkmann H, Martinez P, Quigley F, Martin W, Cerff R. Endosymbiotic origin and codon bias of the nuclear gene for chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from maize. J Mol Evol 1987; 26:320-8. [PMID: 3131533 DOI: 10.1007/bf02101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nuclei of plant cells harbor genes for two types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) displaying a sequence divergence corresponding to the prokaryote/eukaryote separation. This strongly supports the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution and in particular the gene transfer hypothesis suggesting that the gene for the chloroplast enzyme, initially located in the genome of the endosymbiotic chloroplast progenitor, was transferred during the course of evolution into the nuclear genome of the endosymbiotic host. Codon usage in the gene for chloroplast GAPDH of maize is radically different from that employed by present-day chloroplasts and from that of the cytosolic (glycolytic) enzyme from the same cell. This reveals the presence of subcellular selective pressures which appear to be involved in the optimization of gene expression in the economically important graminaceous monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Brinkmann
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, CNRS UA 1178, Université de Grenoble I, Saint Martin D'Hères, France
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