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Butenko A, Lukeš J, Speijer D, Wideman JG. Mitochondrial genomes revisited: why do different lineages retain different genes? BMC Biol 2024; 22:15. [PMID: 38273274 PMCID: PMC10809612 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria contain their own genome derived from an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiont. From thousands of protein-coding genes originally encoded by their ancestor, only between 1 and about 70 are encoded on extant mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). Thanks to a dramatically increasing number of sequenced and annotated mitogenomes a coherent picture of why some genes were lost, or relocated to the nucleus, is emerging. In this review, we describe the characteristics of mitochondria-to-nucleus gene transfer and the resulting varied content of mitogenomes across eukaryotes. We introduce a 'burst-upon-drift' model to best explain nuclear-mitochondrial population genetics with flares of transfer due to genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Butenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy G Wideman
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
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2
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Chen X, Chen M, Zhu Y, Sun H, Wang Y, Xie Y, Ji L, Wang C, Hu Z, Guo X, Xu Z, Zhang J, Yang S, Liang D, Shen B. Correction of a homoplasmic mitochondrial tRNA mutation in patient-derived iPSCs via a mitochondrial base editor. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1116. [PMID: 37923818 PMCID: PMC10624837 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause severe and often lethal multi-system symptoms in primary mitochondrial defects. However, effective therapies for these defects are still lacking. Strategies such as employing mitochondrially targeted restriction enzymes or programmable nucleases to shift the ratio of heteroplasmic mutations and allotopic expression of mitochondrial protein-coding genes have limitations in treating mitochondrial homoplasmic mutations, especially in non-coding genes. Here, we conduct a proof of concept study applying a screened DdCBE pair to correct the homoplasmic m.A4300G mutation in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We achieve efficient G4300A correction with limited off-target editing, and successfully restore mitochondrial function in corrected induced pluripotent stem cell clones. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using DdCBE to treat primary mitochondrial defects caused by homoplasmic pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lianfu Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Shiwei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Bin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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3
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Wang X, Wang J, Raza SHA, Deng J, Ma J, Qu X, Yu S, Zhang D, Alshammari AM, Almohaimeed HM, Zan L. Identification of the hub genes related to adipose tissue metabolism of bovine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014286. [PMID: 36439361 PMCID: PMC9682410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the demand for high-quality animal protein, there has been consistent interest in how to obtain more high-quality beef. As well-known, the adipose content of beef has a close connection with the taste and quality of beef, and cattle with different energy or protein diet have corresponding effects on the lipid metabolism of beef. Thus, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with subcutaneous adipose genes from Norwegian red heifers fed different diets to identify hub genes regulating bovine lipid metabolism. For this purpose, the RNA sequencing data of subcutaneous adipose tissue of 12-month-old Norwegian red heifers (n = 48) with different energy or protein levels were selected from the GEO database, and 7,630 genes with the largest variation were selected for WGCNA analysis. Then, three modules were selected as hub genes candidate modules according to the correlation between modules and phenotypes, including pink, magenta and grey60 modules. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that genes were related to metabolism, and participated in Rap, MAPK, AMPK, VEGF signaling pathways, and so forth. Combined gene interaction network analysis using Cytoscape software, eight hub genes of lipid metabolism were identified, including TIA1, LOC516108, SNAPC4, CPSF2, ZNF574, CLASRP, MED15 and U2AF2. Further, the expression levels of hub genes in the cattle tissue were also measured to verify the results, and we found hub genes in higher expression in muscle and adipose tissue in adult cattle. In summary, we predicted the key genes of lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue that were affected by the intake of various energy diets to find the hub genes that coordinate lipid metabolism, which provide a theoretical basis for regulating beef quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Jiahan Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shengchen Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dianqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Hailah M. Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Linsen Zan
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4
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Langeh U, Kumar V, Kumar A, Kumar P, Singh C, Singh A. Cellular and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis in ageing. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:208-222. [PMID: 35850516 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural process in all living organisms defined as destruction of cell function as a result of long-term accumulation of damages. Autophagy is a cellular house safeguard pathway which responsible for degrading damaged cellular organelles. Moreover, it maintains cellular homeostasis, control lifetime, and longevity. Damaged mitochondrial accumulation is a characteristic of aging which associated with neurodegeneration. Mitochondria functions as a principal energy source via supplying ATP through oxidative phosphorylation which serves as fuel for neuronal function. Mitophagy and mitochondrial specific autophagy plays an important role in maintenance of neuronal health via the removal of dysfunctional and aged mitochondria. The mitochondrial QC system involves different strategies for protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction and maintaining healthy mitochondria in cells. Mitochondrial function protection could be a strategy for the promotion of neuroprotection. Mitophagy, could be an effective target for drug discovery. Therefore, further detailed studies for mechanism of mitophagy will advance our mitochondrial phenotype knowledge and understanding to disease pathogenesis. This review mainly focuses on ageing mediated mechanism of autophagy and mitophagy for maintaining the cellular homeostasis and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Langeh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | - Vishal Kumar
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- University of the Witwatersrand, 37707, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Charan Singh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | - Arti Singh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Moga, Moga, Punjab, India, 142001;
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5
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The Mitochondrial Genome in Aging and Disease and the Future of Mitochondrial Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020490. [PMID: 35203698 PMCID: PMC8962324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that utilize nutrients to generate energy in the form of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans is a 16,569 base pair double-stranded circular DNA that encodes for 13 vital proteins of the electron transport chain. Our understanding of the mitochondrial genome’s transcription, translation, and maintenance is still emerging, and human pathologies caused by mtDNA dysfunction are widely observed. Additionally, a correlation between declining mitochondrial DNA quality and copy number with organelle dysfunction in aging is well-documented in the literature. Despite tremendous advancements in nuclear gene-editing technologies and their value in translational avenues, our ability to edit mitochondrial DNA is still limited. In this review, we discuss the current therapeutic landscape in addressing the various pathologies that result from mtDNA mutations. We further evaluate existing gene therapy efforts, particularly allotopic expression and its potential to become an indispensable tool for restoring mitochondrial health in disease and aging.
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6
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Dixit B, Vanhoozer S, Anti NA, O'Connor MS, Boominathan A. Rapid enrichment of mitochondria from mammalian cell cultures using digitonin. MethodsX 2021; 8:101197. [PMID: 34434723 PMCID: PMC8374178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a simple method to enrich mitochondrial fractions from mammalian cells for downstream analyses in the lab. Mitochondria purification involves cell lysis followed by separation of the organelles from the rest of the cellular components. Here, we use detergent to rupture the cell membrane of mammalian cells followed by differential centrifugation to enrich the organelles. Optimum conditions with respect to detergent concentration, time, sample size, and yield are discussed. The method's utility in downstream analyses and ease of processing multiple samples simultaneously is also described. All the reagents in this method can be assembled in-house, are economical, and are comparable, if not superior, to commercially available kits in terms of mitochondrial yield and integrity. • Rapid enrichment of mitochondria from mammalian cells using commonly available reagents. • Multiple samples can be processed simultaneously. • Works over a wide range of sample size (1 million to 100 million cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Dixit
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 95051 USA
| | - Shon Vanhoozer
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 95051 USA
| | - Nana Abena Anti
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 95051 USA
| | - Matthew S O'Connor
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 95051 USA
| | - Amutha Boominathan
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 95051 USA
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7
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The mitochondrial genome of the grape powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe necator is intron rich and exhibits a distinct gene organization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13924. [PMID: 34230575 PMCID: PMC8260586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildews are notorious fungal plant pathogens but only limited information exists on their genomes. Here we present the mitochondrial genome of the grape powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator and a high-quality mitochondrial gene annotation generated through cloning and Sanger sequencing of full-length cDNA clones. The E. necator mitochondrial genome consists of a circular DNA sequence of 188,577 bp that harbors a core set of 14 protein-coding genes that are typically present in fungal mitochondrial genomes, along with genes encoding the small and large ribosomal subunits, a ribosomal protein S3, and 25 mitochondrial-encoded transfer RNAs (mt-tRNAs). Interestingly, it also exhibits a distinct gene organization with atypical bicistronic-like expression of the nad4L/nad5 and atp6/nad3 gene pairs, and contains a large number of 70 introns, making it one of the richest in introns mitochondrial genomes among fungi. Sixty-four intronic ORFs were also found, most of which encoded homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG or GIY-YIG families. Further comparative analysis of five E. necator isolates revealed 203 polymorphic sites, but only five were located within exons of the core mitochondrial genes. These results provide insights into the organization of mitochondrial genomes of powdery mildews and represent valuable resources for population genetic and evolutionary studies.
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8
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Shanmugaraj B, Bulaon CJI, Malla A, Phoolcharoen W. Biotechnological Insights on the Expression and Production of Antimicrobial Peptides in Plants. Molecules 2021; 26:4032. [PMID: 34279372 PMCID: PMC8272150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens poses a serious critical threat to global public health and requires immediate action. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short peptides ubiquitously found in all living forms, including plants, insects, mammals, microorganisms and play a significant role in host innate immune system. These peptides are considered as promising candidates to treat microbial infections due to its distinct advantages over conventional antibiotics. Given their potent broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, several AMPs are currently being evaluated in preclinical/clinical trials. However, large quantities of highly purified AMPs are vital for basic research and clinical settings which is still a major bottleneck hindering its application. This can be overcome by genetic engineering approaches to produce sufficient amount of diverse peptides in heterologous host systems. Recently plants are considered as potential alternatives to conventional protein production systems such as microbial and mammalian platforms due to their unique advantages such as rapidity, scalability and safety. In addition, AMPs can also be utilized for development of novel approaches for plant protection thereby increasing the crop yield. Hence, in order to provide a spotlight for the expression of AMP in plants for both clinical or agricultural use, the present review presents the importance of AMPs and efforts aimed at producing recombinant AMPs in plants for molecular farming and plant protection so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Joy I Bulaon
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Purohit PK, Saini N. Mitochondrial microRNA (MitomiRs) in cancer and complex mitochondrial diseases: current status and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1405-1421. [PMID: 33084945 PMCID: PMC11072739 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are not only important for cellular bioenergetics but also lie at the heart of critical metabolic pathways. They can rapidly adjust themselves in response to changing conditions and the metabolic needs of the cell. Mitochondrial involvement as well as its dysfunction has been found to be associated with variety of pathological processes and diseases. mitomiRs are class of miRNA(s) that regulate mitochondrial gene expression and function. This review sheds light on the role of mitomiRs in regulating different biological processes-mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, cell metabolism, chemoresistance, apoptosis,and their relevance in metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Insilico analysis of predicted targets of mitomiRs targeting energy metabolism identified several significantly altered pathways (needs in vivo validations) that may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of human diseases. Last part of the review discusses about the clinical aspects of miRNA(s) and mitomiRs in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Purohit
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Neeru Saini
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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Schilf P, Künstner A, Olbrich M, Waschina S, Fuchs B, Galuska CE, Braun A, Neuschütz K, Seutter M, Bieber K, Hellberg L, Sina C, Laskay T, Rupp J, Ludwig RJ, Zillikens D, Busch H, Sadik CD, Hirose M, Ibrahim SM. A Mitochondrial Polymorphism Alters Immune Cell Metabolism and Protects Mice from Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031006. [PMID: 33498298 PMCID: PMC7863969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variants in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), including ancient polymorphisms, are associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, but investigating the functional consequences of such mtDNA polymorphisms in humans is challenging due to the influence of many other polymorphisms in both mtDNA and the nuclear genome (nDNA). Here, using the conplastic mouse strain B6-mtFVB, we show that in mice, a maternally inherited natural mutation (m.7778G > T) in the mitochondrially encoded gene ATP synthase 8 (mt-Atp8) of complex V impacts on the cellular metabolic profile and effector functions of CD4+ T cells and induces mild changes in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex activities. These changes culminated in significantly lower disease susceptibility in two models of inflammatory skin disease. Our findings provide experimental evidence that a natural variation in mtDNA influences chronic inflammatory conditions through alterations in cellular metabolism and the systemic metabolic profile without causing major dysfunction in the OXPHOS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schilf
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Axel Künstner
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Michael Olbrich
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Silvio Waschina
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Christina E. Galuska
- Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Anne Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.); (D.Z.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Kerstin Neuschütz
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Malte Seutter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.); (D.Z.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Katja Bieber
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Lars Hellberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (L.H.); (T.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany;
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (L.H.); (T.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (L.H.); (T.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.); (D.Z.); (C.D.S.)
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian D. Sadik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.); (D.Z.); (C.D.S.)
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.M.I.)
| | - Saleh M. Ibrahim
- Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.O.); (K.N.); (K.B.); (R.J.L.); (H.B.)
- Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- College of Medicine and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, UAE
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.M.I.)
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11
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Cellular Mechanisms of Circulating Tumor Cells During Breast Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145040. [PMID: 32708855 PMCID: PMC7404335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detach from the primary site and travel in the blood stream. A higher number of CTCs increases the risk of breast cancer metastasis, and it is inversely associated with the survival rates of patients with breast cancer. Although the numbers of CTCs are generally low and the majority of CTCs die in circulation, the survival of a few CTCs can seed the development of a tumor at a secondary location. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that CTCs undergo modification in response to the dynamic biophysical environment in the blood due in part to fluid shear stress. Fluid shear stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggers redox-sensitive cell signaling, and alters the function of intracellular organelles. In particular, the mitochondrion is an important target organelle in determining the metastatic phenotype of CTCs. In healthy cells, mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain, and during oxidative phosphorylation, they produce physiological levels of ROS. Mitochondria also govern death mechanisms such as apoptosis and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening to, in order eliminate unwanted or damaged cells. However, in cancer cells, mitochondria are dysregulated, causing aberrant energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and cell death pathways that may favor cancer invasiveness. In this review, we discuss the influence of fluid shear stress on CTCs with an emphasis on breast cancer pathology, then discuss alterations of cellular mechanisms that may increase the metastatic potentials of CTCs.
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Lewis CJ, Dixit B, Batiuk E, Hall CJ, O'Connor MS, Boominathan A. Codon optimization is an essential parameter for the efficient allotopic expression of mtDNA genes. Redox Biol 2020; 30:101429. [PMID: 31981894 PMCID: PMC6976934 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can be inherited or occur de novo leading to several debilitating myopathies with no curative option and few or no effective treatments. Allotopic expression of recoded mitochondrial genes from the nucleus has potential as a gene therapy strategy for such conditions, however progress in this field has been hampered by technical challenges. Here we employed codon optimization as a tool to re-engineer the protein-coding genes of the human mitochondrial genome for robust, efficient expression from the nucleus. All 13 codon-optimized constructs exhibited substantially higher protein expression than minimally-recoded genes when expressed transiently, and steady-state mRNA levels for optimized gene constructs were 5-180 fold enriched over recoded versions in stably-selected wildtype cells. Eight of thirteen mitochondria-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) proteins maintained protein expression following stable selection, with mitochondrial localization of expression products. We also assessed the utility of this strategy in rescuing mitochondrial disease cell models and found the rescue capacity of allotopic expression constructs to be gene specific. Allotopic expression of codon optimized ATP8 in disease models could restore protein levels and respiratory function, however, rescue of the pathogenic phenotype for another gene, ND1 was only partially successful. These results imply that though codon-optimization alone is not sufficient for functional allotopic expression of most mitochondrial genes, it is an essential consideration in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Lewis
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Bhavna Dixit
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Elizabeth Batiuk
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Carter J Hall
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Matthew S O'Connor
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA.
| | - Amutha Boominathan
- Department of Mitochondrial Research, SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA.
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Artika IM. Allotopic expression of mitochondrial genes: Basic strategy and progress. Genes Dis 2019; 7:578-584. [PMID: 33335957 PMCID: PMC7729113 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allotopic expression of mitochondrial genes is a deliberate functional relocation of mitochondrial genes into the nucleus followed by import of the gene-encoded polypeptide from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. For successful allotopic expression of a mitochondrial gene, several key aspects must be considered. These include the different codon dictionary used by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, different codon preferences between mitochondrial and nuclear-cytosolic translation systems, and the provision of an import signal to ensure that the newly translated protein in the cytosol is successfully imported into mitochondria. The allotopic expression strategy was first developed in yeast, a useful model organism for studying human and other eukaryotic cells. Currently, a number of mitochondrial genes have been successfully recoded and nuclearly expressed in yeast and human cells. In addition to its use in evolutionary and molecular biology studies, the allotopic expression strategy has been developed as a potential approach to treat mitochondrial genetic disorders. Substantial progress has been recently achieved, and the development of this technique for therapy of the mitochondrial disease Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) has entered phase III clinical trials. However, a number of challenges remain to be overcome to accelerate the successful application of this technique. These include improvement of nuclear gene expression, import into mitochondria, processing, and functional integration of the allotopically expressed polypeptides into mitochondrial protein complexes. This review discusses the current basic strategy, progress, challenges, and prospects of the allotopic expression strategy for mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Made Artika
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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14
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Rubalcava-Gracia D, García-Rincón J, Pérez-Montfort R, Hamel PP, González-Halphen D. Key within-membrane residues and precursor dosage impact the allotopic expression of yeast subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2358-2366. [PMID: 31318312 PMCID: PMC6741066 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally relocating mitochondrial genes to the nucleus for functional expression (allotopic expression) is a challenging process. The high hydrophobicity of mitochondria-encoded proteins seems to be one of the main factors preventing this allotopic expression. We focused on subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox2) to study which modifications may enable or improve its allotopic expression in yeast. Cox2 can be imported from the cytosol into mitochondria in the presence of the W56R substitution, which decreases the protein hydrophobicity and allows partial respiratory rescue of a cox2-null strain. We show that the inclusion of a positive charge is more favorable than substitutions that only decrease the hydrophobicity. We also searched for other determinants enabling allotopic expression in yeast by examining the COX2 gene in organisms where it was transferred to the nucleus during evolution. We found that naturally occurring variations at within-membrane residues in the legume Glycine max Cox2 could enable yeast COX2 allotopic expression. We also evidence that directing high doses of allotopically synthesized Cox2 to mitochondria seems to be counterproductive because the subunit aggregates at the mitochondrial surface. Our findings are relevant to the design of allotopic expression strategies and contribute to the understanding of gene retention in organellar genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubalcava-Gracia
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan García-Rincón
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Patrice Paul Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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15
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Su H, Tang X, Zhang X, Liu L, Jing L, Pan D, Sun W, He H, Yang C, Zhao D, Zhang H, Qi B. Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the difference during antler regeneration stage between red deer and sika deer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7299. [PMID: 31346498 PMCID: PMC6642628 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer antler, as the only mammalian regenerative appendage, provides an optimal model to study regenerative medicine. Antler harvested from red deer or sika deer were mainly study objects used to disclose the mechanism underlying antler regeneration over past decades. A previous study used proteomic technology to reveal the signaling pathways of antler stem cell derived from red deer. Moreover, transcriptome of antler tip from sika deer provide us with the essential genes, which regulated antler development and regeneration. However, antler comparison between red deer and sika deer has not been well studied. In our current study, proteomics were employed to analyze the biological difference of antler regeneration between sika deer and red deer. The proteomics profile was completed by searching the UniProt database, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. Thirty-six proteins were highly expressed in red deer antler, while 144 proteins were abundant in sika deer. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins participated in the regulation of several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, extracellular matrix interaction, and PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Li Jing
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daian Pan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weijie Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huinan He
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chonghui Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Wilde BR, Ye Z, Lim TY, Ayer DE. Cellular acidosis triggers human MondoA transcriptional activity by driving mitochondrial ATP production. eLife 2019; 8:40199. [PMID: 30717828 PMCID: PMC6363388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human MondoA requires glucose as well as other modulatory signals to function in transcription. One such signal is acidosis, which increases MondoA activity and also drives a protective gene signature in breast cancer. How low pH controls MondoA transcriptional activity is unknown. We found that low pH medium increases mitochondrial ATP (mtATP), which is subsequently exported from the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria-bound hexokinase transfers a phosphate from mtATP to cytoplasmic glucose to generate glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which is an established MondoA activator. The outer mitochondrial membrane localization of MondoA suggests that it is positioned to coordinate the adaptive transcriptional response to a cell’s most abundant energy sources, cytoplasmic glucose and mtATP. In response to acidosis, MondoA shows preferential binding to just two targets, TXNIP and its paralog ARRDC4. Because these transcriptional targets are suppressors of glucose uptake, we propose that MondoA is critical for restoring metabolic homeostasis in response to high energy charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Wilde
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Zhizhou Ye
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Tian-Yeh Lim
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Donald E Ayer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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17
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Hsieh WY, Lin SC, Hsieh MH. Transformation of nad7 into the nuclear genome rescues the slow growth3 mutant in Arabidopsis. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1385-1391. [PMID: 30422048 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1546528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are mostly involved in chloroplast or mitochondrial RNA metabolism. However, direct evidence that correction of the molecular defects in the organelles can restore the plant phenotypes has yet to be demonstrated in a ppr mutant. Arabidopsis slow growth3 (slo3), a ppr mutant, is impaired in the splicing of mitochondrial nad7 intron 2. Here, we have used slo3 as an example to demonstrate that transformation of correctly spliced nad7 into the nuclear genome and targeting the Nad7 subunit into mitochondria can restore complex I activity and plant phenotypes in the mutant. These results provide direct evidence that the strong growth and developmental phenotypes of the slo3 mutant are caused by defects in mitochondrial nad7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Hsieh
- a Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sang-Chu Lin
- a Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- a Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
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18
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Rubalcava-Gracia D, Vázquez-Acevedo M, Funes S, Pérez-Martínez X, González-Halphen D. Mitochondrial versus nuclear gene expression and membrane protein assembly: the case of subunit 2 of yeast cytochrome c oxidase. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:820-833. [PMID: 29437907 PMCID: PMC5905295 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-09-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the yeast mitochondrial gene COX2, encoding subunit 2 (mtCox2) of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), results in a respiratory-incompetent Δcox2 strain. For a cytosol-synthesized Cox2 to restore respiratory growth, it must carry the W56R mutation (cCox2W56R). Nevertheless, only a fraction of cCox2W56R is matured in mitochondria, allowing ∼60% steady-state accumulation of CcO. This can be attributed either to the point mutation or to an inefficient biogenesis of cCox2W56R. We generated a strain expressing the mutant protein mtCox2W56R inside mitochondria which should follow the canonical biogenesis of mitochondria-encoded Cox2. This strain exhibited growth rates, CcO steady-state levels, and CcO activity similar to those of the wild type; therefore, the efficiency of Cox2 biogenesis is the limiting step for successful allotopic expression. Upon coexpression of cCox2W56R and mtCox2, each protein assembled into CcO independently from its genetic origin, resulting in a mixed population of CcO with most complexes containing the mtCox2 version. Notably, the presence of the mtCox2 enhances cCox2W56R incorporation. We provide proof of principle that an allotopically expressed Cox2 may complement a phenotype due to a mutant mitochondrial COX2 gene. These results are relevant to developing a rational design of genes for allotopic expression intended to treat human mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubalcava-Gracia
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Miriam Vázquez-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Soledad Funes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Xochitl Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad México, D. F., Mexico
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19
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Chin RM, Panavas T, Brown JM, Johnson KK. Patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines harboring mitochondrial DNA mutations as tool for small molecule drug discovery. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:205. [PMID: 29587845 PMCID: PMC5870301 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mitochondrial diseases are a group of devastating disorders for which there is no transformative cure. The majority of therapies for mitochondrial disease—approved, previously tested, or currently in development—are small molecules. The implementation of better cell-based models of mitochondrial disease can accelerate and improve the accuracy of small molecule drug discovery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines for small molecule research in mitochondrial disease. Results Five lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from mitochondrial disease patients harboring point mutations in mtND1, mtND4, or mtATP6 were characterized in two high throughput assays assessing mitochondrial function. In a pilot “clinical trial in a dish” experiment, the efficacy of idebenone—an approved therapy for mitochondrial disease—on the lymphoblastoid cell lines was tested. Idebenone increased the basal respiration of all lymphoblastoid cell lines except those harboring the 8993T>G point mutation in mtATP6. Our results posit lymphoblastoid cell lines as a strong model for mitochondrial disease research with small molecules and have implications for the clinical efficacy of idebenone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadas Panavas
- Biotherapeutic Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Brown
- Wave Life Sciences, 733 Concord Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Krista K Johnson
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 100 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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