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Jeong J, Kim WH, Yoo J, Lee C, Kim S, Cho JH, Jang HK, Kim DW, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Identification and comparative expression analysis of interleukin 2/15 receptor β chain in chickens infected with E. tenella. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37704. [PMID: 22662196 PMCID: PMC3360756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL) 2 and IL15 receptor β chain (IL2/15Rβ, CD122) play critical roles in signal transduction for the biological activities of IL2 and IL15. Increased knowledge of non-mammalian IL2/15Rβ will enhance the understanding of IL2 and IL15 functions. Methology/Principal Findings Chicken IL2/15Rβ (chIL2/15Rβ) cDNA was cloned using 5′/3′-RACE. The predicted protein sequence contained 576 amino acids and typical features of the type-I cytokine receptor family. COS-7 cells transfected with chIL2/15Rβ produced proteins of approximately 75 and 62.5 kDa under normal and tunicamycin-treated conditions, respectively. The genomic structure of chIL2/15Rβ was similar to its mammalian counterparts. chIL2/15Rβ transcripts were detected in the lymphoblast cell line CU205 and in normal lymphoid organs and at moderate levels in bursa samples. Expression profiles of chIL2/15Rβ and its related cytokines and receptors were examined in ConA-stimulated splenic lymphocytes and in ceca-tonsils of Eimeria tenella-infected chickens using quantitative real-time PCR. Expression levels of chIL2/15Rβ, chIL2Rα, and chIL15Rα were generally elevated in ceca-tonsils and ConA-activated splenic lymphocytes. However, chIL2 and chIL15 expression levels were differentially regulated between the samples. chIL2 expression was upregulated in ConA-activated splenic lymphocytes, but not in ceca-tonsils. In constrast, chIL15 expression was upregulated in ceca-tonsils, but not in ConA-activated splenic lymphocytes. Conclusions/Significance We identified an avian form of IL2/15Rβ and compared its gene expression pattern with those of chIL2, chIL15, chIL2Rα, and chIL15Rα. Our observations suggest that chIL15 and its receptors, including chIL2/15Rβ, play important roles in mucosal immunity to intestinal intracellular parasites such as Eimeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woo H. Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jeongmi Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Changhwan Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dong W. Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zheng CF, Jones GJ, Shi M, Wiseman JCD, Marr KJ, Berenger BM, Huston SM, Gill MJ, Krensky AM, Kubes P, Mody CH. Late expression of granulysin by microbicidal CD4+ T cells requires PI3K- and STAT5-dependent expression of IL-2Rbeta that is defective in HIV-infected patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7221-9. [PMID: 18490721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytolytic effector molecule used by lymphocytes to kill tumor and microbial cells. Regulation of granulysin production is complex. A significant delay (5 days) following stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with IL-2 occurs before granulysin is produced. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for this delay are unknown. We have recently demonstrated that granulysin-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by CD4(+) T cells is defective during HIV infection. This is because CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected patients fail to produce granulysin in response to IL-2 activation. The present studies examined the mechanism of delayed production of granulysin and the mechanism of the defect in HIV patients. We demonstrate that IL-2 initially requires both STAT5 and PI3K activation to increase expression of IL-2Rbeta, produce granulysin, and kill C. neoformans. The increased expression of IL-2Rbeta precedes granulysin, and preventing the increased expression of IL-2Rbeta using small interfering RNA knockdown abrogates granulysin expression. Moreover, following the increased expression of IL-2Rbeta, blocking subsequent signaling by IL-2 using IL-2Rbeta-specific blocking Abs abrogates expression of granulysin. Finally, CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected patients, who are defective in both STAT5 and PI3K signaling, fail to express IL-2Rbeta and fail to produce granulysin. These results suggest that IL-2 signals via PI3K and STAT5 to increase expression of IL-2Rbeta, which in turn is required for production of granulysin. These results provide a mechanism to explain the "late" production of granulysin during normal T cell responses, as well as for defective granulysin production by CD4(+) T cells in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Galgary, Alberta, Canada
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Berger R, Bernard OA. Interleukin-2 receptor beta chain locus rearrangement in a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:56-8. [PMID: 16697123 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A translocation t(1;22)(p13;q13) was detected in a child with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). FISH studies showed that the breakpoint was located in the 5' part of the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL2RB) locus, but could only be located distal to 1p13.3 on the partner chromosome. This is the first case of the IL2RB locus rearrangement in T-ALL. The localization of the breakpoint suggests that the chromosomal translocation results in deregulation of IL2RB expression.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/ultrastructure
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/genetics
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Berger
- EMI 0210 Inserm, Tour Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France.
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4
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Ye SK, Kim TJ, Won SS, Yoon TJ, Park TK, Yoo YC, Kim YN, Lee HC, Ikuta K, Chung MH, Lee KH. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse interleukin-2 receptor beta chain gene by Ets and Egr-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:1094-101. [PMID: 15752766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms and factors involved in the regulation of mouse IL-2Rbeta gene expression, we isolated the 5'-flanking region of IL-2Rbeta gene and investigated the promoter activity. Here we elucidated the positive regulatory regions, the most potent of which are located between -50 to -30bp and -164 to -135bp. These regions contain a potentially functional Ets and Egr-1-binding sites whose mutations abrogate promoter activity. Data from electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicate that Ets and Egr-1, but not Sp1, bind to the positive regulatory regions, -50 to -30bp and -164 to -135bp, respectively. Furthermore, recruitment of Ets and Egr-1 at endogenous IL-2Rbeta promoter segments in an IL-2-dependent F7 cells was verified by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. This study for the first time delineates the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of mouse IL-2Rbeta gene transcription by Ets family proteins, partially with Egr-1, and thereby further elucidates the molecular basis of lymphocyte activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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5
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Lee MW, Jee KJ, Han SS, Gong GY, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK. Comparative genomic hybridization in epithelioid sarcoma. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:1054-9. [PMID: 15541084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of unknown histogenesis. Data on genome-wide surveys for chromosomal aberrations in epithelioid sarcoma are limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate genetic aberrations in epithelioid sarcoma. METHODS We analysed seven cases of epithelioid sarcoma (classic type, three cases and proximal type, four cases) by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and correlated findings with the results of additional immunohistochemical study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS CGH analysis showed DNA copy number changes at one to five different genomic sites in six of seven cases (86%). The majority of the changes were gains. The most frequent gain was at 22q (six cases). Other recurrent changes include gains of 12q24-qter (four cases), 17 (four cases), and 5q32-qter (three cases). High-level homology was seen in chromosomal aberration in both types. In addition, expression of interleukin-2 receptorbeta, located in 22q, was revealed by immunohistochemical method in six cases with gain of 22q, suggesting it may play a role in epithelioid sarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-W Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Centre, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Gorgun G, Foss F. Immunomodulatory effects of RXR rexinoids: modulation of high-affinity IL-2R expression enhances susceptibility to denileukin diftitox. Blood 2002; 100:1399-403. [PMID: 12149223 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rexinoids binding to both the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) families of rexinoid receptors have demonstrated clinical activity in hematologic malignancies and have been shown to mediate genes associated with both growth and differentiation. RXR rexinoids have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, but the mechanism of action is unclear. We explored the immunomodulatory effects of RAR and RXR rexinoids in human T- and B-cell leukemia cells and demonstrated that RXR rexinoids are capable of up-regulating high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression. Exposure to 10(-6) to 10(-10) M bexarotene or Panretin for 48 hours was associated with increased expression of both the p55 and p75 subunits of the IL-2R in T-cell leukemias and p75 in B-cell leukemias. Furthermore, rexinoid exposure enhanced susceptibility of the cells to denileukin diftitox fusion toxin-targeting and -intoxicating cells expressing high-affinity IL-2R. These results suggest a rationale for combining rexinoids with IL-2R-targeted therapies in lymphoid malignancies as well as possibly in autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Alitretinoin
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Bexarotene
- Diphtheria Toxin/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Gullu Gorgun
- Department of Hematology Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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7
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Tucker SN, Jessup HK, Fujii H, Wilson CB. Enforced expression of the Ikaros isoform IK5 decreases the numbers of extrathymic intraepithelial lymphocytes and natural killer 1.1+ T cells. Blood 2002; 99:513-9. [PMID: 11781232 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc-finger protein Ikaros plays an important role in lymphoid homeostasis, and loss of Ikaros expression through germline disruption impairs lymphoid development. However, the role played by Ikaros after commitment to the T-cell lineage is unclear. To address this question, this study used the lck proximal promoter to drive the expression in T-cell progenitors of a naturally occurring short Ikaros isoform (IK5), which lacks the DNA-binding domain, reasoning that IK5 will form heterodimers with long isoforms and perturb their function. The IK5 transgene led to a selective and dramatic decrease in extrathymic intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and natural killer 1.1+ T (NK T) cells with little effect on conventional alphabeta T cells, which resembles the T-cell phenotype of interleukin-15 receptor alpha chain (IL-15Ralpha) and IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rbeta) knockout mice. The expression of IL-2Rbeta on double-negative T-cell progenitors of bi-5 was reduced, but enforced expression of IL-2Rbeta did not rescue IELs or NK T cells in bi-5 transgenic mice, suggesting that Ikaros or Ikaros family members regulate the expression of additional genes that are essential for the development of IELs and NK T cells. The study concludes that modest changes in the ratio of short to long Ikaros isoforms can substantially perturb T-cell development, and the development of IELs and NK T cells is particularly sensitive to such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N Tucker
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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8
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Pierrot C, Bègue A, Szpirer C, Capron A, Capron M, Khalife J. Cloning of the rat IL-5Ralpha gene: analysis of 5'-upstream region and expression by B cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:328-39. [PMID: 11606047 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although rats are widely used for the analysis of allergic reactions and parasitic infections where IL-5 is involved, nothing is currently known of the expression of IL-5 receptor in this species. In this study, the cDNA sequence, genomic structure and the transcriptional regulation of the rat IL-5Ralpha were analyzed. The rat IL-5Ralpha gene, which we localized to chromosome 4q34-q41, spans more than 25 kb and consists of 12 exons. Promoter activity was seen in different cell lines and analysis by deletion experiments allowed to identify two negative regulatory regions which did not differ when tested either with IL-5Ralpha-negative or positive cells. Finally, the investigation of the expression of IL-5Ralpha showed that it is expressed in lung, spleen, liver, and purified rat B cells from normal rat. This can provide an explanation for the role of rat IL-5 as B-cell growth factor and a relevant model in order to better understand the activity of IL-5 on human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierrot
- Unité INSERM 547, IFR 17, CNRS 1160, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Prof. Calmette, 59019 Lille, France
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9
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Petitto JM, Huang Z. Cloning the full-length IL-2/15 receptor-beta cDNA sequence from mouse brain: evidence of enrichment in hippocampal formation neurons. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2001; 98:77-87. [PMID: 11179782 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated interleukin-2 (IL-2) in various brain processes, and more recently, several studies have also attributed neurobiological actions to interleukin-15 (IL-15). On lymphocytes, receptors for IL-2 and IL-15 share a common subunit, the IL-2/15 receptor-beta (IL-2/15Rbeta) that is essential for intracellular signaling. Although a short segment of IL-2/15Rbeta has been cloned (0.35 kb) from normal brain cells, attempts to isolate the full-length cDNA have been unsuccessful, suggesting the possibility that the genes expressed by brain cells and lymphocytes may differ. Using conventional and anchored PCR cloning strategies, we isolated the full-length cDNA of IL-2/15Rbeta (2038 bp) from well-perfused, normal mouse forebrain. The coding sequence and the adjacent 5' and 3' UTR sequences from brain and lymphocyte were found to be fully homologous. Although evidence of expression of IL-2/15Rbeta can be found in many brain regions using PCR, clear evidence of gene expression by in situ hybridization was detectable only in the hippocampal formation, habenula and piriform cortex. This same pattern of mRNA expression in situ was also observed for the common gamma subunit shared by IL-2 and IL-15. In the hippocampus, IL-2/15Rbeta expression was localized to neurons by high resolution in situ hybridization and evidence of IL-2 receptor protein expression was also detected by radioligand receptor binding using hippocampal homogenates. Comparison of undifferentiated and differentiated, immortalized H19-7 hippocampal neurons showed that IL-2/15Rbeta was constitutively expressed across disparate stages of hippocampal neuronal differentiation. These data indicate that IL-2/15Rbeta may serve to modulate neuronal processes in the hippocampus and associated limbic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Petitto
- McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA.
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Abstract
Studies of the biology of the IL-2 receptor have played a major part in establishing several of the fundamental principles that govern our current understanding of immunology. Chief among these is the contribution made by lymphokines to regulation of the interactions among vast numbers of lymphocytes, comprising a number of functionally distinct lineages. These soluble mediators likely act locally, within the context of the microanatomic organization of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, where, in combination with signals generated by direct membrane-membrane interactions, a wide spectrum of cell fate decisions is influenced. The properties of IL-2 as a T-cell growth factor spawned the view that IL-2 worked in vivo to promote clonal T-cell expansion during immune responses. Over time, this singular view has suffered from increasing appreciation that the biologic effects of IL-2R signals are much more complex than simply mediating T-cell growth: depending on the set of conditions, IL-2R signals may also promote cell survival, effector function, and apoptosis. These sometimes contradictory effects underscore the fact that a diversity of intracellular signaling pathways are potentially activated by IL-2R. Furthermore, cell fate decisions are based on the integration of multiple signals received by a lymphocyte from the environment; IL-2R signals can thus be regarded as one input to this integration process. In part because IL-2 was first identified as a T-cell growth factor, the major focus of investigation in IL-R2 signaling has been on the mechanism of mitogenic effects in cultured cell lines. Three critical events have been identified in the generation of the IL-2R signal for cell cycle progression, including heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) chains, activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak3, and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the IL-2R beta chain. These proximal events led to the creation of an activated receptor complex, to which various cytoplasmic signaling molecules are recruited and become substrates for regulatory enzymes (especially tyrosine kinases) that are associated with the receptor. One intriguing outcome of the IL-2R signaling studies performed in cell lines is the apparent functional redundancy of the A and H regions of IL-2R beta, and their corresponding downstream pathways, with respect to the proliferative response. Why should the receptor complex induce cell proliferation through more than one mechanism or pathway? One possibility is that this redundancy is an unusual property of cultured cell lines and that primary lymphocytes require signals from both the A and the H regions of IL-2R beta for optimal proliferative responses in vivo. An alternative possibility is that the A and H regions of IL-2R beta are only redundant with respect to proliferation and that each region plays a unique and essential role in regulating other aspects of lymphocyte physiology. As examples, the A or H region could prove to be important for regulating the sensitivity of lymphocytes to AICD or for promoting the development of NK cells. These issues may be resolved by reconstituting IL-2R beta-/-mice with A-and H-deleted forms of the receptor chain and analyzing the effect on lymphocyte development and function in vivo. In addition to the redundant nature of the A and H regions, there remains a large number of biochemical activities mediated by the IL-2R for which no clear physiological role has been identified. Therefore, the circumstances are ripe for discovering new connections between molecular signaling events activated by the IL-2R and the regulation of immune physiology. Translating biochemical studies of Il-2R function into an understanding of how these signals regulate the immune system has been facilitated by the identification of natural mutations in IL-2R components in humans with immunodeficiency and by the generation of mice with targeted mutations in these gen
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Nelson
- Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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11
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Ormandy CJ, Binart N, Helloco C, Kelly PA. Mouse prolactin receptor gene: genomic organization reveals alternative promoter usage and generation of isoforms via alternative 3'-exon splicing. DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17:761-70. [PMID: 9778035 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1998.17.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the prolactin receptor is expressed as multiple isoforms with identical extracellular and membrane-proximal region sequences but with different 3' sequences, encoding different cytoplasmic regions, and different 5' untranslated region (UTR) sequences. These divergent sequences could be the result of multiple prolactin receptor genes or of a single gene which displays alternative promoter usage and 3'-exon splicing. To investigate the molecular basis for these observations, we have cloned and determined the organization of the mouse prolactin receptor gene. Genomic DNA cloning allowed the arrangement of promoters 1A, 1B, and 1C to be determined. 5'-RACE-PCR from mouse liver identified two novel 5' prolactin receptor sequences, indicating that the gene has at least five different promoters, four of which are active in liver. The remaining nonvariable 5' UTR is encoded by a separate exon (exon 2), while a further 11 coding exons follow, the last 4 of which are alternatively spliced to produce the four isoforms of the receptor. Functional units were found to be exon specific. Thus, the multiple prolactin receptor isoforms are the product of a single gene of >120 kb which displays multiple promoter usage and 3'-exon splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ormandy
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Marcoulatos P, Avgerinos E, Tsantzalos DV, Vamvakopoulos NC. Mapping interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 gene (ILF3) to human chromosome 19 (19q11-qter and 19p11-p13.1) by polymerase chain reaction amplification of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNA templates. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:351-5. [PMID: 9620363 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is the first lymphokine secreted following T cell activation. Several transcription factors regulate IL-2 gene expression, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). NFAT acts at the antigen receptor response element-2 (ARRE-2) sequence in the IL-2 enhancer and is the nuclear target of T cell stimulation signals and the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine (Sandimmune) and FK-506 (tacrolimus), which are potent inhibitors of IL-2 gene transcription. NFAT has been cloned and found to consist of two subunits, NF45 (ILF2) and NF90 (ILF3). We have recently assigned the gene encoding the small NFAT subunit, NF45 (ILF3) to human chromosome 1 (1q11-qter and 1p11-p12). This communication reports the assignment of the gene encoding the large NFAT subunit, NF90 or interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 gene (ILF3), to human chromosome 19 (19q11-qter and 19p11-p13.1) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of ILF3-specific DNA sequences from well-characterized human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marcoulatos
- Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larisa, Greece
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13
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 has pleiotropic actions on the immune system and plays a vital role in the modulation of immune responses. Our current understanding of IL-2 signaling has resulted from in vitro studies that have identified the signaling pathways activated by IL-2, including the Jak-STAT pathways, and from in vivo studies that have analyzed mice in which IL-2, each chain of the receptor, as well a number of signaling molecules have been individually targeted by homologous recombination. Moreover, mutations in IL-2Ralpha, gamma(c) and Jak3 have been found in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. In addition, with the discovery that two components of the receptor, IL-2Rbeta and gamma(c), are shared by other cytokine receptors, we have an enhanced appreciation of the contributions of these molecules towards cytokine specificity, pleiotropy and redundancy.
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14
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Marcoulatos P, Koussidis G, Mamuris Z, Velissariou V, Vamvakopoulos NC. Mapping interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 gene (ILF2) to human chromosome 1 (1q11-qter and 1p11-p12) by polymerase chain reaction amplification of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNA templates. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:1035-8. [PMID: 8974006 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is the first lymphokine secreted following T cell activation. Several transcription factors regulate IL-2 gene expression, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). NFAT acts at the antigen receptor response element-2 (ARRE-2) sequence in the IL-2 enhancer and is the nuclear target of T cell stimulation signals and the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine and FK506, which are potent inhibitors of IL-2 gene transcription. NFAT has been cloned and found to consist of two subunits, NF45 (ILF2) and NF90 (ILF3). This communication reports the assignment of NF45, interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 gene (ILF2), to human chromosome 1 (1q11-qter and 1p11-p12) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of ILF2-specific DNA sequences from well-characterized human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marcoulatos
- Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larisa, Greece
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15
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Dwyer DS. Molecular model of interleukin 12 that highlights amino acid sequence homologies with adhesion domains and gastrointestinal peptides. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS 1996; 14:148-57, 143-4. [PMID: 8901642 DOI: 10.1016/s0263-7855(96)00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3-D) model of both subunits of interleukin 12 (IL-12) has been created through molecular modeling. Initial assignment of coordinates in the model of the p40 subunit was based on established amino acid sequence homology between the second and third domains of p40 and the human growth hormone receptor (GHR) and new observations of similarity between the first domain of p40 and the N-terminal domain of CD4. Human growth hormone (GH) served as the reference protein for the p35 chain. Furthermore, thorough analysis of the amino acid sequence of IL-12 revealed two distinct regions of the p40 subunit that display homology with other proteins. The first region (in domain two) contains the sequence RGD, which is found in adhesion proteins (such as fibronectin), and the nearby sequence VTCG, which occurs in a diverse set of molecules, Including thrombospondin, properdin, and circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium. The second region of homology spans the third domain of p40 and shows marked similarity with the gastrointestinal peptides, such as secretin and glucagon and their preprohormones. We conclude (1) that the regions of homology define functionally important segments of p40 that are fully exposed at the protein surface, and (2) that the third domain of p40 (and its equivalent in the cytokine receptor family) is derived from the same ancestral genes as the gastrointestinal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Dwyer
- LSU Medical Center-Shreveport 71130, USA
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16
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Sugamura K, Asao H, Kondo M, Tanaka N, Ishii N, Ohbo K, Nakamura M, Takeshita T. The interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain: its role in the multiple cytokine receptor complexes and T cell development in XSCID. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14:179-205. [PMID: 8717512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T cell-derived cytokine, targets a variety of cells to induce their growth, differentiation, and functional activation. IL-2 inserts signals into the cells through IL-2 receptors expressed on cell surfaces to induce such actions. In humans, the functional IL-2 receptor consists of the subunit complexes of the alpha, beta and gamma chains, or the beta and gamma chains. The third component, the gamma chain, of IL-2 receptor plays a pivotal role in formation of the full-fledged IL-2 receptor, together with the beta chain, the gamma chain participates in increasing the IL-2 binding affinity and intracellular signal transduction. Moreover, the cytokine receptors for at least IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 utilize the same gamma chain as an essential subunit. Interestingly, mutations of the gamma chain gene cause human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) characterized by a complete or profound T cell defect. Among the cytokines sharing the gamma chain, at least IL-7 is essentially involved in early T cell development in the mouse organ culture system. The molecular identification of the gamma chain brought a grasp of the structures and functions of the cytokine receptor and an in-depth understanding of the cause of human XSCID. To investigate the mechanism of XSCID and development of gene therapy for XSCID, knockout mice for the gamma chain gene were produced that showed similar but not exactly the same phenotypes as human XSCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- L Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Kozak CA, Leonard WJ. Genetic mapping of the interleukin 1 receptor alpha and beta chain genes in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:823-4. [PMID: 8597644 DOI: 10.1007/bf00539014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Kozak
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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19
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Baird PN, D'Andrea RJ, Goodall GJ. Cytokine receptor genes: structure, chromosomal location, and involvement in human disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 18:373-83. [PMID: 8528043 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509059635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Haemopoietic cytokines regulate haemopoietic cell function via specific cell surface receptors. These receptors are members of a large superfamily of transmembrane proteins and are characterised by a 200 amino acid extracellular sequence encoding the ligand binding domain. Several of the genes for members of this superfamily have now been characterised at the molecular level revealing a highly conserved organisation and a number of these genes have been localised cytogenetically. The recent finding that genes for the IL-3 and GM-CSF receptor alpha chain subunits colocalise to a small region of the pseudoautosomal region and the observation that the LIF receptor locus is present in a cluster of receptor genes on chromosome 5 suggest the possibility that subsets of cytokine receptor genes may be organised into clusters. This possibility is discussed and the potential significance of cytokine receptor gene clusters is assessed. Several of the receptor genes are known to be involved in inherited disorders and there is evidence to suggest lesions in cytokine receptor genes could have a role in leukaemia. We review the gene organisation, localisation and involvement in disease for the known cytokine receptor loci. This large family of receptors is expanding with the steady discovery of new members--all of which have the potential to be involved in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Baird
- Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Suzuki H, Kündig TM, Furlonger C, Wakeham A, Timms E, Matsuyama T, Schmits R, Simard JJ, Ohashi PS, Griesser H. Deregulated T cell activation and autoimmunity in mice lacking interleukin-2 receptor beta. Science 1995; 268:1472-6. [PMID: 7770771 DOI: 10.1126/science.7770771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In mice lacking the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta), T cells were shown to be spontaneously activated, resulting in exhaustive differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and the appearance of high serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G1 and E as well as autoantibodies that cause hemolytic anemia. Marked infiltrative granulocytopoiesis was also apparent, and the animals died after about 12 weeks. Depletion of CD4+ T cells in mutant mice rescued B cells without reversion of granulocyte abnormalities. T cells did not proliferate in response to polyclonal activators, nor could antigen-specific immune responses be elicited. Thus, IL-2R beta is required to keep the activation programs of T cells under control, to maintain homeostasis, and to prevent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Ohbo K, Takasawa N, Ishii N, Tanaka N, Nakamura M, Sugamura K. Functional analysis of the human interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain gene promoter. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7479-86. [PMID: 7706294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The third component of the interleukin (IL) 2 receptor, gamma chain, is essential not only for IL-2- but also for IL-4-, IL-7-, IL-9-, and IL-15-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. To elucidate the mechanisms by which the gamma chain is expressed, we have analyzed the promoter region of the gamma chain gene. The 633-base pair fragment upstream of the initiation codon showed the promoter activity in human hematopoietic cell lines, Jurkat and THP-1, when linked to the luciferase gene. With a series of 5'-deletion mutants, the basal promoter activity was found in a fragment from nucleotide 80 to 58 upstream from the RNA start site, including an Ets binding sequence. Treatment of cells with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or phytohemagglutinin but not forskolin induced transcription from the gamma chain gene promoter. A viral trans-acting transcriptional activator, Tax, of human T-cell leukemia virus type I elevated expression of the gamma chain gene. In contrast, IL-2 decreased transcription from the IL-2 receptor gamma chain promoter. These results suggest that expression of the gamma chain is regulated at the transcription level by extracellular stimuli and may be implicated in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohbo
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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22
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Amlot PL. The Clinical and Experimental Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to the IL-2 Receptor. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN TRANSPLANTATION 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-22195-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Sugamura K, Asao H, Kondo M, Tanaka N, Ishii N, Nakamura M, Takeshita T. The common gamma-chain for multiple cytokine receptors. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:225-77. [PMID: 7484461 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Minami Y, Nakagawa Y, Kawahara A, Miyazaki T, Sada K, Yamamura H, Taniguchi T. Protein tyrosine kinase Syk is associated with and activated by the IL-2 receptor: possible link with the c-myc induction pathway. Immunity 1995; 2:89-100. [PMID: 7600304 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) consists of three subunits, the IL-2R alpha, IL-2R beta, and IL-2R gamma chains. The IL-2-induced proliferative signals emanate from the cytoplasmic domains of IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma, but the nature and function of the signaling molecules that transmit these signals are not fully understood. Here, we report that Syk protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is physically associated with IL-2R in peripheral blood lymphocytes. cDNA expression studies further revealed that this association is critical for the IL-2-induced activation of Syk PTK, which occurs primarily via the serine-rich region of the IL-2R beta chain, which is essential for proliferative signal transmission. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in the hematopoietic cell line, BAF-B03, the activation of Syk PTK results in the induction of the c-myc gene, an event critical for the cell proliferation. Thus, Syk PTK may be a critical integral member of the signaling molecules engaged by the IL-2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Minami
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology Osaka University, Japan
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25
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Weber BH, Vogt G, Wolz W, Ives EJ, Ewing CC. Sorsby's fundus dystrophy is genetically linked to chromosome 22q13-qter. Nat Genet 1994; 7:158-61. [PMID: 7920634 DOI: 10.1038/ng0694-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is an autosomal dominant macular degeneration developing in the third or fourth decade. Patients lose central vision from subretinal neovascularization and atrophy of the choriocapillaris, pigment epithelium and retina. SFD shares some striking clinical features with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in western countries thereby providing a valuable genetic model for AMD. To map the SFD locus, we performed linkage analysis in a single large SFD family. After exclusion of approximately 65% of the autosomal genome, we found significant linkage to several markers from chromosome 22. Recombinant chromosomes sublocalize the SFD gene to 22q13-qter between D22S275 and D22S274.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Weber
- Institut für Humangenetik, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Leonard WJ, Noguchi M, Russell SM, McBride OW. The molecular basis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency: the role of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain as a common gamma chain, gamma c. Immunol Rev 1994; 138:61-86. [PMID: 8070818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency is characterized by severe and persistent infections from early life resulting from profound impairment of both cellular and humoral immune function. XSCID is characterized by an absence or diminished number of T cells and histologic evidence of hypoplastic and abnormal differention of the thymic epithelium. The discovery that this disease results from the mutations of the IL-2R gamma chain was surprising since IL-2-deficient mice and human SCID patients had milder phenotypes. This led to the speculation that IL-2R gamma would prove to be a common gamma chain, gamma c, which would play important roles in other cytokine receptors in addition to the IL-2 receptor. There is now compelling evidence to support a role in at least two other cytokine receptors, namely the IL-4 and IL-7 receptors. Thus, with inactivation of gamma c, multiple cytokine systems are simultaneously affected, resulting in the profoundly impaired phenotype of XSCID. It is possible and even likely that gamma c will be found to be a functional component of additional receptors as well. These findings have resulted in a significant improvement in our understanding of the pathophysiologic development of the defects in XSCID and also have important ramifications for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis, carrier female identification, and gene therapy for XSCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Leonard
- Section on Pulmonary and Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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27
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Structure of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor. Implications for the evolution of the cytokine receptor superfamily. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Ito Y, Seto Y, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Fukunaga R, Nagata S. Structural analysis of the functional gene and pseudogene encoding the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating-factor receptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 220:881-91. [PMID: 8143742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is a cytokine which specifically regulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes. The granulocyte colony-stimulating-factor receptor (GCSFR) is mainly expressed in neutrophils and their precursor cells. In this study, we isolated the chromosomal gene for murine GCSFR and determined its structure. Like the human GCSFR gene homolog, it consists of 17 exons. The exon-intron organization of the murine and human GCSFR-encoding genes are very similar, except that exon 14 and exon 15 in the murine gene are interrupted by a larger intron (greater than 10 kbp) than that found in the human gene (128 bp). This GCSFR-encoding functional gene (Csfgr) was localized to the distal region of murine chromosome 4 by interspecific backcross mapping. A comparison of the 5' flanking sequence of murine and human Csfgr revealed that a sequence of approximately 300 bp upstream from the cap site is highly conserved. Within this region, an 18-nucleotide element conserved in the promoter of the genes for neutrophil-specific enzymes, was found approximately 140 bp upstream from the cap site, suggesting an involvement of this element in the specific expression of GCSFR in neutrophilic granulocytes. In addition to the functional GCSFR-encoding gene, we isolated a pseudogene for GCSFR, which is flanked by a 15-bp direct repeat at the 5' and 3' ends, and lacks all introns, exons 1-3 and exons 7-8 of the functional gene. The processed pseudogene has, in its most 5' region, a sequence of approximately 200 bp that is highly related to the DNA sequence approximately 1.2 kbp upstream of the cap site of the functional gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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29
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Imamura F, Takaki S, Akagi K, Ando M, Yamamura K, Takatsu K, Tominaga A. The murine interleukin-5 receptor alpha-subunit gene: characterization of the gene structure and chromosome mapping. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:283-92. [PMID: 8172657 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand better the regulation of interleukin-5 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-5R alpha) expression, we have isolated the genomic clones of mouse IL-5R alpha (mIL-5R alpha) and analyzed the structure of the gene. The gene spans more than 35 kb and is composed of 11 exons. We found that two mRNAs encoding secreted forms of mIL-5R alpha result from differential splicing events. We identified the transcriptional start site by primer extension analysis of mIL-5R alpha mRNA. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-flanking region contains potential binding sites for transcription factor Ap1, AP-1, GATA-1, and PU.1. About 260 bp sequence of the 5'-flanking region exhibited promoter activity when it was linked to a promoterless bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. The promoter activity was seen not only in the IL-5-dependent pre-B-cell line Y16, but also in fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3. Comparison of the exon-intron boundaries of mIL-5R alpha genes with those of other members of the cytokine receptor family reveals a conserved evolutionary structure. By fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, the mIL-5R alpha gene has been assigned to chromosome 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Imamura
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Structure and regulation of the human interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 genes: implications for a gene network in the interferon system. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 7507207 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 are structurally similar DNA-binding factors which were originally identified as regulators of the type I interferon (IFN) system; the former functions as a transcriptional activator, and the latter represses IRF-1 function by competing for the same cis elements. More recent studies have revealed new roles of the two factors in the regulation of cell growth; IRF-1 and IRF-2 manifest antioncogenic and oncogenic activities, respectively. In this study, we determined the structures and chromosomal locations of the human IRF-1 and IRF-2 genes and further characterized the promoters of the respective genes. Comparison of exon-intron organization of the two genes revealed a common evolutionary structure, notably within the exons encoding the N-terminal portions of the two factors. We confirmed the chromosomal mapping of the human IRF-1 gene to 5q31.1 and newly assigned the IRF-2 gene to 4q35.1, using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The 5' regulatory regions of both genes contain highly GC-rich sequences and consensus binding sequences for several known transcription factors, including NF-kappa B. Interestingly, one IRF binding site was found within the IRF-2 promoter, and expression of the IRF-2 gene was affected by both transient and stable IRF-1 expression. In addition, one potential IFN-gamma-activated sequence was found within the IRF-1 promoter. Thus, these results may shed light on the complex gene network involved in regulation of the IFN system.
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31
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Harada H, Takahashi E, Itoh S, Harada K, Hori TA, Taniguchi T. Structure and regulation of the human interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 genes: implications for a gene network in the interferon system. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:1500-9. [PMID: 7507207 PMCID: PMC358505 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1500-1509.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 are structurally similar DNA-binding factors which were originally identified as regulators of the type I interferon (IFN) system; the former functions as a transcriptional activator, and the latter represses IRF-1 function by competing for the same cis elements. More recent studies have revealed new roles of the two factors in the regulation of cell growth; IRF-1 and IRF-2 manifest antioncogenic and oncogenic activities, respectively. In this study, we determined the structures and chromosomal locations of the human IRF-1 and IRF-2 genes and further characterized the promoters of the respective genes. Comparison of exon-intron organization of the two genes revealed a common evolutionary structure, notably within the exons encoding the N-terminal portions of the two factors. We confirmed the chromosomal mapping of the human IRF-1 gene to 5q31.1 and newly assigned the IRF-2 gene to 4q35.1, using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The 5' regulatory regions of both genes contain highly GC-rich sequences and consensus binding sequences for several known transcription factors, including NF-kappa B. Interestingly, one IRF binding site was found within the IRF-2 promoter, and expression of the IRF-2 gene was affected by both transient and stable IRF-1 expression. In addition, one potential IFN-gamma-activated sequence was found within the IRF-1 promoter. Thus, these results may shed light on the complex gene network involved in regulation of the IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harada
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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32
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Leonard WJ, Noguchi M, Russell SM. Sharing of a common gamma chain, gamma c, by the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 receptors: implications for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 365:225-32. [PMID: 7887307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
MESH Headings
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mutation
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4
- Receptors, Interleukin-7
- Receptors, Mitogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Mitogen/genetics
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Leonard
- Section on Pulmonary and Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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33
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Takatsu K, Takaki S, Hitoshi Y. Interleukin-5 and its receptor system: implications in the immune system and inflammation. Adv Immunol 1994; 57:145-90. [PMID: 7872157 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Takatsu
- Department of Immunology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Kemper O, Wallach D. Cloning and partial characterization of the promoter for the human p55 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. Gene 1993; 134:209-16. [PMID: 8262379 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90095-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An 809-bp region at the 5' flank of the human p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-encoding gene was found to be active in driving expression of the cat reporter gene, indicating that it contains a functional promoter. Deletion analysis showed that the promoter activity is present in the region between nucleotides (nt) -385 and -207; the sequence upstream from this region (nt -809 to -385) has an inhibitory effect. The promoter for the p55 TNF-R resembles housekeeping-type promoters in that it drives transcription from multiple start points (tsp) and lacks canonical TATA and CAAT box motifs. The cluster of tsp lies in a region which is particularly C+T rich. In this region, upstream from and near to the furthest upstream tsp, two closely located TCC repeat motifs were identified. These motifs also appear twice in the promoter for the epidermal growth factor receptor, where they were shown to be essential for promoter activity. The human p55 TNF-R promoter shows an overall resemblance, yet also some marked dissimilarities, to the recently described promoter for the mouse p55 TNF-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kemper
- Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Characterization of the human interleukin-2 receptor beta-chain gene promoter: regulation of promoter activity by ets gene products. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8413220 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta chain (IL-2R beta) is an essential signaling component of high- and intermediate-affinity IL-2Rs. Our laboratory previously reported that a DNA fragment containing 857 bp of 5'-flanking sequence of the human IL-2R beta gene exhibited promoter activity. We have now further characterized the promoter and delineated cis-acting regulatory regions. The region downstream of -363 is critical for basal and phorbol myristate acetate-inducible IL-2R beta promoter activity and contains at least three enhancer-like regions. Among them, the -56 to -34 enhancer was the most potent and had high-level activity in two T-cell lines but not in nonlymphoid HeLaS3 and MG63 cells. This enhancer contains a GGAA Ets binding site which bound two Ets family proteins, Ets-1 and GA-binding protein in vitro. Mutation of the Ets motif strongly diminished both promoter and enhancer activities. We conclude that this Ets binding site plays a key role in regulating basal and phorbol myristate acetate-inducible IL-2R beta promoter activity and may also contribute to tissue-specific expression of the IL-2R beta gene.
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36
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Lin JX, Bhat NK, John S, Queale WS, Leonard WJ. Characterization of the human interleukin-2 receptor beta-chain gene promoter: regulation of promoter activity by ets gene products. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:6201-10. [PMID: 8413220 PMCID: PMC364679 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.6201-6210.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta chain (IL-2R beta) is an essential signaling component of high- and intermediate-affinity IL-2Rs. Our laboratory previously reported that a DNA fragment containing 857 bp of 5'-flanking sequence of the human IL-2R beta gene exhibited promoter activity. We have now further characterized the promoter and delineated cis-acting regulatory regions. The region downstream of -363 is critical for basal and phorbol myristate acetate-inducible IL-2R beta promoter activity and contains at least three enhancer-like regions. Among them, the -56 to -34 enhancer was the most potent and had high-level activity in two T-cell lines but not in nonlymphoid HeLaS3 and MG63 cells. This enhancer contains a GGAA Ets binding site which bound two Ets family proteins, Ets-1 and GA-binding protein in vitro. Mutation of the Ets motif strongly diminished both promoter and enhancer activities. We conclude that this Ets binding site plays a key role in regulating basal and phorbol myristate acetate-inducible IL-2R beta promoter activity and may also contribute to tissue-specific expression of the IL-2R beta gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Lin
- Section on Pulmonary and Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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37
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Noguchi M, Adelstein S, Cao X, Leonard W. Characterization of the human interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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38
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Arai E, Tokino T, Imai T, Inazawa J, Ikeuchi T, Tonomura A, Nakamura Y. Mapping the breakpoint of a constitutional translocation on chromosome 22 in a patient with NF2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993; 6:235-8. [PMID: 7685627 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by development of bilateral acoustic neurinomas and increased incidence of meningiomas. Frequent losses of I allele of chromosome 22 in neurinomas and meningiomas has indicated that the gene responsible for NF2 functions as a tumor suppressor. Although the NF2 gene has been mapped within a 13 cM region between D22S1 and D22S28 by linkage analysis, its location with respect to D22S15 is uncertain. We previously reported an NF2 patient with a constitutional balanced translocation t(4;22)(q12;q12.2); the NF2 gene is probably disrupted at the breakpoint. To define the location of this breakpoint on chromosome 22, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA markers in the NF2 region and determined the physical order of 5 loci: D22S1-NF2-LIF-D22S15-D22S32.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arai
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Colle JH, Saron MF, Truffa-Bachi P. Altered cytokine genes expression by conA-activated spleen cells from mice infected by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Immunol Lett 1993; 35:247-53. [PMID: 7685735 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90190-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intravenous injection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) induces a rapid and long-lasting immunodeficiency. T lymphocytes from 7-day-infected mice do not proliferate in vitro in response to ConA stimulation, do not produce IL-2 but display high affinity IL-2 receptors on their membrane. The non-coordinated regulation of these genes suggested that other cytokine-encoding genes may also be affected in their regulation. We have thus analyzed the expression of the genes encoding different cytokines transcribed during spleen cell activation by ConA. The genes encoding T lymphocyte-derived cytokines can be classified in three groups: the genes expressed similarly by normal and LCMV-cells (the p55 and the p75 chains of the IL-2 receptor [1]), the genes under expressed in LCMV-cells (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4 and IL-5) and the genes over expressed by these cells (GM-CSF and IFN-gamma). These results show that the viral infection has provoked a profound alteration of the overall regulation of the genetic program that follows T lymphocyte activation. Since T cell activation depends strictly on accessory cell-derived cytokines, we measured the level of transcription of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha; and our data show that the expression of these genes is equivalent in normal cells and in cells from LCMV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Colle
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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40
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Jeffery E, Price V, Gearing DP. Close proximity of the genes for leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M. Cytokine 1993; 5:107-11. [PMID: 8334225 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(93)90048-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) are structurally related cytokines that share a common receptor complex. The genes for LIF and OSM have previously been reported to be on human chromosome 22. We report here the isolation of a single 73 kbp human genomic yeast artificial chromosome clone that contains the LIF and OSM genes. The two genes lie within 19 kbp of each other and are transcribed in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jeffery
- Immunex Research and Development Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101
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41
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Salvati PD, Peroni SE, Ranford PR, Kees UR. Requirements for the induction of the interleukin-2 receptor complex in a human pre-T-cell line. Immunology 1993; 78:449-54. [PMID: 8478026 PMCID: PMC1421835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell line PER-117 is a T-cell receptor negative human T-cell line that can be induced to express a functional interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) as well as certain combinations of inducer substances could be shown to stimulate the expression of the p55 (alpha)-chain of the IL-2R in PER-117 cells. The synergistic increases in IL-2R alpha expression were demonstrated at the cell surface as well as at the mRNA level. The results suggested that in PER-117 cells IL-1 appears to induce expression of the alpha-chain by pathways that are different to activation via protein kinase C (PKC), and that drug-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) activation did not substitute for IL-1. We found that the regulation of mRNA for IL-2R beta (p75) differed significantly from that seen for IL-2R alpha. Moreover, the requirements for IL-2R alpha induction determined for this cell line differ from other human cell lines, which may reflect that there are distinct requirements for activation depending on the stage of differentiation and/or lineage of the cells. The PER-117 cell line provides a unique model to examine further the mechanism leading to induction of a functional IL-2R at an early stage of human T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Salvati
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Western Australian Institute for Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth
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42
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Schreurs J, Gorman DM, Miyajima A. Cytokine receptors: a new superfamily of receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 137B:121-55. [PMID: 1336004 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Schreurs
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagata
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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44
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Plumas J, Gruart V, Capron M, Capron A, Prin L. The interleukin 2 receptor in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 1992; 8:449-57. [PMID: 1297479 DOI: 10.3109/10428199209051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) has been previously described as a clinicobiological entity characterized by a blood eosinophil count of over 1.5 x 10(9)/L of unknown cause associated with several clinical complications. In reality, HES is a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable and unpredictable progress in visceral lesions, thought to be related to the deleterious effects of tissue eosinophil infiltration. Various criteria for discrimination between benign and severe forms of HES have been described. These previous retrospective clinical investigations, using biological and clinical markers, have defined different stages of HES. It appears more relevant, however, to consider elements of disease activity by studying mechanisms of induction of persistent hypereosinophilia. The T-cell dependence of blood eosinophilia has led us to evaluate various markers of T-cell activation in particular. In the present review, we report previous results and perspectives suggested by the study of the interleukin 2 receptor in HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plumas
- C.I.B.P., Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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45
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Interleukin 2-induced activation of Ras requires two domains of interleukin 2 receptor beta subunit, the essential region for growth stimulation and Lck-binding domain. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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46
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Chromosomal localization and organization of the murine genes encoding the beta subunits (AIC2A and AIC2B) of the interleukin 3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 5 receptors. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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47
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Shibuya H, Yoneyama M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Matsumoto K, Taniguchi T. IL-2 and EGF receptors stimulate the hematopoietic cell cycle via different signaling pathways: demonstration of a novel role for c-myc. Cell 1992; 70:57-67. [PMID: 1535827 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90533-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation via cytokine receptors such as IL-2 and IL-3 receptors, but not by the EGF receptor (EGFR), induces cells of the BAF-B03 hematopoietic cell line to transit the cell cycle. We demonstrate that the IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta) is linked to at least two intracellular signaling pathways. One pathway may involve a protein tyrosine kinase of the src family, which leads to the induction of the c-jun and c-fos genes, among others. A second pathway, involving an as yet unknown mechanism, leads to c-myc gene induction. Stimulation of the EGFR, expressed following transfection of an appropriate recombinant construct, can activate the former, but not the latter, pathway in this cell line and cause the cells to enter S phase but not progress further. This deficiency can be rescued by ectopic expression of the c-myc gene, indicating a novel role for this proto-oncogene in the S to G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shibuya
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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48
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Shibuya H, Irie K, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Goebl M, Taniguchi T, Matsumoto K. New human gene encoding a positive modulator of HIV Tat-mediated transactivation. Nature 1992; 357:700-2. [PMID: 1377363 DOI: 10.1038/357700a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protein Tat is a potent activator of virus gene expression. Tat functions through a sequence known as TAR, located immediately downstream of the transcription start site in the long terminal repeat. Several observations suggest that cellular factors cooperate with Tat in the overall transactivating process. We have isolated a human complementary DNA from the new gene MSS1, which may encode such a cellular factor, by transcomplementation of a yeast sgv1- mutant. The MSS1 protein shares 42% sequence identity with the human TBP-1 protein, which binds Tat in vitro and suppresses Tat-mediated transactivation in vivo (ref. 6). We report here that the levels of HIV activation by Tat correlate with endogenous levels of MSS1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, we provide evidence that expression of MSS1 enhances the Tat-mediated transactivation. Our results suggest that MSS1 has a key role in activation of HIV genes regulated by Tat.
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MESH Headings
- ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/metabolism
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Genes, pX
- Genes, tat
- HIV-1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shibuya
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Japan
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49
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Itoh S, Yanagimoto T, Tagawa S, Hashimoto H, Kitamura R, Nakajima Y, Okochi T, Fujimoto S, Uchino J, Kamataki T. Genomic organization of human fetal specific P-450IIIA7 (cytochrome P-450HFLa)-related gene(s) and interaction of transcriptional regulatory factor with its DNA element in the 5' flanking region. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1130:133-8. [PMID: 1562592 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90520-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P-450IIIA7 is a form of cytochrome P-450 which was isolated from human fetal livers and termed P-450HFLa. This form has been clarified to be expressed during fetal life specifically (Komori, M., Nishio, K., Kitada, M., Shiramatsu, K., Muroya, K., Soma, M., Nagashima, K. and Kamataki, T. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 4430-4433). In the present study, we isolated five independent clones which probably corresponded to the human P-450IIIA7 gene. These clones were completely sequenced, all exons, exon-intron junctions and the 5' flanking region from the cap site to-869. Although the sequences in the coding region were completely identical to P-450IIIA7, it is possible that genomic fragments sequenced in this study encode portions of other P-450IIIA7-related genes since we could not obtain a complete overlapping set of genomic clones. Within its 5' flanking sequence, the putative binding sites of several transcriptional regulatory factors existed. Among them, it was shown that a basic transcription element binding factor (BTEB) actually interacted with the 5' flanking region of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itoh
- Division of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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50
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