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Shin S, Kim SH, Lee JS, Lee GM. Streamlined Human Cell-Based Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Platform Enables Multigene Expression for the Production of Therapeutic Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1715-1727. [PMID: 34133132 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A platform, based on targeted integration of transgenes using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) coupled with CRISPR/Cas9, is increasingly being used for the development of mammalian cell lines that produce therapeutic proteins, because of reduced clonal variation and predictable transgene expression. However, low efficiency of the RMCE process has hampered its application in multicopy or multisite integration of transgenes. To improve RMCE efficiency, nuclear transport of RMCE components such as site-specific recombinase and donor plasmid was accelerated by incorporation of nuclear localization signal and DNA nuclear-targeting sequence, respectively. Consequently, the efficiency of RMCE in dual-landing pad human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell lines harboring identical or orthogonal pairs of recombination sites at two well-known human safe harbors (AAVS1 and ROSA26 loci), increased 6.7- and 8.1-fold, respectively. This platform with enhanced RMCE efficiency enabled simultaneous integration of transgenes at the two sites using a single transfection without performing selection and enrichment processes. The use of a homotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line capable of incorporating the same transgenes at two sites resulted in a 2-fold increase in the transgene expression level compared to a single-landing pad HEK293 cell line. In addition, the use of a heterotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line, which can incorporate transgenes for a recombinant protein at one site and an effector transgene for cell engineering at another site, increased recombinant protein production. Overall, a streamlined RMCE platform can be a versatile tool for mammalian cell line development by facilitating multigene expression at genomic safe harbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Dias MM, Vidigal J, Sequeira DP, Alves PM, Teixeira AP, Roldão A. Insect High FiveTM cell line development using site-specific flipase recombination technology. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6274903. [PMID: 33982066 PMCID: PMC8763235 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Insect Trichoplusia ni High FiveTM (Hi5) cells have been widely explored for production of heterologous proteins, traditionally mostly using the lytic baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS), and more recently using virus-free transient gene expression systems. Stable expression in such host cells would circumvent the drawbacks associated with both systems when it comes to scale-up and implementation of more efficient high-cell density process modes for the manufacturing of biologics. In this work, we combined Flipase (Flp) recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for generating a stable master clonal Hi5 cell line with the flexibility to express single or multiple proteins of interest from a tagged genomic locus. The 3-step protocol herein implemented consisted of (i) introducing the RMCE docking cassette into the cell genome by random integration followed by selection in Hygromycin B and FACS (Hi5-tagging population), (ii) eliminating cells tagged in loci with low recombination efficiency by transfecting the tagging population with an eGFP-containing target cassette followed by selection in G418 and FACS (Hi5-RMCE population), and (iii) isolation of pure eGFP-expressing cells by FACS and expansion to suspension cultures (Hi5-RMCE master clone). Exchangeability of the locus in the master clone was demonstrated in small-scale suspension cultures by replacing the target cassette by one containing a single protein (i.e. iCherry, as an intracellular protein model) or two proteins (i.e. influenza HA and M1 for virus-like particles production, as an extracellular protein model). Overall, the stable insect Hi5 cell platform herein assembled has the potential to assist and accelerate biologics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda M Dias
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Vidigal
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniela P Sequeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 - Basel, Switzerland
| | - António Roldão
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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3
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Harbottle JA, Petrie L, Ruhe M, Houssen WE, Jaspars M, Kolb AF. A cell-based assay system for activators of the environmental cell stress response. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113583. [PMID: 31945311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved health span and lifespan extension in a wide phylogenetic range of species is associated with the induction of the environmental cell stress response through a signalling pathway regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2. Phytochemicals which stimulate this response may form part of therapeutic interventions which stimulate endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms, thereby delaying the onset of age-related diseases and promoting healthy ageing in humans. In order to identify compounds that activate the Nrf2 pathway, a cell-based reporter system was established in HepG2 cells using a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the Nqo1 promoter. Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables and a known activator of the Nrf2 pathway, was used to validate the reporter system. The transfected cell line HepG2 C1 was subsequently used to screen natural product libraries. Five compounds were identified as activating the bioluminescent reporter by greater than 5-fold. The two most potent compounds, MBC20 and MBC37, were further characterised and shown to stimulate endogenous cytoprotective gene and protein expression. The bioluminescent reporter system will allow rapid, in vitro identification of novel compounds that have the potential to improve health span through activation of the environmental stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Petrie
- Metabolic Health Group, Obesity & Metabolic Health Theme, Rowett Institute, UK
| | - Madeleine Ruhe
- Metabolic Health Group, Obesity & Metabolic Health Theme, Rowett Institute, UK
| | - Wael E Houssen
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Andreas F Kolb
- Metabolic Health Group, Obesity & Metabolic Health Theme, Rowett Institute, UK.
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Site-specific chromosomal gene insertion: Flp recombinase versus Cas9 nuclease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17771. [PMID: 29259215 PMCID: PMC5736728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombination systems like those based on the Flp recombinase proved themselves as efficient tools for cell line engineering. The recent emergence of designer nucleases, especially RNA guided endonucleases like Cas9, has considerably broadened the available toolbox for applications like targeted transgene insertions. Here we established a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) protocol for the fast and effective, drug-free isolation of recombinant cells. Distinct fluorescent protein patterns identified the recombination status of individual cells. In derivatives of a CHO master cell line the expression of the introduced transgene of interest could be dramatically increased almost 20-fold by subsequent deletion of the fluorescent protein gene that provided the initial isolation principle. The same master cell line was employed in a comparative analysis using CRISPR/Cas9 for transgene integration in identical loci. Even though the overall targeting efficacy was comparable, multi-loci targeting was considerably more effective for Cas9-mediated transgene insertion when compared to RMCE. While Cas9 is inherently more flexible, our results also alert to the risk of aberrant recombination events around the cut site. Together, this study points at the individual strengths in performance of both systems and provides guidance for their appropriate use.
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Kolb AF, Knowles C, Pultinevicius P, Harbottle JA, Petrie L, Robinson C, Sorrell DA. Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Using Adenoviral Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1642:127-150. [PMID: 28815498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7169-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are important tools for the modification of mammalian genomes. In conjunction with viral vectors, they can be utilized to mediate site-specific gene insertions in animals and in cell lines which are difficult to transfect. Here we describe a method for the generation and analysis of an adenovirus vector supporting a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange reaction and discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Kolb
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. .,Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK.
| | - Christopher Knowles
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Patrikas Pultinevicius
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jennifer A Harbottle
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Linda Petrie
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - David A Sorrell
- Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK.,Horizon Biodiscovery, Cambridge, UK
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Vidigal J, Fernandes F, Coroadinha AS, Teixeira AP, Alves PM. Insect cell line development using FLP-mediated cassette exchange technology. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1104:15-27. [PMID: 24297406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cell line development is quite laborious and time-consuming as it is based on the random integration of the gene of interest which leads to unpredictable expression behavior. In opposition, recombinase-mediated cassette exchange systems represent a powerful genetic engineering approach, allowing site-specific insertion of recombinant genes into pre-tagged genomic loci with superior expression characteristics, thus bypassing the need for extensive clone screening and shortening the development timelines. Such systems have not been widely implemented in insect cell lines used for the production of recombinant proteins most commonly through the baculovirus expression vector system. Herein, it is provided the protocol for the implementation of a FLP-mediated cassette exchange system in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf 9 cells, in order to grant a flexible cell line for the stable production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vidigal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Bandaranayake AD, Almo SC. Recent advances in mammalian protein production. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:253-60. [PMID: 24316512 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian protein production platforms have had a profound impact in many areas of basic and applied research, and an increasing number of blockbuster drugs are recombinant mammalian proteins. With global sales of these drugs exceeding US$120 billion per year, both industry and academic research groups continue to develop cost effective methods for producing mammalian proteins to support pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of potential therapeutics. While a wide range of platforms have been successfully exploited for laboratory use, the bulk of recent biologics have been produced in mammalian cell lines due to the requirement for post translational modification and the biosynthetic complexity of the target proteins. In this review we highlight the range of mammalian expression platforms available for recombinant protein production, as well as advances in technologies for the rapid and efficient selection of highly productive clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Bandaranayake
- Departments of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Steven C Almo
- Departments of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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Warth L, Altenbuchner J. The tyrosine recombinase MrpA and its target sequence: a mutational analysis of the recombination site mrpS resulting in a new left element/right element (LE/RE) deletion system. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:617-36. [PMID: 23861149 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MrpA is the multimer resolution protein of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) plasmid SCP2*. Previously, MrpA was found to be a site-specific tyrosine recombinase that acts with the 36-bp recombination site mrpS. The present report gives a comprehensive characterization of the composition as well as the position of the spacer and MrpA binding sites within mrpS. Experiments revealed a spacer consisting of 6 remarkably variable nucleotides in the middle of the mrpS-site. A reduction in the spacer to 5 nucleotides abolished recombination. Investigation of the MrpA binding sites showed the importance of its 15 nucleotides on an effective recombination. Among almost randomly exchangeable nucleotides, two nucleotides were identified as essential for MrpA binding. Alteration of either of these nucleotides led to a reduction in MrpA binding down to 2 % or even to no binding. Based on these results, a new left element/right element (LE/RE) deletion system was developed. The constructed heteromeric mrpS-sites are efficiently resolved by MrpA. The resulting double mutated (LE/RE) site can no longer be used as a recombination site by MrpA. The system has been successfully applied for the generation of multiple-targeted deletions in the genome of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Warth
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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A new site-specific recombinase-mediated system for targeted multiple genomic deletions employing chimeric loxP and mrpS sites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6845-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Huang S, Kamihira M. Development of hybrid viral vectors for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:208-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) — A rapidly-expanding toolbox for targeted genomic modifications. Gene 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Fernandes F, Vidigal J, Dias MM, Prather KL, Coroadinha AS, Teixeira AP, Alves PM. Flipase-mediated cassette exchange inSf9insect cells for stable gene expression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2836-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Lanza AM, Dyess TJ, Alper HS. Using the Cre/lox system for targeted integration into the human genome: loxFAS-loxP pairing and delayed introduction of Cre DNA improve gene swapping efficiency. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Large-scale projects are providing rapid global access to a wealth of mouse genetic resources to help discover disease genes and to manipulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Ramachandra CJA, Shahbazi M, Kwang TWX, Choudhury Y, Bak XY, Yang J, Wang S. Efficient recombinase-mediated cassette exchange at the AAVS1 locus in human embryonic stem cells using baculoviral vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e107. [PMID: 21685448 PMCID: PMC3167641 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of a transgene into a defined genomic locus in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is crucial in preventing random integration-induced insertional mutagenesis, and can possibly enable persistent transgene expression during hESC expansion and in their differentiated progenies. Here, we employed homologous recombination in hESCs to introduce heterospecific loxP sites into the AAVS1 locus, a site with an open chromatin structure that allows averting transgene silencing phenomena. We then performed Cre recombinase mediated cassette exchange using baculoviral vectors to insert a transgene into the modified AAVS1 locus. Targeting efficiency in the master hESC line with the loxP-docking sites was up to 100%. Expression of the inserted transgene lasted for at least 20 passages during hESC expansion and was retained in differentiated cells derived from the genetically modified hESCs. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of genetic manipulation at the AAVS1 locus with homologous recombination and using viral transduction in hESCs to facilitate recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. The method developed will be useful for repeated gene targeting at a defined locus of the hESC genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan J A Ramachandra
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Torres R, García A, Payá M, Ramirez JC. Non-integrative lentivirus drives high-frequency cre-mediated cassette exchange in human cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19794. [PMID: 21625434 PMCID: PMC3100306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) is a two-step process leading to genetic modification in a specific genomic target sequence. The process involves insertion of a docking genetic cassette in the genome followed by DNA transfer of a second cassette flanked by compatible recombination signals and expression of the recombinase. Major technical drawbacks are cell viability upon transfection, toxicity of the enzyme, and the ability to target efficiently cell types of different origins. To overcome such drawbacks, we developed an RMCE assay that uses an integrase-deficient lentivirus (IDLV) vector in the second step combined with promoterless trapping of double selectable markers. Additionally, recombinase expression is self-limiting as a result of the exchangeable reaction, thus avoiding toxicity. Our approach provides proof-of-principle of a simple and novel strategy with expected wide applicability modelled on a human cell line with randomly integrated copies of a genetic landing pad. This strategy does not present foreseeable limitations for application to other cell systems modified by homologous recombination. Safety, efficiency, and simplicity are the major advantages of our system, which can be applied in low-to-medium throughput strategies for screening of cDNAs, non-coding RNAs during functional genomic studies, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Torres
- Viral Vector Technical Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida García
- Viral Vector Technical Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Payá
- Viral Vector Technical Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ramirez
- Viral Vector Technical Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Turan S, Galla M, Ernst E, Qiao J, Voelkel C, Schiedlmeier B, Zehe C, Bode J. Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange (RMCE): Traditional Concepts and Current Challenges. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:193-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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