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Nikitchina N, Ulashchik E, Shmanai V, Heckel AM, Tarassov I, Mazunin I, Entelis N. Targeting of CRISPR-Cas12a crRNAs into human mitochondria. Biochimie 2024; 217:74-85. [PMID: 37690471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial gene editing holds great promise as a therapeutic approach for mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Current strategies focus on reducing mutant mtDNA heteroplasmy levels through targeted cleavage or base editing. However, the delivery of editing components into mitochondria remains a challenge. Here we investigate the import of CRISPR-Cas12a system guide RNAs (crRNAs) into human mitochondria and study the structural requirements for this process by northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from nucleases-treated mitoplasts. To investigate whether the fusion of crRNA with known RNA import determinants (MLS) improve its mitochondrial targeting, we added MLS hairpin structures at 3'-end of crRNA and demonstrated that this did not impact crRNA ability to program specific cleavage of DNA in lysate of human cells expressing AsCas12a nuclease. Surprisingly, mitochondrial localization of the fused crRNA molecules was not improved compared to non-modified version, indicating that structured scaffold domain of crRNA can probably function as MLS, assuring crRNA mitochondrial import. Then, we designed a series of crRNAs targeting different regions of mtDNA and demonstrated their ability to program specific cleavage of mtDNA fragments in cell lysate and their partial localization in mitochondrial matrix in human cells transfected with these RNA molecules. We hypothesize that mitochondrial import of crRNAs may depend on their secondary structure/sequence. We presume that imported crRNA allow reconstituting the active crRNA/Cas12a system in human mitochondria, which can contribute to the development of effective strategies for mitochondrial gene editing and potential future treatment of mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nikitchina
- UMR7156 - Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Egor Ulashchik
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Belarus
| | - Vadim Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Belarus
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- UMR7156 - Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR7156 - Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Ilya Mazunin
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR7156 - Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France.
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2
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Głodowicz P, Kuczyński K, Val R, Dietrich A, Rolle K. Mitochondrial transport of catalytic RNAs and targeting of the organellar transcriptome in human cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad051. [PMID: 37591617 PMCID: PMC11148835 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the small genome present in mitochondria often result in severe pathologies. Different genetic strategies have been explored, aiming to rescue such mutations. A number of these strategies were based on the capacity of human mitochondria to import RNAs from the cytosol and designed to repress the replication of the mutated genomes or to provide the organelles with wild-type versions of mutant transcripts. However, the mutant RNAs present in mitochondria turned out to be an obstacle to therapy and little attention has been devoted so far to their elimination. Here, we present the development of a strategy to knockdown mitochondrial RNAs in human cells using the transfer RNA-like structure of Brome mosaic virus or Tobacco mosaic virus as a shuttle to drive trans-cleaving ribozymes into the organelles in human cell lines. We obtained a specific knockdown of the targeted mitochondrial ATP6 mRNA, followed by a deep drop in ATP6 protein and a functional impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation chain. Our strategy provides a powerful approach to eliminate mutant organellar transcripts and to analyse the control and communication of the human organellar genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Głodowicz
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Konrad Kuczyński
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Romain Val
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - André Dietrich
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katarzyna Rolle
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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3
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Chin HL, Lai PS, Tay SKH. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of mitochondrial myopathies. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00304. [PMID: 38241155 PMCID: PMC10903095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different types of mitochondrial myopathies (MM), associated phenotypes, genotypes as well as a practical clinical approach towards disease diagnosis, surveillance, and management. nDNA-related MM are more common in pediatric-onset disease whilst mtDNA-related MMs are more frequent in adults. Genotype-phenotype correlation in MM is challenging due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The multisystemic nature of many MMs adds to the diagnostic challenge. Diagnostic approaches utilizing genetic sequencing with next generation sequencing approaches such as gene panel, exome and genome sequencing are available. This aids molecular diagnosis, heteroplasmy detection in MM patients and furthers knowledge of known mitochondrial genes. Precise disease diagnosis can end the diagnostic odyssey for patients, avoid unnecessary testing, provide prognosis, facilitate anticipatory management, and enable access to available therapies or clinical trials. Adjunctive tests such as functional and exercise testing could aid surveillance of MM patients. Management requires a multi-disciplinary approach, systemic screening for comorbidities, cofactor supplementation, avoidance of substances that inhibit the respiratory chain and exercise training. This update of the current understanding on MMs provides practical perspectives on current diagnostic and management approaches for this complex group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Chin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh San Lai
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stacey Kiat Hong Tay
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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4
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Kalra J. Crosslink between mutations in mitochondrial genes and brain disorders: implications for mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic interventions. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799515 PMCID: PMC9241418 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
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5
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Jeandard D, Smirnova A, Fasemore AM, Coudray L, Entelis N, Förstner K, Tarassov I, Smirnov A. CoLoC-seq probes the global topology of organelle transcriptomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:e16. [PMID: 36537202 PMCID: PMC9943681 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper RNA localisation is essential for physiological gene expression. Various kinds of genome-wide approaches permit to comprehensively profile subcellular transcriptomes. Among them, cell fractionation methods, that couple RNase treatment of isolated organelles to the sequencing of protected transcripts, remain most widely used, mainly because they do not require genetic modification of the studied system and can be easily implemented in any cells or tissues, including in non-model species. However, they suffer from numerous false-positives since incompletely digested contaminant RNAs can still be captured and erroneously identified as resident transcripts. Here we introduce Controlled Level of Contamination coupled to deep sequencing (CoLoC-seq) as a new subcellular transcriptomics approach that efficiently bypasses this caveat. CoLoC-seq leverages classical enzymatic kinetics and tracks the depletion dynamics of transcripts in a gradient of an exogenously added RNase, with or without organellar membranes. By means of straightforward mathematical modelling, CoLoC-seq infers the localisation topology of RNAs and robustly distinguishes between genuinely resident, luminal transcripts and merely abundant surface-attached contaminants. Our generic approach performed well on human mitochondria and is in principle applicable to other membrane-bounded organelles, including plastids, compartments of the vacuolar system, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Léna Coudray
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- ZB MED – Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, D-50931, Germany,TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Institute of Information Science, Cologne, D-50678, Germany
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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6
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Soldatov VO, Kubekina MV, Skorkina MY, Belykh AE, Egorova TV, Korokin MV, Pokrovskiy MV, Deykin AV, Angelova PR. Current advances in gene therapy of mitochondrial diseases. J Transl Med 2022; 20:562. [PMID: 36471396 PMCID: PMC9724384 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders involving metabolic errors. MD are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystem dysfunction with different clinical courses. Most primary MD are autosomal recessive but maternal inheritance (from mtDNA), autosomal dominant, and X-linked inheritance is also known. Mitochondria are unique energy-generating cellular organelles designed to survive and contain their own unique genetic coding material, a circular mtDNA fragment of approximately 16,000 base pairs. The mitochondrial genetic system incorporates closely interacting bi-genomic factors encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Understanding the dynamics of mitochondrial genetics supporting mitochondrial biogenesis is especially important for the development of strategies for the treatment of rare and difficult-to-diagnose diseases. Gene therapy is one of the methods for correcting mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav O. Soldatov
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Core Facility Centre, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia ,grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedicine and Animal Health, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia ,grid.465470.4Laboratory of Biophysics of Cell Membranes under Critical State, V.A. Negovsky Scientific Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Kubekina
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Core Facility Centre, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Yu. Skorkina
- grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Department of Biochemistry, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia ,grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedicine and Animal Health, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Andrei E. Belykh
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Dioscuri Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tatiana V. Egorova
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Korokin
- grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Pokrovskiy
- grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Deykin
- grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia ,grid.445984.00000 0001 2224 0652Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedicine and Animal Health, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Plamena R. Angelova
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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7
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Hernández-Ainsa C, López-Gallardo E, García-Jiménez MC, Climent-Alcalá FJ, Rodríguez-Vigil C, García Fernández de Villalta M, Artuch R, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E, Emperador S. Development and characterization of cell models harbouring mtDNA deletions for in vitro study of Pearson syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049083. [PMID: 35191981 PMCID: PMC8906170 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pearson syndrome is a rare multisystem disease caused by single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions (SLSMDs). The syndrome presents early in infancy and is mainly characterised by refractory sideroblastic anaemia. Prognosis is poor and treatment is supportive, thus the development of new models for the study of Pearson syndrome and new therapy strategies is essential. In this work, we report three different cell models carrying an SLMSD: fibroblasts, transmitochondrial cybrids and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). All studied models exhibited an aberrant mitochondrial ultrastructure and defective oxidative phosphorylation system function, showing a decrease in different parameters, such as mitochondrial ATP, respiratory complex IV activity and quantity or oxygen consumption. Despite this, iPSCs harbouring 'common deletion' were able to differentiate into three germ layers. Additionally, cybrid clones only showed mitochondrial dysfunction when heteroplasmy level reached 70%. Some differences observed among models may depend on their metabolic profile; therefore, we consider that these three models are useful for the in vitro study of Pearson syndrome, as well as for testing new specific therapies. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hernández-Ainsa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry, Genetics, Pediatric Neurology and Neonatalogy Departments, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Emperador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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The Mitochondrial Genome in Aging and Disease and the Future of Mitochondrial Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020490. [PMID: 35203698 PMCID: PMC8962324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that utilize nutrients to generate energy in the form of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans is a 16,569 base pair double-stranded circular DNA that encodes for 13 vital proteins of the electron transport chain. Our understanding of the mitochondrial genome’s transcription, translation, and maintenance is still emerging, and human pathologies caused by mtDNA dysfunction are widely observed. Additionally, a correlation between declining mitochondrial DNA quality and copy number with organelle dysfunction in aging is well-documented in the literature. Despite tremendous advancements in nuclear gene-editing technologies and their value in translational avenues, our ability to edit mitochondrial DNA is still limited. In this review, we discuss the current therapeutic landscape in addressing the various pathologies that result from mtDNA mutations. We further evaluate existing gene therapy efforts, particularly allotopic expression and its potential to become an indispensable tool for restoring mitochondrial health in disease and aging.
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9
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Lipophilic Conjugates for Carrier-Free Delivery of RNA Importable into Human Mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:49-67. [PMID: 34080144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Defects in human mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders that still do not have efficient therapies. The natural pathway of small noncoding RNA import can be exploited to address therapeutic RNAs into the mitochondria. To create an approach of carrier-free targeting of RNA into living human cells, we designed conjugates containing a cholesterol residue and developed the protocols of chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotides conjugated with cholesterol residue through cleavable pH-triggered hydrazone bond. The biodegradable conjugates of importable RNA with cholesterol can be internalized by cells in a carrier-free manner; RNA can then be released in the late endosomes due to a change in pH and partially targeted into mitochondria. Here we provide detailed protocols for solid-phase and "in solution" chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotides conjugated to a cholesterol residue through a hydrazone bond. We describe the optimization of the carrier-free cell transfection with these conjugated RNA molecules and methods for evaluating the cellular and mitochondrial uptake of lipophilic conjugates.
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10
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Hussain SRA, Yalvac ME, Khoo B, Eckardt S, McLaughlin KJ. Adapting CRISPR/Cas9 System for Targeting Mitochondrial Genome. Front Genet 2021; 12:627050. [PMID: 33889176 PMCID: PMC8055930 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing of the mitochondrial genome using the CRISPR-Cas9 system is highly challenging mainly due to sub-efficient delivery of guide RNA and Cas9 enzyme complexes into the mitochondria. In this study, we were able to perform gene editing in the mitochondrial DNA by appending an NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 (ND4) targeting guide RNA to an RNA transport-derived stem loop element (RP-loop) and expressing the Cas9 enzyme with a preceding mitochondrial localization sequence. We observe mitochondrial colocalization of RP-loop gRNA and a marked reduction of ND4 expression in the cells carrying a 11205G variant in their ND4 sequence coincidently decreasing the mtDNA levels. This proof-of-concept study suggests that a stem-loop element added sgRNA can be transported to the mitochondria and functionally interact with Cas9 to mediate sequence-specific mtDNA cleavage. Using this novel approach to target the mtDNA, our results provide further evidence that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing might potentially be used to treat mitochondrial-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mehmet E Yalvac
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benedict Khoo
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sigrid Eckardt
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - K John McLaughlin
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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11
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Zakirova EG, Vyatkin YV, Verechshagina NA, Muzyka VV, Mazunin IO, Orishchenko KE. Study of the effect of the introduction of mitochondrial import determinants into the gRNA structure on the activity of the gRNA/SpCas9 complex in vitro. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:512-518. [PMID: 33659835 PMCID: PMC7716540 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that defects in the structure of the mitochondrial genome can cause various neuromuscular
and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, at present there is no effective method for treating mitochondrial
diseases. The major problem with the treatment of such diseases is associated with mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) heteroplasmy. It means that due to a high copy number of the mitochondrial genome, mutant copies of
mtDNA coexist with wild-type molecules in the same organelle. The clinical symptoms of mitochondrial diseases and
the degree of their manifestation directly depend on the number of mutant mtDNA molecules in the cell. The possible
way to reduce adverse effects of the mutation is by shifting the level of heteroplasmy towards the wild-type
mtDNA molecules. Using this idea, several gene therapeutic approaches based on TALE and ZF nucleases have been
developed
for this purpose. However, the construction of protein domains of such systems is rather long and laborious
process. Meanwhile, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is fundamentally different from protein systems in that it is easy to use,
highly efficiency and has a different mechanism of action. All the characteristics and capabilities of the CRISPR/Cas9
system make it a promising tool in mitochondrial genetic engineering. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time
that the modification of gRNA by integration of specific mitochondrial import determinants in the gRNA scaffold does
not affect the activity of the gRNA/Cas9 complex in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Zakirova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - V V Muzyka
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I O Mazunin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - K E Orishchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Zakirova EG, Muzyka VV, Mazunin IO, Orishchenko KE. Natural and Artificial Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Genome Elimination. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020076. [PMID: 33498399 PMCID: PMC7909434 DOI: 10.3390/life11020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The generally accepted theory of the genetic drift of mitochondrial alleles during mammalian ontogenesis is based on the presence of a selective bottleneck in the female germline. However, there is a variety of different theories on the pathways of genetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dynamics in oogenesis and adult somatic cells. The current review summarizes present knowledge on the natural mechanisms of mitochondrial genome elimination during mammalian development. We also discuss the variety of existing and developing methodologies for artificial manipulation of the mtDNA heteroplasmy level. Understanding of the basics of mtDNA dynamics will shed the light on the pathogenesis and potential therapies of human diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira G. Zakirova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (V.V.M.)
| | - Vladimir V. Muzyka
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (V.V.M.)
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya O. Mazunin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Skolkovo, Russia;
| | - Konstantin E. Orishchenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (V.V.M.)
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Bottani E, Lamperti C, Prigione A, Tiranti V, Persico N, Brunetti D. Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Mitochondrial Diseases: "One-Size-Fits-All" and "Precision Medicine" Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1083. [PMID: 33187380 PMCID: PMC7696526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) refer to a group of severe, often inherited genetic conditions due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome or in the nuclear genes encoding for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mutations hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, affecting the primary source of cellular ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. The limited information of the natural history, the limitations of currently available preclinical models, coupled with the large variability of phenotypical presentations of PMD patients, have strongly penalized the development of effective therapies. However, new therapeutic strategies have been emerging, often with promising preclinical and clinical results. Here we review the state of the art on experimental treatments for mitochondrial diseases, presenting "one-size-fits-all" approaches and precision medicine strategies. Finally, we propose novel perspective therapeutic plans, either based on preclinical studies or currently used for other genetic or metabolic diseases that could be transferred to PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich Heine University (HHU), 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicola Persico
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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14
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Antón Z, Mullally G, Ford HC, van der Kamp MW, Szczelkun MD, Lane JD. Mitochondrial import, health and mtDNA copy number variability seen when using type II and type V CRISPR effectors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.248468. [PMID: 32843580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies for targeting the mitochondrial genome for research and/or therapy development in mitochondrial diseases are restricted by practical limitations and technical inflexibility. A molecular toolbox for CRISPR-mediated mitochondrial genome editing is desirable, as this could enable targeting of mtDNA haplotypes using the precision and tuneability of CRISPR enzymes. Such 'MitoCRISPR' systems described to date lack reproducibility and independent corroboration. We have explored the requirements for MitoCRISPR in human cells by CRISPR nuclease engineering, including the use of alternative mitochondrial protein targeting sequences and smaller paralogues, and the application of guide (g)RNA modifications for mitochondrial import. We demonstrate varied mitochondrial targeting efficiencies and effects on mitochondrial dynamics/function of different CRISPR nucleases, with Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 (Lb) Cas12a being better targeted and tolerated than Cas9 variants. We also provide evidence of Cas9 gRNA association with mitochondria in HeLa cells and isolated yeast mitochondria, even in the absence of a targeting RNA aptamer. Our data link mitochondrial-targeted LbCas12a/crRNA with increased mtDNA copy number dependent upon DNA binding and cleavage activity. We discuss reproducibility issues and the future steps necessary for MitoCRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Antón
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Grace Mullally
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Holly C Ford
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marc W van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark D Szczelkun
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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15
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Sazonova MA, Ryzhkova AI, Sinyov VV, Sazonova MD, Khasanova ZB, Nikitina NA, Karagodin VP, Orekhov AN, Sobenin IA. Creation of Cultures Containing Mutations Linked with Cardiovascular Diseases using Transfection and Genome Editing. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:693-699. [PMID: 30931844 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190329121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review article, we analyzed the literature on the creation of cultures containing mutations associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) using transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome. METHODS We described different methods of transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome, used in the literature. RESULTS We reviewed the researches in which the creation of сell cultures containing mutations was described. According to the literature, system CRISPR/Cas9 proved to be the most preferred method for editing the genome. We found rather promising and interesting a practically undeveloped direction of mitochondria transfection using a gene gun. Such a gun can direct a genetically-engineered construct containing human DNA mutations to the mitochondria using heavy metal particles. However, in human molecular genetics, the transfection method using a gene gun is unfairly forgotten and is almost never used. Ethical problems arising from editing the human genome were also discussed in our review. We came to a conclusion that it is impossible to stop scientific and technical progress. It is important that the editing of the genome takes place under the strict control of society and does not bear dangerous consequences for humanity. To achieve this, the constant interaction of science with society, culture and business is necessary. CONCLUSION The most promising methods for the creation of cell cultures containing mutations linked with cardiovascular diseases, were system CRISPR/Cas9 and the gene gun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Sazonova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia I Ryzhkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily V Sinyov
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina D Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zukhra B Khasanova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Nikitina
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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16
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Kotrys AV, Szczesny RJ. Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Beyond-Novel Aspects of Cellular Physiology. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010017. [PMID: 31861673 PMCID: PMC7017415 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are peculiar organelles whose proper function depends on the crosstalk between two genomes, mitochondrial and nuclear. The human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) encodes only 13 proteins; nevertheless, its proper expression is essential for cellular homeostasis, as mtDNA-encoded proteins are constituents of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. In addition, mtDNA expression results in the production of RNA molecules, which influence cell physiology once released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. As a result, dysfunctions of mtDNA expression may lead to pathologies in humans. Here, we review the mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on recent findings in the field. We summarize the complex turnover of mitochondrial transcripts and present an increasing body of evidence indicating new functions of mitochondrial transcripts. We discuss mitochondrial gene regulation in different cellular contexts, focusing on stress conditions. Finally, we highlight the importance of emerging aspects of mitochondrial gene regulation in human health and disease.
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17
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Kamenski PA, Krasheninnikov IA, Tarassov I. 40 Years of Studying RNA Import into Mitochondria: From Basic Mechanisms to Gene Therapy Strategies. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319060074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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19
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Kawamura E, Hibino M, Harashima H, Yamada Y. Targeted mitochondrial delivery of antisense RNA-containing nanoparticles by a MITO-Porter for safe and efficient mitochondrial gene silencing. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:178-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Tranah GJ, Maglione JE, Yaffe K, Katzman SM, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA m.13514G>A heteroplasmy is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:1319-1326. [PMID: 29984425 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is a mixture of normal and mutated mtDNA molecules in a cell. High levels of heteroplasmy at several mtDNA sites in complex I lead to inherited neurological neurologic diseases and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. Here, we test the hypothesis that mtDNA heteroplasmy at these complex I sites is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. METHODS We examined platelet mtDNA heteroplasmy for associations with depressive symptoms among 137 participants over age 70 from the community-based Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-point version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10). Complete mtDNA sequencing was performed and heteroplasmy derived for 5 mtDNA sites associated with neurologic mitochondrial diseases and tested for associations with depressive symptoms. RESULTS Of 5 candidate complex I mtDNA mutations examined for effects on depressive symptoms, increased heteroplasmy at m.13514A>G, ND5, was significantly associated with higher CES-D score (P = .01). A statistically significant interaction between m.13514A > G heteroplasmy and sex was detected (P = .04); in sex-stratified analyses, the impact of m.13514A>G heteroplasmy was stronger in male (P = .003) than in female (P = .98) participants. Men in highest tertile of mtDNA heteroplasmy exhibited significantly higher (P = .0001) mean ± SE CES-D 10 scores, 5.37 ± 0.58, when compared with those in the middle, 2.13 ± 0.52, and lowest tertiles, 2.47 ± 0.58. No associations between the 4 other candidate sites and depressive symptoms were observed. CONCLUSIONS Increased mtDNA heteroplasmy at m.13514A>G is associated with depressive symptoms in older men. Heteroplasmy may represent a novel biological risk factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne E Maglione
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Todd M Manini
- University of Florida, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Loutre R, Heckel AM, Smirnova A, Entelis N, Tarassov I. Can Mitochondrial DNA be CRISPRized: Pro and Contra. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:1233-1239. [PMID: 30184317 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent a chimera of macromolecules encoded either in the organellar genome, mtDNA, or in the nuclear one. If the pathway of protein targeting to different sub-compartments of mitochondria was relatively well studied, import of small noncoding RNAs into mammalian mitochondria still awaits mechanistic explanations and its functional issues are often not understood thus raising polemics. At the same time, RNA mitochondrial import pathway has an obvious attractiveness as it appears as a unique natural mechanism permitting to address nucleic acids into the organelles. Deciphering the function(s) of imported RNAs inside the mitochondria is extremely complicated due to their relatively low abundance, which suggests their regulatory role. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial targeting of small noncoding RNAs able to specifically anneal with the mutant mitochondrial DNA led to a decrease of the mtDNA heteroplasmy level by inhibiting mutant mtDNA replication. We then demonstrated that increasing level of expression of such antireplicative recombinant RNAs increases significantly the antireplicative effect. In this report, we present a new data investigating the possibility to establish a CRISPR-Cas9 system targeting mtDNA exploiting of the pathway of RNA import into mitochondria. Mitochondrially addressed Cas9 versions and a set of mitochondrially targeted guide RNAs were tested in vitro and in vivo and their effect on mtDNA copy number was demonstrated. So far, the system appeared as more complicated for use than previously found for nuclear DNA, because only application of a pair of guide RNAs produced the effect of mtDNA depletion. We discuss, in a critical way, these results and put them in a broader context of polemics concerning the possibilities of manipulation of mtDNA in mammalians. The findings described here prove the potential of the RNA import pathway as a tool for studying mtDNA and for future therapy of mitochondrial disorders. © The Authors. IUBMB Life published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 70(12):1233-1239, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Loutre
- UMR 7156 GMGM (Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology), University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- UMR 7156 GMGM (Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology), University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Smirnova
- UMR 7156 GMGM (Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology), University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156 GMGM (Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology), University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR 7156 GMGM (Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology), University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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22
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Tranah GJ, Katzman SM, Lauterjung K, Yaffe K, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA m.3243A > G heteroplasmy affects multiple aging phenotypes and risk of mortality. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11887. [PMID: 30089816 PMCID: PMC6082898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain many copies of a circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), which has been observed as a mixture of normal and mutated states known as heteroplasmy. Elevated heteroplasmy at a single mtDNA site, m.3243A > G, leads to neurologic, sensory, movement, metabolic, and cardiopulmonary impairments. We measured leukocyte mtDNA m.3243A > G heteroplasmy in 789 elderly men and women from the bi-racial, population-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study to identify associations with age-related functioning and mortality. Mutation burden for the m.3243A > G ranged from 0–19% and elevated heteroplasmy was associated with reduced strength, cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular functioning. Risk of all-cause, dementia and stroke mortality was significantly elevated for participants in the highest tertiles of m.3243A > G heteroplasmy. These results indicate that the accumulation of a rare genetic disease mutation, m.3243A > G, manifests as several aging outcomes and that some diseases of aging may be attributed to the accumulation of mtDNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
| | | | - Kevin Lauterjung
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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23
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Loutre R, Heckel AM, Jeandard D, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNA molecules can modulate the mtDNA heteroplasmy in a glucose-dependent manner. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199258. [PMID: 29912984 PMCID: PMC6005506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are an important source of severe and incurable human diseases. The vast majority of these mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that mutant and wild-type genomes are present simultaneously in the same cell. Only a very high proportion of mutant mitochondrial DNA (heteroplasmy level) leads to pathological consequences. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial targeting of small RNAs designed to anneal with mutant mtDNA can decrease the heteroplasmy level by specific inhibition of mutant mtDNA replication, thus representing a potential therapy. We have also shown that 5S ribosomal RNA, partially imported into human mitochondria, can be used as a vector to deliver anti-replicative oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria. So far, the efficiency of cellular expression of recombinant 5S rRNA molecules bearing therapeutic insertions remained very low. In the present study, we designed new versions of anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNA targeting a large deletion in mitochondrial DNA which causes the KSS syndrome, analyzed their specific annealing to KSS mitochondrial DNA and demonstrated their import into mitochondria of cultured human cells. To obtain an increased level of the recombinant 5S rRNA stable expression, we created transmitochondrial cybrid cell line bearing a site for Flp-recombinase and used this system for the recombinase-mediated integration of genes coding for the anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNAs into nuclear genome. We demonstrated that stable expression of anti-replicative 5S rRNA versions in human transmitochondrial cybrid cells can induce a shift in heteroplasmy level of KSS mutation in mtDNA. This shift was directly dependent on the level of the recombinant 5S rRNA expression and the sequence of the anti-replicative insertion. Quantification of mtDNA copy number in transfected cells revealed the absence of a non-specific effect on wild type mtDNA replication, indicating that the decreased proportion between mutant and wild type mtDNA molecules is not a consequence of a random repopulation of depleted pool of mtDNA genomes. The heteroplasmy change could be also modulated by cell growth conditions, namely increased by cells culturing in a carbohydrate-free medium, thus forcing them to use oxidative phosphorylation and providing a selective advantage for cells with improved respiration capacities. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach and propose further development of the anti-replicative strategy based on the RNA import into human mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Loutre
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Jeandard
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Gammage PA, Moraes CT, Minczuk M. Mitochondrial Genome Engineering: The Revolution May Not Be CRISPR-Ized. Trends Genet 2018; 34:101-110. [PMID: 29179920 PMCID: PMC5783712 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has transitioned to greater prominence across diverse areas of biology and medicine. The recognition of mitochondria as a major biochemical hub, contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction to various diseases, and several high-profile attempts to prevent hereditary mtDNA disease through mitochondrial replacement therapy have roused interest in the organellar genome. Subsequently, attempts to manipulate mtDNA have been galvanized, although with few robust advances and much controversy. Re-engineered protein-only nucleases such as mtZFN and mitoTALEN function effectively in mammalian mitochondria, although efficient delivery of nucleic acids into the organelle remains elusive. Such an achievement, in concert with a mitochondria-adapted CRISPR/Cas9 platform, could prompt a revolution in mitochondrial genome engineering and biological understanding. However, the existence of an endogenous mechanism for nucleic acid import into mammalian mitochondria, a prerequisite for mitochondrial CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam A Gammage
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Michal Minczuk
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 21. Testicular Pathology in Heritable Metabolic Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2017; 19:371-382. [PMID: 25361068 DOI: 10.2350/14-06-1519-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism have wide and profound effects in many or all organs, and especially so in those with endocrine functions. The testes are greatly affected by systemic metabolic disorders, leading to specific histological findings that generally reveal the nature of the underlying disorder. Here we describe the main testicular changes seen in the setting of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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26
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Bhatti S, Aslam Khan M, Abbas S, Attimonelli M, Gonzalez GR, Aydin HH, de Souza EMS. Problems in Mitochondrial DNA forensics: while interpreting length heteroplasmy conundrum of various Sindhi and Baluchi ethnic groups of Pakistan. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2017; 29:501-510. [DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2017.1310853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Bhatti
- Human genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- IMBB, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam Khan
- Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Abbas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marcella Attimonelli
- Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Erica Martinha Silva de Souza
- Nacional de Pesquisa, Manaus Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araújo, Manaus, Aleixo, Brazil
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27
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Gammage PA, Gaude E, Van Haute L, Rebelo-Guiomar P, Jackson CB, Rorbach J, Pekalski ML, Robinson AJ, Charpentier M, Concordet JP, Frezza C, Minczuk M. Near-complete elimination of mutant mtDNA by iterative or dynamic dose-controlled treatment with mtZFNs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7804-16. [PMID: 27466392 PMCID: PMC5027515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are frequently associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In most cases, mutant and wild-type mtDNAs coexist, resulting in heteroplasmy. The selective elimination of mutant mtDNA, and consequent enrichment of wild-type mtDNA, can rescue pathological phenotypes in heteroplasmic cells. Use of the mitochondrially targeted zinc finger-nuclease (mtZFN) results in degradation of mutant mtDNA through site-specific DNA cleavage. Here, we describe a substantial enhancement of our previous mtZFN-based approaches to targeting mtDNA, allowing near-complete directional shifts of mtDNA heteroplasmy, either by iterative treatment or through finely controlled expression of mtZFN, which limits off-target catalysis and undesired mtDNA copy number depletion. To demonstrate the utility of this improved approach, we generated an isogenic distribution of heteroplasmic cells with variable mtDNA mutant level from the same parental source without clonal selection. Analysis of these populations demonstrated an altered metabolic signature in cells harbouring decreased levels of mutant m.8993T>G mtDNA, associated with neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP). We conclude that mtZFN-based approaches offer means for mtDNA heteroplasmy manipulation in basic research, and may provide a strategy for therapeutic intervention in selected mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Rebelo-Guiomar
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK GABBA, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust DIL, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marine Charpentier
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Nightingale H, Pfeffer G, Bargiela D, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Emerging therapies for mitochondrial disorders. Brain 2016; 139:1633-48. [PMID: 27190030 PMCID: PMC4892756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a diverse group of debilitating conditions resulting from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations that affect multiple organs, often including the central and peripheral nervous system. Despite major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms, effective treatments have not been forthcoming. For over five decades patients have been treated with different vitamins, co-factors and nutritional supplements, but with no proven benefit. There is therefore a clear need for a new approach. Several new strategies have been proposed acting at the molecular or cellular level. Whilst many show promise in vitro, the clinical potential of some is questionable. Here we critically appraise the most promising preclinical developments, placing the greatest emphasis on diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. With new animal and cellular models, longitudinal deep phenotyping in large patient cohorts, and growing interest from the pharmaceutical industry, the field is poised to make a breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Bargiela
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Current approaches to reduce or eliminate mitochondrial DNA mutations. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:532-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Isakova EP, Deryabina YI, Leonovich OA, Zylkova MV, Biriukova IK. Study of the Accumulation of Rec A from Bacillus subtilis in the Mitochondria of a Recombinant Strain of the Yeast Yarovia lipolytica. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Method of carrier-free delivery of therapeutic RNA importable into human mitochondria: Lipophilic conjugates with cleavable bonds. Biomaterials 2016; 76:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Methods of in vivo visualization and manipulation of mitochondrial genetic machinery are limited due to the need to surpass not only the cytoplasmic membrane but also two mitochondrial membranes. Here, we employ the matrix-addressing sequence of mitochondrial ribosomal 5S-rRNA (termed MAM), which is naturally imported into mammalian mitochondria, to construct an import system for in vivo targeting of mitochondrial (mt) DNA or mtRNA, in order to provide fluorescence hybridization of the desired sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department No. 75, Membrane Transprot Biophysics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1084, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department No. 75, Membrane Transprot Biophysics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1084, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic.
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33
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Dietrich A, Wallet C, Iqbal RK, Gualberto JM, Lotfi F. Organellar non-coding RNAs: Emerging regulation mechanisms. Biochimie 2015; 117:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tranah GJ, Yaffe K, Katzman SM, Lam ET, Pawlikowska L, Kwok PY, Schork NJ, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Thomas F, Newman AB, Harris TB, Coleman AL, Gorin MB, Helzner EP, Rowbotham MC, Browner WS, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy Associations With Neurosensory and Mobility Function in Elderly Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1418-24. [PMID: 26328603 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is a mixture of normal and mutated mtDNA molecules in a cell. High levels of heteroplasmy at specific mtDNA sites lead to inherited mitochondrial diseases with neurological, sensory, and movement impairments. Here we test the hypothesis that heteroplasmy levels in elderly adults are associated with impaired function resembling mild forms of mitochondrial disease. METHODS We examined platelet mtDNA heteroplasmy at 20 disease-causing sites for associations with neurosensory and mobility function among 137 participants from the community-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. RESULTS Elevated mtDNA heteroplasmy at four mtDNA sites in complex I and tRNA genes was nominally associated with reduced cognition, vision, hearing, and mobility: m.10158T>C with Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score (p = .009); m.11778G>A with contrast sensitivity (p = .02); m.7445A>G with high-frequency hearing (p = .047); and m.5703G>A with 400 m walking speed (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that increased mtDNA heteroplasmy at disease-causing sites is associated with neurosensory and mobility function in older persons. We propose the novel use of mtDNA heteroplasmy as a simple, noninvasive predictor of age-related neurologic, sensory, and movement impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco.
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Medical Center
| | | | | | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- J. Craig Venter Institute and the University of California, San Diego
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anne L Coleman
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth P Helzner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | | | - Warren S Browner
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco
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Baleva M, Gowher A, Kamenski P, Tarassov I, Entelis N, Masquida B. A Moonlighting Human Protein Is Involved in Mitochondrial Import of tRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9354-67. [PMID: 25918939 PMCID: PMC4463592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ~3% of the lysine transfer RNA acceptor 1 (tRK1) pool is imported into mitochondria while the second isoacceptor, tRK2, fully remains in the cytosol. The mitochondrial function of tRK1 is suggested to boost mitochondrial translation under stress conditions. Strikingly, yeast tRK1 can also be imported into human mitochondria in vivo, and can thus be potentially used as a vector to address RNAs with therapeutic anti-replicative capacity into mitochondria of sick cells. Better understanding of the targeting mechanism in yeast and human is thus critical. Mitochondrial import of tRK1 in yeast proceeds first through a drastic conformational rearrangement of tRK1 induced by enolase 2, which carries this freight to the mitochondrial pre-lysyl-tRNA synthetase (preMSK). The latter may cross the mitochondrial membranes to reach the matrix where imported tRK1 could be used by the mitochondrial translation apparatus. This work focuses on the characterization of the complex that tRK1 forms with human enolases and their role on the interaction between tRK1 and human pre-lysyl-tRNA synthetase (preKARS2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baleva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biology Faculty of Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ali Gowher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Piotr Kamenski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biology Faculty of Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nina Entelis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Benoît Masquida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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36
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Viscomi C, Bottani E, Zeviani M. Emerging concepts in the therapy of mitochondrial disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:544-57. [PMID: 25766847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are an important group of genetic conditions characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial disorders come with an impressive variability of symptoms, organ involvement, and clinical course, which considerably impact the quality of life and quite often shorten the lifespan expectancy. Although the last 20 years have witnessed an exponential increase in understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to disease, this has not resulted in the development of effective therapeutic approaches, amenable of improving clinical course and outcome of these conditions to any significant extent. Therapeutic options for mitochondrial diseases still remain focused on supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. However, new therapeutic strategies have recently been emerging, some of which have shown potential efficacy at the pre-clinical level. This review will present the state of the art on experimental therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | - Massimo Zeviani
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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37
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Dovydenko I, Heckel AM, Tonin Y, Gowher A, Venyaminova A, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Mitochondrial targeting of recombinant RNA. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1265:209-25. [PMID: 25634278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2288-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial import of small noncoding RNA is found in a large variety of species. In mammalian cells, this pathway can be used for therapeutic purpose, to restore the mitochondrial functions affected by pathogenic mutations. Recently, we developed mitochondrial RNA vectors able to address therapeutic oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria. Here we provide the protocol for transfection of cultured human cells with small recombinant RNA molecules and describe two approaches useful to demonstrate their import into mitochondria: (1) isolation of RNA from purified mitochondria and quantitative hybridization analysis and (2) confocal microscopy of cells transfected with fluorescently labeled RNA. These protocols can be used in combination with overexpression or downregulation of protein import factors to detect and to evaluate their influence on the mitochondrial import of various RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Dovydenko
- UMR 7156 Genetique Moleculaire, Genomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg-CNRS, 21 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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38
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Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Various strategies have been proposed to address these pathologies; unfortunately no efficient treatment is currently available. In some cases, defects may be rescued by targeting into mitochondria nuclear DNA-expressed counterparts of the affected molecules. Another strategy is based on the induced shift of the heteroplasmy, meaning that wild type and mutated mtDNA can coexist in a single cell. The occurrence and severity of the disease depend on the heteroplasmy level, therefore, several approaches have been recently proposed to selectively reduce the levels of mutant mtDNA. Here we describe the experimental systems used to study the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunctions: the respiratory deficient yeast strains, mammalian trans-mitochondrial cybrid cells and mice models, and overview the recent advances in development of various therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tonin
- UMR 7156, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 21, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 21, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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39
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Patrushev MV, Kamenski PA, Mazunin IO. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA and approaches for their correction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Kanabus M, Heales SJ, Rahman S. Development of pharmacological strategies for mitochondrial disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1798-817. [PMID: 24116962 PMCID: PMC3976606 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are an unusually genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of disorders, which are extremely challenging to treat. Currently, apart from supportive therapy, there are no effective treatments for the vast majority of mitochondrial diseases. Huge scientific effort, however, is being put into understanding the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial disease pathology and developing potential treatments. To date, a variety of treatments have been evaluated by randomized clinical trials, but unfortunately, none of these has delivered breakthrough results. Increased understanding of mitochondrial pathways and the development of many animal models, some of which are accurate phenocopies of human diseases, are facilitating the discovery and evaluation of novel prospective treatments. Targeting reactive oxygen species has been a treatment of interest for many years; however, only in recent years has it been possible to direct antioxidant delivery specifically into the mitochondria. Increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, whether by pharmacological approaches, dietary manipulation or exercise therapy, is also currently an active area of research. Modulating mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy and the mitochondrial membrane lipid milieu have also emerged as possible treatment strategies. Recent technological advances in gene therapy, including allotopic and transkingdom gene expression and mitochondrially targeted transcription activator-like nucleases, have led to promising results in cell and animal models of mitochondrial diseases, but most of these techniques are still far from clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanabus
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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41
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Tonin Y, Heckel AM, Vysokikh M, Dovydenko I, Meschaninova M, Rötig A, Munnich A, Venyaminova A, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Modeling of antigenomic therapy of mitochondrial diseases by mitochondrially addressed RNA targeting a pathogenic point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13323-34. [PMID: 24692550 PMCID: PMC4036341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Presently, no efficient therapeutic treatment has been developed against this class of pathologies. Because most of deleterious mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that wild type and mutated forms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coexist in the same cell, the shift in proportion between mutant and wild type molecules could restore mitochondrial functions. Recently, we developed mitochondrial RNA vectors that can be used to address anti-replicative oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria and thus impact heteroplasmy level in cells bearing a large deletion in mtDNA. Here, we show that this strategy can be also applied to point mutations in mtDNA. We demonstrate that specifically designed RNA molecules containing structural determinants for mitochondrial import and 20-nucleotide sequence corresponding to the mutated region of mtDNA, are able to anneal selectively to the mutated mitochondrial genomes. After being imported into mitochondria of living human cells in culture, these RNA induced a decrease of the proportion of mtDNA molecules bearing a pathogenic point mutation in the mtDNA ND5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tonin
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Mikhail Vysokikh
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Ilya Dovydenko
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
- the Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and
| | - Mariya Meschaninova
- the Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and
| | - Agnès Rötig
- the Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- the Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alya Venyaminova
- the Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- From the UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
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Towheed A, Markantone DM, Crain AT, Celotto AM, Palladino MJ. Small mitochondrial-targeted RNAs modulate endogenous mitochondrial protein expression in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:15-22. [PMID: 24807207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous mitochondrial genes encode critical oxidative phosphorylation components and their mutation results in a set of disorders known collectively as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. There is intensive interest in modulating mitochondrial function as organelle dysfunction has been associated with numerous disease states. Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome cannot be genetically manipulated by current techniques. Here we report the development of a mitochondrial-targeted RNA expression system (mtTRES) utilizing distinct non-coding leader sequences (NCLs) and enabling in vivo expression of small mitochondrial-targeted RNAs. mtTRES expressing small chimeric antisense RNAs was used as translational inhibitors (TLIs) to target endogenous mitochondrial protein expression in vivo. By utilizing chimeric antisense RNA we successfully modulate expression of two mitochondrially-encoded proteins, ATP6 and COXII, and demonstrate the utility of this system in vivo and in human cells. This technique has important and obvious research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Towheed
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Desiree M Markantone
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Aaron T Crain
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alicia M Celotto
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Import of desired nucleic acid sequences using addressing motif of mitochondrial ribosomal 5S-rRNA for fluorescent in vivo hybridization of mitochondrial DNA and RNA. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:147-56. [PMID: 24562889 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the matrix-addressing sequence of mitochondrial ribosomal 5S-rRNA (termed MAM), which is naturally imported into mitochondria, we have constructed an import system for in vivo targeting of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or mt-mRNA, in order to provide fluorescence hybridization of the desired sequences. Thus DNA oligonucleotides were constructed, containing the 5'-flanked T7 RNA polymerase promoter. After in vitro transcription and fluorescent labeling with Alexa Fluor(®) 488 or 647 dye, we obtained the fluorescent "L-ND5 probe" containing MAM and exemplar cargo, i.e., annealing sequence to a short portion of ND5 mRNA and to the light-strand mtDNA complementary to the heavy strand nd5 mt gene (5'-end 21 base pair sequence). For mitochondrial in vivo fluorescent hybridization, HepG2 cells were treated with dequalinium micelles, containing the fluorescent probes, bringing the probes proximally to the mitochondrial outer membrane and to the natural import system. A verification of import into the mitochondrial matrix of cultured HepG2 cells was provided by confocal microscopy colocalizations. Transfections using lipofectamine or probes without 5S-rRNA addressing MAM sequence or with MAM only were ineffective. Alternatively, the same DNA oligonucleotides with 5'-CACC overhang (substituting T7 promoter) were transcribed from the tetracycline-inducible pENTRH1/TO vector in human embryonic kidney T-REx®-293 cells, while mitochondrial matrix localization after import of the resulting unlabeled RNA was detected by PCR. The MAM-containing probe was then enriched by three-order of magnitude over the natural ND5 mRNA in the mitochondrial matrix. In conclusion, we present a proof-of-principle for mitochondrial in vivo hybridization and mitochondrial nucleic acid import.
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44
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Pathological Mutations of the Mitochondrial Human Genome: the Instrumental Role of the Yeast S. cerevisiae. Diseases 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/diseases2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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45
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Tonin Y, Heckel AM, Dovydenko I, Meschaninova M, Comte C, Venyaminova A, Pyshnyi D, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Characterization of chemically modified oligonucleotides targeting a pathogenic mutation in human mitochondrial DNA. Biochimie 2013; 100:192-9. [PMID: 23994754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Most of the deleterious mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that wild type and mutated forms of mtDNA coexist in the same cell. Therefore, a shift in the proportion between mutant and wild type molecules could restore mitochondrial functions. The anti-replicative strategy aims to induce such a shift in heteroplasmy by mitochondrial targeting specifically designed molecules in order to inhibit replication of mutant mtDNA. Recently, we developed mitochondrial RNA vectors that can be used to address anti-replicative oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria and impact heteroplasmy level, however, the effect was mainly transient, probably due to a rapid degradation of RNA molecules. In the present study, we introduced various chemically modified oligonucleotides in anti-replicative RNAs. We show that the most important increase of anti-replicative molecules' lifetime can be achieved by using synthetic RNA-DNA chimerical molecules or by ribose 2'-O-methylation in nuclease-sensitive sites. The presence of inverted thymidine at 3' terminus and modifications of 2'-OH ribose group did not prevent the mitochondrial uptake of the recombinant molecules. All the modified oligonucleotides were able to anneal specifically with the mutant mtDNA fragment, but not with the wild-type one. Nevertheless, the modified oligonucleotides did not cause a significant effect on the heteroplasmy level in transfected transmitochondrial cybrid cells bearing a pathogenic mtDNA deletion, proving to be less efficient than non-modified RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tonin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Ilya Dovydenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France; Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya Meschaninova
- Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Caroline Comte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Alya Venyaminova
- Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pyshnyi
- Laboratory of RNA Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University - CNRS, Strasbourg 67084, France.
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Specific elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes in patient-derived cells by mitoTALENs. Nat Med 2013; 19:1111-3. [PMID: 23913125 PMCID: PMC4153471 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are commonly caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which in most cases co–exists with the wild–type (mtDNA heteroplasmy). We have engineered TAL–effector nucleases (TALENs) to localize to mitochondria and cleave different classes of pathogenic mtDNA mutations. MitoTALEN expression led to permanent reductions in deletion or point mutant mtDNA in patient–derived cells, raising the possibility that they can be curative to some of these diseases.
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Gowher A, Smirnov A, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Induced tRNA import into human mitochondria: implication of a host aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66228. [PMID: 23799079 PMCID: PMC3683045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cell, a subset of small non-coding RNAs is imported into mitochondria from the cytosol. Analysis of the tRNA import pathway allowing targeting of the yeast tRNA(Lys)(CUU) into human mitochondria demonstrates a similarity between the RNA import mechanisms in yeast and human cells. We show that the cytosolic precursor of human mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase (preKARS2) interacts with the yeast tRNA(Lys)(CUU) and small artificial RNAs which contain the structural elements determining the tRNA mitochondrial import, and facilitates their internalization by isolated human mitochondria. The tRNA import efficiency increased upon addition of the glycolytic enzyme enolase, previously found to be an actor of the yeast RNA import machinery. Finally, the role of preKARS2 in the RNA mitochondrial import has been directly demonstrated in vivo, in cultured human cells transfected with the yeast tRNA and artificial importable RNA molecules, in combination with preKARS2 overexpression or downregulation by RNA interference. These findings suggest that the requirement of protein factors for the RNA mitochondrial targeting might be a conserved feature of the RNA import pathway in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gowher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Smirnov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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48
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Mitochondrial disorders: aetiologies, models systems, and candidate therapies. Trends Genet 2013; 29:488-97. [PMID: 23756086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has become evident that many human disorders are characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction either at a primary level, due to mutations in genes whose encoded products are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, or at a secondary level, due to the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. This has prompted keen interest in the development of cell and animal models and in exploring innovative therapeutic strategies to modulate the mitochondrial deficiencies observed in these diseases. Key advances in these areas are outlined in this review, with a focus on Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). This exciting field is set to grow exponentially and yield many candidate therapies to treat this class of disease.
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Ciccone S, Maiani E, Bellusci G, Diederich M, Gonfloni S. Parkinson's disease: a complex interplay of mitochondrial DNA alterations and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2388-409. [PMID: 23348931 PMCID: PMC3587993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This pathology causes a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra. Several reports have claimed a role of defective nuclear and mitochondrial DNA repair pathways in PD etiology, in particular, of the Base Excision Repair (BER) system. In addition, recent findings, related to PD progression, indicate that oxidative stress pathways involving c-Abl and GST could also be implicated in this pathology. This review focuses on recently described networks most likely involved in an integrated manner in the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ciccone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (E.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Emiliano Maiani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (E.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanna Bellusci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (E.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Marc Diederich
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, 2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; E-Mail:
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Stefania Gonfloni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (E.M.); (G.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, 2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-72594319; Fax: +39-06-2023500
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