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Zhang H, Zhong L, Wang M, Wan P, Chu X, Chen S, Zhou Z, Shao X, Liu B. p110CUX1 promotes acute myeloid leukemia progression via regulating pyridoxal phosphatase expression and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2024. [PMID: 38994801 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) plays crucial roles in embryonic and nervous system development, cell differentiation, and DNA damage repair. One of its major isoforms, p110CUX1, exhibits stable DNA binding capabilities and contributes to the regulation of cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and invasion. While p110CUX1 has been implicated in the progression of various malignant tumors, its involvement in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains uncertain. This study aims to elucidate the role of p110CUX1 in AML. Our findings reveal heightened expression levels of both p110CUX1 and pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP) in AML cell lines. Overexpression of p110CUX1 promotes AML cell proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis and differentiation, whereas knockdown of PDXP yields contrasting effects. Mechanistically, p110CUX1 appears to facilitate AML development by upregulating PDXP expression and activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Animal experimental corroborate the pro-AML effect of p110CUX1. These results provide experimental evidence supporting the involvement of the p110CUX1-PDXP-PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis in AML progression. Hence, targeting p110CUX1 may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang M, Zhong L, Zhang H, Wan P, Chu X, Shao X, Chen S, Zhou Z, Yu L, Liu B. p200CUX1-regulated BMP8B inhibits the progression of acute myeloid leukemia via the MAPK signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2024; 41:166. [PMID: 38819709 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The full-length p200CUX1 protein encoded by the homology frame CUT-like protein (CUX1) plays an important role in tumors as a pro-oncogene or oncogene. However, its role and mechanism in acute myeloid leukemia remain unknown. p200CUX1 regulates several pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway. Our data showed that p200CUX1 is lowly expressed in THP1 and U937 AML cell lines. Lentiviral overexpression of p200CUX1 reduced proliferation and promoted apoptosis and G0/G1 phase blockade, correlating with MAPK pathway suppression. Additionally, p200CUX1 regulated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 8B (BMP8B), which is overexpressed in AML. Overexpression of p200CUX1 downregulated BMP8B expression and inhibited the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, BMP8B knockdown inhibited AML cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis and the sensitivity of ATRA-induced cell differentiation, and blocked G0/G1 transition. Our findings demonstrate the pivotal function of the p200CUX1-BMP8B-MAPK axis in maintaining the viability of AML cells. Consequently, targeting p200CUX1 could represent a viable strategy in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Vickridge E, Faraco CCF, Lo F, Rahimian H, Liu Z, Tehrani P, Djerir B, Ramdzan ZM, Leduy L, Maréchal A, Gingras AC, Nepveu A. The function of BCL11B in base excision repair contributes to its dual role as an oncogene and a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:223-242. [PMID: 37956270 PMCID: PMC10783527 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in mice and human cancers established BCL11B as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. Paradoxically, BCL11B is overexpressed in some human cancers where its knockdown is synthetic lethal. We identified the BCL11B protein in a proximity-dependent biotinylation screen performed with the DNA glycosylase NTHL1. In vitro DNA repair assays demonstrated that both BCL11B and a small recombinant BCL11B213-560 protein lacking transcription regulation potential can stimulate the enzymatic activities of two base excision repair (BER) enzymes: NTHL1 and Pol β. In cells, BCL11B is rapidly recruited to sites of DNA damage caused by laser microirradiation. BCL11B knockdown delays, whereas ectopic expression of BCL11B213-560 accelerates, the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Inactivation of one BCL11B allele in TK6 lymphoblastoid cells causes an increase in spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation rates. In turn, ectopic expression of BCL11B213-560 cooperates with the RAS oncogene in cell transformation by reducing DNA damage and cellular senescence. These findings indicate that BCL11B functions as a BER accessory factor, safeguarding normal cells from acquiring mutations. Paradoxically, it also enables the survival of cancer cells that would otherwise undergo senescence or apoptosis due to oxidative DNA damage resulting from the elevated production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Camila C F Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Fanny Lo
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Hedyeh Rahimian
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Zi Yang Liu
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Payman S Tehrani
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Department of Biology and Cancer Research Institute, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zubaidah M Ramdzan
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Lam Leduy
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Department of Biology and Cancer Research Institute, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Yadav V, Mishra R, Das P, Arya R. Cut homeodomain transcription factor is a novel regulator of growth and morphogenesis of cortex glia niche around neural cells. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad173. [PMID: 37751321 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortex glia in Drosophila central nervous system form a niche around neural cells for necessary signals to establish cross talk with their surroundings. These cells grow and expand their thin processes around neural cell bodies. Although essential for the development and function of the nervous system, how these cells make extensive and intricate connected networks remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that Cut, a homeodomain transcription factor, directly regulates the fate of the cortex glia, impacting neural stem cell (NSC) homeostasis. Focusing on the thoracic ventral nerve cord, we found that Cut is required for the normal growth and development of cortex glia and timely increase in DNA content through endocycle to later divide via acytokinetic mitosis. Knockdown of Cut in cortex glia significantly reduces the growth of cellular processes, the network around NSCs, and their progeny's cell bodies. Conversely, overexpression of Cut induces overall growth of the main processes at the expense of side ones. Whereas the Cut knockdown slows down the timely increase of DNA, the Cut overexpression results in a significant increase in nuclear size and volume and a 3-fold increase in DNA content of cortex glia. Further, we note that constitutively high Cut also interfered with nuclei separation during acytokinetic mitosis. Since the cortex glia form syncytial networks around neural cells, the finding identifies Cut as a novel regulator of glial growth and variant cell cycles to support a functional nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ramkrishna Mishra
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Papri Das
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Richa Arya
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Leyva-Díaz E. CUT homeobox genes: transcriptional regulation of neuronal specification and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1233830. [PMID: 37744879 PMCID: PMC10515288 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1233830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CUT homeobox genes represent a captivating gene class fulfilling critical functions in the development and maintenance of multiple cell types across a wide range of organisms. They belong to the larger group of homeobox genes, which encode transcription factors responsible for regulating gene expression patterns during development. CUT homeobox genes exhibit two distinct and conserved DNA binding domains, a homeodomain accompanied by one or more CUT domains. Numerous studies have shown the involvement of CUT homeobox genes in diverse developmental processes such as body axis formation, organogenesis, tissue patterning and neuronal specification. They govern these processes by exerting control over gene expression through their transcriptional regulatory activities, which they accomplish by a combination of classic and unconventional interactions with the DNA. Intriguingly, apart from their roles as transcriptional regulators, they also serve as accessory factors in DNA repair pathways through protein-protein interactions. They are highly conserved across species, highlighting their fundamental importance in developmental biology. Remarkably, evolutionary analysis has revealed that CUT homeobox genes have experienced an extraordinary degree of rearrangements and diversification compared to other classes of homeobox genes, including the emergence of a novel gene family in vertebrates. Investigating the functions and regulatory networks of CUT homeobox genes provides significant understanding into the molecular mechanisms underlying embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, aberrant expression or mutations in CUT homeobox genes have been associated with various human diseases, highlighting their relevance beyond developmental processes. This review will overview the well known roles of CUT homeobox genes in nervous system development, as well as their functions in other tissues across phylogeny.
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Vickridge E, Faraco CCF, Tehrani PS, Ramdzan ZM, Djerir B, Rahimian H, Leduy L, Maréchal A, Gingras AC, Nepveu A. The DNA repair function of BCL11A suppresses senescence and promotes continued proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac028. [PMID: 36186110 PMCID: PMC9516615 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified the BCL11A protein in a proximity-dependent biotinylation screen performed with the DNA glycosylase NTHL1. In vitro, DNA repair assays demonstrate that both BCL11A and a small recombinant BCL11A160-520 protein that is devoid of DNA binding and transcription regulatory domains can stimulate the enzymatic activities of two base excision repair enzymes: NTHL1 and DNA Pol β. Increased DNA repair efficiency, in particular of the base excision repair pathway, is essential for many cancer cells to proliferate in the presence of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cancer-associated metabolic changes. BCL11A is highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) where its knockdown was reported to reduce clonogenicity and cause tumour regression. We show that BCL11A knockdown in TNBC cells delays repair of oxidative DNA damage, increases the number of oxidized bases and abasic sites in genomic DNA, slows down proliferation and induces cellular senescence. These phenotypes are rescued by ectopic expression of the short BCL11A160-520 protein. We further show that the BCL11A160-520 protein accelerates the repair of oxidative DNA damage and cooperates with RAS in cell transformation assays, thereby enabling cells to avoid senescence and continue to proliferate in the presence of high ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Camila C F Faraco
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Payman S Tehrani
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zubaidah M Ramdzan
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hedyeh Rahimian
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Lam Leduy
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 514 398 5839; Fax: +1 514 398 6769;
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Vickridge E, Faraco CCF, Nepveu A. Base excision repair accessory factors in senescence avoidance and resistance to treatments. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:703-720. [PMID: 36176767 PMCID: PMC9511810 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells, in which the RAS and PI3K pathways are activated, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative DNA damage and ultimately cellular senescence. This process has been documented in tissue culture, mouse models, and human pre-cancerous lesions. In this context, cellular senescence functions as a tumour suppressor mechanism. Some rare cancer cells, however, manage to adapt to avoid senescence and continue to proliferate. One well-documented mode of adaptation involves increased production of antioxidants often associated with inactivation of the KEAP1 tumour suppressor gene and the resulting upregulation of the NRF2 transcription factor. In this review, we detail an alternative mode of adaptation to oxidative DNA damage induced by ROS: the increased activity of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, achieved through the enhanced expression of BER enzymes and DNA repair accessory factors. These proteins, exemplified here by the CUT domain proteins CUX1, CUX2, and SATB1, stimulate the activity of BER enzymes. The ensued accelerated repair of oxidative DNA damage enables cancer cells to avoid senescence despite high ROS levels. As a by-product of this adaptation, these cancer cells exhibit increased resistance to genotoxic treatments including ionizing radiation, temozolomide, and cisplatin. Moreover, considering the intrinsic error rate associated with DNA repair and translesion synthesis, the elevated number of oxidative DNA lesions caused by high ROS leads to the accumulation of mutations in the cancer cell population, thereby contributing to tumour heterogeneity and eventually to the acquisition of resistance, a major obstacle to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Camila C. F. Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Hindi NN, Elsakrmy N, Ramotar D. The base excision repair process: comparison between higher and lower eukaryotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7943-7965. [PMID: 34734296 PMCID: PMC11071731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The base excision repair (BER) pathway is essential for maintaining the stability of DNA in all organisms and defects in this process are associated with life-threatening diseases. It is involved in removing specific types of DNA lesions that are induced by both exogenous and endogenous genotoxic substances. BER is a multi-step mechanism that is often initiated by the removal of a damaged base leading to a genotoxic intermediate that is further processed before the reinsertion of the correct nucleotide and the restoration of the genome to a stable structure. Studies in human and yeast cells, as well as fruit fly and nematode worms, have played important roles in identifying the components of this conserved DNA repair pathway that maintains the integrity of the eukaryotic genome. This review will focus on the components of base excision repair, namely, the DNA glycosylases, the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases, the DNA polymerase, and the ligases, as well as other protein cofactors. Functional insights into these conserved proteins will be provided from humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans, and the implications of genetic polymorphisms and knockouts of the corresponding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Nafiz Hindi
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noha Elsakrmy
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188616. [PMID: 34419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-choice alkylating agent inducted as a gold standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma. A majority of patients do not respond to TMZ during the course of their treatment. Activation of DNA repair pathways is the principal mechanism for this phenomenon that detaches TMZ-induced O-6-methylguanine adducts and restores genomic integrity. Current understanding in the domain of oncology adds several other novel mechanisms of resistance such as the involvement of miRNAs, drug efflux transporters, gap junction's activity, the advent of glioma stem cells as well as upregulation of cell survival autophagy. This review describes a multifaceted account of different mechanisms responsible for the intrinsic and acquired TMZ-resistance. Here, we summarize different strategies that intensify the TMZ effect such as MGMT inhibition, development of novel imidazotetrazine analog, and combination therapy; with an aim to incorporate a successful treatment and increased overall survival in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhitij Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ramdzan ZM, Vickridge E, Faraco CCF, Nepveu A. CUT Domain Proteins in DNA Repair and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122953. [PMID: 34204734 PMCID: PMC8231510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic integrity is ensured by complex groups of proteins involved in DNA repair. In particular, base damage is repaired by enzymes of the base excision repair pathway. Recent studies have revealed that some transcription factors can function as accessory factors that stimulate the enzymatic activities of these DNA repair enzymes. It is well known that defects in DNA repair mechanisms cause the accumulation of changes in DNA, called mutations, that increase the possibility that cells become tumorigenic. Paradoxically, once they have emerged certain cancer cells are acutely dependent on the heightened activities of base excision repair enzymes because their metabolism generates highly reactive molecules that cause multiple types of damage to bases. In this context, the function of accessory factors becomes essential to cancer cell survival. As a by-product of this adaptation, cancer cells become more resistant to therapies that cause DNA damage, such as chemotherapy and radiation. Abstract Recent studies revealed that CUT domains function as accessory factors that accelerate DNA repair by stimulating the enzymatic activities of the base excision repair enzymes OGG1, APE1, and DNA pol β. Strikingly, the role of CUT domain proteins in DNA repair is exploited by cancer cells to facilitate their survival. Cancer cells in which the RAS pathway is activated produce an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, if not counterbalanced by increased production of antioxidants, causes sustained oxidative DNA damage and, ultimately, cell senescence. These cancer cells can adapt by increasing their capacity to repair oxidative DNA damage in part through elevated expression of CUT domain proteins such as CUX1, CUX2, or SATB1. In particular, CUX1 overexpression was shown to cooperate with RAS in the formation of mammary and lung tumors in mice. Conversely, knockdown of CUX1, CUX2, or SATB1 was found to be synthetic lethal in cancer cells exhibiting high ROS levels as a consequence of activating mutations in KRAS, HRAS, BRAF, or EGFR. Importantly, as a byproduct of their adaptation, cancer cells that overexpress CUT domain proteins exhibit increased resistance to genotoxic treatments such as ionizing radiation, temozolomide, and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah M. Ramdzan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (Z.M.R.); (E.V.); (C.C.F.F.)
| | - Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (Z.M.R.); (E.V.); (C.C.F.F.)
| | - Camila C. F. Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (Z.M.R.); (E.V.); (C.C.F.F.)
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (Z.M.R.); (E.V.); (C.C.F.F.)
- Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Departments of Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +514-398-5839; Fax: +514-398-6769
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11
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The APEX1/miRNA-27a-5p axis plays key roles in progression, metastasis and targeted chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120446. [PMID: 33675923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) presents a challenge for conventional therapeutics due to low targeting specificity and subsequent elicitation of multiple drug resistance (MDR). As an essential enzyme for DNA repair, apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1) exhibits multiple functions to affect cancer malignancy and is excessively expressed in GC. However, the roles APEX1 and its inhibitor miR-27a-5p play in modulating GC progression and MDR development remains unclear. Here, we verified APEX1 as a target of miR-27a-5p and subsequently established the APEX1-deleted SGC-7901 cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. The roles of the APEX1/miR-27a-5p axis in GC progression, metastasis and doxorubicin (DOX) resistance were explored by the targeted chemotherapy facilitated by a GC-specific peptide (GP5) functionalized liposomal drug delivery formulation (GP5/Lipo/DOX/miR-27a-5p). The results showed that APEX1 deletion distinctly attenuated cell growth and metastatic properties in GC, and also sensitized GC cells to DOX. Notably, miR-27a-5p was validated as a suppressor of APEX1-dependent GC development and DOX resistance by a RAS/MEK/FOS and PTEN/AKT/SMAD2 pathway-dependent manner. The altered expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signatures and signal pathway proteins in the APEX1-deleted cells implied that APEX1 potentially enhances DOX resistance of GC cells by altering the regulation of MAPK and AKT pathways, leading to compromised efficacy of chemotherapy or by initiating additional DNA damage response pathways. Taken together, these findings revealed that as a novel therapeutic target, APEX1/miR-27a-5p axis plays essential roles in modulating the GC development and MDR, and the GC targeted drug delivery formulation presents a strategic reference for the future designation of chemotherapeutics study.
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12
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Ramdzan ZM, Vickridge E, Li L, Faraco CCF, Djerir B, Leduy L, Maréchal A, Nepveu A. CUT Domains Stimulate Pol β Enzymatic Activities to Accelerate Completion of Base Excision Repair. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166806. [PMID: 33450246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The full-length CUX1 protein isoform was previously shown to function as an auxiliary factor in base excision repair (BER). Specifically, CUT domains within CUX1 stimulate the enzymatic activities of the OGG1 DNA glycosylase and APE1 endonuclease. Moreover, ectopic expression of CUX1 or CUT domains increased the resistance of cancer cells to treatments that cause oxidative DNA damage and mono-alkylation of bases. Stimulation of OGG1 AP/lyase and APE1 endonuclease activities, however, cannot explain how CUT domains confer resistance to these treatments since these enzymes produce DNA single-strand breaks that are highly toxic to cells. In the present study, we show that CUT domains stimulate the polymerase and deoxyribose phosphate (dRP)-lyase activities of DNA polymerase β to promote BER completion. In agreement with these results, CUX1 knockdown decreases BER completion in cell extracts and causes an increase in the number of abasic sites in genomic DNA following temozolomide treatment. We also show that CUT domains stimulate bypass of intrastrand G-crosslinks by Pol β in vitro, while the resistance of cancer cells to cisplatin treatment is reduced by CUX1 knockdown but restored by ectopic expression of CUT domains. Altogether our results establish CUX1 as an important auxiliary factor that stimulates multiple steps of base excision repair, from the recognition and removal of altered bases to the addition of new nucleotides and removal of 5'-deoxyribose phosphate required for ligation and BER completion. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed correlation between CUX1 expression and the resistance of cancer cells to genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah M Ramdzan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Elise Vickridge
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Camila C F Faraco
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Department of Biology, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lam Leduy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Department of Biology, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Medicine, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Oncology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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13
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Fuentes-Fayos AC, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Bejarano L, Pedraza-Arévalo S, L-López F, Blanco-Acevedo C, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Reyes O, Ventura S, Solivera J, Breunig JJ, Blasco MA, Gahete MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Splicing machinery dysregulation drives glioblastoma development/aggressiveness: oncogenic role of SRSF3. Brain 2020; 143:3273-3293. [PMID: 33141183 PMCID: PMC7904102 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas remain the deadliest brain tumour, with a dismal ∼12–16-month survival from diagnosis. Therefore, identification of new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools to tackle glioblastomas is urgently needed. Emerging evidence indicates that the cellular machinery controlling the splicing process (spliceosome) is altered in tumours, leading to oncogenic splicing events associated with tumour progression and aggressiveness. Here, we identify for the first time a profound dysregulation in the expression of relevant spliceosome components and splicing factors (at mRNA and protein levels) in well characterized cohorts of human high-grade astrocytomas, mostly glioblastomas, compared to healthy brain control samples, being SRSF3, RBM22, PTBP1 and RBM3 able to perfectly discriminate between tumours and control samples, and between proneural-like or mesenchymal-like tumours versus control samples from different mouse models with gliomas. Results were confirmed in four additional and independent human cohorts. Silencing of SRSF3, RBM22, PTBP1 and RBM3 decreased aggressiveness parameters in vitro (e.g. proliferation, migration, tumorsphere-formation, etc.) and induced apoptosis, especially SRSF3. Remarkably, SRSF3 was correlated with patient survival and relevant tumour markers, and its silencing in vivo drastically decreased tumour development and progression, likely through a molecular/cellular mechanism involving PDGFRB and associated oncogenic signalling pathways (PI3K-AKT/ERK), which may also involve the distinct alteration of alternative splicing events of specific transcription factors controlling PDGFRB (i.e. TP73). Altogether, our results demonstrate a drastic splicing machinery-associated molecular dysregulation in glioblastomas, which could potentially be considered as a source of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for glioblastomas. Remarkably, SRSF3 is directly associated with glioblastoma development, progression, aggressiveness and patient survival and represents a novel potential therapeutic target to tackle this devastating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Leire Bejarano
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Oscar Reyes
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Ventura
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Center for Neural Sciences in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - María A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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14
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Distinct clinical and biological implications of CUX1 in myeloid neoplasms. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2164-2178. [PMID: 31320321 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations of the CUT-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) gene (CUX1 MT) can be found in myeloid neoplasms (MNs), in particular, in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). The CUX1 locus is also deleted in 3 of 4 MN cases with -7/del(7q). A cohort of 1480 MN patients was used to characterize clinical features and clonal hierarchy associated with CUX1 MT and CUX1 deletions (CUX1 DEL) and to analyze their functional consequences in vitro. CUX1 MT were present in 4% of chronic MNs. CUX1 DEL were preferentially found in advanced cases (6%). Most MDS and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with -7/del(7q) and up to 15% of MDS patients and 5% of AML patients diploid for the CUX1 locus exhibited downmodulated CUX1 expression. In 75% of mutant cases, CUX1 MT were heterozygous, whereas microdeletions and homozygous and compound-heterozygous mutations were less common. CUX MT/DEL were associated with worse survival compared with CUX1 WT Within the clonal hierarchy, 1 of 3 CUX1 MT served as founder events often followed by secondary BCOR and ASXL1 subclonal hits, whereas TET2 was the most common ancestral lesion, followed by subclonal CUX1 MT Comet assay of patients' bone marrow progenitor cells and leukemic cell lines performed in various experimental conditions revealed that frameshift mutations, hemizygous deletions, or experimental CUX1 knockdown decrease the repair of oxidized bases. These functional findings may explain why samples with either CUX1 MT or low CUX1 expression coincided with significantly higher numbers of somatic hits by whole-exome sequencing. Our findings implicate the DNA repair dysfunction resulting from CUX1 lesions in the pathogenesis of MNs, in which they lead to a mutator phenotype.
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15
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Yuan AL, Meode M, Tan M, Maxwell L, Bering EA, Pedersen H, Willms J, Liao J, Black S, Cairncross JG, Blough MD. PARP inhibition suppresses the emergence of temozolomide resistance in a model system. J Neurooncol 2020; 148:463-472. [PMID: 32562246 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temozolomide (TMZ) is a life prolonging DNA alkylating agent active against glioblastomas (GBM) in which the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene is silenced by promoter methylation. Unfortunately acquired TMZ resistance severely undermines its clinical efficacy. Using an in vitro model, we tested whether poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and -2 (PARP) inhibition could suppress the emergence of resistance to enhance the effectiveness of TMZ. METHODS Using the MGMT-methylated GBM line U251N, in which TMZ resistance can be induced, we developed a method to rapidly recreate mechanisms of TMZ resistance seen in GBMs, including MMR mutations and MGMT re-expression. We then assessed whether TMZ resistant U251N sub-clones could be re-sensitized to TMZ by co-treatment with the PARP inhibitor ABT-888, and also whether the emergence of resistance could be suppressed by PARP inhibition. RESULTS U251N cultures chronically exposed to TMZ developed discrete colonies that expanded during TMZ treatment. These colonies were isolated, expanded further as sub-clones, and assessed for mechanisms of TMZ resistance. Most resistant sub-clones had detectable mutations in one or more mismatch repair (MMR) genes, frequently MSH6, and displayed infrequent re-expression of MGMT. TMZ resistance was associated with isolated poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) up-regulation in one sub-clone and was unexplained in several others. TMZ resistant sub-clones regressed during co-treatment with TMZ and ABT-888, and early co-treatment of U251N parental cultures suppressed the emergence of TMZ resistant colonies. CONCLUSION In a model of acquired resistance, co-treatment with TMZ and a PARP inhibitor had two important benefits: re-sensitization of TMZ resistant cells and suppression of TMZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Yuan
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mathieu Meode
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Tan
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lori Maxwell
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Bering
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Haley Pedersen
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jacob Willms
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jenny Liao
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sophie Black
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, HRIC 2AA-07, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4, Canada.,Departments of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael D Blough
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, HRIC 2AA-07, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4, Canada. .,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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16
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Liu N, Sun Q, Wan L, Wang X, Feng Y, Luo J, Wu H. CUX1, A Controversial Player in Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:738. [PMID: 32547943 PMCID: PMC7272708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CUX1 belongs to the homeodomain transcription factor family and is evolutionarily and functionally conserved from Drosophila to humans. In addition to the involvement in various physiological events including tissue development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and DNA damage response, CUX1 has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, CUX1 has been recently recognized as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, which is paradoxically overexpressed in tumor cells. While loss of heterozygosity and/or mutations of CUX1 have been frequently detected in many types of cancers, genomic amplification, and overexpression of CUX1 have also been reported in cancer tissues and are correlated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Therefore, deciphering the roles of different CUX1 isoforms and in different tumor stages is required to establish a CUX1-based therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Qiliang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Long Wan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Central Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Immunology, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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17
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Yu L, Zhong L, Xiong L, Dan W, Li J, Ye J, Wan P, Luo X, Chu X, Liu C, He C, Mu F, Liu B. Neutrophil elastase-mediated proteolysis of the tumor suppressor p200 CUX1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell differentiation in APL. Life Sci 2020; 242:117229. [PMID: 31887298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a critical proteolytic enzyme that is involved in cancer. We previously reported high NE expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. The present study aimed to elucidate the specific role and mechanisms of NE in APL development. MATERIALS AND METHODS NE expression was detected in APL bone marrow samples and analyzed in the BloodSpot database. CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution, respectively. The expression levels of proliferation and differentiation markers were measured by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. The co-expression and interaction of NE and p200 cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, and in situ proximity ligation assay. KEY FINDINGS NE was highly expressed in APL bone marrow and blood neutrophils. NE overexpression promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of NB4 cells, whereas NE downregulation achieved the opposite results in U937 cells. Mechanistically, NE interacted with and effectively hydrolyzed the tumor suppressor p200 CUX1. Rescue experiments revealed that p200 CUX1 upregulation reversed the functional influence of NE on APL cells. SIGNIFICANCE NE-mediated proteolysis of the tumor suppressor p200 CUX1 promotes APL progression. NE/p200 CUX1 axis is a novel and promising therapeutic target for APL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Wenran Dan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cui He
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Fenglin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China.
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18
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Jaiswal AS, Williamson EA, Srinivasan G, Kong K, Lomelino CL, McKenna R, Walter C, Sung P, Narayan S, Hromas R. The splicing component ISY1 regulates APE1 in base excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102769. [PMID: 31887540 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of cellular genome is continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. If DNA damage is not removed in a timely fashion the replisome may stall at DNA lesions, causing fork collapse and genetic instability. Base excision DNA repair (BER) is the most important pathway for the removal of oxidized or mono-alkylated DNA. While the main components of the BER pathway are well defined, its regulatory mechanism is not yet understood. We report here that the splicing factor ISY1 enhances apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) activity, the multifunctional enzyme in BER, by promoting its 5'-3' endonuclease activity. ISY1 expression is induced by oxidative damage, which would provide an immediate up-regulation of APE1 activity in vivo and enhance BER of oxidized bases. We further found that APE1 and ISY1 interact, and ISY1 enhances the ability of APE1 to recognize abasic sites in DNA. Using purified recombinant proteins, we reconstituted BER and demonstrated that ISY1 markedly promoted APE1 activity in both the short- and long-patch BER pathways. Our study identified ISY1 as a regulator of the BER pathway, which would be of physiological relevance where suboptimal levels of APE1 are present. The interaction of ISY1 and APE1 also establishes a connection between DNA damage repair and pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S Jaiswal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States.
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Kimi Kong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Christi Walter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States.
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19
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Yan Y, Xu Z, Chen X, Wang X, Zeng S, Zhao Z, Qian L, Li Z, Wei J, Huo L, Li X, Gong Z, Sun L. Novel Function of lncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 in Promoting Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma via Upregulating the FUS/MDM2 Ubiquitination Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:217. [PMID: 31632968 PMCID: PMC6783494 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LncRNAs have been shown to play essential roles in cancer therapeutic response. However, the detailed mechanism of lncRNAs in temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) remain to be elucidated. Methods To elucidate the mechanism maintaining TMZ resistance, we constructed two TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines (T98G-R/U118-R). LncRNAs from four public datasets were reanalyzed, and the candidate lncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 was evaluated in TMZ-treated GBM patients and in vitro cell lines. Results Reanalysis of lncRNA expression profiles identified ADAMTS9-AS2 as significantly overexpressed in TMZ-resistant GBM cells and as positively associated with the IC50 of TMZ in GBM cells. Overexpression of ADAMTS9-AS2 was also significantly associated with poor TMZ response and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in TMZ-treated GBM patients. Knockdown of ADAMTS9-AS2 inhibited proliferation and attenuated the IC50 of TMZ, as well as mitigating invasion and migration in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Subsequent investigations indicated that reduced expression of ADAMTS9-AS2 significantly suppressed expression of the FUS protein, which was predicted as a direct substrate of ADAMTS9-AS2. Expression trends of FUS were directly correlated with those of ADAMTS9-AS2, as shown by increasing concentrations and prolonged treatment with TMZ. RNA pull-down and RIP assays indicated that both endogenous and exogenous ADAMTS9-AS2 directly binds to the RRM and Znf_RanBP2 domains of FUS, consequently increasing FUS protein expression. Knockdown of ADAMTS9-AS2 reduced the half-life of FUS and decreased FUS protein stability via K48 ubiquitin degradation. Moreover, the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MDM2 interacts with and down regulates FUS, while the RRM and Znf_RanBP2 domains of FUS facilitate its binding with MDM2. ADAMTS9-AS2 decreased the interaction between MDM2 and FUS, which mediates FUS K48 ubiquitination. Additionally, knockdown of the ADAMTS9-AS2/FUS signaling axis significantly alleviated progression and metastasis in TMZ-resistant cells. Conclusion ADAMTS9-AS2 possessed a novel function that promotes TMZ resistance via upregulating the FUS/MDM2 axis in GBM cells. The RRM or Znf_RanBP2 domains of FUS facilitate the combination of ADAMTS9-AS2 and FUS, competitively inhibiting MDM2-dependent FUS K48 ubiquitination and resulting in enhanced FUS stability and TMZ resistance. Our results suggest that the ADAMTS9-AS2/FUS/MDM2 axis may represent a suitable prognostic biomarker and a potential target in TMZ-resistant GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Wu X, Feng F, Yang C, Zhang M, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Che F, Zhang J, Heng X. Upregulated Expression of CUX1 Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Glioma Patients: a Bioinformatic Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:527-537. [PMID: 31377983 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cut-like homeobox-1 (CUX1) is expressed in the upper layer of the cortex and participates in DNA replication, cell cycle control, and DNA repair. It has been shown to be involved in the proliferation of various types of solid tumors. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between CUX1 expression and the prognosis of glioma by performing a series of functional experiments and bioinformatic analyses. Firstly, we found that CUX1 expression levels differed among patients with different grades of gliomas, and they were significantly correlated with the prognosis of glioma patients according to an analysis of data from a public database. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis of CUX1 were performed to demonstrate that the expression of CUX1 was positively correlated with the glioma WHO grade (P < 0.05) and several malignant clinical pathological parameters, including Ki67 and P53mut. In addition, the multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves showed that CUX1 expression exerted predictive value for overall survival. Finally, to further investigate the functions of CUX1, we identified CUX1-associated genes and, though GO/KEGG analysis, their associated biological functions and signaling pathways; the results suggested that the activity of CUX1 might be exerted via the JAK-STAT pathway or other key regulators of the cell cycle to promote proliferation, inflammation, and chemotherapy resistance in glioma. Taken together, these results indicate that CUX1 is a potential biomarker of malignancy and prognosis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanchao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261042, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Moxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261042, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Sun Y, Ye D, Li Y, Chen E, Hao R, Cai Y, Wang Q, Wang O, Zhang X. CUX2 functions as an oncogene in papillary thyroid cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:217-224. [PMID: 30636884 PMCID: PMC6309779 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s185710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), the most common endocrine malignancy, has been increasing. Emerging evidence indicates that the CUT/CUX/CDP family of proteins can play an important role in tumor development and progression by regulating many cancer-related functions. However, the molecular functions of CUX2 in TC remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we used a series of loss-of-function experiments and Western blot analysis to investigate the function of CUX2 in TC and the mechanisms involved. RESULTS Our data revealed that CUX2 expression levels were upregulated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Functionally, CUX2 silencing significantly inhibited PTC cell line (KTC-1 and BCPAP) proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Furthermore, CUX2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and influenced the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways. CONCLUSION In summary, CUX2 may function as a tumor promoter in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Sun
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Danrong Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Endong Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Rutian Hao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
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