1
|
Dottermusch M, Biabani A, Lempertz T, Schumann Y, Navolic J, Godbole S, Obrecht D, Frank S, Dorostkar MM, Voß H, Schlüter H, Rutkowski S, Schüller U, Neumann JE. Integrated proteomics spotlight the proteasome as a therapeutic vulnerability in embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:935-949. [PMID: 38158710 PMCID: PMC11066909 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) are rare malignant embryonal brain tumors. The prognosis of ETMR is poor and novel therapeutic approaches are desperately needed. Comprehension of ETMR tumor biology is currently based on only few previous molecular studies, which mainly focused on the analyses of nucleic acids. In this study, we explored integrated ETMR proteomics. METHODS Using mass spectrometry, proteome data were acquired from 16 ETMR and the ETMR cell line BT183. Proteome data were integrated with case-matched global DNA methylation data, publicly available transcriptome data, and proteome data of further embryonal and pediatric brain tumors. RESULTS Proteome-based cluster analyses grouped ETMR samples according to histomorphology, separating neuropil-rich tumors with neuronal signatures from primitive tumors with signatures relating to stemness and chromosome organization. Integrated proteomics showcased that ETMR and BT183 cells harbor proteasome regulatory proteins in abundance, implicating their strong dependency on the proteasome machinery to safeguard proteostasis. Indeed, in vitro assays using BT183 highlighted that ETMR tumor cells are highly vulnerable toward treatment with the CNS penetrant proteasome inhibitor Marizomib. CONCLUSIONS In summary, histomorphology stipulates the proteome signatures of ETMR, and proteasome regulatory proteins are pervasively abundant in these tumors. As validated in vitro, proteasome inhibition poses a promising therapeutic option in ETMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dottermusch
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ali Biabani
- Section of Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tasja Lempertz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannis Schumann
- Chair for High Performance Computing, Helmut-Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Navolic
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shweta Godbole
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denise Obrecht
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Voß
- Section of Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section of Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Children’s Cancer Research Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knowles T, Huang T, Qi J, An S, Burket N, Cooper S, Nazarian J, Saratsis AM. LIN28B and Let-7 in Diffuse Midline Glioma: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3241. [PMID: 37370851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is the most lethal of all childhood cancers. DMGs are driven by histone-tail-mutation-mediated epigenetic dysregulation and partner mutations in genes controlling proliferation and migration. One result of this epigenetic and genetic landscape is the overexpression of LIN28B RNA binding protein. In other systems, LIN28B has been shown to prevent let-7 microRNA biogenesis; however, let-7, when available, faithfully suppresses tumorigenic pathways and induces cellular maturation by preventing the translation of numerous oncogenes. Here, we review the current literature on LIN28A/B and the let-7 family and describe their role in gliomagenesis. Future research is then recommended, with a focus on the mechanisms of LIN28B overexpression and localization in DMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Truman Knowles
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Scripps, Pitzer, and Claremont McKenna Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Tina Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shejuan An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Noah Burket
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Scott Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Zurich Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda M Saratsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Childhood Brain Tumors: A Review of Strategies to Translate CNS Drug Delivery to Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030857. [PMID: 36765816 PMCID: PMC9913389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain and spinal tumors affect 1 in 1000 people by 25 years of age, and have diverse histological, biological, anatomical and dissemination characteristics. A mortality of 30-40% means the majority are cured, although two-thirds have life-long disability, linked to accumulated brain injury that is acquired prior to diagnosis, and after surgery or chemo-radiotherapy. Only four drugs have been licensed globally for brain tumors in 40 years and only one for children. Most new cancer drugs in clinical trials do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Techniques to enhance brain tumor drug delivery are explored in this review, and cover those that augment penetration of the BBB, and those that bypass the BBB. Developing appropriate delivery techniques could improve patient outcomes by ensuring efficacious drug exposure to tumors (including those that are drug-resistant), reducing systemic toxicities and targeting leptomeningeal metastases. Together, this drug delivery strategy seeks to enhance the efficacy of new drugs and enable re-evaluation of existing drugs that might have previously failed because of inadequate delivery. A literature review of repurposed drugs is reported, and a range of preclinical brain tumor models available for translational development are explored.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu K, Sun Z, Wang L, Guan W. Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered or not elsewhere classified: Clinicopathological characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of 17 children from 2018 to 2022. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1001959. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveEmbryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are a histologically heterogeneous entity and gather embryonal tumors with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTRs), ependymoblastoma, and medulloepithelioma. ETMRs are highly aggressive and associated with poorer clinical courses. However, cases of this entity are rare, and advances in molecular genetics and therapy are minor. The purpose of our study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical, pathological features, and prognostic factors of ETMRs.MethodsOur cohort consisted of 17 patients diagnosed with ETMRs in our hospital from 2018 to 2022, and two of them were lost to follow-up. Clinical data were retrieved, and immunohistochemistry and genetic analyses were performed.ResultsAmong 17 cases, 16 were ETANTRs, and one was medulloepithelioma. Morphologically, tumor cells of ETANTRs could transform into anaplasia and lose the biphasic architecture during tumor progression. Immunohistochemistry of LIN28A revealed positive expression in 17 cases, and the expression of LIN28A was more intense and diffuse in the recurrent lesions than in primaries. The increased N-MYC copy numbers were detected in the primary tumor and recurrence of patient 8. Moreover, the incidence of metastatic disease was 100% in patients aged > 4 years and 18% in the younger group. For patients receiving chemotherapy, the median overall survival time was 7.4 months, while that of those who didn’t receive it was 1.2 months. Nevertheless, surgical approaches, radiotherapy, age at presentation, gender, tumor location, and metastatic status were not associated with independent prognosis.ConclusionETANTR might not present as the typical morphologies during tumor progression, so analyses of C19MC amplification and Lin28A antibody are indispensable for diagnosing ETMRs accurately. Children aged > 4 years tend to have a higher rate of metastasis in ETMRs. Chemotherapy is the only prognostic factor for ETMRs patients with a favorable prognosis. The biological nature and clinical patterns for recurrent diseases need to be further demonstrated to predict prognosis and guide treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Gao X, Deng L, Jia W, Zhang J, Cheng J, Zhou H, Liu G, Fu W. Association between LIN28B gene polymorphisms and Wilms' tumor susceptibility. Biomark Med 2022; 16:1113-1120. [PMID: 36606447 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To survey the association between LIN28B gene polymorphisms and the increased risk of Wilms' tumor (WT). Methods: Five LIN28B polymorphisms (rs314276 C>A, rs221634 A>T, rs221635 T>C, the rs4145418 A>C and rs9404590 T>G) were genotyped in 355 WT patients and 1070 healthy controls to assess the association. Result: The rs314276 CA/AA genotype was a protective factor against WT (corrected odds ratio [OR]: 0.71; p = 0.006). Individuals older than 18 months (corrected OR: 0.60; p = 0.001), males (corrected OR: 0.65; p = 0.011) and in clinical stage I + II patients (corrected OR: 0.60; p = 0.0008) with this genotype were less susceptible to WT. Conclusion: The rs314276 CA/AA genotype may protect against WT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Linqing Deng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Guochang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horwitz J, Huang A, McAuley D, Jansen GH, Johnston D. Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes of the Parietooccipital Region: A Case Report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e255-e259. [PMID: 33448719 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes is a rare and highly malignant early childhood brain tumor. We report a case of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes in the parietooccipital region of a 2-year-old girl. Histopathology of the tumor demonstrated amplification of the 19q13.42 locus and strong positivity for LIN28A. Treatment was multimodal and included 3 surgical resections, adjuvant chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, and focal radiotherapy. The use of the agents vorinostat and isotretinoin, and the addition of focal radiation have not been extensively described in this patient population, but may attribute to our patient's sustained remission at 2.5-years follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gerard H Jansen
- Divisin of Anatomical Pathology, Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association, Ottawa, ON
| | - Donna Johnston
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan S, Solano-Paez P, Suwal T, Lu M, Al-Karmi S, Ho B, Mumal I, Shago M, Hoffman LM, Dodgshun A, Nobusawa S, Tabori U, Bartels U, Ziegler DS, Hansford JR, Ramaswamy V, Hawkins C, Dufour C, André N, Bouffet E, Huang A. Clinical phenotypes and prognostic features of embryonal tumours with multi-layered rosettes: a Rare Brain Tumor Registry study. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:800-813. [PMID: 34599879 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonal tumours with multi-layered rosettes (ETMRs) are a newly recognised, rare paediatric brain tumour with alterations of the C19MC microRNA locus. Due to varied diagnostic practices and scarce clinical data, disease features and determinants of outcomes for these tumours are poorly defined. We did an integrated clinicopathological and molecular analysis of primary ETMRs to define clinical phenotypes, and to identify prognostic factors of survival and key treatment modalities for this orphan disease. METHODS Paediatric patients with primary ETMRs and tissue available for analyses were identified from the Rare Brain Tumor Consortium global registry. The institutional histopathological diagnoses were centrally re-reviewed as per the current WHO CNS tumour guidelines, using histopathological and molecular assays. Only patients with complete clinical, treatment, and survival data on Nov 30, 2019, were included in clinicopathological analyses. Among patients who received primary multi-modal curative regimens, event-free survival and overall survival were determined using Cox proportional hazard and log-rank analyses. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for clinical, molecular, or treatment-related prognostic factors. FINDINGS 159 patients had a confirmed molecular diagnosis of primary ETMRs (median age at diagnosis 26 months, IQR 18-36) and were included in our clinicopathological analysis. ETMRs were predominantly non-metastatic (94 [73%] of 128 patients), arising from multiple sites; 84 (55%) of 154 were cerebral tumours and 70 (45%) of 154 arose at sites characteristic of other brain tumours. Hallmark C19MC alterations were seen in 144 (91%) of 159 patients; 15 (9%) were ETMR not otherwise specified. In patients treated with curative intent, event-free survival was 57% (95% CI 47-68) at 6 months and 31% (21-42) at 2 years; overall survival was 29% (20-38) at 2 years and 27% (18-37) at 4 years. Overall survival was associated with non-metastatic disease (HR 0·48, 95% CI 0·28-0·80; p=0·0057) and non-brainstem location (0·42 [0·22-0·81]; p=0·013) on univariate analysis, as well as with gross total resection (0·30, 0·16-0·58; p=0·0014), high-dose chemotherapy (0·35, 0·19-0·67; p=0·0020), and radiotherapy (0·21, 0·10-0·41; p<0·0001) on multivariable analysis. 2-year event-free and overall survival was 0% at 2 years in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy without radiotherapy (regardless of surgery extent), and 21% (95% CI 1-41) and 30% (6-54), respectively, in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy, and gross total resection without radiotherapy. 2-year event-free survival in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy was 66% (95% CI 39-93) for patients with gross total resection and 44% (7-81) for patients with sub-total resection. 2-5-year overall survival was 66% (95% CI 33-99, p=0·038) for patients with gross total resection and 67% (36-98, p=0·0020) for patients with sub-total resection. INTERPRETATION Prompt molecular diagnosis and post-surgical treatment with intensive multi-modal therapy tailored to patient-specific risk features could improve ETMR survival. FUNDING Canadian Institute of Health Research, Canada Research Chair Awards, Australian Lions Childhood Cancer Research Foundation, Spanish Society of Pediatrics, Consejería de Salud y Familias de la Junta de Andalucía, Miracle Marnie, Phoebe Rose Rocks, Tali's Funds, Garron Cancer Centre, Grace's Walk, Meagan's Hug, Brainchild, Nelina's Hope, and Jean Martel Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Monash Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Al-Karmi
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Dodgshun
- Children's Haematology/Oncology Centre, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Uri Tabori
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ute Bartels
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S Ziegler
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas André
- Pediatric Oncology, Children Hospital of La Timone, AP-HM, SMARTc unit Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baliga S, Gandola L, Timmermann B, Gail H, Padovani L, Janssens GO, Yock TI. Brain tumors: Medulloblastoma, ATRT, ependymoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68 Suppl 2:e28395. [PMID: 32386126 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Children with medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT), and ependymoma are treated with a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Lower doses of craniospinal irradiation and tumor bed boost together with chemotherapy are the current standard of care for average-risk medulloblastoma in the Children's Oncology Group (COG). The International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) is examining the role of hyperfractionated craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy in high-risk patients. The recent stratification of medulloblastoma into specific molecular risk groups has prompted both COG and SIOP to reexamine the role of these modalities in these different risk groups to maximize cure rates and minimize long-term complications. Proton therapy has shown lower rates of neurocognitive and endocrine complications compared with photons. Ependymomas are treated with maximal surgical resection and adjuvant radiation therapy. The role of chemotherapy in ependymoma is currently being studied in both COG and SIOP. Likewise, for ATRT the role of different high-dose chemotherapy regimens together with local radiation therapy in infants, or craniospinal radiation in older children, is the current focus of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Baliga
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center-The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lorenza Gandola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Horan Gail
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laetitia Padovani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Geert O Janssens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Torunn I Yock
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nambirajan A, Gurung N, Suri V, Sarkar C, Kumar A, Singh M, Sharma MC. C19MC amplification and expression of Lin28A and Olig2 in the classification of embryonal tumors of the central nervous system: A 14-year retrospective study from a tertiary care center. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:1067-1075. [PMID: 33236184 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNS embryonal tumors (CET) other than medulloblastomas (MB) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs), previously designated as 'central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors' ('CNS PNETs'), are a heterogenous subset of tumors with poorly defined diagnostic criteria. Other than the subset of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) defined by C19MC amplification, most CETs are diagnosed by exclusion of other molecularly defined entities and histological mimics including MB, AT/RTs, and high-grade gliomas, and termed as CET, not otherwise specified (NOS) in the 2016 WHO classification. AIM To reclassify 'CNS PNETs' as per WHO 2016, and estimate the true proportion of CET, NOS in a tertiary healthcare setting, and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of C19MC amplification, Lin28A and Olig2 expression in the subclassification of CETs. METHODS Previously diagnosed cases of 'CNS PNETs' (2002-2016) were first evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MIC2, RelaA, L1CAM, IDH1R132H, H3K27M, H3G34R, H3G34V, INI1, and BRG1 proteins and by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) for EWSR1 translocation to exclude histological mimics. The selected CETs (case cohort) and 79 histological mimics (comparison cohort) comprising of MB, AT/RT, pineal parenchymal tumors, Ewing sarcoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, intraocular medulloepithelioma, and H3G34R mutant high-grade glioma were subject to IHC for Olig2 and Lin28A, and FISH for C19MC amplification. RESULTS Twenty-two cases of 'CNS PNETs' were retrieved, all of which were negative for the first panel of markers and showed retained INI-1/BRG1 expression. Three of them (3/22, 13.6%) showed C19MC amplification (ETMR, C19MC-altered) with ETMR histology, Lin28A positivity, and Olig2 negativity. Among the remaining 19 CETs, one showed medulloepithelioma histology (Medulloepithelioma, NOS) and remaining were non-descript small round cell tumors (CET, NOS), all negative for Lin28A. Olig2 was positive in only 3 CETs (13.6%), all being CET, NOS. All tumors in the comparison cohort were negative for C19MC amplification, Lin28A and Olig2 except for 27% of ATRTs that were Lin28A positive. CONCLUSION ETMR, C19MC-altered constitute less than 14% of CETs, with majority remaining uncharacterized as CET, NOS. Lin28A is 100% sensitive for the detection of C19MC amplification; however, its specificity is limited by its expression in ATRTs. Olig2 expression is seen only in a small subset of CET, NOS and is of limited diagnostic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Niteeka Gurung
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Amandeep Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia-Moure M, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Labiano S, Guruceaga E, Bandres E, Zalacain M, Marrodan L, de Andrea C, Villalba M, Martinez-Velez N, Laspidea V, Puigdelloses M, Gallego Perez-Larraya J, Iñigo-Marco I, Stripecke R, Chan JA, Raabe EH, Kool M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Patiño-García A, Alonso MM. Delta-24-RGD, an Oncolytic Adenovirus, Increases Survival and Promotes Proinflammatory Immune Landscape Remodeling in Models of AT/RT and CNS-PNET. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1807-1820. [PMID: 33376098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CNS-PNET) are pediatric brain tumors with poor survival and life-long negative side effects. Here, the aim was to characterize the efficacy and safety of the oncolytic adenovirus, Delta-24-RGD, which selectively replicates in and kills tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Delta-24-RGD determinants for infection and replication were evaluated in patient expression datasets. Viral replication and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro in a battery of CNS-PNET and AT/RT cell lines. In vivo, efficacy was determined in different orthotopic mouse models, including early and established tumor models, a disseminated AT/RT lesion model, and immunocompetent humanized mouse models (hCD34+-NSG-SGM3). RESULTS Delta-24-RGD infected and replicated efficiently in all the cell lines tested. In addition, the virus induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity [IC50 value below 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/cell] and the release of immunogenic markers. In vivo, a single intratumoral Delta-24-RGD injection (107 or 108 PFU) significantly increased survival and led to long-term survival in AT/RT and PNET models. Delta-24-RGD hindered the dissemination of AT/RTs and increased survival, leading to 70% of long-term survivors. Of relevance, viral administration to established tumor masses (30 days after engraftment) showed therapeutic benefit. In humanized immunocompetent models, Delta-24-RGD significantly extended the survival of mice bearing AT/RTs or PNETs (ranging from 11 to 27 days) and did not display any toxicity associated with inflammation. Immunophenotyping of Delta-24-RGD-treated tumors revealed increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Delta-24-RGD is a feasible therapeutic option for AT/RTs and CNS-PNETs. This work constitutes the basis for potential translation to the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Garcia-Moure
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marisol Gonzalez-Huarriz
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Eva Bandres
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Hematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Zalacain
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lucia Marrodan
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carlos de Andrea
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria Villalba
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Naiara Martinez-Velez
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Virginia Laspidea
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Montse Puigdelloses
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jaime Gallego Perez-Larraya
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Iñigo-Marco
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied of the Research Network REBIRTH, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KITZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of NeuroOncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana Patiño-García
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Program in Solid Tumors, Foundation for the Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jain M, Tran S, Thakur S, Nagashima Y, Anderson R, Narendran A. Lin28A/ let-7 oncogenic circuit is a potential therapeutic target in neurocutaneous melanosis-associated CNS tumors in children. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 3:vdaa174. [PMID: 33506207 PMCID: PMC7813159 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Son Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Satbir Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Raghuram N, Khan S, Mumal I, Bouffet E, Huang A. Embryonal tumors with multi-layered rosettes: a disease of dysregulated miRNAs. J Neurooncol 2020; 150:63-73. [PMID: 33090313 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ETMRs are highly lethal, pediatric embryonal brain tumors, previously classified as various histologic diagnoses including supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET) and CNS PNET. With recognition that these tumors harbor recurrent amplification of a novel oncogenic miRNA cluster on chr19, C19MC, ETMRs were designated as a distinct biological and molecular entity with a spectrum of histologic and clinical manifestations. METHODS We reviewed published literature describing clinical presentation, the genetic and epigenetic drivers of oncogenesis, and recent therapeutic strategies adopted to combat these aggressive tumors. RESULTS As a consequence of C19MC amplification, ETMRs upregulate several oncogenic and pluripotency proteins, including LIN28A, DNMT3B and MYCN, that confer a unique epigenetic signature reminiscent of nascent embryonic stem cells. In this review, we focus on the dysregulation of miRNAs in ETMR, the major pathogenic mechanism identified in this disease. CONCLUSION Despite the use of multi-modal therapeutic regimens, ETMR patients have dismal survival. Understanding the unique biology of these tumors has provided new insights towards novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Raghuram
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Sara Khan
- Monash Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital. Monash Health. Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hesham D, El-Naggar S. Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed an Emerging Role of Alternative Splicing in Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091108. [PMID: 32971786 PMCID: PMC7563716 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) is an aggressive and rare pediatric embryonal brain tumor. Amplification of C19MC microRNA cluster and expression of LIN28 are distinctive features of ETMR. Despite the increasing efforts to decipher ETMR, the biology remains poorly understood. To date, the role of aberrant alternative splicing in ETMR has not been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on published unprocessed RNA-seq reads of tissue-matched ETMR and fetal controls datasets. Gene expression was quantified in samples using Kallisto/sleuth pipeline. For the alternative splicing analysis, STAR, SplAdder and rMATS were used. Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently performed using Metascape. The expression analysis identified a total of 3622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ETMR and fetal controls while 1627 genes showed differential alternative splicing patterns. Interestingly, genes with significant alternative splicing events in ETMR were identified to be involved in signaling pathways such as ErbB, mTOR and MAPK pathways as well as ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell cycle and autophagy. Moreover, up-regulated DEGs with alternative splicing events were involved in important biological processes including nuclear transport, regulation of cell cycle and regulation of Wnt signaling pathway. These findings highlight the role of aberrant alternative splicing in shaping the ETMR tumor landscape, and the identified pathways constitute potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hanson D, Hoffman LM, Nagabushan S, Goumnerova LC, Rathmann A, Vogel T, Ziegler DS, Chi S. A modified IRS-III chemotherapy regimen leads to prolonged survival in children with embryonal tumor with multilayer rosettes. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa120. [PMID: 33196040 PMCID: PMC7648589 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonal tumor with multilayer rosettes (ETMR) is a rare CNS malignancy affecting young children that carries a very poor prognosis. Treatment with intensive surgical resection, radiotherapy, and high-dose chemotherapy is insufficient treatment in the vast majority of cases. Effective, biologically based therapies for this tumor are therefore desperately needed. The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute–modified IRS-III protocol incorporates preclinically active agents, such as doxorubicin and actinomycin D, into the treatment regimen for ETMR and may improve patient outcomes. Methods The authors present a case series of 5 children with ETMR treated with an IRS-III-based chemotherapy backbone. Results All 5 patients received a gross-total tumor resection. Patients received between 12 and 51 weeks of IRS-III therapy at the discretion of their treating physician. Four patients received focal radiation therapy, with the fifth patient instead receiving a cycle of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue. Four patients have progression-free survival of more than 18 months. Chemotherapy treatment was reasonably tolerated by all 5 patients with one case of mild sinusoidal obstructive syndrome and one case of Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions The patient outcomes in this small cohort are far better than would be expected based on the historical survival for this tumor. Given the tremendous need for effective therapy for ETMR, further investigation of this approach is warranted. An international consensus protocol based on the IRS-III regimen has been developed and will be available through a multicenter clinical trial and a global treatment registry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sumanth Nagabushan
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Allison Rathmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA.,Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA.,Saint Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Timothy Vogel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S Ziegler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Susan Chi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lambo S, von Hoff K, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Kool M. ETMR: a tumor entity in its infancy. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:249-266. [PMID: 32601913 PMCID: PMC7423804 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR) is a relatively rare but typically deadly type of brain tumor that occurs mostly in infants. Since the discovery of the characteristic chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) amplification a decade ago, the methods for diagnosing this entity have improved and many new insights in the molecular landscape of ETMRs have been acquired. All ETMRs, despite their highly heterogeneous histology, are characterized by specific high expression of the RNA-binding protein LIN28A, which is, therefore, often used as a diagnostic marker for these tumors. ETMRs have few recurrent genetic aberrations, mainly affecting the miRNA pathway and including amplification of C19MC (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered) and mutually exclusive biallelic DICER1 mutations of which the first hit is typically inherited through the germline (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, DICER1-altered). Identification of downstream pathways affected by the deregulated miRNA machinery has led to several proposed potential therapeutical vulnerabilities including targeting the WNT, SHH, or mTOR pathways, MYCN or chromosomal instability. However, despite those findings, treatment outcomes have only marginally improved, since the initial description of this tumor entity. Many patients do not survive longer than a year after diagnosis and the 5-year overall survival rate is still lower than 30%. Thus, there is an urgent need to translate the new insights in ETMR biology into more effective treatments. Here, we present an overview of clinical and molecular characteristics of ETMRs and the current progress on potential targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lambo
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare, high-grade neoplasms predominantly affecting the pediatric population. Well-defined embryonal tumors include medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered and embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, not otherwise specified, pineoblastoma, pituitary blastoma, CNS neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroblastoma. Although their prognosis is nearly uniformly poor, the rapidly evolving understanding of their molecular biology contributes to diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and clinical trial participation. Knowledge of current tumor stratification and diagnostic techniques will help pathologists guide care and preserve tissue for necessary or desired additional testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Blessing
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Medulloepithelioma is a rare early childhood tumor typically presenting in the intraocular region and neuroaxis. We report a rare case of a 2-year-old girl that presented with a peripheral medulloepithelioma in the presacral region. Examination of the tumor revealed that it lacked amplification of the 19q13.42 locus yet was positive for LIN28A. The patient was treated with intensive and high-dose chemotherapy as per 99703 protocol followed by complete surgical resection of the tumor and rapamycin maintenance and remains disease-free 5 years postinitial diagnosis. Ten previous cases were reported, including 5 patients who were alive disease free at the time of the publication. Optimal management of this rare condition is still controversial, particularly with regard to the respective role of chemotherapy and radiation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hermans E, Hulleman E. Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models of Pediatric Brain Tumors: In a Mature Phase or Still in Its Infancy? Front Oncol 2020; 9:1418. [PMID: 31970083 PMCID: PMC6960099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, molecular profiling has led to the discovery of an increasing number of brain tumor subtypes, and associated therapeutic targets. These molecular features have been incorporated in the 2016 new World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which now distinguishes tumor subgroups not only histologically, but also based on molecular characteristics. Despite an improved diagnosis of (pediatric) tumors in the CNS however, the survival of children with malignant brain tumors still is far worse than for those suffering from other types of malignancies. Therefore, new treatments need to be developed, based on subgroup-specific genetic aberrations. Here, we provide an overview of the currently available orthotopic xenograft models for pediatric brain tumor subtypes as defined by the 2016 WHO classification, to facilitate the choice of appropriate animal models for the preclinical testing of novel treatment strategies, and to provide insight into the current gaps and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hermans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lambo S, Gröbner SN, Rausch T, Waszak SM, Schmidt C, Gorthi A, Romero JC, Mauermann M, Brabetz S, Krausert S, Buchhalter I, Koster J, Zwijnenburg DA, Sill M, Hübner JM, Mack N, Schwalm B, Ryzhova M, Hovestadt V, Papillon-Cavanagh S, Chan JA, Landgraf P, Ho B, Milde T, Witt O, Ecker J, Sahm F, Sumerauer D, Ellison DW, Orr BA, Darabi A, Haberler C, Figarella-Branger D, Wesseling P, Schittenhelm J, Remke M, Taylor MD, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Łastowska M, Grajkowska W, Hasselblatt M, Hauser P, Pietsch T, Uro-Coste E, Bourdeaut F, Masliah-Planchon J, Rigau V, Alexandrescu S, Wolf S, Li XN, Schüller U, Snuderl M, Karajannis MA, Giangaspero F, Jabado N, von Deimling A, Jones DTW, Korbel JO, von Hoff K, Lichter P, Huang A, Bishop AJR, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Kool M. The molecular landscape of ETMR at diagnosis and relapse. Nature 2019; 576:274-280. [PMID: 31802000 PMCID: PMC6908757 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumours with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are aggressive paediatric embryonal brain tumours with a universally poor prognosis1. Here we collected 193 primary ETMRs and 23 matched relapse samples to investigate the genomic landscape of this distinct tumour type. We found that patients with tumours in which the proposed driver C19MC2-4 was not amplified frequently had germline mutations in DICER1 or other microRNA-related aberrations such as somatic amplification of miR-17-92 (also known as MIR17HG). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that tumours had an overall low recurrence of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), but showed prevalent genomic instability caused by widespread occurrence of R-loop structures. We show that R-loop-associated chromosomal instability can be induced by the loss of DICER1 function. Comparison of primary tumours and matched relapse samples showed a strong conservation of structural variants, but low conservation of SNVs. Moreover, many newly acquired SNVs are associated with a mutational signature related to cisplatin treatment. Finally, we show that targeting R-loops with topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors might be an effective treatment strategy for this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lambo
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne N Gröbner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Waszak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aparna Gorthi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - July Carolina Romero
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Monika Mauermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brabetz
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Krausert
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo Buchhalter
- Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens-Martin Hübner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norman Mack
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schwalm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Papillon-Cavanagh
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pablo Landgraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ben Ho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Sumerauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anna Darabi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurophysiopathology Institute (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
- Department of Pathology, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria J Gil-da-Costa
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospital São João Alameda Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Łastowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiesława Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center of the German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Uro-Coste
- Department of Pathology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, SIREDO Pediatric Oncology Center, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Pediatric Oncology Centre, Curie Institute, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut Curie Hospital, Laboratory of Somatic Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Department of Pathology, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, High Throughput Sequencing Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, The Stephen D. Hassenfeld Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, New York, NY, USA
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomopathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed-Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan O Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Biophysics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sin-Chan P, Mumal I, Suwal T, Ho B, Fan X, Singh I, Du Y, Lu M, Patel N, Torchia J, Popovski D, Fouladi M, Guilhamon P, Hansford JR, Leary S, Hoffman LM, Mulcahy Levy JM, Lassaletta A, Solano-Paez P, Rivas E, Reddy A, Gillespie GY, Gupta N, Van Meter TE, Nakamura H, Wong TT, Ra YS, Kim SK, Massimi L, Grundy RG, Fangusaro J, Johnston D, Chan J, Lafay-Cousin L, Hwang EI, Wang Y, Catchpoole D, Michaud J, Ellezam B, Ramanujachar R, Lindsay H, Taylor MD, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Jabado N, Singh SK, Kleinman CL, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Li XN, Dirks PB, Lin CY, Mack SC, Rich JN, Huang A. A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN Oncogenic Circuit Driven by Hijacked Super-enhancers Is a Distinct Therapeutic Vulnerability in ETMRs: A Lethal Brain Tumor. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:51-67.e7. [PMID: 31287992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly lethal infant brain cancers with characteristic amplification of Chr19q13.41 miRNA cluster (C19MC) and enrichment of pluripotency factor LIN28A. Here we investigated C19MC oncogenic mechanisms and discovered a C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN circuit fueled by multiple complex regulatory loops including an MYCN core transcriptional network and super-enhancers resulting from long-range MYCN DNA interactions and C19MC gene fusions. Our data show that this powerful oncogenic circuit, which entraps an early neural lineage network, is potently abrogated by bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, leading to ETMR cell death.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Brain Neoplasms/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Multigene Family
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/etiology
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/therapy
- Oncogenes
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sin-Chan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaolian Fan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Neilket Patel
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jonathon Torchia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center-OICR Translational Genomics Laboratory, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G0A3, Canada
| | - Dean Popovski
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer and Blood Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul Guilhamon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Leary
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tai-Tong Wong
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Young-Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumor Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donna Johnston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B6A8, Canada
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumor Bank, Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Ramya Ramanujachar
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He Y, Wang H, Yan M, Yang X, Shen R, Ni X, Chen X, Yang P, Chen M, Lu X, Shao G, Zhou X, Shao Q. High LIN28A and PLK4 co‑expression is associated with poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5327-5336. [PMID: 30365085 PMCID: PMC6236221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. LIN28 homolog A (LIN28A) is a RNA‑binding protein, which serves a fundamental role in cell development and pluripotency. Polo‑like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a member of the polo‑like kinase family, which primarily takes part in the mitotic regulation. Overexpression of LIN28A has been demonstrated in ovarian cancer; however, the expression of PLK4 and the correlation between the expression of LIN28A and PLK4 in EOC has not been discussed. In the present study, the mRNA and protein levels of LIN28A and PLK4 were evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in ovarian tissues of patients. Results demonstrated significantly increased expression in EOC compared with benign epithelial ovarian tumors. High expression of LIN28A and PLK4 was detected at the advanced pathological stage. Furthermore, PLK4 expression was positively correlated with LIN28A (r=0.555; P=0.039). The median survival analysis of patients with EOC with LIN28A and PLK4 double positive expression was 14 months, compared with 30 months in single positive and 60 months in double negative patients by Kaplan‑Meier analysis (P<0.05). The expressions of LIN28A and PLK4 was elevated in different EOC cell lines compared to with a normal ovarian cell line. The 293T cells transfected with LIN28A plus a PLK4 plasmid were the fastest‑growing group. These results suggest that co‑expression of LIN28A and PLK4 may be associated with poor prognosis of EOC and could serve as promising prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in EOC. LIN28A and PLK4 may be used along with traditional morphological and clinical characteristics for predicting prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao He
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 2100011, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Meina Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Rong Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoge Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Peifang Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Genbao Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the primary cause of cancer-related death during childhood. Unfortunately, the number of primary and metastatic brain tumors is steadily increasing while the mortality rates for many central nervous system (CNS) lesions have remained stagnant. Molecularly defined tumor classes have been added to the most recent 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of Central Nervous System Brain Tumors, driving potential new treatments and identifying targets to improve survival for these patients. Focusing on the genetic mutations most commonly seen in the pediatric CNS tumor population provides the ability to better define tumors based on shared molecular characteristics. Consequently, there is the potential for greater efficacy in targeted therapy to treat these identified genetic aberrations. Understanding the growing importance of molecular diagnosis in pediatric CNS tumors is vital to successfully using novel targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Children: The Era of Targeted Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040078. [PMID: 30249036 PMCID: PMC6315657 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors (ET) of the central nervous system (CNS) in children encompass a wide clinical spectrum of aggressive malignancies. Until recently, the overlapping morphological features of these lesions posed a diagnostic challenge and undermined discovery of optimal treatment strategies. However, with the advances in genomic technology and the outpouring of biological data over the last decade, clear insights into the molecular heterogeneity of these tumors are now well delineated. The major subtypes of ETs of the CNS in children include medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT), and embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), which are now biologically and clinically characterized as different entities. These important developments have paved the way for treatments guided by risk stratification as well as novel targeted therapies in efforts to improve survival and reduce treatment burden.
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmidt C, Schubert NA, Brabetz S, Mack N, Schwalm B, Chan JA, Selt F, Herold-Mende C, Witt O, Milde T, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Kool M. Preclinical drug screen reveals topotecan, actinomycin D, and volasertib as potential new therapeutic candidates for ETMR brain tumor patients. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1607-1617. [PMID: 28482026 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) is a rare and aggressive embryonal brain tumor that solely occurs in infants and young children and has only recently been recognized as a separate brain tumor entity in the World Health Organization classification for CNS tumors. Patients have a very dismal prognosis with a median survival of 12 months upon diagnosis despite aggressive treatment. The aim of this study was to develop novel treatment regimens in a preclinical drug screen in order to inform potentially more active clinical trial protocols. Methods We have carried out an in vitro and in vivo drug screen using the ETMR cell line BT183 and its xenograft model. Furthermore, we have generated the first patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model for ETMR and evaluated our top drug candidates in an in vitro drug screen using this model. Results BT183 cells are very sensitive to the topoisomerase inhibitors topotecan and doxorubicin, to the epigenetic agents decitabine and panobinostat, to actinomycin D, and to targeted drugs such as the polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor volasertib, the aurora kinase A inhibitor alisertib, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor MLN0128. In xenograft mice, monotherapy with topotecan, volasertib, and actinomycin D led to a temporary response in tumor growth and a significant increase in survival. Finally, using multi-agent treatment regimens of topotecan or doxorubicin combined with methotrexate and vincristine, the response in tumor growth and survival was further increased compared with mice receiving single treatments. Conclusions We have identified several promising candidates for combination therapies in future clinical trials for ETMR patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Schmidt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nil A Schubert
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brabetz
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norman Mack
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schwalm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Selt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Consortium, Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Section of Pediatric Brain Tumors, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Trial Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Rubens JA, Wang SZ, Price A, Weingart MF, Allen SJ, Orr BA, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. The TORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 sensitizes atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1361-1371. [PMID: 28582547 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are deadly pediatric brain tumors driven by LIN28. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated in many deadly, drug-resistant cancers and governs important cellular functions such as metabolism and survival. LIN28 regulates mTOR in normal cells. We therefore hypothesized that mTOR is activated downstream of LIN28 in AT/RT, and the brain-penetrating mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) kinase inhibitor TAK228 would reduce AT/RT tumorigenicity. Methods Activation of mTOR in AT/RT was determined by measuring pS6 and pAKT (Ser473) by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray of 18 primary AT/RT tumors. In vitro growth assays (BrdU and MTS), death assays (CC3, c-PARP by western blot), and survival curves of AT/RT orthotopic xenograft models were used to measure the efficacy of TAK228 alone and in combination with cisplatin. Results Lentiviral short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of LIN28A led to decreased mTOR activation. Primary human AT/RT had high levels of pS6 and pAKT (Ser473) in 21% and 87% of tumors by immunohistochemistry. TAK228 slowed cell growth, induced apoptosis in vitro, and nearly doubled median survival of orthotopic xenograft models of AT/RT. TAK228 combined with cisplatin synergistically slowed cell growth and enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Suppression of AKT sensitized cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and forced activation of AKT protected cells. Combined treatment with TAK228 and cisplatin significantly extended survival of orthotopic xenograft models of AT/RT compared with each drug alone. Conclusions TAK228 has efficacy in AT/RT as a single agent and synergizes with conventional chemotherapies by sensitizing tumors to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest TAK228 may be an effective new treatment for AT/RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rubens
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sabrina Z Wang
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Antoinette Price
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Melanie F Weingart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Brent A Orr
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Pediatric Oncology and Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang B, Gogia B, Fuller GN, Ketonen LM. Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered: Clinical, Pathological, and Neuroimaging Findings. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:483-489. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| | - Bhanu Gogia
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| | - Gregory N. Fuller
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| | - Leena M. Ketonen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bae JM, Won JK, Park SH. Recent Advancement of the Molecular Diagnosis in Pediatric Brain Tumor. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2018; 61:376-385. [PMID: 29742887 PMCID: PMC5957317 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of brain tumor-related genes and fast advances in genomic testing technologies have led to the era of molecular diagnosis of brain tumor. Molecular profiling of brain tumor became the significant step in the diagnosis, the prediction of prognosis and the treatment of brain tumor. Because traditional molecular testing methods have limitations in time and cost for multiple gene tests, next-generation sequencing technologies are rapidly introduced into clinical practice. Targeted sequencing panels using these technologies have been developed for brain tumors. In this article, focused on pediatric brain tumor, key discoveries of brain tumor-related genes are reviewed and cancer panels used in the molecular profiling of brain tumor are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuroscience Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The therapeutic potential of targeting the PI3K pathway in pediatric brain tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2083-2095. [PMID: 27926496 PMCID: PMC5356782 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors are the most common cancer type in children and the leading cause of cancer related deaths. There is therefore a need to develop novel treatments. Large scale profiling studies have begun to identify alterations that could be targeted therapeutically, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which is one of the most commonly activated pathways in cancer with many inhibitors under clinical development. PI3K signaling has been shown to be aberrantly activated in many pediatric CNS neoplasms. Pre-clinical analysis supports a role for PI3K signaling in the control of tumor growth, survival and migration as well as enhancing the cytotoxic effects of current treatments. Based on this evidence agents targeting PI3K signaling have begun to be tested in clinical trials of pediatric cancer patients. Overall, targeting the PI3K pathway presents as a promising strategy for the treatment of pediatric CNS tumors. In this review we examine the genetic alterations found in the PI3K pathway in pediatric CNS tumors and the pathological role it plays, as well as summarizing the current pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the use of PI3K pathway inhibitors for the treatment of these tumors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen PNN, Choo KB, Huang CJ, Sugii S, Cheong SK, Kamarul T. miR-524-5p of the primate-specific C19MC miRNA cluster targets TP53IPN1- and EMT-associated genes to regulate cellular reprogramming. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:214. [PMID: 28962647 PMCID: PMC5622517 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Introduction of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) is able to ‘reprogram’ somatic cells to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to enhance reprogramming efficiency when co-expressed with the OSKM factors. The primate-specific chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) is essential in primate reproduction, development, and differentiation. miR-524-5p, a C19MC member, is highly homologous to the reprogramming miR-520d-5p; we also reported that miR-524-5p was expressed in iPSCs but not mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This study aimed to elucidate possible contributions of miR-524-5p to the reprogramming process. Methods A miR-524-5p precursor was introduced into human fibroblast HFF-1 in the presence of OSKM, and the relative number of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies that stained positively with alkaline phosphatase (AP) and Nanog were quantified to determine reprogramming efficiency. A miR-524-5p mimic was transfected to MSCs to investigate the effects of miR-524-5p on TP53INP1, ZEB2, and SMAD4 expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Direct gene targeting was confirmed by luciferase activity. A phylogenetic tree of TP53INP1 was constructed by the Clustal method. Contribution of miR-524-5p to cell proliferation and apoptosis was examined by cell counts, BrdU, MTT, and cell death assays, and pluripotency gene expression by real-time PCR. Results Co-expressing the miR-524 precursor with OSKM resulted in a two-fold significant increase in the number of AP- and Nanog-positive ESC-like colonies, indicating a role for miR-524-5p in reprogramming. The putative target, TP53INP1, showed an inverse expression relationship with miR-524-5p; direct TP53INP1 targeting was confirmed in luciferase assays. miR-524-5p-induced TP53INP1 downregulation enhanced cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and upregulated the expression of pluripotency genes, all of which are critical early events of the reprogramming process. Interestingly, the TP53INP1 gene may have co-evolved late with the primate-specific miR-524-5p. miR-524-5p also promoted mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), a required initial event of reprogramming, by directly targeting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, ZEB2 and SMAD4. Conclusions Via targeting TP53INP1, ZEB2, and SMAD4, miR-524-5p contributes to the early stage of inducing pluripotency by promoting cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, upregulating expression of pluripotency genes, and enhancing MET. Other C19MC miRNAs may have similar reprogramming functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0666-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phan Nguyen Nhi Nguyen
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Kong Bung Choo
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia. .,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
| | - Chiu-Jung Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium A*Star, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Keng Cheong
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group, National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neumann JE, Wefers AK, Lambo S, Bianchi E, Bockstaller M, Dorostkar MM, Meister V, Schindler P, Korshunov A, von Hoff K, Nowak J, Warmuth-Metz M, Schneider MR, Renner-Müller I, Merk DJ, Shakarami M, Sharma T, Chavez L, Glass R, Chan JA, Taketo MM, Neumann P, Kool M, Schüller U. A mouse model for embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes uncovers the therapeutic potential of Sonic-hedgehog inhibitors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1191-1202. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
32
|
Abedalthagafi M, Aldandan SW, Alrayis M, Ahmed AA. Lymph node metastasis of presacral ependymoblastoma in a young child. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 40:64-66. [PMID: 28215462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ependymoblastoma presenting outside the brain is rare in children. The overwhelming majority of presacral ependymal tumors are of the benign myxpapillary type. We present a case of ependymoblastoma in the presacral region of a four-year old child. The patient presented with a presacral mass and ipsilateral inguinal lymph node metastasis. Both masses revealed histologic and immunophenotypic features of ependymoblastoma associated with myxoid areas and high Ki-67 proliferation index. The masses were excised and the patient remained well for a year after diagnosis with no other therapy. This report emphasizes ependymoblastoma as rare entity in the differential diagnosis of presacral tumors in children and, up to our knowledge, the first report of inguinal lymph node metastasis of ependymoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- Research Center, Saudi Human Genome Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Sadeq W Aldandan
- Research Center, Saudi Human Genome Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alrayis
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaur H, Ali SZ, Huey L, Hütt-Cabezas M, Taylor I, Mao XG, Weingart M, Chu Q, Rodriguez FJ, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. The transcriptional modulator HMGA2 promotes stemness and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 377:55-64. [PMID: 27102002 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains a population of stem-like cells that promote tumor invasion and resistance to therapy. Identifying and targeting stem cell factors in GBM may lead to the development of more effective therapies. High Mobility Group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a transcriptional modulator that mediates motility and self-renewal in normal and cancer stem cells. We identified increased expression of HMGA2 in the majority of primary human GBM tumors and cell lines compared to normal brain. Additionally, HMGA2 expression was increased in CD133+ GBM neurosphere cells compared to CD133- cells. Targeting HMGA2 with lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) led to decreased GBM stemness, invasion, and tumorigenicity. Ectopic expression of HMGA2 in GBM cell lines promoted stemness, invasion, and tumorigenicity. Our data suggests that targeting HMGA2 in GBM may be therapeutically beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Room 11379, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sabeen Zulfiqar Ali
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lauren Huey
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marianne Hütt-Cabezas
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Room 11379, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Isabella Taylor
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Room 11379, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xing-Gang Mao
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Melanie Weingart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Qian Chu
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Room 11379, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Weingart MF, Roth JJ, Hutt-Cabezas M, Busse TM, Kaur H, Price A, Maynard R, Rubens J, Taylor I, Mao XG, Xu J, Kuwahara Y, Allen SJ, Erdreich-Epstein A, Weissman BE, Orr BA, Eberhart CG, Biegel JA, Raabe EH. Disrupting LIN28 in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors reveals the importance of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway as a therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3165-77. [PMID: 25638158 PMCID: PMC4413645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is among the most fatal of all pediatric brain tumors. Aside from loss of function mutations in the SMARCB1 (BAF47/INI1/SNF5) chromatin remodeling gene, little is known of other molecular drivers of AT/RT. LIN28A and LIN28B are stem cell factors that regulate thousands of RNAs and are expressed in aggressive cancers. We identified high-levels of LIN28A and LIN28B in AT/RT primary tumors and cell lines, with corresponding low levels of the LIN28-regulated microRNAs of the let-7 family. Knockdown of LIN28A by lentiviral shRNA in the AT/RT cell lines CHLA-06-ATRT and BT37 inhibited growth, cell proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis. Suppression of LIN28A in orthotopic xenograft models led to a more than doubling of median survival compared to empty vector controls (48 vs 115 days). LIN28A knockdown led to increased expression of let-7b and let-7g microRNAs and a down-regulation of KRAS mRNA. AT/RT primary tumors expressed increased mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway activity, and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) decreased AT/RT growth and increased apoptosis. These data implicate LIN28/RAS/MAP kinase as key drivers of AT/RT tumorigenesis and indicate that targeting this pathway may be a therapeutic option in this aggressive pediatric malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie F Weingart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marianne Hutt-Cabezas
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy M Busse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antoinette Price
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachael Maynard
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rubens
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabella Taylor
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xing-Gang Mao
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingying Xu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang H, Zhao Q, Deng K, Guo X, Xia J. Lin28: an emerging important oncogene connecting several aspects of cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:2841-8. [PMID: 26762415 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding protein Lin28 was originally found as a heterochronic gene which played a significant role in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans. The tumor suppressor let-7 is a downstream target of Lin28, which has a wide variety of target genes which are involved in many aspects of cellular activities. By inhibition of let-7 and directly binding the target RNAs, Lin28 plays an important role in different biological and pathological processes including differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, pluripotency, and tumorigenesis. Overexpression of Lin28 has been reported in several kinds of cancers and is correlated with poor outcomes. It has been shown that Lin28 could affect the progression of cancers in several ways, such as promoting proliferation, increasing glucose metabolism, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells. Decrease of Lin28 expression or reactivation of let-7 in cancer cells could induce a reverse effect, indicating their therapeutic values in developing novel strategies for cancer treatment. Here, we will overview the regulatory mechanisms and functions of Lin28 in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tissue Factor Regulation by miR-520g in Primitive Neuronal Brain Tumor Cells: A Possible Link between Oncomirs and the Vascular Tumor Microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:446-59. [PMID: 26687818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric embryonal brain tumors with multilayered rosettes demonstrate a unique oncogenic amplification of the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster, C19MC. Because oncogenic lesions often cause deregulation of vascular effectors, including procoagulant tissue factor (TF), this study explores whether there is a link between C19MC oncogenic miRNAs (oncomirs) and the coagulant properties of cancer cells, a question previously not studied. In a pediatric embryonal brain tumor tissue microarray, we observed an association between C19MC amplification and reduced fibrin content and TF expression, indicative of reduced procoagulant activity. In medulloblastoma cell lines (DAOY and UW228) engineered to express miR-520g, a biologically active constituent of the C19MC cluster, we observed reduced TF expression, procoagulant and TF signaling activities (responses to factor VIIa stimulation), and diminished TF emission as cargo of extracellular vesicles. Antimir and luciferase reporter assays revealed a specific and direct effect of miR-520g on the TF 3' untranslated region. Although the endogenous MIR520G locus is methylated in differentiated cells, exposure of DAOY cells to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or their growth as stem cell-like spheres up-regulated endogenous miR-520g with a coincident reduction in TF expression. We propose that the properties of tumors harboring oncomirs may include unique alterations of the vascular microenvironment, including deregulation of TF, with a possible impact on the biology, therapy, and hemostatic adverse effects of both disease progression and treatment.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gajjar A, Bowers DC, Karajannis MA, Leary S, Witt H, Gottardo NG. Pediatric Brain Tumors: Innovative Genomic Information Is Transforming the Diagnostic and Clinical Landscape. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2986-98. [PMID: 26304884 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.9217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neuro-oncology has undergone an exciting and dramatic transformation during the past 5 years. This article summarizes data from collaborative group and institutional trials that have advanced the science of pediatric brain tumors and survival of patients with these tumors. Advanced genomic analysis of the entire spectrum of pediatric brain tumors has heralded an era in which stakeholders in the pediatric neuro-oncology community are being challenged to reconsider their current research and diagnostic and treatment strategies. The incorporation of this new information into the next-generation treatment protocols will unleash new challenges. This review succinctly summarizes the key advances in our understanding of the common pediatric brain tumors (ie, medulloblastoma, low- and high-grade gliomas, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and ependymoma) and some selected rare tumors (ie, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor and CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor). The potential impact of this new information on future clinical protocols also is discussed. Cutting-edge genomics technologies and the information gained from such studies are facilitating the identification of molecularly defined subgroups within patients with particular pediatric brain tumors. The number of evaluable patients in each subgroup is small, particularly in the subgroups of rare diseases. Therefore, international collaboration will be crucial to draw meaningful conclusions about novel approaches to treating pediatric brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Gajjar
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Daniel C Bowers
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Leary
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Daniel C. Bowers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Matthias A. Karajannis, New York University (NYU) Perlmutter Cancer Center and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Sarah Leary, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Hendrik Witt, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Nicholas G. Gottardo, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Embryonal brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that primarily occur in infants and young children. They are highly cellular tumors with brisk mitotic activity, and they share a propensity for dissemination throughout the neuroaxis. Emerging molecular data enable improved diagnostic and prognostic discrimination for these tumors. Because of their aggressive potential, they are treated similarly with multimodality therapy including maximal safe resection, chemotherapy, and age- and risk-adapted radiotherapy. Craniospinal irradiation is commonly used in the treatment of these patients, especially in those older than 3 years. Because proton therapy allows for increased sparing of the anterior structures in craniospinal irradiation, there is a particular interest in using proton therapy to treat these young patients. For very young patients treated with focal fields only, proton therapy also decreases unnecessary radiation exposure to uninvolved intracranial structures. It is hoped that the use of proton therapy for these vulnerable patients will translate into decreased long-term neurocognitive, endocrine, vascular, and developmental effects, in addition to a decreased risk of second malignancies. This review describes the role of radiation in general and proton therapy in particular for the treatment of medulloblastoma, central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and the recently described embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang M, Sun D, Li S, Pan X, Zhang X, Zhu D, Li C, Zhang R, Gao E, Wang H. Lin28a protects against cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic mice through the insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1174-82. [PMID: 25688987 PMCID: PMC4459833 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway exhibits a variety of cardiovascular activities including protection against I/R injury. Lin28a enhanced glucose uptake and insulin-sensitivity via insulin-PI3K-mTOR signalling pathway. However, the role of lin28a on experimental cardiac I/R injury in diabetic mice are not well understood. Diabetic mice underwent 30 min. of ischaemia followed by 3 hrs of reperfusion. Animals were randomized to be treated with lentivirus carrying lin28a siRNA (siLin28a) or lin28a cDNA (Lin28a) 72 hrs before coronary artery ligation. Myocardial infarct size (IS), cardiac function, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondria morphology in diabetic mice who underwent cardiac I/R injury were compared between groups. The target proteins of lin28a were examined by western blot analysis. Lin28a overexpression significantly reduced myocardial IS, improved LV ejection fraction (LVEF), decreased myocardial apoptotic index and alleviated mitochondria cristae destruction in diabetic mice underwent cardiac I/R injury. Lin28a knockdown exacerbated cardiac I/R injury as demonstrated by increased IS, decreased LVEF, increased apoptotic index and aggravated mitochondria cristae destruction. Interestingly, pre-treatment with rapamycin abolished the beneficial effects of lin28a overexpression. Lin28a overexpression increased, while Lin28a knockdown decreased the expression of IGF1R, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70s6k after cardiac I/R injury in diabetic mice. Rapamycin pre-treatment abolished the effects of increased p-mTOR and p-p70s6k expression exerted by lin28a overexpression. This study indicates that lin28a overexpression reduces IS, improves cardiac function, decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis index and alleviates cardiomyocyte mitochondria impairment after cardiac I/R injury in diabetic mice. The mechanism responsible for the effects of lin28a is associated with the insulin-PI3K-mTOR dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xietian Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nowak J, Seidel C, Pietsch T, Alkonyi B, Fuss TL, Friedrich C, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Warmuth-Metz M. Systematic comparison of MRI findings in pediatric ependymoblastoma with ependymoma and CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor not otherwise specified. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1157-65. [PMID: 25916887 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymoblastoma (EBL), ependymoma (EP), and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system not otherwise specified (CNS-PNET NOS) are pediatric brain tumors that can be differentiated by histopathology in the clinical setting. Recently, we described specific MRI features of EBL. In this study, we compare standardized MRI characteristics of EBL with EP and CNS-PNET NOS in a series comprising 22 patients in each group. METHODS All 66 centrally reviewed cases were obtained from the database of the German multicenter HIT trials. We systematically analyzed the initial MRI scans at diagnosis according to standardized criteria, and paired comparison was performed for EBL and EP, as well as for EBL and CNS-PNET NOS. RESULTS We found differences between EBL and EP regarding age at diagnosis, MR signal intensity, tumor margin and surrounding edema, presence and size of cysts, and contrast enhancement pattern. Although MRI appearance of EBL shares many features with CNS-PNET NOS, we revealed significant differences in terms of age at diagnosis, tumor volume and localization, tumor margins, edema, and contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION This is the first study that systematically compares multiple parameters of MRI in pediatric EBL with findings in EP and CNS-PNET NOS. Although a definite differentiation by means of MRI alone might not be feasible in the individual case, we identify significant differences between these tumor entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nowak
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Carolin Seidel
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Balint Alkonyi
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Taylor Laura Fuss
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Carsten Friedrich
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| | - Monika Warmuth-Metz
- Reference Center for Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N., C.S., B.A., M.W.-M.); Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (J.N.); Department of Radiology, Pathology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (C.S., T.L.F.); Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany (T.P.); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.); Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Braoudaki M, Lambrou GI. MicroRNAs in pediatric central nervous system embryonal neoplasms: the known unknown. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:6. [PMID: 25652781 PMCID: PMC4333163 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that repress post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, while embryonal central nervous system tumors are the foremost cause of mortality in children suffering from a neoplasm. MiRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms are new to understand, while pediatric CNS tumors are difficult to comprehend. Therefore, identification of the link between them composes a major scientific challenge. The present study, reviewed the current knowledge on the role of miRNA in pediatric CNS embryonal tumors, attempting to collect the existing information in one piece of work that could ideally be used as a guide for future reference and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Braoudaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece. .,University Research Institute for the Study and Treatment of Childhood Genetic and Malignant Diseases, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nobusawa S, Orimo K, Horiguchi K, Ikota H, Yokoo H, Hirato J, Nakazato Y. Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes with only one structure suggestive of an ependymoblastic rosette. Pathol Int 2014; 64:472-7. [PMID: 25186165 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) is a very aggressive embryonal central nervous system (CNS) tumor, histologically featuring ependymoblastic rosettes and neuronal differentiation in a neuropil-like background. 19q13.42 amplification was identified in ETANTR and epndymoblastoma, suggesting that these tumors constitute a single entity, called embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR). Here, we report a case involving a 2-year-old boy with a pontine embryonal tumor composed of clusters of poorly differentiated neuroepithelial cells, and smaller neuroblastic/neurocytic cells in a fibrillary and paucicellular neuropil-like matrix, where clear ependymoblastic rosettes were not detected but only one structure suggestive of an ependymoblastic multilayered rosette was found. Fluorescence in situ hybridazation analysis revealed 19q13.42 amplification, supporting the diagnosis of ETANTR. This report indicates that rare ependymoblasic rosettes found in embryonal tumors, which are otherwise CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors or medulloblastomas, are significant for considering the examination of 19q13.42 amplification to confirm the diagnosis of ETMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sin-Chan P, Huang A. DNMTs as potential therapeutic targets in high-risk pediatric embryonal brain tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1103-7. [PMID: 25142793 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.938052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, which are the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in children, span a wide spectrum of diseases with distinct clinical phenotypes but may share remarkably similar morphologic features. Until recently, few molecular markers of childhood brain tumors have been identified, which has limited therapeutic advances. Recent global genomic studies have enabled robust molecular classification of childhood brain tumors and the identification and consolidation of rare, seemingly disparate clinical entities. It is now increasingly evident that deregulation of epigenetic processes contributes substantially to heterogeneity in tumor phenotypes and comprise significant drivers of cancer initiation and progression. Specifically, DNA hypermethylation and silencing of critical tumor suppressor genes by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) has emerged as an important and fundamental mechanism in brain tumor pathogenesis. These observations have been underscored by the recent discovery of TTYH1-C19MC gene fusions in an aggressive pediatric embryonal brain tumor, which results in deregulation and increased expression of a neural-specific DNMT3B isoform in C19MC-associated brain tumors. Our observations that pharmacological inhibitors of DNMTs and histone deacetylases significantly inhibit growth of cells derived from C19MC-associated tumors indicate targeting of epigenomic modifiers as a novel therapeutic approach for these highly treatment-resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sin-Chan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Cell Biology , 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8 , Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wesseling P. Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR): signed, sealed, delivered …. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:305-8. [PMID: 25012402 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Spence T, Sin-Chan P, Picard D, Barszczyk M, Hoss K, Lu M, Kim SK, Ra YS, Nakamura H, Fangusaro J, Hwang E, Kiehna E, Toledano H, Wang Y, Shi Q, Johnston D, Michaud J, La Spina M, Buccoliero AM, Adamek D, Camelo-Piragua S, Peter Collins V, Jones C, Kabbara N, Jurdi N, Varlet P, Perry A, Scharnhorst D, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Eberhart CG, Ng HK, Gururangan S, Van Meter T, Remke M, Lafay-Cousin L, Chan JA, Sirachainan N, Pomeroy SL, Clifford SC, Gajjar A, Shago M, Halliday W, Taylor MD, Grundy R, Lau CC, Phillips J, Bouffet E, Dirks PB, Hawkins CE, Huang A. CNS-PNETs with C19MC amplification and/or LIN28 expression comprise a distinct histogenetic diagnostic and therapeutic entity. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:291-303. [PMID: 24839957 PMCID: PMC4159569 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the C19MC oncogenic miRNA cluster and high LIN28 expression has been linked to a distinctly aggressive group of cerebral CNS-PNETs (group 1 CNS-PNETs) arising in young children. In this study, we sought to evaluate the diagnostic specificity of C19MC and LIN28, and the clinical and biological spectra of C19MC amplified and/or LIN28+ CNS-PNETs. We interrogated 450 pediatric brain tumors using FISH and IHC analyses and demonstrate that C19MC alteration is restricted to a sub-group of CNS-PNETs with high LIN28 expression; however, LIN28 immunopositivity was not exclusive to CNS-PNETs but was also detected in a proportion of other malignant pediatric brain tumors including rhabdoid brain tumors and malignant gliomas. C19MC amplified/LIN28+ group 1 CNS-PNETs arose predominantly in children <4 years old; a majority arose in the cerebrum but 24 % (13/54) of tumors had extra-cerebral origins. Notably, group 1 CNS-PNETs encompassed several histologic classes including embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR), medulloepithelioma, ependymoblastoma and CNS-PNETs with variable differentiation. Strikingly, gene expression and methylation profiling analyses revealed a common molecular signature enriched for primitive neural features, high LIN28/LIN28B and DNMT3B expression for all group 1 CNS-PNETs regardless of location or tumor histology. Our collective findings suggest that current known histologic categories of CNS-PNETs which include ETANTRs, medulloepitheliomas, ependymoblastomas in various CNS locations, comprise a common molecular and diagnostic entity and identify inhibitors of the LIN28/let7/PI3K/mTOR axis and DNMT3B as promising therapeutics for this distinct histogenetic entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Spence
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Patrick Sin-Chan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
| | - Mark Barszczyk
- Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Katharina Hoss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Eugene Hwang
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Erin Kiehna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Helen Toledano
- Oncology Department, Schneider Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donna Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Milena La Spina
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Division, University of Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | | | - Dariusz Adamek
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Chris Jones
- Department of Paediatric Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Nabil Kabbara
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nawaf Jurdi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Medical and Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, University Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - David Scharnhorst
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Central California, Madera, CA USA
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Karin M. Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Division of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Physiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Timothy Van Meter
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Nongnuch Sirachainan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Scott L. Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA USA
| | - Steven C. Clifford
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Neuro-oncology Division, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - William Halliday
- Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Richard Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumor Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ching C. Lau
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joanna Phillips
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
| | - Peter B. Dirks
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Cynthia E. Hawkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan CRL,686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, 179712, Toronto, ON M5G0A4 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adamski J, Ramaswamy V, Huang A, Bouffet E. Advances in managing medulloblastoma and intracranial primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:56. [PMID: 25184046 PMCID: PMC4108954 DOI: 10.12703/p6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma and central nervous system (CNS)-primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors (PNETs) are a diverse group of entities which encompasses different pathological and clinical pictures. Initially divided based on histology and location, molecular insight is leading to new definitions and a change in the borders delineating these diseases, such that they become more divergent. Current treatment approaches consist of surgical resection, radiotherapy and intensive chemotherapy, dependent on age. Stratification is one risk factor shown to be prognostic and is divided into high- and average-risks. Outcomes with modern treatment regimens are good, particularly in average-risk medulloblastoma patients, but the cost of cure is high, with high rates of neurocognitive, endocrine and social dysfunction. The changing biological landscape, however, may allow for clearer prediction of tumor behavior, to better identify "good" and "bad" players within these groups. Discovery of subgroups with changes in dependent molecular pathways will also lead to the development of new specific targeted therapies. Presenting exciting opportunities, these advances may transform the treatment for some patients, revolutionizing therapy in the future. Several challenges, however, are yet to be faced and caution is needed not to abandon previously defined prognostic factors on the strength of thus far retrospective evidence. We are witnessing a new era of trials with biological stratification involving multiple subgroups and treatment arms, based on specific tumor-related targets. This review discusses the changing face of medulloblastoma and CNS-PNETs and how we move molecular advances into clinical trials that benefit patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Adamski
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children555 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Brain Tumour Research Centre, TMDT101 College St., 11-701 Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children555 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Brain Tumour Research Centre, TMDT101 College St., 11-701 Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children555 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8Canada
| |
Collapse
|