1
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Laverty DJ, Gupta SK, Bradshaw GA, Hunter AS, Carlson BL, Calmo NM, Chen J, Tian S, Sarkaria JN, Nagel ZD. ATM inhibition exploits checkpoint defects and ATM-dependent double strand break repair in TP53-mutant glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5294. [PMID: 38906885 PMCID: PMC11192742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the balance between DNA double strand break repair (DSBR) pathways is essential for understanding treatment response in cancer. We report a method for simultaneously measuring non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Using this method, we show that patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) samples with acquired temozolomide (TMZ) resistance display elevated HR and MMEJ activity, suggesting that these pathways contribute to treatment resistance. We screen clinically relevant small molecules for DSBR inhibition with the aim of identifying improved GBM combination therapy regimens. We identify the ATM kinase inhibitor, AZD1390, as a potent dual HR/MMEJ inhibitor that suppresses radiation-induced phosphorylation of DSBR proteins, blocks DSB end resection, and enhances the cytotoxic effects of TMZ in treatment-naïve and treatment-resistant GBMs with TP53 mutation. We further show that a combination of G2/M checkpoint deficiency and reliance upon ATM-dependent DSBR renders TP53 mutant GBMs hypersensitive to TMZ/AZD1390 and radiation/AZD1390 combinations. This report identifies ATM-dependent HR and MMEJ as targetable resistance mechanisms in TP53-mutant GBM and establishes an approach for simultaneously measuring multiple DSBR pathways in treatment selection and oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Laverty
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiajia Chen
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | | | | | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Mancarella D, Ellinghaus H, Sigismondo G, Veselinov O, Kühn A, Goyal A, Hartmann M, Fellenberg J, Krijgsveld J, Plass C, Popanda O, Schmezer P, Bakr A. Deposition of onco-histone H3.3-G34W leads to DNA repair deficiency and activates cGAS/STING-mediated immune responses. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:2106-2120. [PMID: 38353495 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in histone H3.3-encoding genes causing mutant histone tails are associated with specific cancers such as pediatric glioblastomas (H3.3-G34R/V) and giant cell tumor of the bone (H3.3-G34W). The mechanisms by which these mutations promote malignancy are not completely understood. Here we show that cells expressing H3.3-G34W exhibit DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair defects and increased cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). Mechanistically, H3.3-G34W can be deposited to damaged chromatin, but in contrast to wild-type H3.3, does not interact with non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) key effectors KU70/80 and XRCC4 leading to NHEJ deficiency. Together with defective cell cycle checkpoints reported previously, this DNA repair deficiency in H3.3-G34W cells led to accumulation of micronuclei and cytosolic DNA following IR, which subsequently led to activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway, thereby inducing release of immune-stimulatory cytokines. These findings suggest a potential for radiotherapy for tumors expressing H3.3-G34W, which can be further improved by combination with STING agonists to induce immune-mediated therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mancarella
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Ellinghaus
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Sigismondo
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivera Veselinov
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Hartmann
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Fellenberg
- Department of Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Bakr
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Westover KR, Jin P, Yao B. Bridging the gap: R-loop mediated genomic instability and its implications in neurological diseases. Epigenomics 2024; 16:589-608. [PMID: 38530068 PMCID: PMC11160457 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
R-loops, intricate three-stranded structures formed by RNA-DNA hybrids and an exposed non-template DNA strand, are fundamental to various biological phenomena. They carry out essential and contrasting functions within cellular mechanisms, underlining their critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The specific cellular context that dictates R-loop formation determines their function, particularly emphasizing the necessity for their meticulous genomic regulation. Notably, the aberrant formation or misregulation of R-loops is implicated in numerous neurological disorders. This review focuses on the complex interactions between R-loops and double-strand DNA breaks, exploring how R-loop dysregulation potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of various brain disorders, which could provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning neurological disease progression and identify potential therapeutic targets by highlighting these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Westover
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D'Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024:noae072. [PMID: 38770568 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Chen J, Laverty DJ, Talele S, Bale A, Carlson BL, Porath KA, Bakken KK, Burgenske DM, Decker PA, Vaubel RA, Eckel-Passow JE, Bhargava R, Lou Z, Hamerlik P, Harley B, Elmquist WF, Nagel ZD, Gupta SK, Sarkaria JN. Aberrant ATM signaling and homology-directed DNA repair as a vulnerability of p53-mutant GBM to AZD1390-mediated radiosensitization. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj5962. [PMID: 38354228 PMCID: PMC11064970 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
ATM is a key mediator of radiation response, and pharmacological inhibition of ATM is a rational strategy to radiosensitize tumors. AZD1390 is a brain-penetrant ATM inhibitor and a potent radiosensitizer. This study evaluated the spectrum of radiosensitizing effects and the impact of TP53 mutation status in a panel of IDH1 wild-type (WT) glioblastoma (GBM) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). AZD1390 suppressed radiation-induced ATM signaling, abrogated G0-G1 arrest, and promoted a proapoptotic response specifically in p53-mutant GBM in vitro. In a preclinical trial using 10 orthotopic GBM models, AZD1390/RT afforded benefit in a cohort of TP53-mutant tumors but not in TP53-WT PDXs. In mechanistic studies, increased endogenous DNA damage and constitutive ATM signaling were observed in TP53-mutant, but not in TP53-WT, PDXs. In plasmid-based reporter assays, GBM43 (TP53-mutant) showed elevated DNA repair capacity compared with that in GBM14 (p53-WT), whereas treatment with AZD1390 specifically suppressed homologous recombination (HR) efficiency, in part, by stalling RAD51 unloading. Furthermore, overexpression of a dominant-negative TP53 (p53DD) construct resulted in enhanced basal ATM signaling, HR activity, and AZD1390-mediated radiosensitization in GBM14. Analyzing RNA-seq data from TCGA showed up-regulation of HR pathway genes in TP53-mutant human GBM. Together, our results imply that increased basal ATM signaling and enhanced dependence on HR represent a unique susceptibility of TP53-mutant cells to ATM inhibitor-mediated radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Daniel J. Laverty
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ashwin Bale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brett L. Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kendra A. Porath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katrina K. Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Paul A. Decker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachael A. Vaubel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Brendan Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William F. Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zachary D. Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shiv K. Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Barili V, Ambrosini E, Bortesi B, Minari R, De Sensi E, Cannizzaro IR, Taiani A, Michiara M, Sikokis A, Boggiani D, Tommasi C, Serra O, Bonatti F, Adorni A, Luberto A, Caggiati P, Martorana D, Uliana V, Percesepe A, Musolino A, Pellegrino B. Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:219. [PMID: 38397209 PMCID: PMC10888198 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses. These genes are in fact involved in genetic integrity, particularly in the process of homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, a high-fidelity repair system for mending DNA double-strand breaks. In addition to its implication in HBOC pathogenesis, the impairment of HR has become a prime target for therapeutic intervention utilizing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In the present review, we introduce the molecular roles of HR orchestrated by BRCA1 and BRCA2 within the framework of sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. We examine the genetic architecture underneath breast and ovarian cancer ranging from high- and mid- to low-penetrant predisposing genes and taking into account both germline and somatic variations. Finally, we consider higher levels of complexity of the genomic landscape such as polygenic risk scores and other approaches aiming to optimize therapeutic and preventive strategies for breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Barili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Ambrosini
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bortesi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Minari
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Erika De Sensi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Taiani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Michiara
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Angelica Sikokis
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Boggiani
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Tommasi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Olga Serra
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonatti
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Adorni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anita Luberto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Davide Martorana
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Vera Uliana
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonino Musolino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pellegrino
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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7
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De Mel S, Lee AR, Tan JHI, Tan RZY, Poon LM, Chan E, Lee J, Chee YL, Lakshminarasappa SR, Jaynes PW, Jeyasekharan AD. Targeting the DNA damage response in hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1307839. [PMID: 38347838 PMCID: PMC10859481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1307839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of many cancers. The dependency of certain cancers on DDR pathways has enabled exploitation of such through synthetically lethal relationships e.g., Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for BRCA deficient ovarian cancers. Though lagging behind that of solid cancers, DDR inhibitors (DDRi) are being clinically developed for haematological cancers. Furthermore, a high proliferative index characterize many such cancers, suggesting a rationale for combinatorial strategies targeting DDR and replicative stress. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical data on DDR inhibition in haematological malignancies and highlight distinct haematological cancer subtypes with activity of DDR agents as single agents or in combination with chemotherapeutics and targeted agents. We aim to provide a framework to guide the design of future clinical trials involving haematological cancers for this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay De Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ainsley Ryan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joelle Hwee Inn Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Zi Yi Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Mei Poon
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther Chan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Lin Chee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satish R. Lakshminarasappa
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand D. Jeyasekharan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Joris S, Denys H, Collignon J, Rasschaert M, T'Kint de Roodenbeke D, Duhoux FP, Canon JL, Tejpar S, Mebis J, Decoster L, Aftimos P, De Grève J. Efficacy of olaparib in advanced cancers with germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 and ATM, a Belgian Precision tumor-agnostic phase II study. ESMO Open 2023; 8:102041. [PMID: 37852034 PMCID: PMC10774963 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Belgian Precision initiative aims to maximize the implementation of tumor-agnostic next-generation sequencing in patients with advanced cancer and enhance access to molecularly guided treatment options. Academic tumor-agnostic basket phase II studies are part of this initiative. The current investigator-driven trial aimed to investigate the efficacy of olaparib in advanced cancers with a (likely) pathogenic mutation (germline or somatic) in a gene that plays a role in homologous recombination (HR). PATIENTS AND METHODS This open-label, multi-cohort, phase II study examines the efficacy of olaparib in patients with an HR gene mutation in their tumor and disease progression on standard of care. Patients with a somatic or germline mutation in the same gene define a cohort. For each cohort, a Simon minimax two-stage design was used. If a response was observed in the first 13 patients, 14 additional patients were included. Here, we report the results on four completed cohorts: patients with a BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 or ATM mutation. RESULTS The overall objective response rate across different tumor types was 11% in the BRCA1-mutated (n = 27) and 21% in the BRCA2-mutated (n = 27) cohorts. Partial responses were seen in pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas and parathyroid cancer. One patient with a BRCA2 germline-mutated colon cancer has an ongoing complete response with 19+ months on treatment. Median progression-free survival in responding patients was 14+ months (5-34+ months). The clinical benefit rate was 63% in the BRCA1-mutated and 46% in the BRCA2-mutated cohorts. No clinical activity was observed in the ATM (n = 13) and CHEK2 (n = 14) cohorts. CONCLUSION Olaparib showed efficacy in different cancer types harboring somatic or germline mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes but not in ATM and CHEK2. Patients with any cancer type harboring BRCA1/2 mutations should have access to olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joris
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussel, Brussels.
| | - H Denys
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent
| | | | | | | | - F P Duhoux
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels
| | | | | | | | - L Decoster
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussel, Brussels
| | - P Aftimos
- Institut Jules Bordet-Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - J De Grève
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussel, Brussels; Department of Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Huang WL, Luo CW, Lin HS, Hung CM, Chen FM, Moi SH, Pan MR. SUV39H1 Expression as a Guideline for Omitting Radiotherapy in Lymph Node-positive Triple-negative Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:582-591. [PMID: 37889057 PMCID: PMC10614062 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The role of postoperative radiotherapy (RT) combined with chemotherapy (CT) for lymph node-positive (LN+) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains controversial. SUV39H1-mediated epigenetic regulation is associated with cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This study aims to identify the role of SUV39H1 in TNBCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 498 TNBCs with SUV39H1 RNA-seq profiles were retrieved from TCGA-BRCA and analyzed; the X-tile algorithm was used to stratify the population into low, intermediate, and high SUV39H1. Furthermore, we performed an in vitro clonogenic cell survival assay using the MDA-MB-231 cell line to assess the effects of SUV39H1 on cellular responses. RESULTS The results showed that SUV39H1 was significantly higher in TNBC than normal tissue and luminal subtype breast cancer. Notably, SUV39H1 is significantly expressed in the basal-like 1 (BL1) and immunomodulatory (IM) subgroups, compared to other subtypes. Compared to patients with a low or medium expression of SUV39H1, omitting RT only worsens disease-free survival (DFS) in those with high SUV39H1 expression. The experimental results showed SUV39H1 was suppressed by si-SUV39H1, and SUV39H1 knockdown in MDA-MB-231-IV2-1 cells enhanced the cellular toxicity of doxorubicin and paclitaxel. CONCLUSION Targeting SUV39H1 may provide a potential guiding indication of omitting RT to avoid over-treatment and chemosensitivity for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huei-Shan Lin
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Ming Hung
- Department of General Surgery, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fang-Ming Chen
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sin-Hua Moi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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10
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Zhou J, Du T, Wang X, Yao H, Deng J, Li Y, Chen X, Sheng L, Ji M, Xu B. Discovery of Quinazoline-2,4(1 H,3 H)-dione Derivatives Containing a Piperizinone Moiety as Potent PARP-1/2 Inhibitors─Design, Synthesis, In Vivo Antitumor Activity, and X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14095-14115. [PMID: 37843892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PARP-1/2 inhibitors have become an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HR-deficient tumors. However, discovery of new inhibitors with an improved and distinct pharmacological file still need enormous explorations. Herein, a series of novel highly potent PARP-1/2 inhibitors bearing an N-substituted piperazinone moiety were achieved. In particular, Cpd36 was identified as a distinct PARP inhibitor, showing remarkable enzymatic activity not only toward PARP-1 (IC50 = 0.94 nM) and PARP-2 (IC50 = 0.87 nM) but also toward PARP-7 (IC50 = 0.21 nM), as well as high selectivity over other PARP isoforms. Furthermore, Cpd36 was orally bioavailable and significantly repressed the tumor growth in both breast cancer and prostate cancer xenograft model. The crystal structures of Cpd36 within PARP-1 and PARP-2 together with the predicted binding mode within PARP-7 revealed its binding features and provided insightful information for further developing highly potent and selective PARP-1 and/or PARP-7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haiping Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jialing Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bailing Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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11
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Urushihara Y, Hashimoto T, Fujishima Y, Hosoi Y. AMPK/FOXO3a Pathway Increases Activity and/or Expression of ATM, DNA-PKcs, Src, EGFR, PDK1, and SOD2 and Induces Radioresistance under Nutrient Starvation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12828. [PMID: 37629008 PMCID: PMC10454868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors contain hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironments. The cancer cells in these microenvironments have been reported to exhibit radioresistance. We have previously reported that nutrient starvation increases the expression and/or activity of ATM and DNA-PKcs, which are involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation. In the present study, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena, we investigated the roles of AMPK and FOXO3a, which play key roles in the cellular response to nutrient starvation. Nutrient starvation increased clonogenic cell survival after irradiation and increased the activity and/or expression of AMPKα, FOXO3a, ATM, DNA-PKcs, Src, EGFR, PDK1, and SOD2 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Knockdown of AMPKα using siRNA suppressed the activity and/or expression of FOXO3a, ATM, DNA-PKcs, Src, EGFR, PDK1, and SOD2 under nutrient starvation. Knockdown of FOXO3a using siRNA suppressed the activity and/or expression of AMPKα, ATM, DNA-PKcs, FOXO3a, Src, EGFR, PDK1, and SOD2 under nutrient starvation. Nutrient starvation decreased the incidence of apoptosis after 8 Gy irradiation. Knockdown of FOXO3a increased the incidence of apoptosis after irradiation under nutrient starvation. AMPK and FOXO3a appear to be key molecules that induce radioresistance under nutrient starvation and may serve as targets for radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Urushihara
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Kobe Research Lab, Oncolys BioPharma Inc., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takuma Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hosoi
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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12
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Lu H, Zhang Q, Laverty DJ, Puncheon AC, Augustine M, Williams G, Nagel Z, Chen BC, Davis A. ATM phosphorylates the FATC domain of DNA-PKcs at threonine 4102 to promote non-homologous end joining. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:6770-6783. [PMID: 37309889 PMCID: PMC10359628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) drives the DNA damage response via modulation of multiple signal transduction and DNA repair pathways. Previously, ATM activity was implicated in promoting the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair a subset of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), but how ATM performs this function is still unclear. In this study, we identified that ATM phosphorylates the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a core NHEJ factor, at its extreme C-terminus at threonine 4102 (T4102) in response to DSBs. Ablating phosphorylation at T4102 attenuates DNA-PKcs kinase activity and this destabilizes the interaction between DNA-PKcs and the Ku-DNA complex, resulting in decreased assembly and stabilization of the NHEJ machinery at DSBs. Phosphorylation at T4102 promotes NHEJ, radioresistance, and increases genomic stability following DSB induction. Collectively, these findings establish a key role for ATM in NHEJ-dependent repair of DSBs through positive regulation of DNA-PKcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Daniel J Laverty
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Andrew C Puncheon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Mathew M Augustine
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
- Department of Surgery, North Texas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX75216, USA
| | - Gareth J Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Anthony J Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
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13
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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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Zhang C, Guo Q, Chen L, Wu Z, Yan XJ, Zou C, Zhang Q, Tan J, Fang T, Rao Q, Li Y, Shen S, Deng M, Wang L, Gao H, Yu J, Li H, Zhang C, Nowsheen S, Kloeber J, Zhao F, Yin P, Teng C, Lin Z, Song K, Yao S, Yao L, Wu L, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Gao Q, Yuan J, Lou Z, Zhang JS. A ribosomal gene panel predicting a novel synthetic lethality in non-BRCAness tumors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:183. [PMID: 37160887 PMCID: PMC10170152 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are one of the most exciting classes of targeted therapy agents for cancers with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. However, many patients without apparent HR defects also respond well to PARP inhibitors/cisplatin. The biomarker responsible for this mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified a set of ribosomal genes that predict response to PARP inhibitors/cisplatin in HR-proficient patients. PARP inhibitor/cisplatin selectively eliminates cells with high expression of the eight genes in the identified panel via DNA damage (ATM) signaling-induced pro-apoptotic ribosomal stress, which along with ATM signaling-induced pro-survival HR repair constitutes a new model to balance the cell fate in response to DNA damage. Therefore, the combined examination of the gene panel along with HR status would allow for more precise predictions of clinical response to PARP inhibitor/cisplatin. The gene panel as an independent biomarker was validated by multiple published clinical datasets, as well as by an ovarian cancer organoids library we established. More importantly, its predictive value was further verified in a cohort of PARP inhibitor-treated ovarian cancer patients with both RNA-seq and WGS data. Furthermore, we identified several marketed drugs capable of upregulating the expression of the genes in the panel without causing HR deficiency in PARP inhibitor/cisplatin-resistant cell lines. These drugs enhance PARP inhibitor/cisplatin sensitivity in both intrinsically resistant organoids and cell lines with acquired resistance. Together, our study identifies a marker gene panel for HR-proficient patients and reveals a broader application of PARP inhibitor/cisplatin in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qiang Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiao-Jian Yan
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyang Zou
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuxue Zhang
- Wuhan Kingwise Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 430206, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiahong Tan
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qunxian Rao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Reproductive Health Research, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shizhen Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Huanyao Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Jake Kloeber
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Chunbo Teng
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Song
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangqing Yao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, 200090, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Reproductive Health Research, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, 324000, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Medical Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Song J, Ma J, Liu X, Huang Z, Li L, Li L, Luo L, Ni R, He J. The MRN complex maintains the biliary-derived hepatocytes in liver regeneration through ATR-Chk1 pathway. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:20. [PMID: 37024481 PMCID: PMC10079969 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When the proliferation of residual hepatocytes is prohibited, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) transdifferentiate into nascent hepatocytes to accomplish liver regeneration. Despite significant interest in transdifferentiation, little is known about the maintenance of nascent hepatocytes in post-injured environments. Here, we perform an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) forward genetic screen and identify a mutant containing a nonsense mutation in the gene nibrin (nbn), which encodes a component of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbn (MRN) complex that activates DNA damage response (DDR). The regenerated hepatocytes cannot be maintained and exhibit apoptosis in the mutant. Mechanistically, the nbn mutation results in the abrogation of ATR-Chk1 signaling and accumulations of DNA damage in nascent hepatocytes, which eventually induces p53-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, loss of rad50 or mre11a shows similar phenotypes. This study reveals that the activation of DDR by the MRN complex is essential for the survival of BEC-derived hepatocytes, addressing how to maintain nascent hepatocytes in the post-injured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Song
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianlong Ma
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuofu Huang
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianghui Li
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Linke Li
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Ni
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianbo He
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Parvin S, Akter J, Takenobu H, Katai Y, Satoh S, Okada R, Haruta M, Mukae K, Wada T, Ohira M, Ando K, Kamijo T. ATM depletion induces proteasomal degradation of FANCD2 and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to PARP inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:313. [PMID: 37020276 PMCID: PMC10077671 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic alterations, including loss of function in chromosome band 11q22-23, are frequently observed in neuroblastoma, which is the most common extracranial childhood tumour. In neuroblastoma, ATM, a DNA damage response-associated gene located on 11q22-23, has been linked to tumorigenicity. Genetic changes in ATM are heterozygous in most tumours. However, it is unclear how ATM is associated with tumorigenesis and cancer aggressiveness. METHODS To elucidate its molecular mechanism of action, we established ATM-inactivated NGP and CHP-134 neuroblastoma cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The knock out cells were rigorously characterized by analyzing proliferation, colony forming abilities and responses to PARP inhibitor (Olaparib). Western blot analyses were performed to detect different protein expression related to DNA repair pathway. ShRNA lentiviral vectors were used to knockdown ATM expression in SK-N-AS and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. ATM knock out cells were stably transfected with FANCD2 expression plasmid to over-expressed the FANCD2. Moreover, knock out cells were treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 to determine the protein stability of FANCD2. FANCD2, RAD51 and γH2AX protein expressions were determined by Immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Haploinsufficient ATM resulted in increased proliferation (p < 0.01) and cell survival following PARP inhibitor (olaparib) treatment. However, complete ATM knockout decreased proliferation (p < 0.01) and promoted cell susceptibility to olaparib (p < 0.01). Complete loss of ATM suppressed the expression of DNA repair-associated molecules FANCD2 and RAD51 and induced DNA damage in neuroblastoma cells. A marked downregulation of FANCD2 expression was also observed in shRNA-mediated ATM-knockdown neuroblastoma cells. Inhibitor experiments demonstrated that the degradation of FANCD2 was regulated at the protein level through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Reintroduction of FANCD2 expression is sufficient to reverse decreased proliferation mediated by ATM depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying ATM heterozygosity in neuroblastomas and elucidated that ATM inactivation enhances the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to olaparib treatment. These findings might be useful in the treatment of high-risk NB patients showing ATM zygosity and aggressive cancer progression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Parvin
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jesmin Akter
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takenobu
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yutaka Katai
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shunpei Satoh
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Ryu Okada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haruta
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Mukae
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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17
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Zhao J, Gui X, Ren Z, Fu H, Yang C, Wang W, Liu Q, Zhang M, Wang C, Schnittger A, Liu B. ATM-mediated double-strand break repair is required for meiotic genome stability at high temperature. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:403-423. [PMID: 36786716 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, meiotic recombination maintains genome stability and creates genetic diversity. The conserved Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase regulates multiple processes in meiotic homologous recombination, including DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and repair, synaptonemal complex organization, and crossover formation and distribution. However, its function in plant meiotic recombination under stressful environmental conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that ATM is required for the maintenance of meiotic genome stability under heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using cytogenetic approaches we determined that ATM does not mediate reduced DSB formation but does ensure successful DSB repair, and thus meiotic chromosome integrity, under heat stress. Further genetic analysis suggested that ATM mediates DSB repair at high temperature by acting downstream of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex, and acts in a RAD51-independent but chromosome axis-dependent manner. This study extends our understanding on the role of ATM in DSB repair and the protection of genome stability in plants under high temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Gui
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ziming Ren
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huiqi Fu
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Wenyi Wang
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingpei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Min Zhang
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Bing Liu
- 8-A506, Arameiosis Lab, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
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18
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Sohn EJ, Goralsky JA, Shay JW, Min J. The Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071945. [PMID: 37046606 PMCID: PMC10093677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As detailed by the end replication problem, the linear ends of a cell's chromosomes, known as telomeres, shorten with each successive round of replication until a cell enters into a state of growth arrest referred to as senescence. To maintain their immortal proliferation capacity, cancer cells must employ a telomere maintenance mechanism, such as telomerase activation or the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres pathway (ALT). With only 10-15% of cancers utilizing the ALT mechanism, progress towards understanding its molecular components and associated hallmarks has only recently been made. This review analyzes the advances towards understanding the ALT pathway by: (1) detailing the mechanisms associated with engaging the ALT pathway as well as (2) identifying potential therapeutic targets of ALT that may lead to novel cancer therapeutic treatments. Collectively, these studies indicate that the ALT molecular mechanisms involve at least two distinct pathways induced by replication stress and damage at telomeres. We suggest exploiting tumor dependency on ALT is a promising field of study because it suggests new approaches to ALT-specific therapies for cancers with poorer prognosis. While substantial progress has been made in the ALT research field, additional progress will be required to realize these advances into clinical practices to treat ALT cancers and improve patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Sohn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia A Goralsky
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Jaewon Min
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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19
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Lu H, Zhang Q, Laverty DJ, Puncheon AC, Williams GJ, Nagel ZD, Chen BP, Davis AJ. ATM phosphorylates the FATC domain of DNA-PK cs at threonine 4102 to promote non-homologous end joining. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526879. [PMID: 36778257 PMCID: PMC9915669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) drives the DNA damage response via modulation of multiple signal transduction and DNA repair pathways. Previously, ATM activity was implicated in promoting the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair a subset of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), but how ATM performs this function is still unclear. In this study, we identified that ATM phosphorylates the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK cs ), a core NHEJ factor, at its extreme C-terminus at threonine 4102 (T4102) in response to DSBs. Phosphorylation at T4102 stabilizes the interaction between DNA-PK cs and the Ku-DNA complex and promotes assembly and stabilization of the NHEJ machinery at DSBs. Ablating phosphorylation at this site results in decreased NHEJ, radiosensitivity, and increased radiation-induced genomic instability. Collectively, these findings establish a key role for ATM in NHEJ-dependent repair of DSBs through positive regulation of DNA-PK cs .
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20
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Hu C, Bugbee T, Palinski R, Akinyemi IA, McIntosh MT, MacCarthy T, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Wallace N. Beta human papillomavirus 8E6 promotes alternative end joining. eLife 2023; 12:e81923. [PMID: 36692284 PMCID: PMC9897725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most lethal DNA lesions in cells. The E6 protein of beta-human papillomavirus (HPV8 E6) impairs two critical DSB repair pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). However, HPV8 E6 only delays DSB repair. How DSBs are repaired in cells with HPV8 E6 remains to be studied. We hypothesize that HPV8 E6 promotes a less commonly used DSB repair pathway, alternative end joining (Alt-EJ). Using CAS9-based Alt-EJ reporters, we show that HPV8 E6 promotes Alt-EJ. Further, using small molecule inhibitors, CRISPR/CAS9 gene knockout, and HPV8 E6 mutant, we find that HPV8 E6 promotes Alt-EJ by binding p300, an acetyltransferase that facilitates DSB repair by HR and NHEJ. At least some of this repair occurs through a subset of Alt-EJ known as polymerase theta dependent end joining. Finally, whole genome sequencing analysis showed HPV8 E6 caused an increased frequency of deletions bearing the microhomology signatures of Alt-EJ. This study fills the knowledge gap of how DSB is repaired in cells with HPV8 E6 and the mutagenic consequences of HPV8 E6 mediated p300 destabilization. Broadly, this study supports the hypothesis that beta-HPV promotes cancer formation by increasing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Hu
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Taylor Bugbee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Rachel Palinski
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Ibukun A Akinyemi
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
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21
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Elsesy ME, Oh-Hohenhorst SJ, Oing C, Eckhardt A, Burdak-Rothkamm S, Alawi M, Müller C, Schüller U, Maurer T, von Amsberg G, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Mansour WY. Preclinical patient-derived modeling of castration-resistant prostate cancer facilitates individualized assessment of homologous recombination repair deficient disease. Mol Oncol 2023. [PMID: 36694344 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of mutation analysis of homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes to estimate PARP-inhibition response may miss a larger proportion of responding patients. Here, we provide preclinical models for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that can be used to functionally predict HRR defects. In vitro, CRPC LNCaP sublines revealed an HRR defect and enhanced sensitivity to olaparib and cisplatin due to impaired RAD51 expression and recruitment. Ex vivo-induced castration-resistant tumor slice cultures or tumor slice cultures derived directly from CRPC patients showed increased olaparib- or cisplatin-associated enhancement of residual radiation-induced γH2AX/53BP1 foci. We established patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) from CRPC patients. These PDOs are morphologically similar to their primary tumors and genetically clustered with prostate cancer but not with normal prostate or other tumor entities. Using these PDOs, we functionally confirmed the enhanced sensitivity of CRPC patients to olaparib and cisplatin. Moreover, olaparib but not cisplatin significantly decreased the migration rate in CRPC cells. Collectively, we present robust patient-derived preclinical models for CRPC that recapitulate the features of their primary tumors and enable individualized drug screening, allowing translation of treatment sensitivities into tailored clinical therapy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Elsesy
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Su Jung Oh-Hohenhorst
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada
| | - Christoph Oing
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Alicia Eckhardt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Oncology, University Cancer Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Wael Y Mansour
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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22
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Alternative telomere maintenance mechanism in Alligator sinensis provides insights into aging evolution. iScience 2022; 26:105850. [PMID: 36636341 PMCID: PMC9829719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan is a life-history trait that undergoes natural selection. Telomeres are hallmarks of aging, and shortening rate predicts species lifespan, making telomere maintenance mechanisms throughout different lifespans a worthy topic for study. Alligators are suitable for the exploration of anti-aging molecular mechanisms, because they exhibit low or even negligible mortality in adults and no significant telomere shortening. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression is absent in the adult Alligator sinensis, as in humans. Selection analyses on telomere maintenance genes indicated that ATM, FANCE, SAMHD1, HMBOX1, NAT10, and MAP3K4 experienced positive selection on A. sinensis. Repressed pleiotropic ATM kinase in A. sinensis suggests their fitness optimum shift. In ATM downstream, Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)-related genes were clustered in a higher expression pattern in A. sinensis, which covers 10-15% of human cancers showing no telomerase activities. In summary, we demonstrated how telomere shortening, telomerase activities, and ALT contributed to anti-aging strategies.
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23
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de Campos Nebel M, Palmitelli M, Pérez Maturo J, González-Cid M. Alternative end-joining originates stable chromosome aberrations induced by etoposide during targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-deficient tumor cells. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:459-476. [PMID: 35604590 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ATM and DNA-PKcs coordinate the DNA damage response at multiple levels following the exposure to chemotherapy. The Topoisomerase II poison etoposide (ETO) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), but it is responsible from the chromosomal rearrangements frequently found in therapy-related secondary tumors. Targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-defective tumors combined with radio- or chemotherapy has been proposed as relevant therapies. Here, we explored the DNA repair mechanisms and the genetic consequences of targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumor cells after exposure to ETO. We demonstrated that chemical inhibition of DNA-PKcs followed by treatment with ETO resulted in the accumulation of chromatid breaks and decreased mitotic index in both A-T cells and ATM-knocked-down (ATMkd) tumor cells. The HR repair process in DNA-PKcs-inhibited ATMkd cells amplified the RAD51 foci number, with no correlated increase in sister chromatid exchanges. The analysis of post-mitotic DNA lesions presented an augmented number of persistent unresolved DSB, without alterations in the cell cycle progression. Long-term examination of chromosome aberrations revealed a strikingly high number of chromatid and chromosome exchanges. By using genetic and pharmacological abrogation of PARP-1, we demonstrated that alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) repair pathway is responsible for those chromosome abnormalities generated by limiting c-NHEJ activities during directed inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-deficient cells. Targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumors stimulates the DSB repair by alt-EJ, which is liable for the origin of cells carrying stable chromosome aberrations that may eventually restrict the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Campos Nebel
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Micaela Palmitelli
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Pérez Maturo
- Programa de Medicina de Precisión Y Genómica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas,, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar, Argentina
- Consultorio Y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" Y División Neurología, Hospital J.M. Ramos Mejía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,, Argentina
| | - Marcela González-Cid
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Venugopala KN. Targeting the DNA Damage Response Machinery for Lung Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121475. [PMID: 36558926 PMCID: PMC9781725 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered the most commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite the responses from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies, the current outcomes are not satisfactory. Recently, novel advances in DNA sequencing technologies have started to take off which have provided promising tools for studying different tumors for systematic mutation discovery. To date, a limited number of DDR inhibition trials have been conducted for the treatment of SCLC and NSCLC patients. However, strategies to test different DDR inhibitor combinations or to target multiple pathways are yet to be explored. With the various biomarkers that have either been recently discovered or are the subject of ongoing investigations, it is hoped that future trials would be designed to allow for studying targeted treatments in a biomarker-enriched population, which is defensible for the improvement of prognosis for SCLC and NSCLC patients. This review article sheds light on the different DNA repair pathways and some of the inhibitors targeting the proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). In addition, the current status of DDR inhibitors in clinical settings and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
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25
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Barcellos-Hoff MH. The radiobiology of TGFβ. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:857-867. [PMID: 35122974 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a pillar of cancer therapy that is deployed in more than half of all malignancies. The therapeutic effect of radiation is attributed to induction of DNA damage that kills cancers cells, but radiation also affects signaling that alters the composition of the tumor microenvironment by activating transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). TGFβ is a ubiquitously expressed cytokine that acts as biological lynchpin to orchestrate phenotypes, the stroma, and immunity in normal tissue; these activities are subverted in cancer to promote malignancy, a permissive tumor microenvironment and immune evasion. The radiobiology of TGFβ unites targets at the forefront of oncology-the DNA damage response and immunotherapy. The cancer cell intrinsic and extrinsic network of TGFβ responses in the irradiated tumor form a barrier to both genotoxic treatments and immunotherapy response. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which radiation induces TGFβ activation, how TGFβ regulates DNA repair, and the dynamic regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment that together oppose effective cancer therapy. Strategies to inhibit TGFβ exploit fundamental radiobiology that may be the missing link to deploying TGFβ inhibitors for optimal patient benefit from cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Wilson C, Murnane JP. High-throughput screen to identify compounds that prevent or target telomere loss in human cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac029. [PMID: 36196242 PMCID: PMC9527662 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an early step in carcinogenesis that promotes tumor cell progression and resistance to therapy. Using plasmids integrated adjacent to telomeres, we have previously demonstrated that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) contributes to telomere loss and CIN in cancer. A high-throughput screen was created to identify compounds that affect telomere loss due to subtelomeric DSBs introduced by I-SceI endonuclease, as detected by cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). A screen of a library of 1832 biologically-active compounds identified a variety of compounds that increase or decrease the number of GFP-positive cells following activation of I-SceI. A curated screen done in triplicate at various concentrations found that inhibition of classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) increased DSB-induced telomere loss, demonstrating that C-NHEJ is functional in subtelomeric regions. Compounds that decreased DSB-induced telomere loss included inhibitors of mTOR, p38 and tankyrase, consistent with our earlier hypothesis that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DSBs is a result of inappropriate resection during repair. Although this assay was also designed to identify compounds that selectively target cells experiencing telomere loss and/or chromosome instability, no compounds of this type were identified in the current screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John P Murnane
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 415 680 4434;
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27
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Gulliver C, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinases as therapeutic targets and stratification indicators for prostate cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106230. [PMID: 35609768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response is an integral part of a cells' ability to maintain genomic integrity by responding to and ameliorating DNA damage, or initiating cell death for irrepairably damaged cells. This response is often hijacked by cancer cells to evade cell death allowing mutant cells to persist, as well as in the development of treatment resistance to DNA damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiation. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells often exhibit alterations in DNA damage response genes including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), correlating with aggressive disease phenotype. The recent success of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition has led to several clinically approved PARP inhibitors for the treatment of men with metastatic PCa, however a key limitation is the development of drug resistance and relapse. An alternative approach is selectively targeting ATM and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) which, due to their position at the forefront of the DDR, represent attractive pharmacological targets. ATR inhibition has been shown to act synergistically with PARP inhibition and other cancer treatments to enhance anti-tumour activity. ATM-deficiency is a common characteristic of PCa and a synthetic lethal relationship exists between ATM and ATR, with ATR inhibition inducing selective cell death in ATM-deficient PCa cells. The current research highlights the feasibility of therapeutically targeting ATR in ATM-deficient prostate tumours and in combination with other treatments to enhance overall efficacy and reduce therapeutic resistance. ATM also represents an important molecular biomarker to stratify patients into targeted treatment groups and aid prognosis for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gulliver
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Philips Research Europe, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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28
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Köcher S, Zech HB, Krug L, Gatzemeier F, Christiansen S, Meyer F, Rietow R, Struve N, Mansour WY, Kriegs M, Petersen C, Betz C, Rothkamm K, Rieckmann T. A Lack of Effectiveness in the ATM-Orchestrated DNA Damage Response Contributes to the DNA Repair Defect of HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:765968. [PMID: 35719921 PMCID: PMC9204973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.765968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with human papillomavirus-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HPV+ HNSCC) have a favorable prognosis compared to those with HPV-negative (HPV−) ones. We have shown previously that HPV+ HNSCC cell lines are characterized by enhanced radiation sensitivity and impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Since then, various publications have suggested a defect in homologous recombination (HR) and dysregulated expression of DSB repair proteins as underlying mechanisms, but conclusions were often based on very few cell lines. When comparing the expression levels of suggested proteins and other key repair factors in 6 HPV+ vs. 5 HPV− HNSCC strains, we could not confirm most of the published differences. Furthermore, HPV+ HNSCC strains did not demonstrate enhanced sensitivity towards PARP inhibition, questioning a general HR defect. Interestingly, our expression screen revealed minimal levels of the central DNA damage response kinase ATM in the two most radiosensitive HPV+ strains. We therefore tested whether insufficient ATM activity may contribute to the enhanced cellular radiosensitivity. Irrespective of their ATM expression level, radiosensitive HPV+ HNSCC cells displayed DSB repair kinetics similar to ATM-deficient cells. Upon ATM inhibition, HPV+ cell lines showed only a marginal increase in residual radiation-induced γH2AX foci and induction of G2 cell cycle arrest as compared to HPV− ones. In line with these observations, ATM inhibition sensitized HPV+ HNSCC strains less towards radiation than HPV− strains, resulting in similar levels of sensitivity. Unexpectedly, assessment of the phosphorylation kinetics of the ATM targets KAP-1 and Chk2 as well as ATM autophosphorylation after radiation did not indicate directly compromised ATM activity in HPV-positive cells. Furthermore, ATM inhibition delayed radiation induced DNA end resection in both HPV+ and HPV− cells to a similar extent, further suggesting comparable functionality. In conclusion, DNA repair kinetics and a reduced effectiveness of ATM inhibition clearly point to an impaired ATM-orchestrated DNA damage response in HPV+ HNSCC cells, but since ATM itself is apparently functional, the molecular mechanisms need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Köcher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Barbara Zech
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Krug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Gatzemeier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Christiansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Meyer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Rietow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Department, Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Struve
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wael Yassin Mansour
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thorsten Rieckmann,
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Hu C, Wallace N. Beta HPV Deregulates Double-Strand Break Repair. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050948. [PMID: 35632690 PMCID: PMC9146468 DOI: 10.3390/v14050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta human papillomavirus (beta HPV) infections are common in adults. Certain types of beta HPVs are associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in immunocompromised individuals. However, whether beta HPV infections promote NMSC in the immunocompetent population is unclear. They have been hypothesized to increase genomic instability stemming from ultraviolet light exposure by disrupting DNA damage responses. Implicit in this hypothesis is that the virus encodes one or more proteins that impair DNA repair signaling. Fluorescence-based reporters, next-generation sequencing, and animal models have been used to test this primarily in cells expressing beta HPV E6/E7. Of the two, beta HPV E6 appears to have the greatest ability to increase UV mutagenesis, by attenuating two major double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end-joining. Here, we review this dysregulation of DSB repair and emerging approaches that can be used to further these efforts.
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30
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Zhang J, Yang C, Tang P, Chen J, Zhang D, Li Y, Yang G, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Ouyang L. Discovery of 4-Hydroxyquinazoline Derivatives as Small Molecular BET/PARP1 Inhibitors That Induce Defective Homologous Recombination and Lead to Synthetic Lethality for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6803-6825. [PMID: 35442700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effective potency and resistance of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors limit their application. Here, we exploit a new paradigm that mimics the effects of breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA) mutations to trigger the possibility of synthetic lethality, based on the previous discovery of a potential synthetic lethality effect between bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and PARP1. Consequently, the present study describes compound BP44 with high selectivity for BRD4 and PARP1. Fortunately, BP44 inhibits the homologous recombination in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and triggers synthetic lethality, thus leading to cell cycle arrest and DNA damage. In conclusion, we optimized the BRD4-PARP1 inhibitor based on previous studies, and we expect it to become a candidate drug for the treatment of TNBC in the future. This strategy aims to expand the use of PARPi in BRCA-competent TNBC, making an innovative approach to address unmet oncology needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Chengcan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Pan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Juncheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Gaoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,China
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31
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Hu C, Bugbee T, Dacus D, Palinski R, Wallace N. Beta human papillomavirus 8 E6 allows colocalization of non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination repair factors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010275. [PMID: 35148356 PMCID: PMC8836322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta human papillomavirus (β-HPV) are hypothesized to make DNA damage more mutagenic and potentially more carcinogenic. Double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesion. They are typically repaired by homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). HR occurs after DNA replication while NHEJ can occur at any point in the cell cycle. HR and NHEJ are not thought to occur in the same cell at the same time. HR is restricted to cells in phases of the cell cycle where homologous templates are available, while NHEJ occurs primarily during G1. β-HPV type 8 protein E6 (8E6) attenuates both repair pathways. We use a series of immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry experiments to better define the impact of this attenuation. We found that 8E6 causes colocalization of HR factors (RPA70 and RAD51) with an NHEJ factor (activated DNA-PKcs or pDNA-PKcs) at persistent DSBs. 8E6 also causes RAD51 foci to form during G1. The initiation of NHEJ and HR at the same lesion could lead to antagonistic DNA end processing. Further, HR cannot be readily completed in an error-free manner during G1. Both aberrant repair events would cause deletions. To determine if these mutations were occurring, we used next generation sequencing of the 200kb surrounding a CAS9-induced DSB. 8E6 caused a 21-fold increase in deletions. Chemical and genetic inhibition of p300 as well as an 8E6 mutant that is incapable of destabilizing p300 demonstrates that 8E6 is acting via p300 destabilization. More specific chemical inhibitors of DNA repair provided mechanistic insight by mimicking 8E6-induced dysregulation of DNA repair in a virus-free system. Specifically, inhibition of NHEJ causes RAD51 foci to form in G1 and colocalization of RAD51 with pDNA-PKcs. Our previous work shows that a master transcription regulator, p300, facilitates two major DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). By degrading p300, beta genus human papillomavirus 8 protein E6 (8E6) hinders pDNA-PKcs resolution, an essential step during NHEJ. NHEJ and HR are known to compete, with only one pathway initiating repair of a DSB. NHEJ tends to be used in G1 and HR occurs in S/G2. Here, we show that 8E6 allows NHEJ and HR to initiate at the same break site. We show that 8E6 allows HR to initiate in G1, suggesting that NHEJ starts but fails before HR is initiated at the same DSB. Next generation sequencing of the region surrounding a CAS9-induced DSB supports our hypothesis that this dysregulation of DSB repair is mutagenic as 8E6 caused a 15- to 20-fold increase in mutations associated with a CAS9-induced DSB. These studies support the putative role of HPV8 infections in non-melanoma skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Hu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Taylor Bugbee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dalton Dacus
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rachel Palinski
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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da Silva RB, Bertoldo WDR, Naves LL, de Vito FB, Damasceno JD, Tosi LRO, Machado CR, Pedrosa AL. Specific Human ATR and ATM Inhibitors Modulate Single Strand DNA Formation in Leishmania major Exposed to Oxidative Agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:802613. [PMID: 35059327 PMCID: PMC8763966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.802613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of a group of neglected tropical diseases known as leishmaniasis. The molecular mechanisms employed by these parasites to adapt to the adverse conditions found in their hosts are not yet completely understood. DNA repair pathways can be used by Leishmania to enable survival in the interior of macrophages, where the parasite is constantly exposed to oxygen reactive species. In higher eukaryotes, DNA repair pathways are coordinated by the central protein kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR). The enzyme Exonuclease-1 (EXO1) plays important roles in DNA replication, repair, and recombination, and it can be regulated by ATM- and ATR-mediated signaling pathways. In this study, the DNA damage response pathways in promastigote forms of L. major were investigated using bioinformatics tools, exposure of lineages to oxidizing agents and radiation damage, treatment of cells with ATM and ATR inhibitors, and flow cytometry analysis. We demonstrated high structural and important residue conservation for the catalytic activity of the putative LmjEXO1. The overexpression of putative LmjEXO1 made L. major cells more susceptible to genotoxic damage, most likely due to the nuclease activity of this enzyme and the occurrence of hyper-resection of DNA strands. These cells could be rescued by the addition of caffeine or a selective ATM inhibitor. In contrast, ATR-specific inhibition made the control cells more susceptible to oxidative damage in an LmjEXO1 overexpression-like manner. We demonstrated that ATR-specific inhibition results in the formation of extended single-stranded DNA, most likely due to EXO1 nucleasic activity. Antagonistically, ATM inhibition prevented single-strand DNA formation, which could explain the survival phenotype of lineages overexpressing LmjEXO1. These results suggest that an ATM homolog in Leishmania could act to promote end resection by putative LmjEXO1, and an ATR homologue could prevent hyper-resection, ensuring adequate repair of the parasite DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Bernardes da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Willian Dos Reis Bertoldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucila Langoni Naves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernadelli de Vito
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Jeziel Dener Damasceno
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Ricardo Orsini Tosi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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33
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Rempfer C, Wiedemann G, Schween G, Kerres KL, Lucht JM, Horres R, Decker EL, Reski R. Autopolyploidization affects transcript patterns and gene targeting frequencies in Physcomitrella. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:153-173. [PMID: 34636965 PMCID: PMC8803787 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Physcomitrella, whole-genome duplications affected the expression of about 3.7% of the protein-encoding genes, some of them relevant for DNA repair, resulting in a massively reduced gene-targeting frequency. Qualitative changes in gene expression after an autopolyploidization event, a pure duplication of the whole genome (WGD), might be relevant for a different regulation of molecular mechanisms between angiosperms growing in a life cycle with a dominant diploid sporophytic stage and the haploid-dominant mosses. Whereas angiosperms repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) preferentially via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), in the moss Physcomitrella homologous recombination (HR) is the main DNA-DSB repair pathway. HR facilitates the precise integration of foreign DNA into the genome via gene targeting (GT). Here, we studied the influence of ploidy on gene expression patterns and GT efficiency in Physcomitrella using haploid plants and autodiploid plants, generated via an artificial WGD. Single cells (protoplasts) were transfected with a GT construct and material from different time-points after transfection was analysed by microarrays and SuperSAGE sequencing. In the SuperSAGE data, we detected 3.7% of the Physcomitrella genes as differentially expressed in response to the WGD event. Among the differentially expressed genes involved in DNA-DSB repair was an upregulated gene encoding the X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), a key player in NHEJ. Analysing the GT efficiency, we observed that autodiploid plants were significantly GT suppressed (p < 0.001) attaining only one third of the expected GT rates. Hence, an alteration of global transcript patterns, including genes related to DNA repair, in autodiploid Physcomitrella plants correlated with a drastic suppression of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Wiedemann
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Schween
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Corteva Agriscience, Pioneer Hi-Bred Northern Europe, Münstertäler Strasse 26, 79427, Eschbach, Germany
| | - Klaus L Kerres
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan M Lucht
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Scienceindustries, Nordstrasse 15, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Horres
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Schaenzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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34
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Zaharieva EK, Sasatani M, Kamiya K. Kinetics of DNA Repair Under Chronic Irradiation at Low and Medium Dose Rates in Repair Proficient and Repair Compromised Normal Fibroblasts. Radiat Res 2021; 197:332-349. [PMID: 34958666 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00158.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We present time and dose dependencies for the formation of 53BP1 and γH2AX DNA damage repair foci after chronic radiation exposure at dose rates of 140, 250 and 450 mGy/day from 3 to 96 h, in human and mouse repair proficient and ATM or DNA-PK deficient repair compromised cell models. We describe the time/dose-response curves using a mathematical equation which contains a linear component for the induction of DNA damage repair foci after irradiation, and an exponential component for their resolution. We show that under conditions of chronic irradiation at low and medium dose rates, the processes of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induction and repair establish an equilibrium, which in repair proficient cells manifests as a plateau-shaped dose-response where the plateau is reached within the first 24 h postirradiation, and its height is proportionate to the radiation dose rate. In contrast, in repair compromised cells, where the rate of repair may be exceeded by the DSB induction rate, DNA damage accumulates with time of exposure and total absorbed dose. In addition, we discuss the biological meaning of the observed dependencies by presenting the frequency of micronuclei formation under the same irradiation conditions as a marker of radiation-induced genomic instability. We believe that the data and analysis presented here shed light on the kinetics of DNA repair under chronic radiation and are useful for future studies in the low-to-medium dose rate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Zaharieva
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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35
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Zhou J, Ji M, Wang X, Zhao H, Cao R, Jin J, Li Y, Chen X, Sheng L, Chen X, Xu B. Discovery of Quinazoline-2,4(1 H,3 H)-dione Derivatives Containing 3-Substituted Piperizines as Potent PARP-1/2 Inhibitors─Design, Synthesis, In Vivo Antitumor Activity, and X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16711-16730. [PMID: 34748333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting PARP-1/2 offered an important arsenal for cancer treatments via interfering with DNA repair of cancer cells. Novel PARP-1/2 inhibitors were designed by capitalizing on methyl- or ethyl-substituted piperizine ring to capture the characteristics of adenine-ribose binding site (AD site), and their unique binding features were revealed by the cocrystal structures of compounds 4 and 6 in PARP-1. The investigation on structure-activity relationship resulted in compounds 24 and 32 with high enzymatic potency, binding selectivity, and significantly longer residence time for PARP-1 over PARP-2 (compound 24, PARP-1: IC50 = 0.51 nM, PARP-2: IC50 = 23.11 nM; compound 32, PARP-1: IC50 = 1.31 nM, PARP-2: IC50 = 15.63 nM). Furthermore, compound 24 was determined to be an attractive candidate molecule, which possessed an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile and produced remarkable antitumor activity in both breast cancer xenograft model and glioblastoma orthotopic model in mice, either alone or in combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ran Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xianhong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,Beijing Collab Pharma Co., Ltd, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bailing Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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36
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Fang M, Su Z, Abolhassani H, Zhang W, Jiang C, Cheng B, Luo L, Wu J, Wang S, Lin L, Wang X, Wang L, Aghamohammadi A, Li T, Zhang X, Hammarström L, Liu X. T Cell Repertoire Abnormality in Immunodeficiency Patients with DNA Repair and Methylation Defects. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:375-393. [PMID: 34825286 PMCID: PMC8821531 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both DNA damage response and methylation play a crucial role in antigen receptor recombination by creating a diverse repertoire in developing lymphocytes, but how their defects relate to T cell repertoire and phenotypic heterogeneity of immunodeficiency remains obscure. We studied the TCR repertoire in patients with the mutation in different genes (ATM, DNMT3B, ZBTB24, RAG1, DCLRE1C, and JAK3) and uncovered distinct characteristics of repertoire diversity. We propose that early aberrancies in thymus T cell development predispose to the heterogeneous phenotypes of the immunodeficiency spectrum. Shorter CDR3 lengths in ATM-deficient patients, resulting from a decreased number of nucleotide insertions during VDJ recombination in the pre-selected TCR repertoire, as well as the increment of CDR3 tyrosine residues, lead to the enrichment of pathology-associated TCRs, which may contribute to the phenotypes of ATM deficiency. Furthermore, patients with DNMT3B and ZBTB24 mutations who exhibit discrepant phenotypes present longer CDR3 lengths and reduced number of known pathology-associated TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | | | | | - Lihua Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | - Liya Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xie Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tao Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. .,Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. .,Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Bakr A, Hey J, Sigismondo G, Liu CS, Sadik A, Goyal A, Cross A, Iyer RL, Müller P, Trauernicht M, Breuer K, Lutsik P, Opitz C, Krijgsveld J, Weichenhan D, Plass C, Popanda O, Schmezer P. ID3 promotes homologous recombination via non-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms and its loss confers sensitivity to PARP inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:11666-11689. [PMID: 34718742 PMCID: PMC8599806 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of DNA-binding 3 (ID3) is a transcriptional regulator that limits interaction of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors with their target DNA sequences. We previously reported that ID3 loss is associated with mutational signatures linked to DNA repair defects. Here we demonstrate that ID3 exhibits a dual role to promote DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, particularly homologous recombination (HR). ID3 interacts with the MRN complex and RECQL helicase to activate DSB repair and it facilitates RAD51 loading and downstream steps of HR. In addition, ID3 promotes the expression of HR genes in response to ionizing radiation by regulating both chromatin accessibility and activity of the transcription factor E2F1. Consistently, analyses of TCGA cancer patient data demonstrate that low ID3 expression is associated with impaired HR. The loss of ID3 leads to sensitivity of tumor cells to PARP inhibition, offering new therapeutic opportunities in ID3-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bakr
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joschka Hey
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Sigismondo
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chun-Shan Liu
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sadik
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alice Cross
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ramya Lakshmana Iyer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Trauernicht
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kersten Breuer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, INF672, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Banerjee D, Langberg K, Abbas S, Odermatt E, Yerramothu P, Volaric M, Reidenbach MA, Krentz KJ, Rubinstein CD, Brautigan DL, Abbas T, Gelfand BD, Ambati J, Kerur N. A non-canonical, interferon-independent signaling activity of cGAMP triggers DNA damage response signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6207. [PMID: 34707113 PMCID: PMC8551335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulates the production of type I interferons (IFN). Here we show that cGAMP activates DNA damage response (DDR) signaling independently of its canonical IFN pathways. Loss of cGAS dampens DDR signaling induced by genotoxic insults. Mechanistically, cGAS activates DDR in a STING-TBK1-dependent manner, wherein TBK1 stimulates the autophosphorylation of the DDR kinase ATM, with the consequent activation of the CHK2-p53-p21 signal transduction pathway and the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. Despite its stimulatory activity on ATM, cGAMP suppresses homology-directed repair (HDR) through the inhibition of polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation), in which cGAMP reduces cellular levels of NAD+; meanwhile, restoring NAD+ levels abrogates cGAMP-mediated suppression of PARylation and HDR. Finally, we show that cGAMP also activates DDR signaling in invertebrate species lacking IFN (Crassostrea virginica and Nematostella vectensis), suggesting that the genome surveillance mechanism of cGAS predates metazoan interferon-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Banerjee
- Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, 625020, India
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kurt Langberg
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Salar Abbas
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Odermatt
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Yerramothu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martin Volaric
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kathy J Krentz
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Dustin Rubinstein
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nagaraj Kerur
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Lozinski M, Bowden NA, Graves MC, Fay M, Tooney PA. DNA damage repair in glioblastoma: current perspectives on its role in tumour progression, treatment resistance and PIKKing potential therapeutic targets. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:961-981. [PMID: 34057732 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggressive, invasive and treatment resistant nature of glioblastoma makes it one of the most lethal cancers in humans. Total surgical resection is difficult, and a combination of radiation and chemotherapy is used to treat the remaining invasive cells beyond the tumour border by inducing DNA damage and activating cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Unfortunately, recurrence is common and a major hurdle in treatment, often met with a more aggressive and treatment resistant tumour. A mechanism of resistance is the response of DNA repair pathways upon treatment-induced DNA damage, which enact cell-cycle arrest and repair of DNA damage that would otherwise cause cell death in tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the significance of DNA repair mechanisms in tumour formation, aggression and treatment resistance. We identify an underlying trend in the literature, wherein alterations in DNA repair pathways facilitate glioma progression, while established high-grade gliomas benefit from constitutively active DNA repair pathways in the repair of treatment-induced DNA damage. We also consider the clinical feasibility of inhibiting DNA repair in glioblastoma and current strategies of using DNA repair inhibitors as agents in combination with chemotherapy, radiation or immunotherapy. Finally, the importance of blood-brain barrier penetrance when designing novel small-molecule inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Lozinski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikola A Bowden
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Moira C Graves
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Fay
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Genesis Cancer Care, Gateshead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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ATM's Role in the Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091370. [PMID: 34573351 PMCID: PMC8466060 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a central kinase that activates an extensive network of responses to cellular stress via a signaling role. ATM is activated by DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and by oxidative stress, subsequently phosphorylating a plethora of target proteins. In the last several decades, newly developed molecular biological techniques have uncovered multiple roles of ATM in response to DNA damage-e.g., DSB repair, cell cycle checkpoint arrest, apoptosis, and transcription arrest. Combinational dysfunction of these stress responses impairs the accuracy of repair, consequently leading to dramatic sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of ATM that focus on DSB repair.
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Rezaei M, Sadeghi F, Heiat M. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103196. [PMID: 34416543 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent types of tumors worldwide. Its occurrence and development have been related to various risk factors, such as chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses and alcohol addiction. DNA repair systems play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the genome. Defects in these systems have been related to increased susceptibility to various types of cancer. Multiple genetic polymorphisms in genes of DNA repair systems have been reported that may affect DNA repair capacity (DRC) and modulate risk to cancer. Several studies have been conducted to assess the role of polymorphisms of DNA repair genes on the HCC risk. Identifying these polymorphisms and their association with HCC risk may help to improve prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we review investigations that evaluated the association between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Beta-Genus Human Papillomavirus 8 E6 Destabilizes the Host Genome by Promoting p300 Degradation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081662. [PMID: 34452526 PMCID: PMC8402844 DOI: 10.3390/v13081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta genus of human papillomaviruses infects cutaneous keratinocytes. Their replication depends on actively proliferating cells and, thus, they conflict with the cellular response to the DNA damage frequently encountered by these cells. This review focus on one of these viruses (HPV8) that counters the cellular response to damaged DNA and mitotic errors by expressing a protein (HPV8 E6) that destabilizes a histone acetyltransferase, p300. The loss of p300 results in broad dysregulation of cell signaling that decreases genome stability. In addition to discussing phenotypes caused by p300 destabilization, the review contains a discussion of the extent to which E6 from other β-HPVs destabilizes p300, and provides a discussion on dissecting HPV8 E6 biology using mutants.
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Palleschi M, Tedaldi G, Sirico M, Virga A, Ulivi P, De Giorgi U. Moving beyond PARP Inhibition: Current State and Future Perspectives in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157884. [PMID: 34360649 PMCID: PMC8346118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent and lethal tumor in women and finding the best therapeutic strategy for each patient is an important challenge. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) are the first, clinically approved drugs designed to exploit synthetic lethality in tumors harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. Recent evidence indicates that PARPis have the potential to be used both in monotherapy and combination strategies in breast cancer treatment. In this review, we show the mechanism of action of PARPis and discuss the latest clinical applications in different breast cancer treatment settings, including the use as neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, as a class, PARPis show many similarities but also certain critical differences which can have essential clinical implications. Finally, we report the current knowledge about the resistance mechanisms to PARPis. A systematic PubMed search, using the entry terms “PARP inhibitors” and “breast cancer”, was performed to identify all published clinical trials (Phase I-II-III) and ongoing trials (ClinicalTrials.gov), that have been reported and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Palleschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Gianluca Tedaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0543-739232; Fax: +39-0543-739221
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Alessandra Virga
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (A.V.); (P.U.)
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (M.P.); (M.S.); (U.D.G.)
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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Averbek S, Jakob B, Durante M, Averbeck NB. O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115715. [PMID: 34071949 PMCID: PMC8198441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. This is consistent with our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition. Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Averbek
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicole B. Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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47
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Yasuda T, Takizawa K, Ui A, Hama M, Kagawa W, Sugasawa K, Tajima K. Human SIRT2 and SIRT3 deacetylases function in DNA homologous recombinational repair. Genes Cells 2021; 26:328-335. [PMID: 33624391 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIRT2 and SIRT3 protein deacetylases maintain genome integrity and stability. However, their mechanisms for maintaining the genome remain unclear. To examine the roles of SIRT2 and SIRT3 in DSB repair, I-SceI-based GFP reporter assays for HR, single-strand annealing (SSA) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair were performed under SIRT2- or SIRT3-depleted conditions. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion inhibited HR repair equally to RAD52 depletion, but did not affect SSA and NHEJ repairs. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion disturbed the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites, an essential step for RAD51-dependent HR repair, but not directly through RAD52 deacetylation. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion decreased the colocalization of γH2AX foci with RPA1, and thus, they might be involved in initiating DSB end resection for the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites at an early step in HR repair. These results show the novel underlying mechanism of the SIRT2 and SIRT3 functions in HR for genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yasuda
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takizawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayako Ui
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michio Hama
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Wataru Kagawa
- Program in Chemistry and Life Science, Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, Hino, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, and Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tajima
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
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Modification of Homologous Recombination Deficiency Score Threshold and Association with Long-Term Survival in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050946. [PMID: 33668244 PMCID: PMC7956737 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies, such as poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), and immunotherapy treatments have generated great interest in enhancing individualized molecular profiling of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) to improve management of the disease. In EOC patients, putative biomarkers for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were characterized and correlated with survival outcomes. A series of 300 consecutive EOC patients were enrolled. Patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 172) or primary cytoreductive surgery (n = 128). Molecular profiling and survival analyses were restricted to the primary cytoreductive surgery cohort due to tissue availability. All patients underwent germline testing for HRD- and MSI-related gene mutations. When sufficient tissue was available, screening for somatic BRCA1/2 mutations, BRCA1 promoter methylation, HRD score (a measure of genomic instability), MSI, and TMB testing were performed. HRD score ≥33 was associated with improved overall survival on multivariable analysis. In the era of biomarker-driven clinical care, HRD score ≥33 may be a useful adjunctive prognostic tool and should be evaluated in future studies to predict PARPi benefits.
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Nickoloff JA, Taylor L, Sharma N, Kato TA. Exploiting DNA repair pathways for tumor sensitization, mitigation of resistance, and normal tissue protection in radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:244-263. [PMID: 34337349 PMCID: PMC8323830 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy, which kills tumor cells by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, including cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Tumor cells respond to these threats by activating a complex signaling network termed the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR arrests the cell cycle, upregulates DNA repair, and triggers apoptosis when damage is excessive. The DDR signaling and DNA repair pathways are fertile terrain for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights strategies to improve therapeutic gain by targeting DDR and DNA repair pathways to radiosensitize tumor cells, overcome intrinsic and acquired tumor radioresistance, and protect normal tissue. Many biological and environmental factors determine tumor and normal cell responses to ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemotherapeutics. These include cell type and cell cycle phase distribution; tissue/tumor microenvironment and oxygen levels; DNA damage load and quality; DNA repair capacity; and susceptibility to apoptosis or other active or passive cell death pathways. We provide an overview of radiobiological parameters associated with X-ray, proton, and carbon ion radiotherapy; DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways; and other factors that regulate tumor and normal cell responses to radiation. We then focus on recent studies exploiting DSB repair pathways to enhance radiotherapy therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence Address: Dr. Jac A. Nickoloff, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1681, USA. E-mail:
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
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50
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Gu Y, Wang C, Zhu R, Yang J, Yuan W, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Qin N, Shen H, Ma H, Wang H, Liu X, Hu Z. The cancer-testis gene, MEIOB, sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to PARP1 inhibitors by inducing homologous recombination deficiency. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:74-87. [PMID: 33628586 PMCID: PMC7877187 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The newly defined cancer-testis (CT) gene, MEIOB, was previously found to play key roles in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of MEIOB in the carcinogenesis of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to quantify the expression of MEIOB. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between MEIOB expression and the prognosis of human TNBC. The effects of MEIOB on cell proliferation and migration in TNBCs were also assessed in vitro. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used to assess the sensitivity of breast cancers with active MEIOB to PARP1 inhibitors. Results We confirmed MEIOB as a CT gene whose expression was restricted to the testes and breast tumors, especially TNBCs. Its activation was significantly associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients [overall, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90 (1.16-2.06); TNBCs: HR = 7.05 (1.16-41.80)]. In addition, we found that MEIOB was oncogenic and significantly promoted the proliferation of TNBC cells. Further analysis showed that MEIOB participated in DSB repair in TNBCs. However, in contrast to its function in meiosis, it mediated homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) through the activation of polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)1 by interacting with YBX1. Furthermore, activated MEIOB was shown to confer sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, which was confirmed in PDX models. Conclusions MEIOB played an oncogenic role in TNBC through its involvement in HRD. In addition, dysregulation of MEIOB sensitized TNBC cells to PARP inhibitors, so MEIOB may be a therapeutic target of PARP1 inhibitors in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rongxuan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jianshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Yanhui Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Na Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiaoan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
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