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Akasaka H, Naora H. Revisiting the Use of Normal Saline for Peritoneal Washing in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16449. [PMID: 38003636 PMCID: PMC10671679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The omentum is the predominant site of ovarian cancer metastasis, but it is difficult to remove the omentum in its entirety. There is a critical need for effective approaches that minimize the risk of colonization of preserved omental tissues by occult cancer cells. Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is commonly used to wash the peritoneal cavity during ovarian cancer surgery. The omentum has a prodigious ability to absorb fluid in the peritoneal cavity, but the impact of normal saline on the omentum is poorly understood. In this review article, we discuss why normal saline is not a biocompatible solution, drawing insights from clinical investigations of normal saline in fluid resuscitation and from the cytopathologic evaluation of peritoneal washings. We integrate these insights with the unique biology of the omentum and omental metastasis, highlighting the importance of considering the absorptive ability of the omentum when administering agents into the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, we describe insights from preclinical studies regarding the mechanisms by which normal saline might render the omentum conducive for colonization by cancer cells. Importantly, we discuss the possibility that the risk of colonization of preserved omental tissues might be minimized by using balanced crystalloid solutions for peritoneal washing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honami Naora
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Ishimura T, Ishii A, Yamada H, Osaki K, Toda N, Mori KP, Ohno S, Kato Y, Handa T, Sugioka S, Ikushima A, Nishio H, Yanagita M, Yokoi H. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 deficiency has protective effects against peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis via transcription factor NFκΒ pathway inhibition. Kidney Int 2023; 104:929-942. [PMID: 37652204 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common causes of discontinued peritoneal dialysis is impaired peritoneal function. However, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Previously, by microarray analysis of mouse peritoneum, we showed that MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-10 expression is significantly increased in mice with peritoneal fibrosis, but its function remains unknown. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) was intraperitoneally injected to wild-type and MMP-10 knockout mice to induce fibrosis to elucidate the role of MMP-10 on peritoneal injury. We also examined function of peritoneal macrophages and mesothelial cells obtained from wild-type and MMP-10 knockout mice, MMP-10-overexpressing macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells and MeT-5A mesothelial cells, investigated MMP-10 expression on peritoneal biopsy specimens, and the association between serum proMMP-10 and peritoneal solute transfer rates determined by peritoneal equilibration test on patients. MMP-10 was expressed in cells positive for WT1, a mesothelial marker, and for MAC-2, a macrophage marker, in the thickened peritoneum of both mice and patients. Serum proMMP-10 levels were well correlated with peritoneal solute transfer rates. Peritoneal fibrosis, inflammation, and high peritoneal solute transfer rates induced by CG were all ameliorated by MMP-10 deletion, with reduction of CD31-positive vessels and VEGF-A-positive cells. Expression of inflammatory mediators and phosphorylation of NFκΒ subunit p65 at S536 were suppressed in both MMP-10 knockout macrophages and mesothelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Overexpression of MMP-10 in RAW 264.7 and MeT-5A cells upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines with phosphorylation of NFκΒ subunit p65. Thus, our results suggest that inflammatory responses induced by MMP-10 are mediated through the NFκΒ pathway, and that systemic deletion of MMP-10 ameliorates peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis caused by NFκΒ activation of peritoneal macrophages and mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishimura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Osaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naohiro Toda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita P Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical Research Institute KITANO HOSPITAL, PIIF Tazuke-Kofukai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Ohno
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaya Handa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical Research Institute KITANO HOSPITAL, PIIF Tazuke-Kofukai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugioka
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akie Ikushima
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruomi Nishio
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Zhao T, Sun Z, Lai X, Lu H, Liu L, Li S, Yuan JH, Guo Z. Tamoxifen exerts anti-peritoneal fibrosis effects by inhibiting H19-activated VEGFA transcription. J Transl Med 2023; 21:614. [PMID: 37697303 PMCID: PMC10494369 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains limited due to dialysis failure caused by peritoneal fibrosis. Tamoxifen (TAM), an inhibitor of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), has been reported to treat fibrosis, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we sought to explore whether tamoxifen played an anti-fibrotic role by affecting transcription factor ESR1. METHODS ESR1 expression was detected in the human peritoneum. Mice were daily intraperitoneally injected with 4.25% glucose PD dialysate containing 40 mM methylglyoxal for 2 weeks to establish PD-induced peritoneal fibrosis. Tamoxifen was administrated by daily gavage, at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to validate ESR1 bound H19 promoter. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate the biological roles of H19 on the mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT) of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). Intraperitoneal injection of nanomaterial-wrapped 2'-O-Me-modified small interfering RNA was applied to suppress H19 in the mouse peritoneum. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays demonstrated binding between H19 and p300. Exfoliated peritoneal cells were obtained from peritoneal dialysis effluent to analyze the correlations between ESR1 (or H19) and peritoneal solute transfer rate (PSTR). RESULTS ESR1 was increased significantly in the peritoneum after long-term exposure to PD dialysate. Tamoxifen treatment ameliorated high glucose-induced MMT of HPMCs, improved ultrafiltration rate, and decreased PSTR of mouse peritoneum. Tamoxifen reduced the H19 level by decreasing the ESR1 transcription of H19. Depletion of H19 reversed the pro-fibrotic effect of high glucose while ectopic expression of H19 exacerbated fibrotic pathological changes. Intraperitoneal injection of nanomaterial-wrapped 2'-O-Me-modified siRNAs targeting H19 mitigated PD-related fibrosis in mice. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down results delineated that H19 activated VEGFA expression by binding p300 to the VEGFA promoter and inducing histone acetylation of the VEGFA promoter. ESR1 and H19 were promising targets to predict peritoneal function. CONCLUSIONS High glucose-induced MMT of peritoneal mesothelial cells in peritoneal dialysis via activating ESR1. In peritoneal mesothelial cells, ESR1 transcribed the H19 and H19 binds to transcription cofactor p300 to activate the VEGFA. Targeting ESR1/H19/VEGFA pathway provided new hope for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhengyu Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xueli Lai
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongtao Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ji-Hang Yuan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediates VEGF Overexpression and Mesothelial Hyperpermeability in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032846. [PMID: 36769168 PMCID: PMC9918151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) is essential for the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. However, the mechanism whereby TLR mediates the MTB-induced pleural mesothelial hyperpermeability in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) remains unclear. Pleural effusion size and pleural fluid levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) in patients with TBPE (n = 36) or transudative pleural effusion (TPE, n = 16) were measured. The effects of MTB H37Ra (MTBRa) on pleural mesothelial permeability and the expression of VEGF and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in human pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) were assessed. Levels of VEGF and sTLR2 were significantly elevated in TBPE compared to TPE. Moreover, effusion VEGF levels correlated positively, while sTLR2 values correlated negatively, with pleural effusion size in TBPE. In human PMCs, MTBRa substantially activated JNK/AP-1 signaling and upregulated VEGF expression, whereas knockdown of TLR2 remarkably inhibited MTBRa-induced JNK phosphorylation and VEGF overexpression. Additionally, both MTBRa and VEGF markedly reduced ZO-1 expression and induced pleural mesothelial permeability, while TLR2 silencing or pretreatment with anti-VEGF antibody significantly attenuated the MTBRa-triggered effects. Collectively, TLR2 mediates VEGF overproduction and downregulates ZO-1 expression in human PMCs, leading to mesothelial hyperpermeability in TBPE. Targeting TLR2/VEGF pathway may confer a potential treatment strategy for TBPE.
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Piccapane F, Bonomini M, Castellano G, Gerbino A, Carmosino M, Svelto M, Arduini A, Procino G. A Novel Formulation of Glucose-Sparing Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions with l-Carnitine Improves Biocompatibility on Human Mesothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010123. [PMID: 33374405 PMCID: PMC7795315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reason why peritoneal dialysis (PD) still has limited use in the management of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) lies in the fact that the currently used glucose-based PD solutions are not completely biocompatible and determine, over time, the degeneration of the peritoneal membrane (PM) and consequent loss of ultrafiltration (UF). Here we evaluated the biocompatibility of a novel formulation of dialytic solutions, in which a substantial amount of glucose is replaced by two osmometabolic agents, xylitol and l-carnitine. The effect of this novel formulation on cell viability, the integrity of the mesothelial barrier and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated on human mesothelial cells grown on cell culture inserts and exposed to the PD solution only at the apical side, mimicking the condition of a PD dwell. The results were compared to those obtained after exposure to a panel of dialytic solutions commonly used in clinical practice. We report here compelling evidence that this novel formulation shows better performance in terms of higher cell viability, better preservation of the integrity of the mesothelial layer and reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This new formulation could represent a step forward towards obtaining PD solutions with high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piccapane
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Department of Medicine, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Arduino Arduini
- Department of Research and Development, CoreQuest Sagl, Technopole, 6928 Manno, Switzerland;
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
During peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal cells are repeatedly exposed to a non-physiologic hypertonic environment with high glucose content and low pH. Current sterile dialysis solutions cause inflammation in the submesothelial compact zone, leading to fibrosis, angiogenesis, and, eventually, ultrafiltration failure. Although the normal interstitium separates the peritoneal microvasculature from the dialysis fluid and makes transperitoneal transport less efficient, changes in the submesothelial compact zone can result in progressive increases in solute transfer and ultrafiltration diminution. This peritoneal dysfunction will further be amplified with the development of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells and dissipation of the osmotic driving force through the increased area and solute transport that accompany neoangiogenesis of the submesothelial microvasculature. The alteration of the peritoneal membrane can be further aggravated by peritonitis, advanced glycation end-products, and glucose degradation products. Furthermore, new data are emerging to support a proinflammatory role for peritoneal adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Neng Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Sydney C.W. Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Joseph C.K. Leung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions using glucose as osmotic agent have been used for more than two decades as effective treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although alternative osmotic agents such as amino acids and macromolecular solutions, including polypeptides and glucose polymers, are now available, glucose is still the most widely used osmotic agent in PD. It has been shown to be safe, effective, readily metabolized, and inexpensive. On the other hand, it is widely assumed that exposure of the peritoneal membrane to high glucose concentrations contributes to both structural and functional changes in the dialyzed peritoneal membrane. As in diabetes, glucose, either directly or indirectly through the generation of glucose degradation products or the formation of advanced glycation end products, may contribute to peritoneal membrane failure. Although efforts to reduce glucose toxicity have been made for years, only a few suggestions, such as dual-bag systems with bicarbonate as buffer system, have found broader acceptance. Recently, some interesting new approaches to the problem of glucose-related toxicity have been made, but further investigations will be necessary before they can be used clinically. This review will focus on adverse effects of glucose in PD solutions and summarize different aspects of glucotoxicity and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sitter
- Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Poliklinik–Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Matthias Sauter
- Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Poliklinik–Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
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Erixon M, Wieslander A, Lindén T, Carlsson O, Jönsson JÅ, Simonsen O, Kjellstrand P. 3,4-DGE in Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids Cannot be Found in Plasma after Infusion into the Peritoneal Cavity. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080802800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveGlucose degradation products (GDPs) are important in the outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment. 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE) is the most cytotoxic GDP found in conventionally manufactured fluids and may, in addition, be recruited from 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG). It is not known what happens with those GDPs in patients during PD. The aim of this study was to investigate if the 3,4-DGE and 3-DG in PD fluids can be found in plasma during treatment.DesignPD patients were dialyzed with a conventional PD fluid containing 43 μmol/L 3,4-DGE and 281 μmol/L 3-DG. Parallel experiments were performed in rats as well as in vitro with human plasma. The rats were dialyzed with a PD fluid containing 100 μmol/L 3,4-DGE and 200 μmol/L 3-DG.ResultsThe concentration of 3,4-DGE in the peritoneum decreased at a much higher rate than 3-DG during the dwell. 3,4-DGE was not, however, detected in the plasma of patients or rats during dialysis. The concentration of 3-DG in plasma peaked shortly after infusion of the fluid to the peritoneal cavity. The concentration of 3,4-DGE during experimental incubation in plasma decreased rapidly, while the concentration of 3-DG decreased only 10% as rapidly or less.Conclusion3,4-DGE could not be detected in plasma from either PD patients or rats during dialysis. This is presumably due to its high reactivity. 3-DG may, on the other hand, pass through the membrane and be detected in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Erixon
- Gambro AB Lund, Sweden
- Analytical Chemistry, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Ole Simonsen
- University of Lund; University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Kim S, Choi EY, Jo CH, Kim GH. Tight junction protein expression from peritoneal dialysis Effluent. Ren Fail 2019; 41:1011-1015. [PMID: 31724477 PMCID: PMC6882431 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1686018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We hypothesized that tight junction (TJ) proteins may have a role in paracellular transport of solute and water in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Previous studies on TJ proteins in PD patients have used only cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). This study was undertaken to test whether TJ proteins are directly identified from PD effluent and whether their expressions are associated with functional parameters of PD.Methods: Dialysis effluents were collected from 40 patients undergoing PD, after the peritoneal equilibration test (PET). Different molecular sizes of Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Units were used to concentrate and purify proteins in PD effluents, and immunoblot analyses for occludin, ZO-1, and claudins were carried out to test for their existence and relationships with peritoneal clearance or results of the PET.Results: Immunoblotting from PD effluents revealed discrete bands of occludin (∼65 kDa), ZO-1 (∼215 kDa), claudin-1 (∼22 kDa), and claudin-15 (∼22 kDa) in all 40 patients. The peritoneal creatinine clearance inversely correlated with the protein expression of claudin-1 (r= -0.369, p= .019), and the dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio at 4 h PET correlated with occludin (r = 0.396, p= .011) and inversely correlated with claudin-15 (r= -0.393, p= .012).Conclusion: In PD patients, expression of peritoneal TJ proteins can be estimated from the dialysis effluent and may be used as novel peritoneal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sua Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chor Ho Jo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Iwamoto M, Okazaki A, Murata S, Hirukawa M, Miyamoto K, Murata T, Ishikawa E, Yoshida T, Horiuchi T. Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid-Induced Fragmentation of Golgi Apparatus as a Biocompatibility Marker. Artif Organs 2018; 42:E90-E101. [PMID: 29473183 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro biocompatibility assessments that consider physiologically appropriate conditions of cell exposure to peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) are still awaited. In this study, we found that fragmentation of Golgi apparatus occurred in a pH-dependent manner within 30-min exposure to five distinct commercially available PDFs, which showed no marked difference in their effects on cell viability in the conventional MTT assay. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of labeling antibody against cis-Golgi protein GM130 indicated that the stacked cisternal structure was maintained in the perinuclear area of both M199 culture medium and a neutral-pH PDF groups. However, this specific structure became partially disassembled over time even in a neutral-pH PDF, and fragmentation was markedly enhanced in cells exposed to neutralized-pH PDFs in correspondence with their intracellular pH; moreover, in acidic PDFs, Golgi staining was diffuse and scattered in the entire cytoplasm and showed partial aggregation. The Golgi fragmentation markedly observed with the neutralized PDFs could be reversed by replacing either the media with a neutral-pH medium or a mixture of PDF and PD effluent (PDF) in a gradient manner mimicking clinical conditions. Furthermore, although weaker than pH effect, notable effects of other PDF-related factors were also observed after 30-min exposure to pH-adjusted PDFs. Lastly, the results of studies conducted using MAPK/SAPK inhibitors indicated that the mechanism underlying the Golgi fragmentation described here differs from that associated with the fragmentation that occurs at the G2/M checkpoint in the cell cycle. We conclude that Golgi fragmentation is suitable for rapid biocompatibility assessment of PDF not only because of its strong pH dependence but also because the fragmentation is recognizably affected by PDF constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Alice Okazaki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Sayaka Murata
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaki Hirukawa
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Keiichi Miyamoto
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Murata
- Department of Blood Purification Therapy, Mie University Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Eiji Ishikawa
- Department of Blood Purification Therapy, Mie University Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Takashi Horiuchi
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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11
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Zhang YF, Wang Q, Su YY, Wang JL, Hua BJ, Yang S, Feng JX, Li HY. PPAR‑γ agonist rosiglitazone protects rat peritoneal mesothelial cells against peritoneal dialysis solution‑induced damage. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1786-1792. [PMID: 28259952 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) leads to ultrafiltration failure (UFF). Peritoneal mesothelial cells, which form the innermost monolayer of the peritoneal cavity, have been shown to regulate various responses, including inflammation, in UFF. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ (PPAR‑γ) agonist, rosiglitazone, on peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS)‑induced injuries in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs). RPMCs were cultured for different durations and with different concentrations of PDS. The gene expression levels of aquaporin‑1 (AQP‑1) and zonula occluden‑1 (ZO‑1) were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The protein levels of AQP‑1, ZO‑1 and PPAR‑γ were measured using western blot analysis. Interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑8 were detected using ELISA. The RPMCs were damaged by stimulation with 4.25% PDS for 72 h. The expression levels of AQP‑1 and ZO‑1 were increased, and the secretion of IL‑6 and IL‑8 were decreased by rosiglitazone. The use of the PPAR‑γ inhibitor, GW‑9662, completely prevented the effects of rosiglitazone. These results indicated that PDS exposure stimulated an inflammatory response in the RPMCs. The PPAR‑γ activator, rosiglitazone, appeared to relieve the injury by inhibiting inflammation, and regulating the expression of AQP‑1 and ZO‑1, however further investigations are required to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Zhang
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Su
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Lin Wang
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jun Hua
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Shen Yang
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Xia Feng
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Center of Kidney Disease, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
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Springler A, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Early Activation of MAPK p44/42 Is Partially Involved in DON-Induced Disruption of the Intestinal Barrier Function and Tight Junction Network. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E264. [PMID: 27618100 PMCID: PMC5037490 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by the plant pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is one of the most common mycotoxins, contaminating cereal and cereal-derived products. Although worldwide contamination of food and feed poses health threats to humans and animals, pigs are particularly susceptible to this mycotoxin. DON derivatives, such as deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), are produced by bacterial transformation of certain intestinal bacteria, which are naturally occurring or applied as feed additives. Intestinal epithelial cells are the initial barrier against these food- and feed-borne toxins. The present study confirms DON-induced activation of MAPK p44/42 and inhibition of p44/42 by MAPK-inhibitor U0126 monoethanolate. Influence of DON and DOM-1 on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), viability and expression of seven tight junction proteins (TJ), as well as the potential of U0126 to counteract DON-induced effects, was assessed. While DOM-1 showed no effect, DON significantly reduced TEER of differentiated IPEC-J2 and decreased expression of claudin-1 and -3, while leaving claudin-4; ZO-1, -2, and -3 and occludin unaffected. Inhibition of p44/42 counteracted DON-induced TEER decrease and restored claudin-3, but not claudin-1 expression. Therefore, effects of DON on TEER and claudin-3 are at least partially p44/42 mediated, while effects on viability and claudin-1 are likely mediated via alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerd Schatzmayr
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Mayer
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Chidiac R, Zhang Y, Tessier S, Faubert D, Delisle C, Gratton JP. Comparative Phosphoproteomics Analysis of VEGF and Angiopoietin-1 Signaling Reveals ZO-1 as a Critical Regulator of Endothelial Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1511-25. [PMID: 26846344 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) are essential factors to promote angiogenesis through regulation of a plethora of signaling events in endothelial cells (ECs). Although pathways activated by VEGF and Ang-1 are being established, the unique signaling nodes conferring specific responses to each factor remain poorly defined. Thus, we conducted a large-scale comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of signaling pathways activated by VEGF and Ang-1 in ECs using mass spectrometry. Analysis of VEGF and Ang-1 networks of regulated phosphoproteins revealed that the junctional proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, JUP and p120-catenin are part of a cluster of proteins phosphorylated following VEGF stimulation that are linked to MAPK1 activation. Down-regulation of these junctional proteins led to MAPK1 activation and accordingly, increased proliferation of ECs stimulated specifically by VEGF, but not by Ang-1. We identified ZO-1 as the central regulator of this effect and showed that modulation of cellular ZO-1 levels is necessary for EC proliferation during vascular development of the mouse postnatal retina. In conclusion, we uncovered ZO-1 as part of a signaling node activated by VEGF, but not Ang-1, that specifically modulates EC proliferation during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Chidiac
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; §Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; §Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Tessier
- ¶Proteomics discovery platform, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- ¶Proteomics discovery platform, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Delisle
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gratton
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Gensberger-Reigl S, Huppert J, Pischetsrieder M. Quantification of reactive carbonyl compounds in icodextrin-based peritoneal dialysis fluids by combined UHPLC-DAD and -MS/MS detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 118:132-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Struijk DG. The Solution to Better Preservation of the Peritoneal Membrane Still Lies Hidden in the Solution. Perit Dial Int 2015; 35:125-7. [DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk G. Struijk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam and Dianet, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen M, Yang T, Meng X, Sun T. Azithromycin attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced oxidative stress injury in human alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3414-22. [PMID: 25607112 PMCID: PMC4368079 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been verified to be one of the most important etiological factors causing the development of bronchogenic carcinoma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Azithromycin (AZM) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant capacity. In the present study, whether AZM is able to attenuate cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced A549 cell oxidative stress injury was investigated. Cells were incubated with CSE in the presence or absence of AZM. Cell viability was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was analyzed using western blotting and ELISA. The expression of epithelial cell structural proteins, zona occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin was determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence staining. The results demonstrated that the exposure of A549 cells to CSE decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AZM significantly attenuated the CSE-induced decreases in the expression of VEGF and epithelial cell structural proteins, including ZO-1 and occludin. CSE also stimulated ROS production in the A549 cell, while AZM significantly reversed the effects of CSE. In addition, the inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-L-cysteine had similar effects as AZM on the expression of VEGF and epithelial cell structural proteins and also enhanced cell proliferation. In conclusion, AZM attenuated CSE-induced oxidative stress injury in A549 cells and may be a promising therapeutic agent for smoking-associated pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiangiyu Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Retana C, Sanchez E, Perez-Lopez A, Cruz A, Lagunas J, Cruz C, Vital S, Reyes JL. Alterations of intercellular junctions in peritoneal mesothelial cells from patients undergoing dialysis: effect of retinoic Acid. Perit Dial Int 2014; 35:275-87. [PMID: 24584604 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dialysis patients are classified according to their peritoneal permeability as low transporter (LT, low solute permeability) or high transporter (HT, high solute permeability). Tight junction (TJ) proteins are critical to maintain ions, molecules and water paracellular transport through peritoneum. Exposure to peritoneal dialysis solutions causes damage to TJ in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). We analyzed the quantity, distribution and function of TJ proteins: claudin-1, -2 and -8, ZO-1 and occludin, in HPMC cultures from LT and HT patients. Since all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) might modify the expression of TJ proteins, we studied its effect on HPMCs. METHODS Control HPMCs were isolated from human omentum, while HT or LT cells were obtained from dialysis effluents. Cells were cultured in presence of ATRA 0, 50 or 100 nM. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurement, immunostaining and Western blot analyses were performed. RESULTS HT exhibited lower TER than control and LT monolayers. Immunofluorescence for TJ was weak and discontinuous along the cell contour, in LT and HT. Furthermore, claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 expressions were decreased. In all groups, claudin-2 was localized at nuclei. We observed that ATRA improved TJ distribution and increased TJ expression in HT. This retinoid did not modify claudin-2 and -8 expressions. All-trans retinoic acid decreased TER in HT, but had no effect in LT. CONCLUSIONS Tight junctions were altered in HPMCs from dialyzed patients. The HT monolayer has lower TER than LT, which might be associated with the peritoneal permeability in these patients. ATRA might be a therapeutic alternative to maintain mesothelial integrity, since it improved TJ localization and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Retana
- Pharmacology Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
| | - Elsa Sanchez
- Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz
- Unidad Medica Alta Especialidad, Hospital General la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico
| | - Jesus Lagunas
- Unidad Medica Alta Especialidad, Hospital General la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico
| | - Carmen Cruz
- Dept. of Nephrology, Hospital Regional No. 1 del IMSS, Mexico
| | - Socorro Vital
- Dept. of Nephrology, Hospital Juarez de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jose L Reyes
- Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
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Gensberger S, Glomb MA, Pischetsrieder M. Analysis of sugar degradation products with α-dicarbonyl structure in carbonated soft drinks by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10238-10245. [PMID: 23452313 DOI: 10.1021/jf3048466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) are broadly consumed worldwide. The added sugar, particularly high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), can be an important source of sugar degradation products, such as α-dicarbonyl compounds. This study recorded the α-dicarbonyl profile in CSDs by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with hyphenated diode array-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with o-phenylenediamine. Thus, 3-deoxy-D-erythro-hexos-2-ulose (3-DG), D-lyxo-hexos-2-ulose (glucosone), 3-deoxy-D-threo-hexos-2-ulose (3-DGal), 1-deoxy-D-erythro-hexos-2,3-diulose (1-DG), 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE), methylglyoxal, and glyoxal were identified as major α-dicarbonyls and, with the exception of glyoxal, quantified (recovery rates, 85.6-103.1%; RSD, 0.8-3.6%). Total α-dicarbonyl concentration in 25 tested commercial products ranged between 0.3 and 116 μg/mL and was significantly higher in HFCS-sweetened CSDs compared to CSDs sweetened with HFCS and sucrose or with sucrose alone. Predominant was 3-DG (≤87 μg/mL) followed by glucosone (≤21 μg/mL), 3-DGal (≤7.7 μg/mL), 1-DG (≤2.8 μg/mL), methylglyoxal (≤0.62 μg/mL), and 3,4-DGE (≤0.45 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gensberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Rusai K, Herzog R, Kuster L, Kratochwill K, Aufricht C. GSK-3β inhibition protects mesothelial cells during experimental peritoneal dialysis through upregulation of the heat shock response. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:569-79. [PMID: 23494401 PMCID: PMC3745257 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-physiological components of peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDF) lead to the injury of peritoneal mesothelial cells resulting in the failure of peritoneal dialysis (PD) potentially via inadequate induction of the protective heat shock response (HSR). Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a negative regulator of cell survival partly by suppression of the HSR and is influenced by stress stimuli also present in conventional PDF. The effects of PDF on GSK-3β activation and the impact of GSK-3β inhibition with lithium (LiCl) were investigated on cell survival with special regard to HSR, in particular to heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF-1) activation and Hsp72 production in an in vitro model of PD using MeT-5A and primary mesothelial cells. Incubation of cells with the PDF Dianeal® (glucose-based, low pH, high glucose degradation products (GDP)) and Extraneal® (icodextrin-based, low pH, low GDP) caused activation of GSK-3β compared to the other tested PDF, i.e. Balance®, Physioneal® (normal pH, glucose-based, low GDP) and Nutrineal® (moderately acidic, amino acid-based). Inhibition of GSK-3β with LiCl in Dianeal® and Extraneal®-treated cells dose-dependently decreased cell damage and death rate and was paralleled by higher HSF-1 activation and Hsp72 expression. GSK-3β is activated by low pH GDP containing PDF with and without glucose as osmotic agent, indicating that GSK-3β is involved in mesothelial cell signalling in response to experimental PD. Inhibition of GSK-3β with LiCl ameliorated cell injury and improved HSR upon PDF exposure. Thus, GSK-3β inhibitors likely have therapeutic potential as cytoprotective additive for decreasing PDF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rusai
- />Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Herzog
- />Zytoprotec GmbH, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - L. Kuster
- />Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K. Kratochwill
- />Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- />Zytoprotec GmbH, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Aufricht
- />Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Yokoi H, Kasahara M, Mori K, Kuwabara T, Toda N, Yamada R, Namoto S, Yamamoto T, Seki N, Souma N, Yamaguchi T, Sugawara A, Mukoyama M, Nakao K. Peritoneal fibrosis and high transport are induced in mildly pre-injured peritoneum by 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene in mice. Perit Dial Int 2012; 33:143-54. [PMID: 23123666 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2011.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution contains high concentrations of glucose and glucose degradation products (GDPs). One of several GDPs--3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE)--was recently identified as the most reactive and toxic GDP in PD fluids. In vitro, 3,4-DGE has been shown to induce mesothelial cell damage; however, its role in peritoneal fibrosis in vivo remains unclear. In the present study, we intraperitoneally administered chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) for mild peritoneal injury, and we then injected 3,4-DGE [38 μmol/L (low concentration) or 145 μmol/L (high concentration)] 5 times weekly for 4 weeks. Significant thickening of the parietal peritoneal membrane was observed only when treatment with low or high concentrations of 3,4-DGE occurred after CG administration, but not when either CG or 3,4-DGE alone was given. The combination of CG and 3,4-DGE also caused upregulation of messenger RNA expression of transforming growth factor β1, connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, collagen type 1 α1 chain, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vascular endothelial growth factor 164, NADPH oxidase 1 and 4, p22phox, p47phox, and gp91phox in peritoneal tissue. Treatment with CG alone was sufficient to cause significant F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration, appearance of α-SMA-positive cells, and vessel formation in the submesothelial layer. Addition of 3,4-DGE markedly enhanced those changes and induced apoptosis, mainly in leukocytes. The concentration of 3,4-DGE in the abdominal cavity declined more rapidly in CG-treated mice than in PBS-treated mice. Peritoneal membrane permeability determined by peritoneal equilibration test showed high transport conditions in peritoneum treated with both CG and 3,4-DGE. These results indicate that, when mild peritoneal damage is already present, 3,4-DGE causes peritoneal thickening and fibrosis, resulting in deterioration of peritoneal membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science,Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Lai KN, Lam MF, Leung JCK, Chan LY, Lam CWK, Chan IHS, Chan HW, Li CS, Wong SSH, Ho YW, Cheuk A, Tong MKL, Tang SCW. A study of the clinical and biochemical profile of peritoneal dialysis fluid low in glucose degradation products. Perit Dial Int 2011; 32:280-91. [PMID: 22045098 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2010.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a widely accepted form of renal replacement therapy, concerns remain regarding the bioincompatible nature of standard PD fluid (PDF). Short-term studies of new biocompatible PDFs low in glucose degradation products (GDPs) reveal divergent results with respect to peritoneal integrity. METHODS We studied 125 patients on maintenance PD who were assigned, by simple randomization, to receive either conventional or low-GDP PDF at PD initiation. Parameters of dialysis adequacy and peritoneal transport of small solutes were determined at initiation and after a period of maintenance PD at the time when serum and overnight effluent dialysate were simultaneously collected and assayed for various cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, and cardiac biomarkers. All patients were further followed prospectively for an average of 15 months from the day of serum and effluent collection to determine patient survival and cardiovascular events. RESULTS Patients treated with conventional or low-GDP PDF were matched for sex, age, duration of dialysis, dialysis adequacy, and incidence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. After an average of 2.3 years of PD treatment, the weekly total and peritoneal creatinine clearance, and the total and peritoneal Kt/V were comparable in the groups. However, urine output was higher in patients using low-GDP PDF despite there having been no difference between the groups at PD initiation. Patients using low-GDP PDF also experienced a slower rate of decline of residual glomerular filtration and urine output than did patients on conventional PDF. Compared with serum concentrations, effluent concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, interleukins 8 and 6, C-reactive protein, and leptin were found to be higher in both groups of patients after long-term PD, suggesting that the peritoneal cavity was the major source of those mediators. Compared with patients on low-GDP PDF, patients on conventional fluid showed elevated leptin and reduced adiponectin levels in serum and effluent. The effluent concentration of interleukin 8 was significantly lower in patients using low-GDP PDF. The survival rate and incidence of cardiovascular complications did not differ between these groups after maintenance PD for an average of 3.6 years. CONCLUSIONS It appears that low-GDP PDF results in an improvement of local peritoneal homeostasis through a reduction of chronic inflammatory status in the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Neng Lai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Perl J, Nessim SJ, Bargman JM. The biocompatibility of neutral pH, low-GDP peritoneal dialysis solutions: benefit at bench, bedside, or both? Kidney Int 2011; 79:814-24. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peritoneal adipocytes and their role in inflammation during peritoneal dialysis. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:495416. [PMID: 20454534 PMCID: PMC2864891 DOI: 10.1155/2010/495416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major site of chronic inflammation associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) frequently complicating peritonitis. Adiposity-associated inflammation plays a significant contributory role in the development of chronic inflammation in patients undergoing maintenance PD. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this link remain uncertain. Adipose tissue synthesizes different adipokines and cytokines that orchestrate and regulate inflammation, insulin action, and glucose metabolism locally and systemically. In return, inflammation retards adipocyte differentiation and further exacerbates adipose dysfunction and inflammation. An understanding of the inflammatory roles played by adipose tissue during PD and the healing mechanism of injured mesothelium will help to devise new therapeutic approach to slow the progression of peritoneal damage during peritoneal dialysis. This article reviews the roles of peritoneal adipose tissue in chronic peritoneal inflammation under PD and in serosal repair during PD.
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Zhang D, Shu J, Wang Y. [Salvia Miltiorrhiza injection relieves peritoneal dialysis solution-induced injuries of peritoneal structure and function in rats]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:517-23. [PMID: 18471419 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) on peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) induced injuries of peritoneal structure and function in a rat model, and to observe the relationship between the failure of peritoneal dialysis and expressions of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) in peritoneal tissues. METHODS Fifty-six SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, 1.5% PDS group, 4.25% PDS group, 1.5%PDS+1% SMI group, 1.5%PDS+2% SMI group, 4.25% PDS+1% SMI group and 4.25% PDS+2% SMI group. Two-hour peritoneal dialysis test was performed in rats in different groups by intraperitoneal injection for 8-week. Then rats were killed on the 8th week, and the bloods and peritoneal tissues were gathered. The rate of ultrafiltration, clearance rates of urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose of peritoneum and content of total protein in PDS were detected. Peritoneal membrane histology was evaluated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Expressions of ZO-1 and AQP-1 proteins in peritoneal tissues were detected by immunohistochemical method, and AQP-1 protein expression was also detected by Western blotting technique. RESULTS Compared with normal control group, using of 1.5% PDS and 4.25% PDS caused the changes of structure and function in peritoneum, such as pathological change of peritoneum, decreasing of the rate of ultrafiltration (P<0.05), clearance rates of creatinine and glucose (P<0.01) and the expression of ZO-1 protein (P<0.05), and increasing of the expression of AQP-1 protein (P<0.05). Compared with the simple PDS groups, the pathological damage of peritoneum was lessened and the rate of ultrafiltration and clearance rates of creatinine and glucose were increased in the 1.5% PDS+2% SMI group and 1.5% PDS+2% SMI group. Expression of AQP-1 protein was decreased by 1.5% PDS+2% SMI as compared with 1.5% PDS (P<0.05).[JP] CONCLUSION SMI can relieve the injuries of function and structure of peritoneum by down-regulating the expression of AQP-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
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Identification and quantification of the glucose degradation product glucosone in peritoneal dialysis fluids by HPLC/DAD/MSMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:877-82. [PMID: 20189892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during heat sterilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids exert cytotoxic effects and promote the formation of advanced glycation end-products in the peritoneal cavity. As a result, long-term application of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is limited. The composition and concentration of GDPs in PD fluids must be known to evaluate their biological effects. The present study describes a targeted screening for novel GDPs in PD fluids. For this purpose, dicarbonyl compounds were converted with o-phenylenediamine to give the respective quinoxaline derivatives, which were selectively monitored by HPLC/diode array detector. Glucosone was thereby identified as a novel major GDP in PD fluids. Product identity was confirmed by LC/MSMS analysis using independently synthesized glucosone as a reference compound. Furthermore, a method was developed to quantify glucosone in PD fluids by HPLC/UV after derivatization with o-phenylenediamine. The method's limit of detection was 0.6 microM and the limit of quantitation 1.1 microM. A linear calibration curve was obtained between 1.1 and 113.9 microM (R(2)=0.9999). Analyzed at three different concentration levels, recovery varied between 95.6% and 102.0%. The coefficient of variation ranged between 0.4% and 4.7%. The method was then applied to the measurement of glucosone in typical PD fluids. Glucosone levels in double chamber bag PD fluids varied between not detectable and 6.7 microM. In single chamber bag fluids, glucosone levels ranged between 28.7 and 40.7 microM.
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Mizutani M, Ito Y, Mizuno M, Nishimura H, Suzuki Y, Hattori R, Matsukawa Y, Imai M, Oliver N, Goldschmeding R, Aten J, Krediet RT, Yuzawa Y, Matsuo S. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is increased in peritoneal dialysis patients with high peritoneal solute transport rate. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F721-33. [PMID: 20015945 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00368.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an important complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy that often occurs in association with peritoneal high transport rate and ultrafiltration failure (UFF). To study the possible pathogenic role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the relationship of PF and UFF, dialysate CTGF contents (n = 178) and tissue CTGF expression (n = 61) were investigated by ELISA, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. CTGF production with and without TGF-beta1 stimulation in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) from the spent patients' peritoneal dialysate (n = 32) was studied in vitro. The dialysate-to-plasma ratio for creatinine (D/P Cr) was positively correlated to dialysate CTGF concentration and estimated local peritoneal production of CTGF. CTGF mRNA expression was 11.4-fold higher in peritoneal membranes with UFF than in pre-PD renal failure peritoneum and was correlated with thickness of the peritoneum. CTGF protein and mRNA were detected in mesothelium and in fibroblast-like cells. In cultured HPMC, TGF-beta(1)-induced expression of CTGF mRNA was increased at 12 and 24 h and was correlated with D/P Cr. In contrast, bone morphogenic protein-4 mRNA expression was inversely correlated with D/P Cr. Our results suggest that high peritoneal transport state is associated with fibrosis and increased peritoneal CTGF expression and production by mesothelial cells, which can be stimulated by TGF-beta1. Dialysate CTGF concentration could be a biomarker for both peritoneal fibrosis and membrane function. Functional alteration of mesothelial cells may be involved in progression of peritoneal fibrosis in high transport state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mizutani
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Frischmann M, Spitzer J, Fünfrocken M, Mittelmaier S, Deckert M, Fichert T, Pischetsrieder M. Development and validation of an HPLC method to quantify 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene in peritoneal dialysis fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:843-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Leung JCK, Lam MF, Tang SCW, Chan LYY, Tam KY, Yip TPS, Lai KN. Roles of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:365-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Organotypic models of metastasis: A three-dimensional culture mimicking the human peritoneum and omentum for the study of the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 149:335-51. [PMID: 19763444 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Glutathione depletion as a mechanism of 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene-induced cytotoxicity in human peritoneal mesothelial cells: role in biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis fluids. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:1436-42. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Peritoneal damage by peritoneal dialysis solutions. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008; 12:243-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-008-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:729-56. [PMID: 17950242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) regulate the passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway in epithelial and endothelial cells. TJs are highly dynamic structures whose degree of sealing varies according to external stimuli, physiological and pathological conditions. In this review we analyze how the crosstalk of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, myosin light chain kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Rho signaling pathways is involved in TJ regulation triggered by diverse stimuli. We also report how the phosphorylation of the main TJ components, claudins, occludin and ZO proteins, impacts epithelial and endothelial cell function.
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34
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Fumoto S, Nakashima Y, Nishida K, Kodama Y, Nishi J, Nakashima M, Sasaki H, Otsuka N, Nakamura J. Evaluation of Enhanced Peritoneum Permeability in Methylglyoxal-treated Rats as a Diagnostic Method for Peritoneal Damage. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1891-6. [PMID: 17476464 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As peritoneal damage in long-term peritoneal dialysis therapy is a major problem correlated to patient prognosis, diagnosis of peritoneal damage is important. To develop a diagnostic method for peritoneal damage, we focused on hyperpermeability across the peritoneum in a pathogenic peritoneal damage condition. In this study, disposition characteristics of an intraperitoneally injected marker substance in peritoneal damaged rats were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peritoneal damaged rats were prepared by intraperitoneal injection of a glucose degradation product, methylglyoxal (MGO), for five or ten consecutive days. Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP), as a marker substance, was intraperitoneally or intravenously injected into MGO-treated rats. Subsequently, the PSP disposition characteristics were pharmacokinetically analyzed. RESULTS In both cases of 5 and 10 days treatment of MGO, absorption of PSP after intraperitoneal injection was significantly enhanced. Plasma concentration and urinary excretion of PSP in MGO-treated rats were also higher than those in saline-treated rats in the early phase. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in terms of the pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously injected PSP in saline- or MGO-treated rats. These results indicated that intraperitoneally injected MGO primarily acts on the peritoneal membrane; therefore, the peritoneal permeability of the marker substance was enhanced. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that pharmacokinetic analysis of peritoneum permeability might be a potent diagnostic method for peritoneal damage in experimental animals and patients receiving peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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35
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Lai KN. Somewhere Over the Rainbow: From Bedside to Bench. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1561-5413(07)60002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Leung JCK, Chan LYY, Tang SCW, Chu KM, Lai KN. Leptin induces TGF-β synthesis through functional leptin receptor expressed by human peritoneal mesothelial cell. Kidney Int 2006; 69:2078-86. [PMID: 16641931 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Marked increase in leptin concentration in spent peritoneal dialysate has been reported following continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatment. The present study was designed to determine whether functional leptin receptor is expressed by human peritoneal mesothelial cells and if so, the possible implication in dialysis. Expression of leptin receptors in cultured mesothelial cells and omental tissue was examined. The effect of leptin on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) by mesothelial cells in the presence or absence of high glucose was determined using in vitro culture model of human peritoneal mesothelial cells and adipocytes. The signaling mechanism involved in leptin-induced TGF-beta synthesis by mesothelial cells was studied. Both mRNA and protein of the full-length leptin receptor are constitutively expressed in mesothelial cells. The leptin receptor expression in mesothelial cells was upregulated by glucose but not leptin. In adipocytes, glucose increased the mRNA expression and synthesis of leptin. The Janus kinase-signal transducers and activation (JAK-STAT) signal transduction pathway in mesothelial cells was activated by either exogenous or adipocytes-derived leptin. Exogenous leptin induced the release of TGF-beta by mesothelial cells. The TGF-beta synthesis induced by leptin was amplified by glucose through increased leptin receptor expression. Our novel findings reveal that functional leptin receptor is present on human peritoneal mesothelial cells. The leptin-induced TGF-beta synthesis in mesothelial cells is associated with the expression of leptin receptor and the activation of the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Yung S, Chan TM. Glucose Degradation Products and the Peritoneum — how Sweet Things Can Turn Bitter. Perit Dial Int 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080602600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong
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Hipkiss AR. On the mechanisms of ageing suppression by dietary restriction-is persistent glycolysis the problem? Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 127:8-15. [PMID: 16274729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which dietary restriction (DR) suppresses ageing and onset of age-related pathologies are discussed in relation to frequency of glycolysis, and the reactivity of glycolytic intermediates. Most glycolytic intermediates are potentially toxic and readily modify (i.e. glycate) proteins and other macromolecules non-enzymically. Attention is drawn to the reactivity of methyglyoxal (MG) which is formed predominantly from the glycolytic intermediates dihydroxyacetone- and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. MG rapidly glycates proteins, damages mitochondria and induces a pro-oxidant state, similar to that observed in aged cells. It is suggested that because DR animals' energy metabolism is less glycolytic than in those fed ad libitum, intracellular MG levels are lowered by DR The decreased glycolysis during DR may delay senescence by lowering intracellular MG concentration compared to ad libitum-fed animals. Because of the reactivity MG and glycolytic intermediates, occasional glycolysis could be hormetic where glyoxalase, carnosine synthetase and ornithine decarboxylase are upregulated to control cellular MG concentration. It is suggested that in ad libitum-fed animals persistent glycolysis permanently raises MG levels which progressively overwhelm protective processes, particularly in non-mitotic tissues, to create the senescent state earlier than in DR animals. The possible impact of diet and intracellular glycating agents on age-related mitochondrial dysfunction is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Bart's and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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