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Cai D, Weng W. Development potential of extracellular matrix hydrogels as hemostatic materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1187474. [PMID: 37383519 PMCID: PMC10294235 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1187474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of subcutaneous extracellular matrix proteins into the circulation is a key step in hemostasis initiation after vascular injury. However, in cases of severe trauma, extracellular matrix proteins are unable to cover the wound, making it difficult to effectively initiate hemostasis and resulting in a series of bleeding events. Acellular-treated extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels are widely used in regenerative medicine and can effectively promote tissue repair due to their high mimic nature and excellent biocompatibility. ECM hydrogels contain high concentrations of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, which can simulate subcutaneous extracellular matrix components and participate in the hemostatic process. Therefore, it has unique advantages as a hemostatic material. This paper first reviewed the preparation, composition and structure of extracellular hydrogels, as well as their mechanical properties and safety, and then analyzed the hemostatic mechanism of the hydrogels to provide a reference for the application and research, and development of ECM hydrogels in the field of hemostasis.
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Fang L, Che Y, Zhang C, Huang J, Lei Y, Lu Z, Sun N, He J. LAMC1 upregulation via TGFβ induces inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via NF-κB-CXCL1-STAT3. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3125-3146. [PMID: 34218518 PMCID: PMC8564640 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a heterogeneous cell population within the tumor microenvironment,and play an important role in tumor development. By regulating the heterogeneity of CAF, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) influences tumor development. Here, we explored oncogenes regulated by TGFβ1 that are also involved in signaling pathways and interactions within the tumor microenvironment. We analyzed sequencing data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and our own previously established RNA microarray data (GSE53625), as well as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines with or without TGFβ1 stimulation. We then focused on laminin subunit gamma 1 (LAMC1), which was overexpressed in ESCC cells, affecting patient prognosis, which could be upregulated by TGFβ1 through the synergistic activation of SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) and SP1. LAMC1 directly promoted the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, mainly via Akt–NFκB–MMP9/14 signaling. Additionally, LAMC1 promoted CXCL1 secretion, which stimulated the formation of inflammatory CAF (iCAF) through CXCR2–pSTAT3. Inflammatory CAF promoted tumor progression. In summary, we identified the dual mechanism by which the upregulation of LAMC1 by TGFβ in tumor cells not only promotes ESCC proliferation and migration, but also indirectly induces carcinogenesis by stimulating CXCL1 secretion to promote the formation of iCAF. This finding suggests that LAMC1 could be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbing Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Park CS, Shen Y, Lewis A, Lacorazza HD. Role of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in blood formation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:673-85. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ru1215-539r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Martínez-Armenta M, Díaz de León-Guerrero S, Catalán A, Alvarez-Arellano L, Uribe RM, Subramaniam M, Charli JL, Pérez-Martínez L. TGFβ2 regulates hypothalamic Trh expression through the TGFβ inducible early gene-1 (TIEG1) during fetal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 400:129-39. [PMID: 25448845 PMCID: PMC4415168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates the homeostasis of the organism by controlling hormone secretion from the pituitary. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) phenotype are poorly understood. We have previously shown that Klf10 or TGFβ inducible early gene-1 (TIEG1) is enriched in fetal hypothalamic TRH neurons. Here, we show that expression of TGFβ isoforms (1-3) and both TGFβ receptors (TβRI and II) occurs in the hypothalamus concomitantly with the establishment of TRH neurons during late embryonic development. TGFβ2 induces Trh expression via a TIEG1 dependent mechanism. TIEG1 regulates Trh expression through an evolutionary conserved GC rich sequence on the Trh promoter. Finally, in mice deficient in TIEG1, Trh expression is lower than in wild type animals at embryonic day 17. These results indicate that TGFβ signaling, through the upregulation of TIEG1, plays an important role in the establishment of Trh expression in the embryonic hypothalamus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hypothalamus/cytology
- Hypothalamus/growth & development
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta3/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martínez-Armenta
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sol Díaz de León-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Catalán
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alvarez-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosa Maria Uribe
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Ma J, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhao L, Li Z, Xue Y. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability via ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:916-26. [PMID: 24318462 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood-tumor barrier (BTB) constitutes an efficient organization of tight junctions which significantly reduce permeability for chemotherapy drugs. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a member of the Krüppel-like family, has been documented in endothelial cells and may serve as an essential regulator of endothelial barrier function. However, our knowledge about the expression and function of KLF4 in the endothelial cells of BTB still remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of KLF4 in regulation of BTB function as well as the potential molecular mechanisms. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that KLF4 was down-regulated in the glioma endothelial cells (GECs) which were obtained through endothelial cells co-cultured with glioma cells. Short hairpin RNA targeting KLF4 impaired the integrity of BTB detected by trans-endothelial electric resistance assay, and meanwhile reduced the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5, demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. Depletion of KLF4 increased BTB permeability to small molecules detected by permeability assays. Furthermore, luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that KLF4 up-regulated the promoter activities and interacted with "CACCC" DNA sequence presented in the promoters of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. GATA-1, GATA-6, Sp1, and Sp3 factors participated in KLF4 regulation of promoter activities through binding to the promoters of tight junctions related proteins. Collectively, our results indicated that KLF4 is a key transcriptional regulator of BTB function by regulating expressions of tight junction related proteins, which would draw growing attention to KLF4 as a potential target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Ning L, Kurihara H, de Vega S, Ichikawa-Tomikawa N, Xu Z, Nonaka R, Kazuno S, Yamada Y, Miner JH, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Laminin α1 regulates age-related mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial matrix accumulation through the TGF-β pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1683-94. [PMID: 24720953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Laminin α1 (LAMA1), a subunit of the laminin-111 basement membrane component, has been implicated in various biological functions in vivo and in vitro. Although LAMA1 is present in kidney, its roles in the kidney are unknown because of early embryonic lethality. Herein, we used a viable conditional knockout mouse model with a deletion of Lama1 in the epiblast lineage (Lama1(CKO)) to study the role of LAMA1 in kidney development and function. Adult Lama1(CKO) mice developed focal glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria with age. In addition, mesangial cell proliferation was increased, and the mesangial matrix, which normally contains laminin-111, was greatly expanded. In vitro, mesangial cells from Lama1(CKO) mice exhibited significantly increased proliferation compared with those from controls. This increased proliferation was inhibited by the addition of exogenous LAMA1-containing laminin-111, but not by laminin-211 or laminin-511, suggesting a specific role for LAMA1 in regulating mesangial cell behavior. Moreover, the absence of LAMA1 increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, and inhibitors of TGF-β1 receptor I kinase blocked Smad2 phosphorylation in both control and Lama1(CKO) mesangial cells, indicating that the increased Smad2 phosphorylation occurred in the absence of LAMA1 via the TGF-β1 receptor. These findings suggest that LAMA1 plays a critical role in kidney function and kidney aging by regulating the mesangial cell population and mesangial matrix deposition through TGF-β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ning
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susana de Vega
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichikawa-Tomikawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Nonaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Division of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Synthetic retinoid Am80 up-regulates apelin expression by promoting interaction of RARα with KLF5 and Sp1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem J 2013; 456:35-46. [PMID: 23992409 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that both retinoids and apelin possess potent cardiovascular properties and that retinoids can mediate the expression of many genes in the cardiovascular system. However, it is not clear whether and how retinoids regulate apelin expression in rat VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of apelin expression regulation by the synthetic retinoid Am80 in VSMCs. The results showed that Am80 markedly up-regulated apelin mRNA and protein levels in VSMCs. Furthermore, KLF5 (Krüppel-like factor 5) and Sp1 (stimulating protein-1) co-operatively mediated Am80-induced apelin expression through their direct binding to the TCE (transforming growth factor-β control element) on the apelin promoter. Interestingly, upon Am80 stimulation, the RARα (retinoic acid receptor α) was recruited to the apelin promoter by interacting with KLF5 and Sp1 prebound to the TCE site of the apelin promoter to form a transcriptional activation complex, subsequently leading to the up-regulation of apelin expression in VSMCs. An in vivo study indicated that Am80 increased apelin expression in balloon-injured arteries of rats, consistent with the results from the cultured VSMCs. Thus the results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of apelin regulation by Am80 and further expand the network of RARα in the retinoid pathway.
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Gupta D, Harvey SAK, Kenchegowda D, Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK. Regulation of mouse lens maturation and gene expression by Krüppel-like factor 4. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:205-18. [PMID: 24076321 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conditional disruption of Klf4 in the surface ectoderm-derived tissues of the eye results in defective cornea, conjunctiva and the lens. This report describes the effects of disruption of Klf4 in the lens in greater detail. Expression of Klf4, first detected in the embryonic day-12 (E12) mouse lens, peaked at E16 and was decreased in later stages. Early embryonic disruption of Klf4 resulted in a smaller lens with cortical vacuolation and nuclear opacity. Microarray comparison of Klf4CN and WT lens transcriptomes revealed fewer changes in the E16.5 (59 increases, 20 decreases of >1.5-fold) than the PN56 Klf4CN lens (239 increases, 182 decreases of >2-fold). Klf4-target genes in the lens were distinct from those previously identified in the cornea, suggesting disparate functions for Klf4 in these functionally related tissues. Transcripts encoding different crystallins were down-regulated in the Klf4CN lens. Shsp/αB-crystallin promoter activity was stimulated upon co-transfection with pCI-Klf4. Mitochondrial density was significantly higher in the Klf4CN lens epithelial cells, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction being the most significantly affected pathway within the PN56 Klf4CN lens. The Klf4CN lens contained elevated levels of Alox12 and Alox15 transcripts, less reduced glutathione (GSH) and more oxidized glutathione (GSSG) than the WT, suggesting that it is oxidatively stressed. Although the expression of 2087 genes was modulated during WT lens maturation, transcripts encoding crystallins were abundant at E16.5 and remained stable at PN56. Among the 1065 genes whose expression increased during WT lens maturation, there were 104 Klf4-target genes (9.8%) with decreased expression in the PN56 Klf4CN lens. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Klf4 expression is developmentally regulated in the mouse lens, where it controls the expression of genes associated with lens maturation and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Schaeffer V, Hansen KM, Morris DR, LeBoeuf RC, Abrass CK. RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 is required for laminin-β2 mRNA translation and is modulated by glucose concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F75-82. [PMID: 22513850 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-β2 (LAMB2) is a critical component of the glomerular basement membrane as content of LAMB2 in part determines glomerular barrier permeability. Previously, we reported that high concentrations of glucose reduce expression of this laminin subunit at the translational level. The present studies were undertaken to further define systems that control Lamb2 translation and the effect of high glucose on those systems. Complementary studies were performed using in vitro differentiation of cultured podocytes and mesangial cells exposed to normal and elevated concentrations of glucose, and tissues from control and diabetic rats. Together, these studies provide evidence for regulation of Lamb2 translation by IMP2, an RNA binding protein that targets Lamb2 mRNA to the actin cytoskeleton. Expression of Imp2 itself is regulated by the transcription factor HMGA2, which in turn is regulated by the microRNA let-7b. Elevated concentrations of glucose increase let-7b, which reduces HMGA2 expression, in turn reducing IMP2 and LAMB2. Correlative changes in kidney tissues from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats suggest these control mechanisms are operative in vivo and may contribute to proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that translation of Lamb2 mRNA has been linked to the actin cytoskeleton, as well as to specific RNA-binding proteins. These translational control points may provide new targets for therapy in proteinuric disorders such as diabetic nephropathy where LAMB2 levels are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schaeffer
- Primary and Specialty Care Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Zhang XH, Zheng B, Gu C, Fu JR, Wen JK. TGF-β1 downregulates AT1 receptor expression via PKC-δ-mediated Sp1 dissociation from KLF4 and Smad-mediated PPAR-γ association with KLF4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1015-23. [PMID: 22282354 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II are primarily mediated via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor that binds to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β control element (TCE), regulates a variety of receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of TGF-β-mediated KLF4 regulation of AT1R expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Coimmunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays were performed, with the results suggesting that Sp1 forms a complex with KLF4 bound to the TCE of the AT1R promoter and cooperatively activates AT1R transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells under basal conditions. On activation of TGF-β1 signaling, Sp1 is dissociated from the KLF4-Sp1 complex through PKC-δ-mediated KLF4 phosphorylation at Thr401, downregulating AT1R expression. Simultaneously, TGF-β1 facilitates KLF4-PPAR-γ complex formation and its binding to the TCE of the AT1R promoter through Smad-mediated KLF4 phosphorylation at Ser470, subsequently leading to inhibition of AT1R transcription. CONCLUSIONS KLF4 functions as a protein platform that is able to bind to the TCE of the AT1R promoter. On activation of TGF-β signaling, KLF4 mediates Sp1 dissociation from, and PPAR-γ association with, the AT1R promoter, leading to downregulation of AT1R expression in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-hua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen JR, Deng ZN, Chen YB, Hu BW, Lü JJ, Long YL, Xiong XY. Construction of tandem repeats of DNA fragments by a polymerase chain reaction-based method. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:600-6. [PMID: 22176214 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new application of megaprimer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for constructing a tandemly repeated DNA sequence using the drought responsive element (DRE) from Arabidopsis thaliana as an example. The key feature in the procedure was PCR primers with partial complementarity but differing melting temperatures (T(m)). The reverse primer had a higher T(m), a 3' end complementary to the DRE sequence and a 5' region complementary to the forward primer. The initial cycles of the PCR were conducted at a lower primer annealing temperature to generate products that served as megaprimers in the later cycles conducted at a higher temperature to prevent annealing of the forward primer. The region of overlap between the megaprimers was extended for generating products with a variable copy number (one to four copies) of tandem DRE sequence repeats (71 bp). The PCR product with four tandem repeats (4× DRE) was used as a template to generate tandem repeats with higher copies (copy number large than four) or demonstrated to bind DRE-binding protein in an yeast one-hybrid assay using promotorless reporter genes (HIS and lacZ). This PCR protocol has numerous applications for generating DNA fragments of repeated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ren Chen
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Moore DL, Apara A, Goldberg JL. Krüppel-like transcription factors in the nervous system: novel players in neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:233-43. [PMID: 21635952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-like family of transcription factors (KLFs) have been widely studied in proliferating cells, though very little is known about their role in post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. We have recently found that the KLFs play a role in regulating intrinsic axon growth ability in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a type of central nervous system (CNS) neuron. Previous KLF studies in other cell types suggest that there may be cell-type specific KLF expression patterns, and that their relative expression allows them to compete for binding sites, or to act redundantly to compensate for another's function. With at least 15 of 17 KLF family members expressed in neurons, it will be important for us to determine how this complex family functions to regulate the intricate gene programs of axon growth and regeneration. By further characterizing the mechanisms of the KLF family in the nervous system, we may better understand how they regulate neurite growth and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Swamynathan S, Kenchegowda D, Piatigorsky J, Swamynathan S. Regulation of corneal epithelial barrier function by Kruppel-like transcription factor 4. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1762-9. [PMID: 21051695 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, the authors showed that Klf4-conditional null (Klf4CN) corneas display epithelial fragility. Here, they investigated the mechanism by which Klf4 regulates corneal epithelial barrier function. METHODS Klf4CN mice were generated by breeding Le-Cre with Klf4-LoxP mice. Fluorescein staining was used to test the corneal barrier function. RT-PCR, immunoblots, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of cell junctional proteins. The effect of Klf4 on promoter activities was measured by transient cotransfection assays. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure the barrier-forming ability of control or anti-KLF4 siRNA-treated cells. RESULTS Increased fluorescein staining and decreased tight junction protein Tjp1 expression demonstrated that the Klf4CN corneal epithelial barrier function is defective. Expression of desmosomal components Dsp, Dsg-1a, and Dsg-1b was downregulated in the Klf4CN corneas, and their corresponding promoter activities were upregulated by Klf4 in transient cotransfection assays. Hemidesmosomal α3- and β4-integrin levels were not affected even though there were fewer hemidesmosomes in the Klf4CN corneas. The basement membrane components laminin-α5, -α3, -β3, and -β1-1 were downregulated, suggesting that the disrupted basement membrane is responsible for fewer hemidesmosomes in the Klf4CN cornea. Tight junction proteins OCLN1 and TJP1were downregulated in anti-KLF4 siRNA-treated cells, which failed to develop epithelial barrier function as measured by TEER. CONCLUSIONS Klf4 contributes to corneal epithelial barrier function by upregulating the expression of functionally related subsets of cell junctional proteins and basement membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Paban V, Chambon C, Farioli F, Alescio-Lautier B. Gene regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex after learning with or without cholinergic insult. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 95:441-52. [PMID: 21345373 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is essential for a wide variety of higher functions, including attention and memory. Cholinergic neurons are thought to be of prime importance in the modulation of these processes. Degeneration of forebrain cholinergic neurons has been linked to several neurological disorders. The present study was designed to identify genes and networks in rat prefrontal cortex that are associated with learning and cholinergic-loss-memory deficit. Affymetrix microarray technology was used to screen gene expression changes in rats submitted or not to 192 IgG-saporin immunolesion of cholinergic basal forebrain and trained in spatial/object novelty tasks. Results showed learning processes were associated with significant expression of genes, which were organized in several clusters of highly correlated genes and would be involved in biological processes such as intracellular signaling process, transcription regulation, and filament organization and axon guidance. Memory loss following cortical cholinergic deafferentation was associated with significant expression of genes belonging to only one clearly delineated cluster and would be involved in biological processes related to cytoskeleton organization and proliferation, and glial and vascular remodeling, i.e., in processes associated with brain repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Paban
- Université d'Aix-Marseille I, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR/CNRS 6149, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France.
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15
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Pérez-Monter C, Martínez-Armenta M, Miquelajauregui A, Furlan-Magaril M, Varela-Echavarría A, Recillas-Targa F, May V, Charli JL, Pérez-Martínez L. The Krüppel-like factor 4 controls biosynthesis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone during hypothalamus development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 333:127-33. [PMID: 21182892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis is controlled by the activation of specific genetic programs. In the hypothalamus, neuronal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) populations control important physiological process, including energy homeostasis and autonomic function; however, the genetic program leading to the TRH expression is poorly understood. Here, we show that the Klf4 gene, encoding the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), was expressed in the rat hypothalamus during development and regulated Trh expression. In rat fetal hypothalamic cells Klf4 regulated Trh promoter activity through CACCC and GC motifs present on the Trh gene promoter. Accordingly, hypothalamic Trh expression was down-regulated at embryonic day 15 in the Klf4(-/-) mice resulting in diminished bioactive peptide levels. Although at the neonatal stage the Trh transcript levels of the Klf4(-/-) mice were normal, the reduction in peptide levels persisted. Thus, our data indicate that Klf4 plays a key role in the maturation of TRH expression in hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Monter
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, Mexico
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16
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Abstract
Five different laminin (LM) alpha, four LM-beta, and three LM-gamma chains form the 15-16 currently known approximately 400-900 kDa heterodimeric LM-monomers, which self-assemble in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane (BM) to a network, connected with nidogens and perlecans with the underlying type IV collagen network. In labial salivary glands (LSG), the structurally organizing/polarizing BM separates the tubuloacinar epithelium from the connective tissue stroma but plays regulatory roles as well. Tissue distribution of LM-alpha, -beta, and -gamma chains is described, and application of the known combinatorial rules allows some conclusions also on the corresponding distribution of the LM-trimers. Currently, known integrin (Int) and non integrin (e.g., dystroglycans and Lutheran blood group antigens) LM-receptors are described. LMs are regulated at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels, together with the regulation of alternative splicing, binding partners (assembly), secretion, and degradation. In LSGs, LM-alpha1, -alpha2, and -alpha4 are only found in the acinar (not ductal) BM, LM-alpha4 also in the periductal/ interstitial stroma. Pattern recognition disclosed irregular expression in the acinar BM, suggesting some dynamic and/or regulatory role. It seems that in a female-dominant autoimmune exocrinopathy, Sjögren's syndrome (SS), LM-alpha1 and -alpha2 are decreased, together with their Int alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 receptors. Because LM-111/211-to-Int-alpha1beta1/alpha2beta1 interactions play a crucial role in the transdifferentiation of the intercalated duct progenitors to secretory acinar cells, acinar remodeling is impaired in SS. Disturbed hemidesmosomal Int alpha6beta4/LM-332 interactions in SS may lead to acinar cell anoikis. Interestingly, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) prohormone and its intracrine androgenic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) end product upregulate at least Int alpha1beta1/alpha2beta1, whereas LM-alpha1 is upregulated by outside-in LM-111/211-to-Int-alpha1beta1/alpha2beta1 signaling. It seems that LM alterations precede the lymphocyte infiltration, suggesting that acinar BM-Int pathology, perhaps related to endo- and intracrine sex steroid metabolism, represents an early pathogenic phases in SS.
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Bowen JM, Tsykin A, Stringer AM, Logan RM, Gibson RJ, Keefe DMK. Kinetics and regional specificity of irinotecan-induced gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Toxicology 2010; 269:1-12. [PMID: 20097248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal toxicity remains a significant and dose-limiting complication of cancer treatment. While the pathophysiology is becoming clearer, considerable gaps in the knowledge remain surrounding the timing and site-specific gene changes which occur in response to insult. As such, this study aimed to assess gene expression profiles in a number of regions along the gastrointestinal tract following treatment with the chemotherapy agent, irinotecan, and correlate them with markers of cell death and tissue damage. Data analysis of microarray results found that genes involved in apoptosis, mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) signalling and inflammation were upregulated within 6h, while genes involved in cell proliferation, wound healing and blood vessel formation were upregulated at later time points up to 72 h. Cell death was significantly increased at 6 and 24h, and the stomach showed the lowest severity of overt tissue damage. Real time PCR of MAPK signalling pathway genes found that the jejunum and colon had significantly increased expression in a number of genes at 72 h, where as the stomach was unchanged. These results indicate that overall severity of tissue damage may be determined by precisely timed target gene responses specific to each region. Therapeutic targeting of key gene responses at the appropriate time point may prove to be effective for prevention of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal damage.
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Schnaper HW, Jandeska S, Runyan CE, Hubchak SC, Basu RK, Curley JF, Smith RD, Hayashida T. TGF-beta signal transduction in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2448-65. [PMID: 19273211 DOI: 10.2741/3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a central stimulus of the events leading to chronic progressive kidney disease, having been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrogenesis. The fact that it mediates these varied events suggests that multiple mechanisms play a role in determining the outcome of TGF-beta signaling. Regulation begins with the availability and activation of TGF-beta and continues through receptor expression and localization, control of the TGF-beta family-specific Smad signaling proteins, and interaction of the Smads with multiple signaling pathways extending into the nucleus. Studies of these mechanisms in kidney cells and in whole-animal experimental models, reviewed here, are beginning to provide insight into the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave.; Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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19
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Simmen FA, Su Y, Xiao R, Zeng Z, Simmen RCM. The Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) network in HEC-1-A endometrial carcinoma cells suggests the carcinogenic potential of dys-regulated KLF9 expression. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:41. [PMID: 18783612 PMCID: PMC2542371 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) is a transcriptional regulator of uterine endometrial cell proliferation, adhesion and differentiation; processes essential for pregnancy success and which are subverted during tumorigenesis. The network of endometrial genes controlled by KLF9 is largely unknown. Over-expression of KLF9 in the human endometrial cancer cell line HEC-1-A alters cell morphology, proliferative indices, and differentiation, when compared to KLF9 under-expressing HEC-1-A cells. This cell line provides a unique model for identifying KLF9 downstream gene targets and signaling pathways. METHODS HEC-1-A sub-lines differing in relative levels of KLF9 were subjected to microarray analysis to identify differentially-regulated RNAs. RESULTS KLF9 under-expression induced twenty four genes. The KLF9-suppressed mRNAs encode protein participants in: aldehyde metabolism (AKR7A2, ALDH1A1); regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility (e.g., ANK3, ITGB8); cellular detoxification (SULT1A1, ABCC4); cellular signaling (e.g., ACBD3, FZD5, RAB25, CALB1); and transcriptional regulation (PAX2, STAT1). Sixty mRNAs were more abundant in KLF9 over-expressing sub-lines. The KLF9-induced mRNAs encode proteins which participate in: regulation and function of the actin cytoskeleton (COTL1, FSCN1, FXYD5, MYO10); cell adhesion, extracellular matrix and basement membrane formation (e.g., AMIGO2, COL4A1, COL4A2, LAMC2, NID2); transport (CLIC4); cellular signaling (e.g., BCAR3, MAPKAPK3); transcriptional regulation [e.g., KLF4, NR3C1 (glucocorticoid receptor), RXRalpha], growth factor/cytokine actions (SLPI, BDNF); and membrane-associated proteins and receptors (e.g., CXCR4, PTCH1). In addition, the abundance of mRNAs that encode hypothetical proteins (KLF9-inhibited: C12orf29 and C1orf186; KLF9-induced: C10orf38 and C9orf167) were altered by KLF9 expression. Human endometrial tumors of high tumor grade had decreased KLF9 mRNA abundance. CONCLUSION KLF9 influences the expression of uterine epithelial genes through mechanisms likely involving its transcriptional activator and repressor functions and which may underlie altered tumor biology with aberrant KLF9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA
| | - Rijin Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA
| | - Rosalia CM Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA
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20
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Okuda T, Nakayama KI. Identification and characterization of the human Gb3/CD77 synthase gene promoter. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1028-35. [PMID: 18757779 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is triggered by verotoxin (VT) produced by the Escherichia coli O157 strain. Several studies have demonstrated that VT induces endothelial cell (EC) death via the VT receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) leading to this symptom. Inflammatory mediators which are produced as a result of E. coli O157 infection, increase the expression level of Gb3 in EC. Therefore increased expression of Gb3 is considered as a progression step for HUS. The increased expression of Gb3 is due to the transcriptional upregulation of Gb3/CD77 synthase gene (Gb3S, also known as alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase gene), the mechanism of which still remains unknown. To understand the transcriptional machinery and to elucidate the onset mechanism of HUS, we cloned and characterized the human Gb3S promoter. A modified 5'-RACE was used to determine the transcriptional initiation site, which revealed the presence of a TATA-less GC-rich sequence in the proximal region. Promoter activity measured using a luciferase assay demonstrated that the GC-rich sequence is necessary for the basal transcriptional activity, and two silencer elements located 5'-upstream of this GC-rich region regulated the transcriptional level. Furthermore, we found that the GC-rich sequence contained three potential Sp1 binding sites and that all three Sp1 binding elements acted as positive regulators. Since Sp1 is an inducer of several genes in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines in EC, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of the Gb3S gene by Sp1 might affect the VT sensitivity of EC and HUS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Okuda
- Glycolipids Function Analysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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21
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Evans PM, Liu C. Roles of Krüpel-like factor 4 in normal homeostasis, cancer and stem cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:554-64. [PMID: 18604447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüpel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc finger-type transcription factor expressed in a variety of tissues, including the epithelium of the intestine and the skin, and it plays an important role in differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Depending on the gene targeted, KLF4 can both activate and repress transcription. Moreover, in certain cellular contexts, KLF4 can function as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. Finally, KLF4 is important in reprogramming differentiated fibroblasts into inducible pluripotent stem cells, which highly resemble embryonic stem cells. This review summarizes what is known about the diverse functions of KLF4 as well as their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1448, USA
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22
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Nelson JD, Flanagin S, Kawata Y, Denisenko O, Bomsztyk K. Transcription of laminin gamma1 chain gene in rat mesangial cells: constitutive and inducible RNA polymerase II recruitment and chromatin states. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F525-33. [PMID: 18184742 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00299.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The laminin gamma1 chain, a critical component of the extracellular matrix, is encoded by the 125-kb-long Lamc1 locus. We profiled RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and histone modifications along the Lamc1 locus to explore transcription of this gene in its native chromatin environment. Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increased Lamc1 mRNA in rat mesangial cells (RMC). This increase was matched by an increase in Pol II density along the entire length of the Lamc1 locus. In contrast, in the hepatocarcinoma cell line (HTC-IR) an increase in Pol II density was restricted to the promoter and was not followed by mRNA induction. The pattern of histone H3 methylation was similar for both cell types but an increase in H3 lysine 9 acetylation observed at the 5'-end was weaker in HTC-IR cells than in RMC. All of the histone modifications showed spatial patterns where levels differed greatly between the 5'- and 3'-ends of Lamc1. Conversely, at the short, highly induced egr-1 gene the differences in chromatin marks between the 5'- and 3'-ends were much smaller. The results of this study suggest that 1) Lamc1 transcription can be controlled after transcription initiation, to our knowledge, the first time this has been shown in an extracellular matrix gene, and 2) the length of a gene is a factor that can affect the chromatin environment for Pol II elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Nelson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington Medicine Lake Union, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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23
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Sze KL, Lee WM, Lui WY. Expression of CLMP, a novel tight junction protein, is mediated via the interaction of GATA with the Kruppel family proteins, KLF4 and Sp1, in mouse TM4 Sertoli cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:334-44. [PMID: 17620326 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of tight junction protein expressions in Sertoli cells is important for germ cell translocation across the blood-testis-barrier (BTB) during spermatogenesis. In this study, a novel tight junction transmembrane protein, CLMP, found expressed in mouse testis was shown to localize at the BTB along with the tight junction marker ZO-1. By the use of transient transfection assay performed in a mouse Sertoli cell-cell line, TM4 cells, we showed that the minimal CLMP promoter was located between nucleotides -550 and -288 relative to the translation start site. Site-directed mutagenic studies showed that three motifs, namely GATA, KLF4, and SRY, within this region functionally co-operated with one another to regulate CLMP gene transcription. Using specific antibodies in EMSA analysis, a ternary protein complex GATA-1/GATA-6/KLF4 was detected at all the three motifs, suggesting that a looping mechanism might involve in regulating CLMP gene transcription. Interestingly, the ubiquitously expressed transcription factors, Sp1 and Sp3, were also found in this ternary complex over the KLF4 motif. Overexpression of KLF4 significantly increased the promoter activity whilst overexpression of Sp1 or Sp3 exerted an opposite effect. In particular, co-transfection studies showed that Sp1 could significantly abolish the KLF4-induced transactivation of the CLMP gene, suggesting that KLF4 and Sp1 might compete for the same binding site on the CLMP promoter. Taken together, this differential interaction of the transcription factors, GATA-1, GATA-6, KLF4, Sp1, and Sp3, in CLMP gene expression might provide a precise machinery in regulating Sertoli cell tight junction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Ling Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Ai W, Zheng H, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang TC. Tip60 functions as a potential corepressor of KLF4 in regulation of HDC promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6137-49. [PMID: 17827213 PMCID: PMC2094084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF4 is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. Previously we have demonstrated that KLF4 represses HDC promoter activity in a gastric cell line through both an upstream Sp1 binding GC box and downstream gastrin responsive elements. However, the mechanism by which KLF4 inhibits HDC promoter is not well defined. In the current study, by using yeast two-hybrid screening, Tip60 was identified as a KLF4 interacting protein. Further coimmunoprecipitation and functional reporter assays support the interaction between these two proteins. In addition, Tip60 and HDAC7, previously shown to interact with each other and repress transcription, inhibited HDC promoter activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Consistently, knock down of Tip60 or HDAC7 gene expression by specific shRNA increased endogenous HDC mRNA level. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that HDAC7 was pulled down by KLF4 and Tip60, suggesting that these three proteins form a repressive complex. Further chromatin immuno-precipitation indicated that all three proteins associated with HDC promoter. Two-hour gastrin treatment, known to activate HDC gene expression, significantly decreased the association of KLF4, Tip60 and HDAC7 with HDC promoter, suggesting that gastrin activates HDC gene expression at least partly by decreasing the formation of KLF4/Tip60/HDAC7 repressive complexes at the HDC promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden Ai
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Feinberg MW, Wara AK, Cao Z, Lebedeva MA, Rosenbauer F, Iwasaki H, Hirai H, Katz JP, Haspel RL, Gray S, Akashi K, Segre J, Kaestner KH, Tenen DG, Jain MK. The Kruppel-like factor KLF4 is a critical regulator of monocyte differentiation. EMBO J 2007; 26:4138-48. [PMID: 17762869 PMCID: PMC2230668 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte differentiation involves the participation of lineage-restricted transcription factors, although the mechanisms by which this process occurs are incompletely defined. Within the hematopoietic system, members of the Kruppel-like family of factors (KLFs) play essential roles in erythrocyte and T lymphocyte development. Here we show that KLF4/GKLF is expressed in a monocyte-restricted and stage-specific pattern during myelopoiesis and functions to promote monocyte differentiation. Overexpression of KLF4 in HL-60 cells confers the characteristics of mature monocytes. Conversely, KLF4 knockdown blocked phorbol ester-induced monocyte differentiation. Forced expression of KLF4 in primary common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induced exclusive monocyte differentiation in clonogenic assays, whereas KLF4 deficiency inhibited monocyte but increased granulocyte differentiation. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that KLF4 is a target gene of PU.1. Consistently, KLF4 can rescue PU.1-/- fetal liver cells along the monocytic lineage and can activate the monocytic-specific CD14 promoter. Thus, KLF4 is a critical regulator in the transcriptional network controlling monocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: +1 617 525 4381; Fax: +1 617 525 4380; E-mail:
| | - Akm Khyrul Wara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoxiao Cao
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria A Lebedeva
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- The Department of Cancer and Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan P Katz
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard L Haspel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Gray
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Koichi Akashi
- The Department of Cancer and Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Segre
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mukesh K Jain
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4537, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Tel.: +1 216 368 3607; Fax: +1 216 368 0556; E-mail:
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Vassena R, Han Z, Gao S, Baldwin DA, Schultz RM, Latham KE. Tough beginnings: alterations in the transcriptome of cloned embryos during the first two cell cycles. Dev Biol 2006; 304:75-89. [PMID: 17234177 PMCID: PMC1868510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) display a plethora of phenotypic characteristics that make them different from fertilized embryos, indicating defects in the process of nuclear reprogramming by the recipient ooplasm. To elucidate the extent and timing of nuclear reprogramming, we used microarrays to analyze the transcriptome of mouse SCNT embryos during the first two cell cycles. We identified a large number of genes mis-expressed in SCNT embryos. We found that genes involved in transcription and regulation of transcription are prominent among affected genes, and thus may be particularly difficult to reprogram, and these likely cause a ripple effect that alters the transcriptome of many other functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, transport across membrane, and mRNA transport and processing. Interestingly, we also uncovered widespread alterations in the maternal (i.e., non-transcribed) mRNA population of SCNT embryos. We conclude that gene expression in early SCNT embryos is grossly abnormal, and that this is at least in part the result of incomplete reprogramming of transcription factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vassena
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine
| | - Zhiming Han
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine
| | - Shaorong Gao
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Keith E Latham
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine
- * Correspondence: 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, Tel. 215-707-7577, Fax. 215-707-1454,
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27
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Niimi T, Hayashi Y, Sekiguchi K, Kitagawa Y. The Sp family of transcription factors regulates the human laminin alpha1 gene in JAR choriocarcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 1759:573-9. [PMID: 17141338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-111 (alpha1beta1gamma1) is the major component of the embryonic and extra-embryonic basement membrane. The laminin alpha1 chain shows a restricted and developmentally regulated expression in basement membranes of distinct epithelial tissues while beta1 and gamma1 chains have a wide tissue distribution. To understand how human laminin alpha1 chain expression is controlled, we cloned and characterized the 5'-flanking region of the human laminin alpha1 (LAMA1) gene. Transfection studies using serially deleted promoter constructs and JAR choriocarcinoma cells revealed that the minimal promoter fragment resided in the +31 to -206 region, which contains a number of GC- and GT/A-rich motifs for the binding of the Sp family of transcription factors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and mutational analyses revealed that Sp1 and Sp3 bound specifically to these elements and are important for the promoter activity. Furthermore, we showed that Krüppel-like factors KLF4 and KLF6 also activate transcription of the human LAMA1 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated recruitment of these transcription factors to the promoter region. These results indicate that transcription of the human LAMA1 gene is controlled by a combination of the actions of Sp1/Sp3 and Krüppel-like factors, KLF4 and KLF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Niimi
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Blanchon L, Nores R, Gallot D, Marceau G, Borel V, Yang VW, Bocco JL, Lémery D, Panzetta-Dutari G, Sapin V. Activation of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein PSG-5 promoter by KLF4 and Sp1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:745-53. [PMID: 16563348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are major placental proteins thought to be essential for the maintenance of gestation. Little is known about the regulation of expression of the 11 genes encoding these proteins. It was previously demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) and specific-protein 1 (Sp1) bind to conserved sequence within the PSG-5 gene promoter. Informatics analysis revealed the presence of one potential binding site for Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), in the PSG-5 promoter, suggesting a potential transcriptional regulator role for KLF4. Using gene promoter-reporter transfections and X-ChIP assays, we demonstrated that KLF4 is an activator of the PSG-5 promoter by binding to a KLF consensus like binding which includes the Core Promoter Element region (-147/-140). Furthermore, we used previous data showing the binding of Sp1 transcription factor to a GT-box (-443/-437) and co-transfection assays with KLF4 and Sp1 to demonstrate the strong synergic activity of these two factors on the PSG-5 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Blanchon
- INSERM U.384, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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29
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Abstract
Krüppel-like factors are transcriptional regulators that influence several cellular functions, including proliferation. Recent studies have shown that one family member, KLF4, can function both as a tumour suppressor and an oncogene. The ability of KLF4 to affect the levels of expression of the cell-cycle regulator p21 seems to be involved, in that this protein might function as a switch that determines the outcome of KLF4 signalling. Is this role of p21 restricted to KLF4, or does p21 represent a nodal point for signals from multiple other factors with opposing functions in cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Segade F, Mecham RP. Regulatory elements of microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 gene expression in muscle cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1731:215-24. [PMID: 16321658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mfap2 gene encodes the microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1), an extracellular matrix protein of microfibrillar structures. The gene is transcribed from a major transcription start site embedded in a CpG island. Mapping of transcriptionally active regions in the 5' flanking sequence identified a region, located between nucleotides -339 and -109 as the Mfap2 basal promoter. Site-directed and random mutagenesis demonstrated that a KLF sequence motif at -256/-270, an E-box at -222/-229, and a GC-box at -117/-125, are critical for the promoter function. Using electrophoresis mobility shift assays, we find that the KLF motif mediates the binding of GKLF/KLF4, whereas the E-box is a target for both Upstream Stimulatory Factors 1 and 2, and the GC box at -117/-125 forms complexes with Sp1 and Sp3, but not with Sp4 or AP2alpha. A sequence element spanning position -150 may represent the binding motif of an uncharacterized transcription factor. The basal transcriptional regulation of Mfap2 in muscle cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Segade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Recent analyses revealed that Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) play important roles in both normal development and carcinogenesis. Of the 16 known KLFs, KLF4 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal tract epithelium. Clinical, experimental and mechanistic findings indicate that KLF4 is a bona fide tumor suppressor for both gastric and colorectal cancers. In this review, we summarize how this growing area of research has formed and the challenging new frontiers for better understanding of the oncogenic potential of the KLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Bhattacharya R, Senbanerjee S, Lin Z, Mir S, Hamik A, Wang P, Mukherjee P, Mukhopadhyay D, Jain MK. Inhibition of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis by the Kruppel-like factor KLF2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28848-51. [PMID: 15980434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c500200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kruppel-like factor KLF2 was recently identified as a novel regulator of endothelial pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic function. Here it is shown that overexpression of KLF2 potently inhibits vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A)-mediated angiogenesis and tissue edema in the nude ear mouse model of angiogenesis. In vitro, KLF2 expression retards VEGF-mediated calcium flux, proliferation and induction of pro-inflammatory factors in endothelial cells. This effect is due to a potent inhibition of VEGFR2/KDR expression and promoter activity. These observations identify KLF2 as a regulator of VEGFR2/KDR and provide a foundation for novel approaches to regulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Bhattacharya
- Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Noti JD, Johnson AK, Dillon JD. The Leukocyte Integrin Gene CD11d Is Repressed by Gut-enriched Kruppel-like Factor 4 in Myeloid Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:3449-57. [PMID: 15561714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412627200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid-specific leukocyte integrin CD11d encodes the alphaD subunit for the alphaDbeta2 receptor. A yeast one-hybrid screen showed that a longer isoform of gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor 4 (GKLF) we term GKLFa interacts with the CD11d promoter. Purified GST-GKLFa protein was shown to bind within the -61 to -44 region that overlaps a binding site for the CD11d transcriptional activators Sp1 and transforming growth factor beta-inducible early gene-1 (TIEG1). Transfection of GKLF/GKLFa in myeloid cells reduced CD11d promoter activity, whereas, down-regulation of GKLF/GKLFa with small interfering RNAs led to up-regulation of CD11d expression. Differentiation of myeloid cells with phorbol ester led to activation of the CD11d promoter and reduced occupancy of the promoter by GKLF/GKLFa but an increased occupancy by TIEG1 in vivo. Binding of GKLF/GKLFa, Sp1, and TIEG1 to the CD11d promoter in vivo is dependent on their zinc finger DNA binding domains. GKLFa physically associates with the histone deacetylases (HDAC) 1 and 2, and both HDACs are bound to the CD11d promoter in vivo but released after exposure of myeloid cells to phorbol ester suggesting that GKLF/GKLFa recruits HDACs to effect repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Noti
- Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Sayre, Pennsylvania 18840, USA.
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34
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Ishibashi M, Bottone FG, Taniura S, Kamitani H, Watanabe T, Eling TE. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin modulates gene expression and represses the extracellular matrix protein laminin γ1 in human glioblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 302:244-52. [PMID: 15561105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with more aggressive gliomas and poor survival. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit COX activity and have antitumorigenic properties. In this report, our initial aim was to determine if indomethacin would alter gene expression as measured by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Three up-regulated and four down-regulated genes by indomethacin treatment were identified. Laminin gamma1, an extracellular matrix molecule, was the most significantly repressed gene. The repression of laminin gamma1 by indomethacin was confirmed by Northern and Western blot analyses and occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner at the protein level. Among several NSAIDs tested, only sulindac sulfide and indomethacin suppressed laminin gamma1 protein expression, and this repression was observed in both COX-expressing and -deficient cell lines, suggesting that laminin gamma1 repression by COX inhibitors was independent of COX. Indomethacin, at a concentration that represses laminin gamma1, inhibited glioblastoma cell invasion that was partially restored with additional human laminin protein containing gamma1 chain. The repression of laminin gamma1 by NSAIDs may be related to attenuation of invasion of brain tumors. These findings are important in understanding the chemopreventive activity of some NSAIDs and could be relevant for designing therapeutic strategies against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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35
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Nores R, Blanchon L, López-Díaz F, Bocco JL, Patrito LC, Sapin V, Panzetta-Dutari GM. Transcriptional control of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 5 gene is dependent on two GT-boxes recognized by the ubiquitous specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor. Placenta 2004; 25:9-19. [PMID: 15013634 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2003] [Revised: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 5 gene (PSG-5) belongs to the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein family, encoded by eleven highly similar and transcriptionally active genes. High levels of PSG biosynthesis are restricted to the placenta syncytiotrophoblast and are essential for the maintenance of normal gestation in mammalian species. We have investigated here the nature of the transcription factors that recognize the FP1 (-455/-433) and the CPE (-147/-140) regulatory sequences that significantly contribute to basal PSG-5 promoter activity. Both elements bear a similar GT-box motif; and DNA-protein complex formation, as well as promoter activity, is largely dependent on the integrity of these GT-box sequences. Gel shift, super gel shift and UV-crosslinking experiments clearly demonstrate that the ubiquitous specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is the major transcription factor involved in complex formation with both cis-acting elements in normal term placenta tissue and in PSG-non-expressing COS-7 cells. Furthermore, transfection experiments indicate that Sp1 activates PSG-5 promoter constructs. In addition, we show that Sp1 is indeed co-expressed with PSG genes in the syncytiotrophoblast cells, stressing its potential role in the in vivo regulation of PSG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nores
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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SenBanerjee S, Lin Z, Atkins GB, Greif DM, Rao RM, Kumar A, Feinberg MW, Chen Z, Simon DI, Luscinskas FW, Michel TM, Gimbrone MA, García-Cardeña G, Jain MK. KLF2 Is a novel transcriptional regulator of endothelial proinflammatory activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1305-15. [PMID: 15136591 PMCID: PMC2211816 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a critical regulator of vascular function. Diverse stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines and hemodynamic forces modulate endothelial phenotype and thereby impact on the development of vascular disease states. Therefore, identification of the regulatory factors that mediate the effects of these stimuli on endothelial function is of considerable interest. Transcriptional profiling studies identified the Kruppel-like factor (KLF)2 as being inhibited by the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and induced by laminar shear stress in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overexpression of KLF2 in umbilical vein endothelial cells robustly induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and total enzymatic activity. In addition, KLF2 overexpression potently inhibited the induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial adhesion molecule E-selectin in response to various proinflammatory cytokines. Consistent with these observations, in vitro flow assays demonstrate that T cell attachment and rolling are markedly attenuated in endothelial monolayers transduced with KLF2. Finally, our studies implicate recruitment by KLF2 of the transcriptional coactivator cyclic AMP response element–binding protein (CBP/p300) as a unifying mechanism for these various effects. These data implicate KLF2 as a novel regulator of endothelial activation in response to proinflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita SenBanerjee
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Hinnebusch BF, Siddique A, Henderson JW, Malo MS, Zhang W, Athaide CP, Abedrapo MA, Chen X, Yang VW, Hodin RA. Enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a target gene of the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G23-30. [PMID: 12919939 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the role that the transcription factor gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (KLF4 or GKLF) plays in activating the enterocyte differentiation marker gene intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). A yeast one-hybrid screen was used to identify proteins interacting with a previously identified cis-element (IF-III) located within the human IAP gene promoter. DNA-protein interactions were determined by using EMSA. Northern blot analysis was used to study RNA expression in human colon cancer RKO cells engineered to overexpress KLF4. Transient transfections with IAP-luciferase reporter constructs were used to characterize the mechanisms by which KLF4 activates IAP transcription. The yeast one-hybrid screen and EMSA identified KLF4 as binding to IF-III. RKO cells induced to overexpress KLF4 demonstrated a corresponding dose-dependent increase in IAP expression, and EMSA with nuclear extract from these cells confirmed that KLF4 binds to the IF-III element. Transient transfections revealed that KLF4 transactivated the IAP gene largely via a critical segment in the IAP promoter that includes the IF-III cis-element. Mutant KLF4 constructs failed to fully activate IAP. We have identified the enterocyte differentiation marker IAP as a KLF4 target gene. IAP transactivation by KLF4 is likely mediated through a critical region located within the proximal IAP promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Hinnebusch
- Deptartment of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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38
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Ai W, Liu Y, Langlois M, Wang TC. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) represses histidine decarboxylase gene expression through an upstream Sp1 site and downstream gastrin responsive elements. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:8684-93. [PMID: 14670968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308278200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of histidine to histamine, a bioamine that plays an important role in allergic responses, inflammation, neurotransmission, and gastric acid secretion. Previously, we demonstrated that gastrin activates HDC promoter activity in a gastric cancer (AGS-E) cell line through three overlapping downstream promoter elements. In the current study, we used the yeast one-hybrid strategy to identify nuclear factors that bind to these three elements. Among eight positives from the one-hybrid screen, we identified Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) (previously known as gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (GKLF)) as one factor that binds to the gastrin responsive elements in the HDC promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that KLF4 is able to bind all three gastrin responsive elements. In addition, transient cotransfection experiments showed that overexpression of KLF4 dose dependently and specifically inhibited HDC promoter activity. Regulation of HDC transcription by KLF4 was confirmed by changes in the endogenous HDC messenger RNA by KLF4 small interfering RNA and KLF4 overexpression. We further showed that KLF4 inhibits HDC promoter activity by competing with Sp1 at the upstream GC box and also independently by binding the three downstream gastrin responsive elements. Taken together, these results indicate that KLF4 can act to repress HDC gene expression by Sp1-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandong Ai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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39
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Siddique A, Malo MS, Ocuin LM, Hinnebusch BF, Abedrapo MA, Henderson JW, Zhang W, Mozumder M, Yang VW, Hodin RA. Convergence of the thyroid hormone and gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor pathways in the context of enterocyte differentiation. J Gastrointest Surg 2003; 7:1053-61; discussion 1061. [PMID: 14675715 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (KLF4) and the ligand-bound thyroid hormone receptor (TR) have each been shown to play a critical role in mammalian gut development and differentiation. We investigated an interrelationship between these two presumably independent pathways using the differentiation marker gene, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Transient transfections were performed in Cos-7 cells using luciferase reporter plasmids containing a 2.5 kb segment of the proximal human IAP 5' regulatory region, as well as multiple deletions. Cells were cotransfected with TR and/or KLF4 expression vectors and treated+/-100 nmol/L thyroid hormone (T3). IAP reporter gene transactivation was increased independently by KLF4 (ninefold) and ligand-bound TR beta 1 (sevenfold). Cells cotransfected with KLF4 and TR beta 1 in the presence of T3 showed synergistic activation (70-fold). A similar pattern was seen with the other T3 receptor isoform, TR alpha 1. The synergistic effect was lost with deletions of the T3 and KLF4 response elements in the IAP promoter and was completely or partially abolished in the case of mutant KLF4 expression vectors. The thyroid hormone receptor complex and KLF4 synergistically activate the enterocyte differentiation marker gene IAP, suggesting a previously unrecognized interrelationship between these two transcription factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Siddique
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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40
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Piccinni SA, Bolcato-Bellemin AL, Klein A, Yang VW, Kedinger M, Simon-Assmann P, Lefebvre O. Kruppel-like factors regulate the Lama1 gene encoding the laminin alpha1 chain. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:9103-14. [PMID: 14634001 PMCID: PMC2225534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305804200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-1 (alpha1beta1gamma1), a basement membrane (BM) constituent, has been associated with differentiation processes and also with malignant progression. In the intestinal tissue, the alpha1 chain is expressed and secreted in the subepithelial BM during the developmental period; in the adult rodent tissue, it is restricted to the BM of the dividing cells. To understand how laminin alpha1 chain expression is regulated, we cloned and characterized a 2-kb promoter region of the Lama1 mouse gene. Analysis of the promoter was conducted in the Caco2-TC7 intestinal epithelial cells by transient transfection of serially deleted and site-directed mutated promoter constructs, by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and expression of selected transcription factors. We determined that a proximal region, which includes an Sp1-binding GC box and a Krüppel-like element, was important for the promoter activity. This region is conserved between the human and mouse genes. Interestingly, two Krüppel-like factors KLF4 and KLF5 exhibit opposing effects on the Lama1 promoter activity that are decreased and increased, respectively, in the intestinal epithelial cells. These data corroborate the complementary expression of KLF4 and KLF5 along the intestinal crypt-villus axis and the parallel expression of KLF5 and laminin alpha1 chain in the crypt region. Finally, we showed that glucocorticoids stimulate the promoter activity. This study is the first characterization of the Lama1 promoter; we identified regulatory elements that may account for the expression pattern of the endogenous protein in the mouse intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Lefebvre
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: INSERM-Unité 381, 3, Ave. Molière, 67 200 Strasbourg, France. Tel.: 33−3−88−27−77−27; Fax: 33−3−88−26−35−38; E-mail: .
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41
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Niimi T, Hayashi Y, Sekiguchi K. Identification of an upstream enhancer in the mouse laminin alpha 1 gene defining its high level of expression in parietal endoderm cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9332-8. [PMID: 12519763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-1 is the major component of the embryonic basement membrane and consists of alpha1, beta1, and gamma1 chains. The expression of laminin-1 is induced in mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells upon differentiation into parietal endoderm through transcriptional up-regulation of the genes encoding these subunits. Here, we identified a 435-bp enhancer in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse laminin alpha1 (LAMA1) gene that activated its transcription in a differentiation-dependent manner. This enhancer was also active in PYS-2 parietal yolk sac-derived cells but not in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, indicating that it was a parietal endoderm-specific enhancer. This enhancer was also active in Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor-derived cells characterized by excessive production of laminin-1 and other basement membrane components, suggesting that EHS tumors have a transcriptional control mechanism similar to that of parietal endoderm cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses revealed four protein binding sites (PBS1-PBS4) in the 435-bp region. However, these DNA-binding proteins were detected not only in parietal endoderm cells (i.e. differentiated F9 cells, PYS-2 cells, and EHS tumor-derived cells) but also in undifferentiated F9 cells and NIH/3T3 cells. Mutational analyses revealed that three of these binding sites (PBS2, PBS3, and PBS4) function synergistically to confer the parietal endoderm-specific enhancer activity. The proteins binding to PBS2 and PBS4 were identified as the Sp1/Sp3 family of transcription factors and YY1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Niimi
- Sekiguchi Biomatrix Signaling Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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42
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Schnaper HW, Hayashida T, Hubchak SC, Poncelet AC. TGF-beta signal transduction and mesangial cell fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284:F243-52. [PMID: 12529270 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00300.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is closely associated with progressive renal fibrosis. Significant progress has been accomplished in determining the cellular signaling pathways that are activated by TGF-beta. This knowledge is being applied to glomerular mesangial cell models of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. A central component of TGF-beta-stimulated mesangial cell fibrogenesis is the TGF-beta family-specific Smad signal transduction pathway. However, while Smads play an important role in collagen accumulation, recent findings indicate that cross talk among a variety of pathways is necessary for maximal stimulation of collagen expression. Further investigation of these multiple interactions will provide insight into possible ways to interrupt cellular mechanisms of glomerular fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, and Children's Memorial Institute for Education and Research, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.
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43
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Wang N, Liu ZH, Ding F, Wang XQ, Zhou CN, Wu M. Down-regulation of gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor expression in esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:966-70. [PMID: 12439907 PMCID: PMC4656400 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i6.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. But the molecular mechanisms of esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. Gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (GKLF) is a newly identified transcription factor which is expressed abandantly in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and deregulation of GKLF was linked to several types of cancer. It is of interest to study the expression and role of GKLF in esophageal carcinoma.
METHODS: Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to compare GKLF expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to normal mucosa of the same patients. The serum deprivation inducibility of GKLF was observed in an esophageal squamous cancer cell line by comparison to the primary culture of human fibroblast. The effect of antisense GKLF transfection on the proliferation and adhesion of esophageal squamous cancer cell line was also observed.
RESULTS: The level of GKLF transcript is lower in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma compared to paired normal-appearing mucosa in 14 of 17 of the tumors analyzed. The serum deprivation inducibility of GKLF was greatly decreased in an esophageal squamous cancer cell line compared to the primary culture of human fibroblast. Decreased expression of GKLF in the esophageal cancer cell by antisense GKLF transfection increased its proliferation rate compared with that of vector transfected cell control (P < 0.05). Transfection of antisense GKLF decreased its adhesion ability (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate the down-regulation of GKLF in esophageal squamous cancer, and suggest that deregulation of GKLF may play a role in initiation and/or progression as well as the metastasis of esophageal squamous cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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Yasuda K, Hirayoshi K, Hirata H, Kubota H, Hosokawa N, Nagata K. The Kruppel-like factor Zf9 and proteins in the Sp1 family regulate the expression of HSP47, a collagen-specific molecular chaperone. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44613-22. [PMID: 12235161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In several cells and tissues the synthesis of HSP47, a collagen-specific molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, is closely correlated with the synthesis of collagen. We previously reported that the Sp1 binding site at -210 bp in the promoter region and the first and second introns are required for the tissue-specific expression of HSP47 in transgenic mice (Hirata, H., Yamamura, I., Yasuda, K., Kobayashi, A., Tada, N., Suzuki, M., Hirayoshi, K., Hosokawa, N., and Nagata, K. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 35703-35710). Here, we analyze how these introns influence the transcriptional regulation of the hsp47 gene in BALB/c 3T3 cells, which produce high levels of HSP47. In vitro promoter analysis using a luciferase reporter and gel mobility shift analysis revealed that two cis-acting elements in the first and second introns, BS5-B and EP7-D, respectively, are required for the activation of hsp47 in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Several members of the Kruppel-like factor (KLF) family of proteins were identified as BS5-B-binding proteins by yeast one-hybrid analysis using these elements as baits. One of these proteins, KLF-6/Zf9, binds to the BS5-B element and activates expression of the reporter construct when transfected into cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay analysis revealed that the endogenous KLF-6/Zf9 binds the BS5-B elements that contain the CACCC motif, which is a consensus recognition sequence for other proteins in the KLF family. We also showed that BS5-B and EP7-D are bound by two members of the Sp1 family, Sp2 and Sp3. These results suggest that at least three sequences are required for the constitutive expression of hsp47 in BALB/c 3T3 cells: the -210 bp Sp1 binding site, the BS5-B element in the first intron, and the EP7-D element in the second intron. We suggest that KLF proteins regulate the transcription of hsp47 by binding the BS5-B element in cooperation with Sp2 and/or Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Yasuda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
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