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The multifaceted role of GCM1 during trophoblast differentiation in the human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203071119. [PMID: 36442132 PMCID: PMC9894182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the uterine vasculature by invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) is a critical aspect of human placentation. Insufficient EVT invasion can lead to severe obstetrical complications like preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth. Glial cells missing-1 (GCM1) is a transcription factor that is crucial for proper placentation in mice, and is highly expressed in human syncytiotrophoblast (ST) and EVTs. GCM1 is classically considered a master regulator of ST formation, but little is known about its contribution to the development and function of EVTs. Therefore, in this study we test the hypothesis that GCM1 is a critical regulator of both EVT and ST development and function. We show that GCM1 is highly expressed in human trophoblast stem (TS) cells differentiated into either ST or EVTs. Knockdown of GCM1 in TS cells hindered differentiation into both ST and EVT pathways. When placed in ST media, GCM1-knockdown cells formed small, unstable clusters; when placed in EVT media, cells had altered morphology and transcript profiles resembling cells trapped in an intermediate state between CT and EVT, and invasive capacity through matrix was reduced. RNA sequencing analysis of GCM1-deficient TS cells revealed downregulation of EVT-associated genes and enrichment in transcripts related to WNT signaling, which was linked to decreased expression of the EVT master regulator ASCL2 and the WNT antagonist NOTUM. Our findings reveal an essential role of GCM1 during ST and EVT development, and suggest that GCM1 regulates differentiation of human TS cells into EVTs by inducing expression of ASCL2 and NOTUM.
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Renaud SJ, Jeyarajah MJ. How trophoblasts fuse: an in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:433. [PMID: 35859055 PMCID: PMC11072895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, cell fusion is restricted to only a few cell types under normal conditions. In the placenta, cell fusion is a critical process for generating syncytiotrophoblast: the giant multinucleated trophoblast lineage containing billions of nuclei within an interconnected cytoplasm that forms the primary interface separating maternal blood from fetal tissue. The unique morphology of syncytiotrophoblast ensures that nutrients and gases can be efficiently transferred between maternal and fetal tissue while simultaneously restricting entry of potentially damaging substances and maternal immune cells through intercellular junctions. To maintain integrity of the syncytiotrophoblast layer, underlying cytotrophoblast progenitor cells terminate their capability for self-renewal, upregulate expression of genes needed for differentiation, and then fuse into the overlying syncytium. These processes are disrupted in a variety of obstetric complications, underscoring the importance of proper syncytiotrophoblast formation for pregnancy health. Herein, an overview of key mechanisms underlying human trophoblast fusion and syncytiotrophoblast development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Mariyan J Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
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Functional antagonism between ΔNp63α and GCM1 regulates human trophoblast stemness and differentiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1626. [PMID: 35338152 PMCID: PMC8956607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of EGF, CHIR99021, A83-01, SB431542, VPA, and Y27632 (EGF/CASVY) facilitates the derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from human blastocysts and first-trimester, but not term, cytotrophoblasts. The mechanism underlying this chemical induction of TS cells remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that the induction efficiency of cytotrophoblast is determined by functional antagonism of the placental transcription factor GCM1 and the stemness regulator ΔNp63α. ΔNp63α reduces GCM1 transcriptional activity, whereas GCM1 inhibits ΔNp63α oligomerization and autoregulation. EGF/CASVY cocktail activates ΔNp63α, thereby partially inhibiting GCM1 activity and reverting term cytotrophoblasts into stem cells. By applying hypoxia condition, we can further reduce GCM1 activity and successfully induce term cytotrophoblasts into TS cells. Consequently, we identify mitochondrial creatine kinase 1 (CKMT1) as a key GCM1 target crucial for syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and reveal decreased CKMT1 expression in preeclampsia. Our study delineates the molecular underpinnings of trophoblast stemness and differentiation and an efficient method to establish TS cells from term placentas. Trophoblast stem cells can be derived from human blastocysts and first-trimester, but not term, cytotrophoblasts. Here the authors show that induction efficiency of cytotrophoblast is determined by antagonism between GCM1 and ΔNp63α and manipulating this antagonism facilitates derivation of TS cells from term placenta.
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Wang R, Yu R, Zhu C, Lin HY, Lu X, Wang H. Tubulin detyrosination promotes human trophoblast syncytium formation. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:967-978. [PMID: 31408157 PMCID: PMC6927241 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trophoblast syncytialization is one of the most important yet least understood events during placental development. In this study, we found that detyrosinated α-tubulin (detyr-α-tub), which is negatively regulated by tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), was elevated during human placental cytotrophoblast fusion. Correspondingly, relatively high expression of TTL protein was observed in first-trimester human placental cytotrophoblast cells, but fusing trophoblast cells exhibited much lower levels of TTL. Notably, fusion of preeclamptic cytotrophoblast cells was compromised but could be partially rescued by knockdown of TTL levels. Mechanistically, chronic downregulation of TTL in trophoblast cells resulted in significantly elevated expression of detyr-α-tub. Restoration of detyr-α-tub thus contributed to the cell surface localization of the fusogenic protein Syncytin-2 and the gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43), which in turn promoted successful fusion between trophoblast cells. Taken together, the results suggest that tubulin detyrosination plays an essential role in human trophoblast fusogenic protein aggregation and syncytialization. Insufficient tubulin detyrosination leads to defects in syncytialization and potentially to the onset of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruoxuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nunes-Xavier CE, Zaldumbide L, Aurtenetxe O, López-Almaraz R, López JI, Pulido R. Dual-Specificity Phosphatases in Neuroblastoma Cell Growth and Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051170. [PMID: 30866462 PMCID: PMC6429076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are important regulators of neuronal cell growth and differentiation by targeting proteins essential to neuronal survival in signaling pathways, among which the MAP kinases (MAPKs) stand out. DUSPs include the MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), a family of enzymes that directly dephosphorylate MAPKs, as well as the small-size atypical DUSPs, a group of low molecular-weight enzymes which display more heterogeneous substrate specificity. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a malignancy intimately associated with the course of neuronal and neuroendocrine cell differentiation, and constitutes the source of more common extracranial solid pediatric tumors. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs in NB cell growth and differentiation, and discuss the potential of DUSPs as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Laura Zaldumbide
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
| | - Olaia Aurtenetxe
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
| | - Ricardo López-Almaraz
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
| | - José I López
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain.
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Vega WHO, Quirino CR, Bartholazzi-Junior A, Rua MAS, Serapião RV, Oliveira CS. Variants in the CYP19A1 gene can affect in vitro embryo production traits in cattle. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:2233-2241. [PMID: 30232641 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to associate DNA variants in promoter and exon flanking regions of the CYP19A1 gene with in vitro embryo production traits in cattle. The role of transcription factor binding sites created or lost due to DNA sequence variation and their possible effect on gene expression was also evaluated. METHODS We collected date from Gyr dairy oocyte donor cows (Bos taurus indicus) at a commercial in vitro embryo production farm and analyzed the genotype-phenotype association with in vitro production traits. Using Sanger sequencing and web-based software, we assessed important CYP19A1 gene regions in oocyte donor cows and analyzed the effects of variants on the transcription factor binding sites. RESULTS Two SNP mutations significantly associated with oocyte production, oocyte viability, embryo development, and pregnancies were found (T > C in the untranslated exon 1 flanking region ([GenBank: AJ250379.1]: rs718446508 T > C), and a T > C in the 5'-upstream region (1.1 promoter) ([GenBank: AC_000167.1]: rs41651668 T > C). Six new transcription factor binding sites were created. A binding site for transcription factors associated with the development of the placenta and embryo implantation was eliminated due to variations in the DNA sequence identified. CONCLUSIONS The CYP19A1 gene contributes to genetic variation of in vitro embryo production traits in cattle. The complexity of the physiological phenomena related to estrogen pathways and their influence on reproduction in cattle allow indication of the mutations evaluated here as possible genetic markers for embryo production traits, which should be validated in the next steps of marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilder Hernando Ortiz Vega
- Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement, Norte Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Celia Raquel Quirino
- Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement, Norte Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Aylton Bartholazzi-Junior
- Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement, Norte Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Miguel Alejandro Silva Rua
- Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement, Norte Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Raquel Varella Serapião
- PESAGRO-RIO, Laboratory for Animal Reproduction, Santa Mônica Experimental Farm (CESM), Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clara Slade Oliveira
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Unit, Laboratory for Animal Reproduction, Santa Mônica Experimental Farm (CESM), Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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p45 NF-E2 regulates syncytiotrophoblast differentiation by post-translational GCM1 modifications in human intrauterine growth restriction. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2730. [PMID: 28383551 PMCID: PMC5477575 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency jeopardizes prenatal development, potentially leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and stillbirth. Surviving fetuses are at an increased risk for chronic diseases later in life. IUGR is closely linked with altered trophoblast and placental differentiation. However, due to a paucity of mechanistic insights, suitable biomarkers and specific therapies for IUGR are lacking. The transcription factor p45 NF-E2 (nuclear factor erythroid derived 2) has been recently found to regulate trophoblast differentiation in mice. The absence of p45 NF-E2 in trophoblast cells causes IUGR and placental insufficiency in mice, but mechanistic insights are incomplete and the relevance of p45 NF-E2 for human syncytiotrophoblast differentiation remains unknown. Here we show that p45 NF-E2 negatively regulates human syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and is associated with IUGR in humans. Expression of p45 NF-E2 is reduced in human placentae complicated with IUGR compared with healthy controls. Reduced p45 NF-E2 expression is associated with increased syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, enhanced glial cells missing-1 (GCM1) acetylation and GCM1 desumoylation in IUGR placentae. Induction of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation in BeWo and primary villous trophoblast cells with 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) reduces p45 NF-E2 expression. Of note, p45 NF-E2 knockdown is sufficient to increase syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and GCM1 expression. Loss of p45 NF-E2 using either approach resulted in CBP-mediated GCM1 acetylation and SENP-mediated GCM1 desumoylation, demonstrating that p45 NF-E2 regulates post-translational modifications of GCM1. Functionally, reduced p45 NF-E2 expression is associated with increased cell death and caspase-3 activation in vitro and in placental tissues samples. Overexpression of p45 NF-E2 is sufficient to repress GCM1 expression, acetylation and desumoylation, even in 8-Br-cAMP exposed BeWo cells. These results suggest that p45 NF-E2 negatively regulates differentiation and apoptosis activation of human syncytiotrophoblast by modulating GCM1 acetylation and sumoylation. These studies identify a new pathomechanism related to IUGR in humans and thus provide new impetus for future studies aiming to identify new biomarkers and/or therapies of IUGR.
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Baines K, Renaud S. Transcription Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:39-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Costa MA. Scrutinising the regulators of syncytialization and their expression in pregnancy-related conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:180-93. [PMID: 26586208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is important for the success of gestation and foetal development. In fact, this specialized pregnancy organ is essential for foetal nourishment, support, and protection. In the placenta, there are different cell populations, including four subtypes of trophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts fuse and differentiate into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (syncytialization). Syncytialization is a hallmark of placentation and is highly regulated by numerous molecules with distinct roles. Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction or trisomy 21 have been associated with a defective syncytialization and an altered expression of its modulators. This work proposes to review the molecules that promote or inhibit both fusion and biochemical differentiation of cytotrophoblasts. Moreover, it will also analyse the syncytialization modulators abnormally expressed in pathological placentas, highlighting the molecules that may contribute to the aetiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Lu X, He Y, Zhu C, Wang H, Chen S, Lin HY. Twist1 is involved in trophoblast syncytialization by regulating GCM1. Placenta 2016; 39:45-54. [PMID: 26992674 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) is maintained and regenerated by the fusion of underlying cytotrophoblast cells (CTBs) and is responsible for a number of functions in the human placenta. Deficiencies in this structure may result in pregnancy-associated diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying trophoblast syncytialization await further investigation. METHODS The location of the transcription factor Twist1 in human placental tissues was identified by immunohistochemistry. The expression of Twist1 and glial cells missing-1 (GCM1) was evaluated by qPCR or western blotting in two cell-fusion models including forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells and spontaneous syncytialization of CTBs. The key role of Twist1 in trophoblast differentiation was identified using BeWo cells transfected with Twist1-specific siRNA. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of Twist1 and GCM1 in primary CTBs cultured with 2% oxygen. The Twist1 binding region in the GCM1 gene was detected by chromatin-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Twist1 was expressed in human placental tissues, and the expression of Twist1 and GCM1 increased in a time-dependent manner during spontaneous syncytialization of primary CTBs and forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. A reduction in Twist1 and GCM1 expression was observed under hypoxic conditions and was accompanied by inhibition of trophoblast syncytialization. Moreover, siRNA-mediated silencing of Twist1 resulted in inhibition of BeWo cells fusion and down-regulation of GCM1 expression. Furthermore, Twist1 was found to bind to the E-box-enriched region in intron 2 of the GCM1 gene during forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. DISCUSSION The above results suggest that Twist1 is required during trophoblast syncytialization. Twist1 may promote trophoblast syncytialization by regulating the expression of GCM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Yuxia He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
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Kim SY, Oh M, Lee KS, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee SC, Bae KH, Han BS. Profiling analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatases during neuronal differentiation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:219-224. [PMID: 26704437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During neuronal differentiation, it is generally accepted that many kinases and phosphatases fulfill different roles. In this study, phospho-tyrosine phosphatases were focused on and their expression profiling was evaluated during neuronal differentiation of mouse J1 embryonic stem cells. Among 83 phospho-tyrosine phosphatases, expressions of 21 PTPs were increased but mRNA expressions of 10 PTPs decreased depending on the differentiation. We checked the protein expression patterns for the cases where PTPs mRNA expressions changed. Some of them showed consistent results with the mRNA expressions. In particular, it was found that dual-specific phosphatase23 (DUSP23) affected neuronal differentiation. The knock-down of DUSP23 decreased neuronal differentiation in terms of neuronal outgrowth and the expression of neuronal marker proteins and mRNAs. Taken together, the obtained results show that many PTPs play specific roles during neuronal differentiation and manipulating their activities by activators or inhibitors could adjust neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihee Oh
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Suk Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kon Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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A Positive Feedback Loop between Glial Cells Missing 1 and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Regulates Placental hCGβ Expression and Cell Differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:197-209. [PMID: 26503785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00655-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is composed of a common α subunit and a placenta-specific β subunit. Importantly, hCG is highly expressed in the differentiated and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast, which is formed via trophoblast cell fusion and stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). Although the ubiquitous activating protein 2 (AP2) transcription factors TFAP2A and TFAP2C may regulate hCGβ expression, it remains unclear how cAMP stimulates placenta-specific hCGβ gene expression and trophoblastic differentiation. Here we demonstrated that the placental transcription factor glial cells missing 1 (GCM1) binds to a highly conserved promoter region in all six hCGβ paralogues by chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip (ChIP-chip) analyses. We further showed that cAMP stimulates GCM1 and the CBP coactivator to activate the hCGβ promoter through a GCM1-binding site (GBS1), which also constitutes a previously identified AP2 site. Given that TFAP2C may compete with GCM1 for GBS1, cAMP enhances the association between the hCGβ promoter and GCM1 but not TFAP2C. Indeed, the hCG-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway also stimulates Ser269 and Ser275 phosphorylation of GCM1, which recruits CBP to mediate GCM1 acetylation and stabilization. Consequently, hCG stimulates the expression of GCM1 target genes, including the fusogenic protein syncytin-1, to promote placental cell fusion. Our study reveals a positive feedback loop between GCM1 and hCG regulating placental hCGβ expression and cell differentiation.
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13
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Costa MA, Keating E, Fonseca BM, Teixeira NA, Correia-da-Silva G. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol impairs human cytotrophoblast cells syncytialization: influence of endocannabinoid signalling in placental development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:386-94. [PMID: 25199616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A balanced cytotrophoblast cell turnover is crucial for placental development and anomalies in this process associated with gestational diseases. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as a new player in several biological processes. However, its influence during placental development is still unknown. We report here the expression of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) main metabolic enzymes in human cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast. We also showed that 2-AG induced a decrease in placental alkaline phosphatase activity, human chorionic gonadotropin secretion and Leptin mRNA levels. Moreover, 2-AG reduced glial cell missing 1 and syncytin-2 transcription and the number of nuclei in syncytium. These effects were mediated by cannabinoid receptors and may result from 2-AG inhibition of the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway. Our data suggest that 2-AG may interfere with the biochemical and morphological differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts, through a CB receptor-dependent mechanism, shedding light on a role for the ECS in placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - E Keating
- Departmento de Bioquímica U38FCT, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto, Portugal
| | - B M Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - N A Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - G Correia-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal.
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Zhou Z, Wang R, Yang X, Lu XY, Zhang Q, Wang YL, Wang H, Zhu C, Lin HY, Wang H. The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor regulates furin expression during human trophoblast syncytialization. Placenta 2014; 35:907-18. [PMID: 25175744 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is formed and maintained by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and serves multiple functions to ensure a successful pregnancy. We have previously reported that the proprotein convertase furin is required for trophoblast syncytialization by processing type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). METHODS Utilizing trophoblast cell fusion models including induced fusion of choriocarcinoma BeWo cells and spontaneous fusion of primary cultured term cytotrophoblast cells, the expression of furin was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The key transcription factor regulating the FUR gene promoter and critical responsive elements were identified by luciferase reporter assays, truncated mutants analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and ChIP. RESULTS We demonstrated that the levels of FUR mRNA were significantly stimulated by cAMP/PKA signaling pathway during spontaneous fusion of cytotrophoblast cells and forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) was proven to be the key transcription factor which regulated the FUR P1 promoter during forskolin-induced BeWo cell fusion, and two critical cAMP-responsive elements (CREs) in the P1 promoter were further identified. Finally, we showed that CREB mediated endogenous furin activation and that CREB siRNA attenuated forskolin-induced furin expression and cell fusion in BeWo cells. DISCUSSION This provides the first evidence of the upstream regulator of furin during trophoblast cell fusion. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that the FUR transcription is activated by CREB-dependent stimulation of the FUR P1 promoter during human trophoblast syncytialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - R Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - X-Y Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Q Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Y-L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - C Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - H-Y Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Ríos P, Nunes-Xavier CE, Tabernero L, Köhn M, Pulido R. Dual-specificity phosphatases as molecular targets for inhibition in human disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2251-73. [PMID: 24206177 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of cysteine-based protein tyrosine phosphatases, whose members exert a pivotal role in cell physiology by dephosphorylation of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine residues from proteins, as well as other non-proteinaceous substrates. RECENT ADVANCES A picture is emerging in which a selected group of DUSP enzymes display overexpression or hyperactivity that is associated with human disease, especially human cancer, making feasible targeted therapy approaches based on their inhibition. A panoply of molecular and functional studies on DUSPs have been performed in the previous years, and drug-discovery efforts are ongoing to develop specific and efficient DUSP enzyme inhibitors. This review summarizes the current status on inhibitory compounds targeting DUSPs that belong to the MAP kinase phosphatases-, small-sized atypical-, and phosphatases of regenerating liver subfamilies, whose inhibition could be beneficial for the prevention or mitigation of human disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Achieving specificity, potency, and bioavailability are the major challenges in the discovery of DUSP inhibitors for the clinics. Clinical validation of compounds or alternative inhibitory strategies of DUSP inhibition has yet to come. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further work is required to understand the dual role of many DUSPs in human cancer, their function-structure properties, and to identify their physiologic substrates. This will help in the implementation of therapies based on DUSPs inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- 1 Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Wang R, Dang YL, Zheng R, Li Y, Li W, Lu X, Wang LJ, Zhu C, Lin HY, Wang H. Live cell imaging of in vitro human trophoblast syncytialization. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:117. [PMID: 24740598 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trophoblast syncytialization, a process of cell-cell fusion, is one of the most important yet least understood events during placental development. Investigating the fusion process in a placenta in vivo is very challenging given the complexity of this process. Application of primary cultured cytotrophoblast cells isolated from term placentas and BeWo cells derived from human choriocarcinoma formulates a biphasic strategy to achieve the mechanism of trophoblast cell fusion, as the former can spontaneously fuse to form the multinucleated syncytium and the latter is capable of fusing under the treatment of forskolin (FSK). Live-cell imaging is a powerful tool that is widely used to investigate many physiological or pathological processes in various animal models or humans; however, to our knowledge, the mechanism of trophoblast cell fusion has not been reported using a live- cell imaging manner. In this study, a live-cell imaging system was used to delineate the fusion process of primary term cytotrophoblast cells and BeWo cells. By using live staining with Hoechst 33342 or cytoplasmic dyes or by stably transfecting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and DsRed2-Nuc reporter plasmids, we observed finger-like protrusions on the cell membranes of fusion partners before fusion and the exchange of cytoplasmic contents during fusion. In summary, this study provides the first video recording of the process of trophoblast syncytialization. Furthermore, the various live-cell imaging systems used in this study will help to yield molecular insights into the syncytialization process during placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Li Dang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Chen CP, Huang JP, Chu TY, Aplin J, Chen CY, Wu YH. Human placental multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells modulate trophoblast migration via Rap1 activation. Placenta 2013; 34:913-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Chang CW, Cheong ML, Chang GD, Tsai MS, Chen H. Involvement of Epac1/Rap1/CaMKI/HDAC5 signaling cascade in the regulation of placental cell fusion. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:745-55. [PMID: 23867755 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental transcription factor glial cell missing 1 (GCM1) and its target gene syncytin-1 are involved in cAMP-stimulated trophoblastic fusion for syncytiotrophoblast formation. GCM1 DNA-binding activity is inhibited by sumoylation, whereas GCM1 stability is decreased by deacetylation. cAMP enhances GCM1 desumoylation through the Epac1/Rap1/CaMKI signaling cascade and CaMKI is known to down-regulate class IIa HDAC activity. In this paper, we study whether the Epac1/Rap1/CaMKI signaling cascade regulates GCM1 activity and placental cell fusion through class IIa HDACs. Interaction and co-localization of GCM1 and HDAC5 were characterized by co-immunoprecipitation analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Regulation of GCM1 transcription activity and syncytin-1 expression by HDAC5 was studied by transient expression. Phospho-specific antibodies against HDAC5, RNA interference and IFM were used to examine the de-repression of GCM1 activity, syncytin-1 expression and cell-cell fusion by Epac1/Rap1/CaMKI signaling cascade in placental BeWo cells expressing constitutively active Epac1 and CaMKI. We demonstrate that both GCM1 and HDAC5 are expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer of full-term placenta and the nuclei of BeWo cells. The interaction between HDAC5 and GCM1 facilitates GCM1 deacetylation and suppresses its transcriptional activity. In contrast, Epac1 stimulates HDAC5 phosphorylation on Ser259 and Ser498 in a Rap1- and CaMKI-dependent manner leading to nuclear export of HDAC5 and thereby de-repression of GCM1 transcriptional activity. Importantly, HDAC5 suppresses syncytin-1 expression and cell-cell fusion in BeWo cells, which is counteracted by Epac1 and CaMKI. Our results reveal a new layer of regulation of GCM1 activity and placental cell fusion through the Epac1/Rap1/CaMKI signaling cascade by restraining HDAC5 from interacting with and mediating GCM1 deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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19
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Wu YH, Lo HF, Chen SH, Chen H. Caspase-14 suppresses GCM1 acetylation and inhibits placental cell differentiation. FASEB J 2013; 27:2818-28. [PMID: 23580611 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell missing 1 (GCM1) transcription factor regulates placental cell fusion into the syncytiotrophoblast. Caspase-14 is proteolytically activated to mediate filaggrin processing during keratinocyte differentiation. Interestingly, altered expression of nonactivated caspase-14 proenzyme is associated with tumorigenesis and diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that caspase-14 may perform physiological functions independently of its protease activity. Here, we performed tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry analysis to identify caspase-14 proenzyme as a GCM1-interacting protein that suppresses GCM1 activity and syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that caspase-14 and GCM1 colocalize to placental cytotrophoblast cells at 8 wk of gestation and syncytiotrophoblast layer at term. Further, we demonstrated that caspase-14 mRNA level is decreased by 40% in placental BeWo cells treated with forskolin (FSK). To the contrary, stimulation of GCM1-regulated placental cell fusion and human chorionic gonadotropin β (hCGβ) expression by FSK is enhanced by caspase-14 knockdown. Indeed, GCM1 protein level is increased by 40% in the caspase-14-knockdown BeWo cells. Because GCM1 is stabilized by acetylation, we subsequently showed that caspase-14 impedes the interaction between GCM1 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) to suppress CBP-mediated acetylation and transcriptional coactivation of GCM1. Therefore, caspase-14 can suppress placental cell differentiation through down-regulation of GCM1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Wang LJ, Cheong ML, Lee YS, Lee MT, Chen H. High-temperature requirement protein A4 (HtrA4) suppresses the fusogenic activity of syncytin-1 and promotes trophoblast invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3707-17. [PMID: 22778138 PMCID: PMC3430202 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00223-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion and cell invasion are essential for placental development. Human cytotrophoblasts in the chorionic villi may undergo cell-cell fusion to form syncytiotrophoblasts to facilitate nutrient-gas exchange or differentiate into extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) to facilitate maternal-fetal circulation. The placental transcription factor glial cells missing 1 (GCM1) regulates syncytin-1 and -2 expression to mediate trophoblast fusion. Interestingly, GCM1 and syncytin-1 are also expressed in EVTs with unknown physiological functions. In this study, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip (ChIP-chip) analysis and identified the gene for high-temperature requirement protein A4 (HtrA4) as a GCM1 target gene, which encodes a serine protease facilitating cleavage of fibronectin and invasion of placental cells. Importantly, HtrA4 is immunolocalized in EVTs at the maternal-fetal interface, and its expression is decreased by hypoxia and in preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication associated with placental hypoxia and shallow trophoblast invasion. We further demonstrate that HtrA4 interacts with syncytin-1 and suppresses cell-cell fusion. Therefore, HtrA4 may be crucial for EVT differentiation by playing a dual role in prevention of cell-cell fusion of EVTs and promotion of their invasion into the uterus. Our study reveals a novel function of GCM1 and HtrA4 in regulation of trophoblast invasion and that abnormal HrtA4 expression may contribute to shallow trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jie Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Leng Cheong
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hungwen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Chen J, Lalonde S, Obrdlik P, Noorani Vatani A, Parsa SA, Vilarino C, Revuelta JL, Frommer WB, Rhee SY. Uncovering Arabidopsis membrane protein interactome enriched in transporters using mating-based split ubiquitin assays and classification models. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:124. [PMID: 22737156 PMCID: PMC3380418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput data are a double-edged sword; for the benefit of large amount of data, there is an associated cost of noise. To increase reliability and scalability of high-throughput protein interaction data generation, we tested the efficacy of classification to enrich potential protein-protein interactions. We applied this method to identify interactions among Arabidopsis membrane proteins enriched in transporters. We validated our method with multiple retests. Classification improved the quality of the ensuing interaction network and was effective in reducing the search space and increasing true positive rate. The final network of 541 interactions among 239 proteins (of which 179 are transporters) is the first protein interaction network enriched in membrane transporters reported for any organism. This network has similar topological attributes to other published protein interaction networks. It also extends and fills gaps in currently available biological networks in plants and allows building a number of hypotheses about processes and mechanisms involving signal-transduction and transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sylvie Lalonde
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Azam Noorani Vatani
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
| | - Saman A. Parsa
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Vilarino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genomica, Universidad de Salamanca-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Revuelta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genomica, Universidad de Salamanca-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung Y. Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
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Chlorpyrifos modifies the expression of genes involved in human placental function. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zakariyah A, Hou W, Slim R, Jerome-Majewska L. TMED2/p24β1 is expressed in all gestational stages of human placentas and in choriocarcinoma cell lines. Placenta 2011; 33:214-9. [PMID: 22212250 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transmembrane emp24 domain (Tmed)/p24 family of proteins are required for transport of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. One member of this family, Tmed2/p24β1, is expressed during placental development in mice and its expression is required for normal development of the labyrinth layer. Although TMED2 is conserved in humans, little is known about its expression and function in human placenta. We examined TMED2 expression in human placenta between 5.5 and 40 weeks of gestation and showed that TMED2 is expressed in syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and stromal cells. We also found high levels of TMED2 expression in BeWo but not in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line. We used the BeWo cell line to determine TMED2 subcellular localization in placental cells and show its co-localization with the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment. Our findings show conservation of TMED2 expression in human placenta and suggest that this protein may also play a role during placental development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zakariyah
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, N5/13, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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24
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Yasui Y, Yamada K, Takahashi S, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Sato K, Miyazawa D, Sugiyama T, Kitade Y, Ueda H. PMA induces GCMa phosphorylation and alters its stability via the PKC- and ERK-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:1127-32. [PMID: 22206674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The glial cells missing a (GCMa) transcription factor plays a pivotal role in the placental development by regulating the expression of several genes in the placenta that are responsible for the proper formation of the syncytiotrophoblast. It is well known that the function of GCMa is regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels by the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway, the activation of which increases the GCMa protein level and leads to trophoblast differentiation into the syncytiotrophoblast. However, little is known about the regulatory control of GCMa by PKC-dependent signaling mechanism(s). To investigate whether GCMa is regulated by PKC-dependent pathway, we treated the human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and studied its effect on the GCMa protein using a monoclonal anti-GCMa antibody we prepared. PMA caused a transient decrease in the endogenous GCMa protein level in JEG-3 cells that was accompanied by an increase in GCMa phosphorylation. The phosphorylation and degradation of GCMa by PMA treatment was effectively reduced by pretreatment with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, indicating a PKC- and MEK-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we identified the serine residues 328, 378 and 383 to be the phosphorylation sites on GCMa that are involved in the PMA-induced degradation of GCMa. Our data demonstrate for the first time that GCMa is phosphorylated by the PKC- and MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent mechanism, and that this phosphorylation is involved in its degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yasui
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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A novel cyclic AMP/Epac1/CaMKI signaling cascade promotes GCM1 desumoylation and placental cell fusion. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3820-31. [PMID: 21791615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05582-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling and the placental transcription factor glial cell missing 1 (GCM1) regulate expression of syncytin-1 and -2 fusogenic proteins, which are critical for syncytiotrophoblast formation by trophoblast fusion. We recently revealed a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/CBP signaling pathway that activates GCM1 by coordinating GCM1 phosphorylation and acetylation. In contrast, GCM1 activity is downregulated by sumoylation of Lys156. How GCM1 sumoylation is regulated was unknown. Here, we identify a novel PKA-independent cAMP signaling pathway as the critical regulator of GCM1 sumoylation. We show that Epac1 and Rap1, in response to cAMP, activate CaMKI to phosphorylate Ser47 in GCM1. This phosphorylation facilitates the interaction between GCM1 and the desumoylating enzyme SENP1 and thereby leads to GCM1 desumoylation and activation. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we further demonstrate that 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM (8-CPT-AM), an Epac activator, stimulates syncytin-1 and -2 gene expression and cell fusion of placental BeWo cells in a GCM1-dependent manner. Importantly, the cell fusion defect in GCM1-knockdown BeWo cells can be reversed and enhanced by the RNAi-resistant phosphomimetic GCM1(S47D) mutant. Our study has identified a novel cAMP/Epac1/CaMKI/GCM1 signaling cascade that stimulates trophoblast fusion through promoting GCM1 phosphorylation and desumoylation.
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Krüppel-like factor 6 expression changes during trophoblast syncytialization and transactivates ßhCG and PSG placental genes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22438. [PMID: 21799854 PMCID: PMC3142166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Krüppel-like factor-6 (KLF6) is a widely expressed member of the Sp1/KLF family of transcriptional regulators involved in differentiation, cell cycle control and proliferation in several cell systems. Even though the highest expression level of KLF6 has been detected in human and mice placenta, its function in trophoblast physiology is still unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we explored KLF6 expression and sub-cellular distribution in human trophoblast cells differentiating into the syncytial pathway, and its role in the regulation of genes associated with placental development and pregnancy maintenance. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that KLF6 is expressed throughout human cytotrophoblast differentiation showing no evident modifications in its nuclear and cytoplasmic localization pattern. KLF6 transcript and protein peaked early during the syncytialization process as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Overexpression of KLF6 in trophoblast-derived JEG-3 cells showed a preferential nuclear signal correlating with enhanced expression of human β-chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) and pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) genes. Moreover, KLF6 transactivated βhCG5, PSG5 and PSG3 gene promoters. Deletion of KLF6 Zn-finger DNA binding domain or mutation of the consensus KLF6 binding site abolished transactivation of the PSG5 promoter. Conclusions/Significance Results are consistent with KLF6 playing a role as transcriptional regulator of relevant genes for placental differentiation and physiology such as βhCG and PSG, in agreement with an early and transient increase of KLF6 expression during trophoblast syncytialization.
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