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Tang Y, Perry NB, He T, Wu D, Zhou N, Lin X. Grandmother-grandchild physiological synchrony in Chinese three-generation families: Links with child emotion regulation. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22498. [PMID: 38698634 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the characteristics of physiological synchrony between grandmothers and grandchildren in Chinese three-generation families, and the associations between physiological synchrony and child emotion regulation. The participants included 92 children (age 8-10-year old) and their grandmothers. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was collected from both grandmothers and their grandchildren throughout a collaborative drawing task and a conflict discussion task. Child emotion regulation was measured using the Children's Emotional Management Scale. We found no evidence for an overall pattern of concordant or discordant synchrony within dyads. Instead, there was great variability in patterns of synchrony across dyads. During the collaborative drawing task, concordance in grandmother's RSA and grandchildren's subsequent RSA was linked with better emotion regulation. During the conflict discussion, concordance in grandmother's RSA and grandchildren's simultaneous RSA was linked with poorer emotion regulation. These results suggest that grandmother-grandchild synchrony in different directions, time lags, and contexts has different influences on children's emotion regulation. The findings of this study highlight the importance of contextual physiological co-regulation between Chinese children and their grandmothers for children's social-emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole B Perry
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ting He
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhou Wu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Mudrik L, Hirschhorn R, Korisky U. Taking consciousness for real: Increasing the ecological validity of the study of conscious vs. unconscious processes. Neuron 2024; 112:1642-1656. [PMID: 38653247 PMCID: PMC11100345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The study of consciousness has developed well-controlled, rigorous methods for manipulating and measuring consciousness. Yet, in the process, experimental paradigms grew farther away from everyday conscious and unconscious processes, which raises the concern of ecological validity. In this review, we suggest that the field can benefit from adopting a more ecological approach, akin to other fields of cognitive science. There, this approach challenged some existing hypotheses, yielded stronger effects, and enabled new research questions. We argue that such a move is critical for studying consciousness, where experimental paradigms tend to be artificial and small effect sizes are relatively prevalent. We identify three paths for doing so-changing the stimuli and experimental settings, changing the measures, and changing the research questions themselves-and review works that have already started implementing such approaches. While acknowledging the inherent challenges, we call for increasing ecological validity in consciousness studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Mudrik
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Rony Hirschhorn
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Korisky
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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A systematic review of the literature on interpretation bias and its physiological correlates. Biol Psychol 2022; 173:108398. [PMID: 35907511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An important, yet under-explored area of interpretation bias research concerns the examination of potential physiological correlates and sequalae of this bias. Developing a better understanding of the physiological processes that underpin interpretation biases will extend current theoretical frameworks underlying interpretation bias, as well as optimising the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) interventions aimed at improving symptoms of emotional disorders. To this end, systematic searches were conducted across the Web of Science, PsycInfo and Pubmed databases to identify physiological markers of interpretation bias. In addition, grey literature database searches were conducted to compliment peer-reviewed research and to counter publication bias. From a combined initial total of 898 records, 15 studies were included in qualitative synthesis (1 of which obtained from the grey literature). Eligible studies were assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Quality Checklist for Healthcare Intervention Studies. The searches revealed seven psychophysiological markers of interpretation bias, namely event-related potentials, heart rate and heart rate variability, respiratory sinus arrythmia, skin conductance response, pupillometry, and electromyography. The respective theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed, followed by recommendations for future research.
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Tashjian SM, Fedrigo V, Molapour T, Mobbs D, Camerer CF. Physiological Responses to a Haunted-House Threat Experience: Distinct Tonic and Phasic Effects. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:236-248. [PMID: 35001710 PMCID: PMC9096462 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211032231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Threats elicit physiological responses, the frequency and intensity of which have implications for survival. Ethical and practical limitations on human laboratory manipulations present barriers to studying immersive threat. Furthermore, few investigations have examined group effects and concordance with subjective emotional experiences to threat. The current preregistered study measured electrodermal activity in 156 adults while they participated in small groups in a 30-min haunted-house experience involving various immersive threats. Results revealed positive associations between (a) friends and tonic arousal, (b) unexpected attacks and phasic activity (frequency and amplitude), (c) subjective fear and phasic frequency, and (d) dissociable sensitization effects linked to baseline orienting response. Findings demonstrate the relevance of (a) social dynamics (friends vs. strangers) for tonic arousal and (b) subjective fear and threat predictability for phasic arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Tashjian
- Division of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, California Institute of Technology,Sarah M. Tashjian, California Institute of
Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences
| | - Virginia Fedrigo
- Division of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - Tanaz Molapour
- Division of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Division of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, California Institute of Technology,Computation and Neural Systems Program,
California Institute of Technology
| | - Colin F. Camerer
- Division of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, California Institute of Technology
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5
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McKone KM, Woody ML, Ladouceur CD, Silk JS. Mother-Daughter Mutual Arousal Escalation and Emotion Regulation in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:615-628. [PMID: 33438130 PMCID: PMC8035290 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of heightened emotionality, and difficulties with emotion regulation during adolescence are associated with the development of internalizing disorders, especially for girls, who are at elevated risk. Mothers may socialize emotion dysregulation by engaging in frequent interactions with their adolescents that involve mutual increases in arousal. This study tested a model of mother-adolescent mutual arousal escalation in a conflict discussion task in adolescent girls and examined associations between mutual arousal escalation and adolescent emotion regulation. Participants were 97 adolescent girls (Mage = 12.29[0.81]; 69% White) and their biological mothers. Dyads completed a 5 m conflict discussion task; skin conductance level was collected to measure arousal. Adolescent emotion regulation outcomes were assessed using multiple methods, including arousal habituation to a laboratory-based social stressor and self-reported rumination and problem-solving. Multilevel models provided evidence that mother-adolescent dyads vary in the degree to which they mutually escalate or de-escalate arousal during a conflict discussion and in the degree to which mothers "transmit" arousal to adolescents. For dyads high in either mutual arousal escalation or de-escalation, adolescents reported higher rumination. These findings provide evidence for transactional models of emotion socialization and suggest that adolescents in dyads who mutually escalate or de-escalate in arousal report more rumination, which may be indicative of a practiced dysregulatory response in stressful contexts (escalation) or a tendency toward cognitive processes that lead to withdrawal from aversive environments (de-escalation).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary L. Woody
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Silk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bareham CA, Oxner M, Gastrell T, Carmel D. Beyond the neural correlates of consciousness: using brain stimulation to elucidate causal mechanisms underlying conscious states and contents. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1840405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A. Bareham
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matt Oxner
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Gastrell
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Carmel
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Grimshaw GM, Philipp MC. Bodies in mind: using peripheral psychophysiology to probe emotional and social processes. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1792944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Grimshaw
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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8
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Danger is in the eyes of the beholder: The effect of visible and invisible affective faces on the judgment of social interactions. Cognition 2020; 203:104371. [PMID: 32569893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that observation of facial expressions can modulate threat detection while looking at neutral or emotion-related scenes. Similarly, stimuli presented outside conscious awareness could influence social judgments of neutral novel stimuli. The two-fold aim of this study was: i) to evaluate whether observation of seen emotional faces could affect the judgment of social interactions without contextual cues (visible prime condition), and ii) whether this effect could also emerge when the emotional faces were made not visible by means of continuous flash suppression (invisible prime condition). We found that both seen and unseen faces are able to affect the judgment of ambiguous social interactions although this effect was particularly evident when affective faces were clearly visible. The present findings supported the idea that both conscious and unconscious processing of emotional faces have an important role in modulating perceivers' affective state and their judgment of social interactions.
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Wiener A, Goldstein P, Alkoby O, Doenyas K, Okon‐Singer H. Blood pressure reaction to negative stimuli: Insights from continuous recording and analysis. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13525. [PMID: 31922263 PMCID: PMC7078923 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a tendency toward abnormally enhanced cardiovascular responses to stress are at greater risk of developing essential hypertension later in life. Accurate profiling of continuous blood pressure (BP) reactions in healthy populations is crucial for understanding normal and abnormal emotional reaction patterns. To this end, we examined the continuous time course of BP reactions to aversive pictures among healthy participants. In two experiments, we showed participants negative and neutral pictures while simultaneously measuring their continuous BP and heart rate (HR) reactions. In this study, BP reactions were analyzed continuously, in contrast to previous studies, in which BP responses were averaged across blocks. To compare time points along a temporal continuum, we applied a multi-level B-spline model, which is innovative in the context of BP analysis. Additionally, HR was similarly analyzed in order to examine its correlation with BP. Both experiments revealed a similar pattern of BP reactivity and association with HR. In line with previous studies, a decline in BP and HR levels was found in response to negative pictures compared to neutral pictures. In addition, in both conditions, we found an unexpected elevation of BP toward the end of the stimuli exposure period. These findings may be explained by the recruitment of attention resources in the presence of negative stimuli, which is alleviated toward the end of the stimulation. This study highlights the importance of continuous measurement and analysis for characterizing the time course of BP reactivity to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Wiener
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Pavel Goldstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Cognitive ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado USA
- School of Public HealthUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Oren Alkoby
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Keren Doenyas
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionAssaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and ResearchAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Hadas Okon‐Singer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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Furtak M, Doradzińska Ł, Ptashynska A, Mudrik L, Nowicka A, Bola M. Automatic Attention Capture by Threatening, But Not by Semantically Incongruent Natural Scene Images. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4158-4168. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Visual objects are typically perceived as parts of an entire visual scene, and the scene’s context provides information crucial in the object recognition process. Fundamental insights into the mechanisms of context-object integration have come from research on semantically incongruent objects, which are defined as objects with a very low probability of occurring in a given context. However, the role of attention in processing of the context-object mismatch remains unclear, with some studies providing evidence in favor, but other against an automatic capture of attention by incongruent objects. Therefore, in the present study, 25 subjects completed a dot-probe task, in which pairs of scenes—congruent and incongruent or neutral and threatening—were presented as task-irrelevant distractors. Importantly, threatening scenes are known to robustly capture attention and thus were included in the present study to provide a context for interpretation of results regarding incongruent scenes. Using N2 posterior-contralateral ERP component as a primary measure, we revealed that threatening images indeed capture attention automatically and rapidly, but semantically incongruent scenes do not benefit from an automatic attentional selection. Thus, our results suggest that identification of the context-object mismatch is not preattentive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Furtak
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Doradzińska
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alina Ptashynska
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liad Mudrik
- School of Psychological Science, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Bola
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Perlovsky L, Schoeller F. Unconscious emotions of human learning. Phys Life Rev 2019; 31:257-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Engelen T, Zhan M, Sack AT, de Gelder B. The Influence of Conscious and Unconscious Body Threat Expressions on Motor Evoked Potentials Studied With Continuous Flash Suppression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:480. [PMID: 30061812 PMCID: PMC6054979 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of threatening expression in others is a strong cue for triggering an action response. One method of capturing such action responses is by measuring the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited with single pulse TMS over the primary motor cortex. Indeed, it has been shown that viewing whole body expressions of threat modulate the size of MEP amplitude. Furthermore, emotional cues have been shown to act on certain brain areas even outside of conscious awareness. In the current study, we explored if the influence of viewing whole body expressions of threat extends to stimuli that are presented outside of conscious awareness in healthy participants. To accomplish this, we combined the measurement of MEPs with a continuous flash suppression task. In experiment 1, participants were presented with images of neutral bodies, fearful bodies, or objects that were either perceived consciously or unconsciously, while single pulses of TMS were applied at different times after stimulus onset (200, 500, or 700 ms). In experiment 2 stimuli consisted of neutral bodies, angry bodies or objects, and pulses were applied at either 200 or 400 ms post stimulus onset. In experiment 1, there was a general effect of the time of stimulation, but no condition specific effects were evident. In experiment 2 there were no significant main effects, nor any significant interactions. Future studies need to look into earlier effects of MEP modulation by emotion body stimuli, specifically when presented outside of conscious awareness, as well as an exploration of other outcome measures such as intracortical facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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13
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Stussi Y, Delplanque S, Coraj S, Pourtois G, Sander D. Measuring Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in humans with the postauricular reflex. Psychophysiology 2018. [PMID: 29524234 PMCID: PMC6100102 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite its evolutionary and clinical significance, appetitive conditioning has been rarely investigated in humans. It has been proposed that this discrepancy might stem from the difficulty in finding suitable appetitive stimuli that elicit strong physiological responses. However, this might also be due to a possible lack of sensitivity of the psychophysiological measures commonly used to index human appetitive conditioning. Here, we investigated whether the postauricular reflex—a vestigial muscle microreflex that is potentiated by pleasant stimuli relative to neutral and unpleasant stimuli—may provide a valid psychophysiological indicator of appetitive conditioning in humans. To this end, we used a delay differential appetitive conditioning procedure, in which a neutral stimulus was contingently paired with a pleasant odor (CS+), while another neutral stimulus was not associated with any odor (CS−). We measured the postauricular reflex, the startle eyeblink reflex, and skin conductance response (SCR) as learning indices. Taken together, our results indicate that the postauricular reflex was potentiated in response to the CS+ compared with the CS−, whereas this potentiation extinguished when the pleasant odor was no longer delivered. In contrast, we found no evidence for startle eyeblink reflex attenuation in response to the CS+ relative to the CS−, and no effect of appetitive conditioning was observed on SCR. These findings suggest that the postauricular reflex is a sensitive measure of human appetitive conditioning and constitutes a valuable tool for further shedding light on the basic mechanisms underlying emotional learning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Stussi
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Seline Coraj
- Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Pourtois
- Cognitive & Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory (CAP-lab), Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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