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Kiperman T, Ma K. Circadian Clock in Muscle Disease Etiology and Therapeutic Potential for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4767. [PMID: 38731986 PMCID: PMC11083552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock and clock-controlled output pathways exert temporal control in diverse aspects of skeletal muscle physiology, including the maintenance of muscle mass, structure, function, and metabolism. They have emerged as significant players in understanding muscle disease etiology and potential therapeutic avenues, particularly in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This review examines the intricate interplay between circadian rhythms and muscle physiology, highlighting how disruptions of circadian regulation may contribute to muscle pathophysiology and the specific mechanisms linking circadian clock dysregulation with DMD. Moreover, we discuss recent advancements in chronobiological research that have shed light on the circadian control of muscle function and its relevance to DMD. Understanding clock output pathways involved in muscle mass and function offers novel insights into the pathogenesis of DMD and unveils promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. We further explore potential chronotherapeutic strategies targeting the circadian clock to ameliorate muscle degeneration which may inform drug development efforts for muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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2
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The Circadian Clocks, Oscillations of Pain-Related Mediators, and Pain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:511-523. [PMID: 35179680 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a biochemical oscillator that is synchronized with solar time. Normal circadian rhythms are necessary for many physiological functions. Circadian rhythms have also been linked with many physiological functions, several clinical symptoms, and diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the circadian clock appears to modulate the processing of nociceptive information. Many pain conditions display a circadian fluctuation pattern clinically. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge about the circadian clocks involved in diurnal rhythms of pain. Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms regarding the connection between the circadian clocks and pain are discussed.
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3
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Gilun P, Flisikowski K, Flisikowska T, Kwiatkowska J, Wąsowska B, Koziorowska-Gilun M. Role of Methylation in Period2 ( PER2) Transcription in the Context of the Presence or Absence of Light Signals: Natural and Chemical-Studies on the Pig Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157796. [PMID: 34360562 PMCID: PMC8346033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that carbon monoxide (CO) is a chemical light carrier that is transferred by the humoral pathway from the retina to the brain. Here, we aimed to study how deeply CO is involved in regulating the expression of Period2 gene (PER2), one of the genes maintaining the intrinsic biological clock. In our in vivo experiment, we studied whether CO may be a chemical signal and is also equivalent to natural light in three groups of pigs: Normal: housed in natural conditions without any procedures, Control: adapted and kept in constant darkness, infused with blank plasma, and CO treated: adapted and kept in constant darkness infused with CO-enriched plasma. After the experiment, the animals were slaughtered at two times of day: 12 p.m. and 12 a.m. Next, hypothalamus samples were collected. Quantitative PCR, the DNA methylation of the promoter sequence containing enhancers (E-box) and a functional analysis of the PER2 promoter was performed. qPCR showed a differential pattern of PER2 mRNA expression at daytime oscillation in the examined groups. Pyrosequencing revealed daytime changes in the methylation level of regulatory sites of the examined sequence. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that E-boxes (CANNTG) drive the expression of the porcine PER2 in vitro. In conclusion, changes in methylation over 24 h may regulate the oscillatory manner of PER2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Gilun
- Department of Local Physiological Regulations, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- School of Life Sciences, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany; (K.F.); (T.F.)
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- School of Life Sciences, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany; (K.F.); (T.F.)
| | - Joanna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Barbara Wąsowska
- Department of Local Physiological Regulations, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Koziorowska-Gilun
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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4
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Uriu K, Tei H. Complementary phase responses via functional differentiation of dual negative feedback loops. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008774. [PMID: 33684114 PMCID: PMC7971863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple feedback loops are often found in gene regulations for various cellular functions. In mammalian circadian clocks, oscillations of Period1 (Per1) and Period2 (Per2) expression are caused by interacting negative feedback loops (NFLs) whose protein products with similar molecular functions repress each other. However, Per1 expression peaks earlier than Per2 in the pacemaker tissue, raising the question of whether the peak time difference reflects their different dynamical functions. Here, we address this question by analyzing phase responses of the circadian clock caused by light-induced transcription of both Per1 and Per2 mRNAs. Through mathematical analyses of dual NFLs, we show that phase advance is mainly driven by light inputs to the repressor with an earlier expression peak as Per1, whereas phase delay is driven by the other repressor with a later peak as Per2. Due to the complementary contributions to phase responses, the ratio of light-induced transcription rates between Per1 and Per2 determines the magnitude and direction of phase shifts at each time of day. Specifically, stronger Per1 light induction than Per2 results in a phase response curve (PRC) with a larger phase advance zone than delay zone as observed in rats and hamsters, whereas stronger Per2 induction causes a larger delay zone as observed in mice. Furthermore, the ratio of light-induced transcription rates required for entrainment is determined by the relation between the circadian and light-dark periods. Namely, if the autonomous period of a circadian clock is longer than the light-dark period, a larger light-induced transcription rate of Per1 than Per2 is required for entrainment, and vice versa. In short, the time difference between Per1 and Per2 expression peaks can differentiate their dynamical functions. The resultant complementary contributions to phase responses can determine entrainability of the circadian clock to the light-dark cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Uriu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hajime Tei
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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5
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Lee SB, Park J, Kwak Y, Park YU, Nhung TTM, Suh BK, Woo Y, Suh Y, Cho E, Cho S, Park SK. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 enhances the quality of circadian rhythm by stabilizing BMAL1. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 33542182 PMCID: PMC7862247 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a scaffold protein that has been implicated in multiple mental disorders. DISC1 is known to regulate neuronal proliferation, signaling, and intracellular calcium homeostasis, as well as neurodevelopment. Although DISC1 was linked to sleep-associated behaviors, whether DISC1 functions in the circadian rhythm has not been determined yet. In this work, we revealed that Disc1 expression exhibits daily oscillating pattern and is regulated by binding of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) heterodimer to E-box sequences in its promoter. Interestingly, Disc1 deficiency increases the ubiquitination of BMAL1 and de-stabilizes it, thereby reducing its protein levels. DISC1 inhibits the activity of GSK3β, which promotes BMAL1 ubiquitination, suggesting that DISC1 regulates BMAL1 stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. Moreover, Disc1-deficient cells and mice show reduced expression of other circadian genes. Finally, Disc1-LI (Disc1 knockout) mice exhibit damped circadian physiology and behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the oscillation of DISC1 expression is under the control of CLOCK and BMAL1, and that DISC1 contributes to the core circadian system by regulating BMAL1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Been Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdo Kwak
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.507563.2Present Address: SK biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Un Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyul Cho
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Keshvari M, Nejadtaghi M, Hosseini-Beheshti F, Rastqar A, Patel N. Exploring the role of circadian clock gene and association with cancer pathophysiology. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:151-175. [PMID: 31791146 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1681440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most of the processes that occur in the mind and body follow natural rhythms. Those with a cycle length of about one day are called circadian rhythms. These rhythms are driven by a system of self-sustained clocks and are entrained by environmental cues such as light-dark cycles as well as food intake. In mammals, the circadian clock system is hierarchically organized such that the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus integrates environmental information and synchronizes the phase of oscillators in peripheral tissues.The circadian system is responsible for regulating a variety of physiological and behavioral processes, including feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Studies revealed that the circadian clock system consists primarily of a set of clock genes. Several genes control the biological clock, including BMAL1, CLOCK (positive regulators), CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, and PER3 (negative regulators) as indicators of the peripheral clock.Circadian has increasingly become an important area of medical research, with hundreds of studies pointing to the body's internal clocks as a factor in both health and disease. Thousands of biochemical processes from sleep and wakefulness to DNA repair are scheduled and dictated by these internal clocks. Cancer is an example of health problems where chronotherapy can be used to improve outcomes and deliver a higher quality of care to patients.In this article, we will discuss knowledge about molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock and the role of clocks in physiology and pathophysiology of concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Keshvari
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mahdieh Nejadtaghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Rastqar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niraj Patel
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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7
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The Poly(C) Motif in the Proximal Promoter Region of the D Site-Binding Protein Gene ( Dbp) Drives Its High-Amplitude Oscillation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00101-19. [PMID: 31160492 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00101-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The D site-binding protein (Dbp) supports the rhythmic transcription of downstream genes, in part by displaying high-amplitude cycling of its own transcripts compared to other circadian-clock genes. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that the poly(C) motif within the Dbp proximal promoter, in addition to an E-box element, provoked transcriptional activation. Furthermore, we generated a cell line with poly(C) deleted to demonstrate the endogenous effect of the poly(C) motif within the Dbp promoter. We investigated whether RNA polymerase 2 (Pol2) recruitment on the Dbp promoter was decreased in the cell line with poly(C) deleted. Next, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that the poly(C) motif induced greater chromatin accessibility within the region of the Dbp promoter. Finally, we determined that the oscillation amplitude of endogenous Dbp mRNA of the cell line with poly(C) deleted was decreased, which affected the oscillation of other clock genes that are controlled by Dbp Taken together, our results provide new insights into the function of the poly(C) motif as a novel cis-acting element of Dbp, along with its significance in the regulation of circadian rhythms.
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8
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Singh K, Jha NK, Thakur A. Spatiotemporal chromatin dynamics - A telltale of circadian epigenetic gene regulation. Life Sci 2019; 221:377-391. [PMID: 30721705 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, nature has forced organisms under selection pressure to hardwire an internal time keeping device that defines 24 h of a daily cycle of physiological and behavioral rhythms, known as circadian rhythms. At the cellular level, the cycle is governed by significant fractions of transcriptomes, which are under the control of transcriptional and translational feedback loop of clock genes. Intriguingly, this feedback loop is regulated at multiple stratums such as at the transcriptional and translational levels, which direct a cell towards producing a robust rhythm by sustaining the repeated stoichiometry of protein products. Moreover, with the advent of state of the art paradigms, epigenetic regulation of circadian rhythms has been becoming more evident at present time. Light-induced recurring fluctuations in chromatin acetylation concurrent with the binding of RNA Pol II and integration of miRNAs monitor the chromatin modifiers or clock genes expression to drive temporal rhythmicity. Furthermore, CLOCK protein intrinsic histone acetyl transferase activity, the interaction of CLOCK-BMAL-1 with HAT enzymes, and the involvement of many histone deacetylases also maintain the rhythmic protein profile. Additionally, the critical role of the rhythmic methylation pattern of clock genes in battery of cancer and metabolic disorders also defines its importance. Therefore, in this review, we focused on accumulating all the present data available on epigenetics and circadian rhythms. Interestingly, we also gathered evidence from the available literature pinpointing towards the dynamic nature of chromatin architecture governed by long and short-range regulatory elements DNA contacts arising daily, that was thought to be steady otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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9
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Kim P, Oster H, Lehnert H, Schmid SM, Salamat N, Barclay JL, Maronde E, Inder W, Rawashdeh O. Coupling the Circadian Clock to Homeostasis: The Role of Period in Timing Physiology. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:66-95. [PMID: 30169559 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of physiological processes show stable and synchronized daily oscillations that are either driven or modulated by biological clocks. A circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ventral hypothalamus coordinates 24-hour oscillations of central and peripheral physiology with the environment. The circadian clockwork involved in driving rhythmic physiology is composed of various clock genes that are interlocked via a complex feedback loop to generate precise yet plastic oscillations of ∼24 hours. This review focuses on the specific role of the core clockwork gene Period1 and its paralogs on intra-oscillator and extra-oscillator functions, including, but not limited to, hippocampus-dependent processes, cardiovascular function, appetite control, as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. Alterations in Period gene function have been implicated in a wide range of physical and mental disorders. At the same time, a variety of conditions including metabolic disorders also impact clock gene expression, resulting in circadian disruptions, which in turn often exacerbates the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Salamat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erik Maronde
- Department of Anatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Warrick Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Lück S, Westermark PO. Circadian mRNA expression: insights from modeling and transcriptomics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:497-521. [PMID: 26496725 PMCID: PMC11108398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks synchronize organisms to the 24 h rhythms of the environment. These clocks persist under constant conditions, have their origin at the cellular level, and produce an output of rhythmic mRNA expression affecting thousands of transcripts in many mammalian cell types. Here, we review the charting of circadian output rhythms in mRNA expression, focusing on mammals. We emphasize the challenges in statistics, interpretation, and quantitative descriptions that such investigations have faced and continue to face, and outline remaining outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lück
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pål O Westermark
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Sleep is a complex behavior both in its manifestation and regulation, that is common to almost all animal species studied thus far. Sleep is not a unitary behavior and has many different aspects, each of which is tightly regulated and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Despite its essential role for performance, health, and well-being, genetic mechanisms underlying this complex behavior remain poorly understood. One important aspect of sleep concerns its homeostatic regulation, which ensures that levels of sleep need are kept within a range still allowing optimal functioning during wakefulness. Uncovering the genetic pathways underlying the homeostatic aspect of sleep is of particular importance because it could lead to insights concerning sleep's still elusive function and is therefore a main focus of current sleep research. In this chapter, we first give a definition of sleep homeostasis and describe the molecular genetics techniques that are used to examine it. We then provide a conceptual discussion on the problem of assessing a sleep homeostatic phenotype in various animal models. We finally highlight some of the studies with a focus on clock genes and adenosine signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine M Mang
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland,
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12
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Yan J, Shi G, Zhang Z, Wu X, Liu Z, Xing L, Qu Z, Dong Z, Yang L, Xu Y. An intensity ratio of interlocking loops determines circadian period length. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10278-87. [PMID: 25122753 PMCID: PMC4176327 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks allow organisms to orchestrate the daily rhythms in physiology and behaviors, and disruption of circadian rhythmicity can profoundly affect fitness. The mammalian circadian oscillator consists of a negative primary feedback loop and is associated with some 'auxiliary' loops. This raises the questions of how these interlocking loops coordinate to regulate the period and maintain its robustness. Here, we focused on the REV-ERBα/Cry1 auxiliary loop, consisting of Rev-Erbα/ROR-binding elements (RORE) mediated Cry1 transcription, coordinates with the negative primary feedback loop to modulate the mammalian circadian period. The silicon simulation revealed an unexpected rule: the intensity ratio of the primary loop to the auxiliary loop is inversely related to the period length, even when post-translational feedback is fixed. Then we measured the mRNA levels from two loops in 10-mutant mice and observed the similar monotonic relationship. Additionally, our simulation and the experimental results in human osteosarcoma cells suggest that a coupling effect between the numerator and denominator of this intensity ratio ensures the robustness of circadian period and, therefore, provides an efficient means of correcting circadian disorders. This ratio rule highlights the contribution of the transcriptional architecture to the period dynamics and might be helpful in the construction of synthetic oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Guangsen Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Lijuan Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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13
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Mori K, Iijima N, Higo S, Aikawa S, Matsuo I, Takumi K, Sakamoto A, Ozawa H. Epigenetic suppression of mouse Per2 expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by the inhalational anesthetic, sevoflurane. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87319. [PMID: 24498074 PMCID: PMC3909093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that sevoflurane anesthesia reversibly suppresses the expression of the clock gene, Period2 (Per2), in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this suppression remain unclear. In this study, we examined the possibility that sevoflurane suppresses Per2 expression via epigenetic modification of the Per2 promoter. METHODS Mice were anesthetized with a gas mixture of 2.5% sevoflurane/40% oxygen at a 6 L/min flow for 1 or 4 h. After termination, brains were removed and samples of SCN tissue were derived from frozen brain sections. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using anti-acetylated-histone antibodies were performed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane on histone acetylation of the Per2 promoter. Interaction between the E'-box (a cis-element in the Per2 promoter) and CLOCK (the Clock gene product) was also assessed by a ChIP assay using an anti-CLOCK antibody. The SCN concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), a CLOCK regulator, was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Acetylation of histone H4 in the proximal region of the Per2 promoter was significantly reduced by sevoflurane. This change in the epigenetic profile of the Per2 gene was observed prior to suppression of Per2 expression. Simultaneously, a reduction in the CLOCK-E'-box interaction in the Per2 promoter was observed. Sevoflurane treatment did not affect the concentration of NAD(+) in the SCN. CONCLUSIONS Independent of NAD(+) concentration in the SCN, sevoflurane decreases CLOCK binding to the Per2 promoter E'-box motif, reducing histone acetylation and leading to suppression of Per2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Iijima
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shimpei Higo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Aikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Matsuo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Takumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Tong X, Yin L. Circadian rhythms in liver physiology and liver diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:917-40. [PMID: 23720334 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, circadian rhythms function to coordinate a diverse panel of physiological processes with environmental conditions such as food and light. As the driving force for circadian rhythmicity, the molecular clock is a self-sustained transcription-translational feedback loop system consisting of transcription factors, epigenetic modulators, kinases/phosphatases, and ubiquitin E3 ligases. The molecular clock exists not only in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus but also in the peripheral tissues to regulate cellular and physiological function in a tissue-specific manner. The circadian clock system in the liver plays important roles in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. Clock gene mutant animals display impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and are susceptible to diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction, providing strong evidence for the connection between the circadian clock and metabolic homeostasis. Circadian-controlled hepatic metabolism is partially achieved by controlling the expression and/or activity of key metabolic enzymes, transcription factors, signaling molecules, and transporters. Reciprocally, intracellular metabolites modulate the molecular clock activity in response to the energy status. Although still at the early stage, circadian clock dysfunction has been implicated in common chronic liver diseases. Circadian dysregulation of lipid metabolism, detoxification, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell-cycle control might contribute to the onset and progression of liver steatosis, fibrosis, and even carcinogenesis. In summary, these findings call for a comprehensive study of the function and mechanisms of hepatic circadian clock to gain better understanding of liver physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Franken P. A role for clock genes in sleep homeostasis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:864-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Cheon S, Park N, Cho S, Kim K. Glucocorticoid-mediated Period2 induction delays the phase of circadian rhythm. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6161-74. [PMID: 23620290 PMCID: PMC3695510 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) signaling synchronizes the circadian rhythm of individual peripheral cells and induces the expression of circadian genes, including Period1 (Per1) and Period2 (Per2). However, no GC response element (GRE) has been reported in the Per2 promoter region. Here we report the molecular mechanisms of Per2 induction by GC signaling and its relevance to the regulation of circadian timing. We found that GC prominently induced Per2 expression and delayed the circadian phase. The overlapping GRE and E-box (GE2) region in the proximal Per2 promoter was responsible for GC-mediated Per2 induction. The GRE in the Per2 promoter was unique in that brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1 (BMAL1) was essential for GC-induced Per2 expression, whereas other GRE-containing promoters, such as Per1 and mouse mammary tumor virus, responded to dexamethasone in the absence of BMAL1. This specialized regulatory mechanism was mediated by BMAL1-dependent binding of the GC receptor to GRE in Per2 promoter. When Per2 induction was abrogated by the mutation of the GRE or E-box, the circadian oscillation phase failed to be delayed compared with that of the wild-type. Therefore, the current study demonstrates that the rapid Per2 induction mediated by GC is crucial for delaying the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmi Cheon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier R&D Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Noheon Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier R&D Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier R&D Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier R&D Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and Department of Physiology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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17
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Yoshida K, Hashiramoto A, Okano T, Yamane T, Shibanuma N, Shiozawa S. TNF-α modulates expression of the circadian clock genePer2in rheumatoid synovial cells. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 42:276-80. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.765031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Curie T, Mongrain V, Dorsaz S, Mang GM, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. Homeostatic and circadian contribution to EEG and molecular state variables of sleep regulation. Sleep 2013; 36:311-23. [PMID: 23450268 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Besides their well-established role in circadian rhythms, our findings that the forebrain expression of the clock-genes Per2 and Dbp increases and decreases, respectively, in relation to time spent awake suggest they also play a role in the homeostatic aspect of sleep regulation. Here, we determined whether time of day modulates the effects of elevated sleep pressure on clock-gene expression. Time of day effects were assessed also for recognized electrophysiological (EEG delta power) and molecular (Homer1a) markers of sleep homeostasis. DESIGN EEG and qPCR data were obtained for baseline and recovery from 6-h sleep deprivation starting at ZT0, -6, -12, or -18. SETTING Mouse sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Male mice. INTERVENTIONS Sleep deprivation. RESULTS The sleep-deprivation induced changes in Per2 and Dbp expression importantly varied with time of day, such that Per2 could even decrease during sleep deprivations occurring at the decreasing phase in baseline. Dbp showed similar, albeit opposite dynamics. These unexpected results could be reliably predicted assuming that these transcripts behave according to a driven damped harmonic oscillator. As expected, the sleep-wake distribution accounted for a large degree of the changes in EEG delta power and Homer1a. Nevertheless, the sleep deprivation-induced increase in delta power varied also with time of day with higher than expected levels when recovery sleep started at dark onset. CONCLUSIONS Per2 and delta power are widely used as exclusive state variables of the circadian and homeostatic process, respectively. Our findings demonstrate a considerable cross-talk between these two processes. As Per2 in the brain responds to both sleep loss and time of day, this molecule is well positioned to keep track of and to anticipate homeostatic sleep need. CITATION Curie T; Mongrain V; Dorsaz S; Mang GM; Emmenegger Y; Franken P. Homeostatic and circadian contribution to EEG and molecular state variables of sleep regulation. SLEEP 2013;36(3):311-323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Curie
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Korenčič A, Bordyugov G, Košir R, Rozman D, Goličnik M, Herzel H. The interplay of cis-regulatory elements rules circadian rhythms in mouse liver. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46835. [PMID: 23144788 PMCID: PMC3489864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock is driven by cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loops that involve E-boxes, D-boxes, and ROR-elements. In peripheral organs, circadian rhythms are additionally affected by systemic factors. We show that intrinsic combinatorial gene regulation governs the liver clock. With a temporal resolution of 2 h, we measured the expression of 21 clock genes in mouse liver under constant darkness and equinoctial light-dark cycles. Based on these data and known transcription factor binding sites, we develop a six-variable gene regulatory network. The transcriptional feedback loops are represented by equations with time-delayed variables, which substantially simplifies modelling of intermediate protein dynamics. Our model accurately reproduces measured phases, amplitudes, and waveforms of clock genes. Analysis of the network reveals properties of the clock: overcritical delays generate oscillations; synergy of inhibition and activation enhances amplitudes; and combinatorial modulation of transcription controls the phases. The agreement of measurements and simulations suggests that the intrinsic gene regulatory network primarily determines the circadian clock in liver, whereas systemic cues such as light-dark cycles serve to fine-tune the rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Korenčič
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grigory Bordyugov
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rok Košir
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Goličnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Real-time monitoring in three-dimensional hepatocytes reveals that insulin acts as a synchronizer for liver clock. Sci Rep 2012; 2:439. [PMID: 22666542 PMCID: PMC3365280 DOI: 10.1038/srep00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resetting the peripheral clock and understanding the integration between the circadian rhythm and metabolic pathways are fundamental questions. To test whether insulin acts as a synchronizer for the hepatic clock by cell-autonomous mechanisms, the phase-resetting capabilities of insulin were investigated in cultured hepatic cells. We provide evidence that three-dimensional (3D) cell culture conditions that preserve the differentiated state of primary hepatocytes sustained the robustness of the molecular clock, while this robustness rapidly dampened under classical monolayer cell culture conditions. Herein, we established a 3D cell culture system coupled with a real-time luciferase reporter, and demonstrated that insulin directly regulates the phase entrainment of hepatocyte circadian oscillators. We found that insulin-deficient diabetic rats had a pronounced phase advance in their hepatic clock. Subsequently, a single administration of insulin induced phase-dependent bi-directional phase shifts in diabetic rat livers. Our results clearly demonstrate that insulin is a liver clock synchronizer.
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21
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Chu G, Misawa I, Chen H, Yamauchi N, Shigeyoshi Y, Hashimoto S, Hattori MA. Contribution of FSH and triiodothyronine to the development of circadian clocks during granulosa cell maturation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E645-53. [PMID: 22205630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00470.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of FSH and triiodothyronine (T(3)) in circadian clocks was investigated using immature granulosa cells of ovaries during the progress of cell maturation. Granulosa cells were prepared from preantral follicles of mouse Period2 (Per2)-dLuc reporter gene transgenic rats injected subcutaneously with the synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen diethylstilbestrol. Analysis of the cellular clock of the immature granulosa cells was performed partly using a serum-free culture system. Several bioluminescence oscillations of Per2-dLuc promoter activity were generated in the presence of FSH + fetal bovine serum, but not in the presence of either FSH or serum. As revealed by bioluminescence recording and analysis of clock gene expression, the granulosa cells lack the functional cellular clock at the immature stage, although Lhr was greatly expressed during the period of cell maturation. The granulosa cells gained a strong circadian rhythm of bioluminescence during stimulation with FSH, whereas LH reset the cellular clock of matured granulosa cells. During strong circadian rhythms of clock genes, the Star gene showed significant expression in matured granulosa cells. In contrast, T(3) showed an inhibitory effect on the development of the functional cellular clock during the period of cell maturation. These results indicate that FSH provides a cue for the development of the functional cellular clock of the immature granulosa cells, and T(3) blocks the development of the cellular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Chu
- Dept. of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Yamajuku D, Shibata Y, Kitazawa M, Katakura T, Urata H, Kojima T, Takayasu S, Nakata O, Hashimoto S. Cellular DBP and E4BP4 proteins are critical for determining the period length of the circadian oscillator. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2217-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Guillaumond F, Boyer B, Becquet D, Guillen S, Kuhn L, Garin J, Belghazi M, Bosler O, Franc J, François‐Bellan A. Chromatin remodeling as a mechanism for circadian prolactin transcription: rhythmic NONO and SFPQ recruitment to HLTF. FASEB J 2011; 25:2740-56. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-178616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Guillaumond
- Institut des Sciences Moleculaires de Marseille (ISM2)UMR6263 Université Aix‐Marseille IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Benedicte Boyer
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Denis Becquet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Severine Guillen
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Étude de la Dynamique des Protéomes (EDyP)‐ServiceGrenobleFrance
| | - Jerome Garin
- Centre d'Analyse Protéomique de MarseilleInstitut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR) Jean‐RocheMarseilleFrance
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Plateforme Protéomique de l'Esplanade Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC)StrasbourgFrance
| | - Olivier Bosler
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Franc
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
| | - Anne‐Marie François‐Bellan
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6231Université Aix‐Marseille II, IIIMarseilleFrance
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24
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Ogawa Y, Koike N, Kurosawa G, Soga T, Tomita M, Tei H. Positive autoregulation delays the expression phase of mammalian clock gene Per2. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18663. [PMID: 21533189 PMCID: PMC3077398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, cellular circadian rhythms are generated by a
transcriptional-translational autoregulatory network that consists of clock
genes that encode transcriptional regulators. Of these clock genes,
Period1 (Per1) and
Period2 (Per2) are essential for
sustainable circadian rhythmicity and photic entrainment. Intriguingly,
Per1 and Per2 mRNAs exhibit circadian
oscillations with a 4-hour phase difference, but they are similarly
transactivated by CLOCK-BMAL1. In this study, we investigated the mechanism
underlying the phase difference between Per1 and
Per2 through a combination of mathematical simulations and
molecular experiments. Mathematical analyses of a model for the mammalian
circadian oscillator demonstrated that the slow synthesis and fast degradation
of mRNA tend to advance the oscillation phase of mRNA expression. However, the
phase difference between Per1 and Per2 was not
reproduced by the model, which implemented a 1.1-fold difference in degradation
rates and a 3-fold difference in CLOCK-BMAL1 mediated inductions of
Per1 and Per2 as estimated in cultured
mammalian cells. Thus, we hypothesized the existence of a novel transcriptional
activation of Per2 by PER1/2 such that the
Per2 oscillation phase was delayed. Indeed, only the
Per2 promoter, but not Per1, was strongly
induced by both PER1 and PER2 in the presence of CLOCK-BMAL1 in a luciferase
reporter assay. Moreover, a 3-hour advance was observed in the transcriptional
oscillation of the delta-Per2 reporter gene lacking
cis-elements required for the induction by PER1/2. These results indicate that
the Per2 positive feedback regulation is a significant factor
responsible for generating the phase difference between Per1
and Per2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Ogawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata,
Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio
University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Mitsubishikagaku Institute of Life Science, Machida, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Nobuya Koike
- Mitsubishikagaku Institute of Life Science, Machida, Tokyo,
Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gen Kurosawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako,
Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata,
Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata,
Japan
| | - Hajime Tei
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,
Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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