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Yang L, Tang L, Min Q, Tian H, Li L, Zhao Y, Wu X, Li M, Du F, Chen Y, Li W, Li X, Chen M, Gu L, Sun Y, Xiao Z, Shen J. Emerging role of RNA modification and long noncoding RNA interaction in cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:816-830. [PMID: 38351139 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RNA modification, especially N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine methylation, participates in the occurrence and progression of cancer through multiple pathways. The function and expression of these epigenetic regulators have gradually become a hot topic in cancer research. Mutation and regulation of noncoding RNA, especially lncRNA, play a major role in cancer. Generally, lncRNAs exert tumor-suppressive or oncogenic functions and its dysregulation can promote tumor occurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine modifications in lncRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between epigenetic RNA modification and lncRNA interaction and cancer progression in various cancers. Therefore, this review gives a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which RNA modification affects the progression of various cancers by regulating lncRNAs, which may shed new light on cancer research and provide new insights into cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qi Min
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Sadique FL, Subramaiam H, Krishnappa P, Chellappan DK, Ma JH. Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis with special emphasis on metastasis to the brain. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155378. [PMID: 38850880 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis is of vital importance for developing treatment approaches. This review emphasizes contemporary breakthrough studies with special focus on breast cancer brain metastasis. Acquired mutational changes in metastatic lesions are often distinct from the primary tumor, suggesting altered mutagenesis pathways. The concept of micrometastases and heterogeneity within the tumors unravels novel therapeutic targets at genomic and molecular levels through epigenetic and proteomic profiling. Several pre-clinical studies have identified mechanisms involving the immune system, where tumor associated macrophages are key players. Expression of cell proteins like Syndecan1, fatty acid-binding protein 7 and tropomyosin kinase receptor B have been implicated in aiding the transmigration of breast cancer cells to the brain. Changes in the proteomic landscape of the blood-brain-barrier show altered permeability characteristics, supporting entry of cancer cells. Findings from laboratory studies pave the path for the emergence of new biomarkers, especially blood-based miRNA and circulating tumor cell markers for prognostic staging. The constantly evolving therapeutics call for clinical trials backing supportive evidence of efficacies of both novel and existing approaches. The challenge lying ahead is discovering innovative techniques to replace use of human samples and optimize small-scale patient recruitment in trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairooz Labiba Sadique
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hemavathy Subramaiam
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Purushotham Krishnappa
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jin Hao Ma
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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3
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Huang J, Sun S, Tan Q, Zheng F, Zhou D, Man X, Hu Y, Li W, Song L, Zhang B, Xu L, Wang X, Xie X, Li H. Effectiveness and Safety of Pyrotinib-Based Therapy in the Treatment of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients with Brain Metastases: A Multicenter Real-World Study. Clin Breast Cancer 2024:S1526-8209(24)00101-0. [PMID: 38729821 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% to 50% of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer develop brain metastasis (BMs). Pyrotinib has shown promising efficacy in these patients. However, real-world evidence supporting its use is scarce. Therefore, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of pyrotinib-based regimens in the real world. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled patients with BMs from various healthcare facilities in China's Shandong region and used an updated breast-graded prognostic assessment (breast-GPA) to predict survival outcomes. RESULTS Efficacy and toxicity were assessed in 101 patients. Overall, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 11.0 months (95% CI, 7.6-14.4 months). PFS was shorter in patients with a breast-GPA of 0 to 2.0 (P< .001). Previous treatment with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab (P = .039) and varying numbers of BMs (P = .028) had a significant positive correlation with PFS. Additionally, radiotherapy (P = .033) for BMs, especially pyrotinib concurrent with radiotherapy (P = .013), significantly prolonged the PFS. In patients with a breast-GPA of 0 to 2.0, a significant difference in PFS was observed depending on whether the brain was the first metastatic site (P< .001). Furthermore, a breast-GPA (0-2.0 vs. 2.5-4.0), and radiotherapy for BMs were found to be independent predictors of PFS. Overall, the objective response rate was 42.6%, while the disease control rate was 88.1%. Diarrhea emerged as the most common adverse event. CONCLUSION Pyrotinib-based therapy is effective and tolerable in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer with BMs. Patients who underwent radiotherapy for BMs, particularly those who received pyrotinib concurrently with radiotherapy, exhibited a more favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Qiaorui Tan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Fangchao Zheng
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Dongdong Zhou
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Xiaochu Man
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wenhuan Li
- Department of Chemotherapy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Lihua Song
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Baoxuan Zhang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | - Xinzhao Wang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China
| | | | - Huihui Li
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250017, China.
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4
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Onigbinde S, Peng W, Reddy A, Cho BG, Goli M, Solomon J, Adeniyi M, Nwaiwu J, Fowowe M, Daramola O, Purba W, Mechref Y. O-Glycome Profiling of Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Understand Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1458-1470. [PMID: 38483275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women and a major source of brain metastases. Despite the increasing incidence of brain metastasis from breast cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Altered glycosylation is known to play a role in various diseases including cancer metastasis. However, profiling studies of O-glycans and their isomers in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) are scarce. This study analyzed the expression of O-glycans and their isomers in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, HTB131, and HTB22), a brain cancer cell line (CRL-1620), and a brain metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231BR) using nanoLC-MS/MS, identifying 27 O-glycan compositions. We observed significant upregulation in the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc2 and HexNAc2Hex3, whereas the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 was downregulated in MDA-MB-231BR compared to other cell lines. In our isomeric analysis, we observed notable alterations in the isomeric forms of the O-glycan structure HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 in a comparison of different cell lines. Our analysis of O-glycans and their isomers in cancer cells demonstrated that changes in their distribution can be related to the metastatic process. We believe that our investigation will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the significance of O-glycans and their isomers in BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifdeen Onigbinde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Akhila Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Joy Solomon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Moyinoluwa Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mojibola Fowowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Oluwatosin Daramola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Waziha Purba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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5
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Liu H, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Fan Z, Yang Y, Mao Y, Yang J, Ma S. CD93 regulates breast cancer growth and vasculogenic mimicry through the PI3K/AKT/SP2 signaling pathway activated by integrin β1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23688. [PMID: 38511888 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In women, breast cancer (BC) accounts for 7%-10% of all cancer cases and is one of the most common cancers. To identify a new method for treating BC, the role of CD93 and its underlying mechanism were explored. MDA-MB-231 cells were used in this study and transfected with si-CD93, si-MMRN2, oe-CD93, si-integrin β1, or oe-SP2 lentivirus. After MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with si-NC or si-CD93, they were injected into nude mice by subcutaneous injection at a dose of 5 × 106/mouse to construct a BC animal model. The expression of genes and proteins and cell migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry were detected by RT‒qPCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Transwell, and angiogenesis assays. In pathological samples and BC cell lines, CD93 was highly expressed. Functionally, CD93 promoted the proliferation, migration, and vasculogenic mimicry of MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, CD93 interacts with MMRN2 and integrin β1. Knockdown of CD93 and MMRN2 can inhibit the activation of integrin β1, thereby inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/SP2 signaling pathway and inhibiting BC growth and vasculogenic mimicry. In conclusion, the binding of CD93 to MMRN2 can activate integrin β1, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT/SP2 signaling pathway and subsequently promoting BC growth and vasculogenic mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhixiong Fan
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Shungao Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Mogere E, Mutebi M, Njau A, Mansour MH, Abuodha J, Okiro P. A rare case of breast carcinoma metastasis into a meningioma in a 64-year-old female patient. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:1519-1523. [PMID: 38304352 PMCID: PMC10832375 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This report discusses the occurrence of tumor-to-tumor metastasis-an atypical phenomenon in oncology where a secondary malignancy develops within an existing primary tumor. The case of a 64-year-old woman is presented, who, with a history of stage II invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast treated with mastectomy and chemoradiotherapy, developed neurological symptoms indicative of a secondary brain tumor. MRI and subsequent histopathological analysis post-craniotomy confirmed a meningioma with a metastatic breast carcinoma, demonstrating the clinical importance of considering tumor-to-tumor metastasis in similar patient histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Mogere
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Miriam Mutebi
- Section of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allan Njau
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manel Haj Mansour
- Section of Oncology, Department of Haemato-Oncology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Abuodha
- Section of Oncology, Department of Haemato-Oncology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patricia Okiro
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Zhou H, He X, Huang J, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Ao X, Zhao H, Hu S, Li H, Huang J, Huang H, Liang H. Single-cell sequencing reveals the immune landscape of breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:702-714. [PMID: 38316626 PMCID: PMC10961220 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of cancer worldwide, and brain metastases (BrM) are among the most malignant cases. While some patients have benefited from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the complex anatomical structure of the brain and the heterogeneity of metastatic tumors have made it difficult to characterize the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) of metastatic tumors. METHODS To address this, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze immune cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of BrM patients with breast cancer, thereby providing a comprehensive view of the immune microenvironment landscape of BrM. RESULTS Based on canonical marker genes, we identified nine cell types, and further identified their subtypes through differential expression gene (DEG) analysis. We compared the changes in cells and functions in the immune microenvironment of patients with different prognoses. Our analysis revealed a series of genes that promote tumor immune function (CCR5, LYZ, IGKC, MS4A1, etc.) and inhibit tumor immune function (SCGB2A2, CD24, etc.). CONCLUSIONS The scRNA-seq in CSF provides a noninvasive method to describe the TME of breast cancer patients and guide immunotherapy.
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Grants
- 202102080096, HL Liang, 201904010331, JQ Huang Guangzhou S&T Project
- 2023A03J0430, HL Liang Guangzhou S&T City and University United Project
- 2022A1515012376, JQ Huang Project Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
- 2021KTSCX091, HL Liang, 2020KTSCX105, JQ Huang Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Education Project
- 20191A011097, HL Liang Guangzhou Health S&T Project
- 202005, HS Li Clinical Key Specialty Project of Guangzhou Medical University
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhou
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan ProvinceXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jia Huang
- School of Health ManagementGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yumin Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Leyao Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiang Ao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Su Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongsheng Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianqing Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Health ManagementGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongling Liang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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8
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Maurya SK, Rehman AU, Zaidi MAA, Khan P, Gautam SK, Santamaria-Barria JA, Siddiqui JA, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Epigenetic alterations fuel brain metastasis via regulating inflammatory cascade. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:261-274. [PMID: 36379848 PMCID: PMC10198579 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BrM) is a major threat to the survival of melanoma, breast, and lung cancer patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sustain in the brain microenvironment. Genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications have been found to be critical in controlling key aspects of cancer metastasis. Metastasizing cells confront inflammation and gradually adapt in the unique brain microenvironment. Currently, it is one of the major areas that has gained momentum. Researchers are interested in the factors that modulate neuroinflammation during BrM. We review here various epigenetic factors and mechanisms modulating neuroinflammation and how this helps CTCs to adapt and survive in the brain microenvironment. Since epigenetic changes could be modulated by targeting enzymes such as histone/DNA methyltransferase, deacetylases, acetyltransferases, and demethylases, we also summarize our current understanding of potential drugs targeting various aspects of epigenetic regulation in BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | - Mohd Ali Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | - Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | | | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68108, USA.
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Henckens SPG, Liu D, Gisbertz SS, Kalff MC, Anderegg MCJ, Crull D, Daams F, van Dalsen AD, Dekker JWT, van Det MJ, van Duijvendijk P, Eshuis WJ, Groenendijk RPR, Haveman JW, van Hillegersberg R, Luyer MDP, Olthof PB, Pierie JPEN, Plat VD, Rosman C, Ruurda JP, van Sandick JW, Sosef MN, Voeten DM, Vijgen GHEJ, Bijlsma MF, Meijer SL, Hulshof MCCM, Oyarce C, Lagarde SM, van Laarhoven HWM, van Berge Henegouwen MI. Prognostic value of Mandard score and nodal status for recurrence patterns and survival after multimodal treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2024; 111:znae034. [PMID: 38387083 PMCID: PMC10883709 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the association of pathological tumour response (tumour regression grade, TRG) and a novel scoring system, combining both TRG and nodal status (TRG-ypN score; TRG1-ypN0, TRG>1-ypN0, TRG1-ypN+ and TRG>1-ypN+), with recurrence patterns and survival after multimodal treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS This Dutch nationwide cohort study included patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by oesophagectomy for distal oesophageal or gastro-oesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma between 2007 and 2016. The primary endpoint was the association of Mandard score and TRG-ypN score with recurrence patterns (rate, location, and time to recurrence). The secondary endpoint was overall survival. RESULTS Among 2746 inclusions, recurrence rates increased with higher Mandard scores (TRG1 30.6%, TRG2 44.9%, TRG3 52.9%, TRG4 61.4%, TRG5 58.2%; P < 0.001). Among patients with recurrent disease, the distribution (locoregional versus distant) was the same for the different TRG groups. Patients with TRG1 developed more brain recurrences (17.7 versus 9.8%; P = 0.001) and had a longer mean overall survival (44 versus 35 months; P < 0.001) than those with TRG>1. The TRG>1-ypN+ group had the highest recurrence rate (64.9%) and worst overall survival (mean 27 months). Compared with the TRG>1-ypN0 group, patients with TRG1-ypN+ had a higher risk of recurrence (51.9 versus 39.6%; P < 0.001) and worse mean overall survival (33 versus 41 months; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Improved tumour response to neoadjuvant therapy was associated with lower recurrence rates and higher overall survival rates. Among patients with recurrent disease, TRG1 was associated with a higher incidence of brain recurrence than TRG>1. Residual nodal disease influenced prognosis more negatively than residual disease at the primary tumour site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie P G Henckens
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dajia Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Kalff
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten C J Anderegg
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Crull
- Department of Surgery, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands
| | - Freek Daams
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc J van Det
- Department of Surgery, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wietse J Eshuis
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Misha D P Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pim B Olthof
- Department of Surgery, Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Victor D Plat
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Camiel Rosman
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle P Ruurda
- Department of Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna W van Sandick
- Department of Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daan M Voeten
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guy H E J Vijgen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten C C M Hulshof
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cesar Oyarce
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd M Lagarde
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Gao X, Ru Y, Gu X, Hu X. Research progress of N1-methyladenosine RNA modification in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38291517 PMCID: PMC10826226 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a post-transcriptionally modified RNA molecule that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of various biological functions and activities. Especially in cancer cell invasion, proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Over recent years, there has been a burgeoning interest in investigating the m1A modification of RNA. Most studies have focused on the regulation of m1A in cancer enrichment areas and different regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies employed for the detection of m1A modification. Furthermore, this review delves into the key players in m1A modification, known as the "writers," "erasers," and "readers." m1A modification is modified by the m1A methyltransferases, or writers, such as TRMT6, TRMT61A, TRMT61B, TRMT10C, NML, and, removed by the demethylases, or erasers, including FTO and ALKBH1, ALKBH3. It is recognized by m1A-binding proteins YTHDF1, TYHDF2, TYHDF3, and TYHDC1, also known as "readers". Additionally, we explore the intricate relationship between m1A modification and its regulators and their implications for the development and progression of specific types of cancer, we discuss how m1A modification can potentially facilitate the discovery of novel approaches for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Our summary of m1A methylated adenosine modification detection methods and regulatory mechanisms in various cancers provides useful insights for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, No. 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, No. 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, No. 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, No. 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, 471000, Henan, China.
| | - Xinjun Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, No. 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, 471000, Henan, China.
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11
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Xu J, Gao F, Liu W, Guan X. Cell-cell communication characteristics in breast cancer metastasis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:55. [PMID: 38243240 PMCID: PMC10799417 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a highly fatal disease due to its tendency to metastasize, is the most prevalent form of malignant tumors among women worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that breast cancer exhibits a unique predilection for metastasis to specific organs including the bone, liver, lung, and brain. However, different types of, The understanding of the heterogeneity of metastatic breast cancer has notably improved with the recent advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques. Focusing on the modification in the microenvironment of the metastatic organs and the crosstalk between tumor cells and in situ cells, noteworthy research points include the identification of two distinct modes of tumor growth in bone metastases, the influence of type II pneumocyte on lung metastases, the paradoxical role of Kupffer cells in liver metastases, and the breakthrough of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breach in brain metastases. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of breast cancer metastases, shedding light on the pivotal roles of immune and resident cells in the development of distinct metastatic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fangyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Weici Liu
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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12
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Shi A, Liu L, Li S, Qi B. Natural products targeting the MAPK-signaling pathway in cancer: overview. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:6. [PMID: 38193944 PMCID: PMC10776710 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article summarizes natural products that target the MAPK-signaling pathway in cancer therapy. The classification, chemical structures, and anti-cancer mechanisms of these natural products are elucidated, and comprehensive information is provided on their potential use in cancer therapy. METHODS Using the PubMed database, we searched for keywords, including "tumor", "cancer", "natural product", "phytochemistry", "plant chemical components", and "MAPK-signaling pathway". We also screened for compounds with well-defined structures that targeting the MAPK-signaling pathway and have anti-cancer effects. We used Kingdraw software and Adobe Photoshop software to draw the chemical compound structural diagrams. RESULTS A total of 131 papers were searched, from which 85 compounds with well-defined structures were selected. These compounds have clear mechanisms for targeting cancer treatment and are mainly related to the MAPK-signaling pathway. Examples include eupatilin, carvacrol, oridonin, sophoridine, diosgenin, and juglone. These chemical components are classified as flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroidal saponins, and quinones. CONCLUSIONS Certain MAPK pathway inhibitors have been used for clinical treatment. However, the clinical feedback has not been promising because of genomic instability, drug resistance, and side effects. Natural products have few side effects, good medicinal efficacy, a wide range of sources, individual heterogeneity of biological activity, and are capable of treating disease from multiple targets. These characteristics make natural products promising drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Shi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, School of Phharmacy, 1035 Boshuo Road, Jingyue Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, School of Phharmacy, 1035 Boshuo Road, Jingyue Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, School of Phharmacy, 1035 Boshuo Road, Jingyue Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Qi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, School of Phharmacy, 1035 Boshuo Road, Jingyue Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
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13
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Yuan J, Li J, Zhao Z. A model for predicting clinical prognosis based on brain metastasis-related genes in patients with breast cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:3453-3470. [PMID: 38192988 PMCID: PMC10774057 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Brain metastasis (BM) is a clinically relevant cause of death in patients with breast cancer (BRCA). This study was designed to develop a clinical model capable of predicting BRCA patients' prognostic outcomes according to the expression of BM-related genes (BMRGs). Methods The public Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases served as data sources. BMRGs of BRCA were selected from previous literature. Differences among BRCA molecular subtypes were compared using R 'limma' package. The impact of BM-related differentially expressed genes (BM_DEGs) on BRCA patients' outcomes was explored with a risk score model, after which the relationship between these risk scores and immune cell infiltration was examined. Risk scores were also used to judge the predicted efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. The utility of risk scores in combination with clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated as a predictor of patient's survival through univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The R limma package was used to explore differential gene expression, after which 12 BM_DEGs were incorporated into a risk scoring model. The resultant risk scores were able to predict immunotherapeutic treatment efficacy. In addition, a nomogram incorporating risk scores, stage, and age was established. The nomogram was able to reliably predict the overall survival (OS) of BRCA patients, yielding predictive outcomes that aligned well with actual observations. Conclusions In summary, a predictive clinical model for BRCA patients was successfully established in this study, providing a valuable tool that may be particularly helpful for the assessment of patients facing a risk of BM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Qi X, Shi Q, Xuhong J, Zhang Y, Jiang J. Pyrotinib-based therapeutic approaches for HER2-positive breast cancer: the time is now. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:113. [PMID: 37789330 PMCID: PMC10546716 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer (BC) is a highly aggressive subtype associated with poor prognosis. The advent of HER2-targeted drugs, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and antibody-drug conjugates, has yielded improved prognosis for patients. Compared with widely used monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule TKIs have unique advantages including oral administration and favorable penetration of blood-brain barrier for brain metastatic BC, and reduced cardiotoxicity. Pyrotinib is an irreversible TKI of the pan-ErbB receptor, and has recently been shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of HER2-positive BC in metastatic and neoadjuvant settings. This review highlights the development on the application of pyrotinib-based therapeutic approaches in the clinical settings of HER2-positive BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiyun Shi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Juncheng Xuhong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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15
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Zhao Z, Li C, Zhang Y, Li C, Chu Y, Li X, Liu P, Chen H, Wang Y, Su B, Chen Q, Sun T, Jiang C. Nanomaterials with dual immunomodulatory functions for synergistic therapy of breast cancer brain metastases. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:474-487. [PMID: 37159612 PMCID: PMC10163467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing paucity of effective therapies results in the poor outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer brain metastases. Immunotherapy has made progress in the treatment of tumors, but limited by the non-immunogenicity of tumors and strong immunosuppressive environment, patients with TNBC brain metastases have not yet benefited from immunotherapy. Dual immunoregulatory strategies with enhanced immune activation and reversal of the immunosuppressive microenvironment provide new therapeutic options for patients. Here, we propose a cocktail-like therapeutic strategy of microenvironment regulation-chemotherapy-immune synergistic sensitization and construct reduction-sensitive immune microenvironment regulation nanomaterials (SIL@T). SIL@T modified with targeting peptide penetrates the BBB and is subsequently internalized into metastatic breast cancer cells, releasing silybin and oxaliplatin responsively in the cells. SIL@T preferentially accumulates at the metastatic site and can significantly prolong the survival period of model animals. Mechanistic studies have shown that SIL@T can effectively induce immunogenic cell death of metastatic cells, activate immune responses and increase infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, the activation of STAT3 in the metastatic foci is attenuated and the immunosuppressive microenvironment is reversed. This study demonstrates that SIL@T with dual immunomodulatory functions provides a promising immune synergistic therapy strategy for breast cancer brain metastases.
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Cho S, Joo B, Park M, Ahn SJ, Suh SH, Park YW, Ahn SS, Lee SK. A Radiomics-Based Model for Potentially More Accurate Identification of Subtypes of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Yonsei Med J 2023; 64:573-580. [PMID: 37634634 PMCID: PMC10462808 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) may involve subtypes that differ from the primary breast cancer lesion. This study aimed to develop a radiomics-based model that utilizes preoperative brain MRI for multiclass classification of BCBM subtypes and to investigate whether the model offers better prediction accuracy than the assumption that primary lesions and their BCBMs would be of the same subtype (non-conversion model) in an external validation set. MATERIALS AND METHODS The training and external validation sets each comprised 51 cases (102 cases total). Four machine learning classifiers combined with three feature selection methods were trained on radiomic features and primary lesion subtypes for prediction of the following four subtypes: 1) hormone receptor (HR)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-, 2) HR+/HER2+, 3) HR-/HER2+, and 4) triple-negative. After training, the performance of the radiomics-based model was compared to that of the non-conversion model in an external validation set using accuracy and F1-macro scores. RESULTS The rate of discrepant subtypes between primary lesions and their respective BCBMs were 25.5% (n=13 of 51) in the training set and 23.5% (n=12 of 51) in the external validation set. In the external validation set, the accuracy and F1-macro score of the radiomics-based model were significantly higher than those of the non-conversion model (0.902 vs. 0.765, p=0.004; 0.861 vs. 0.699, p=0.002). CONCLUSION Our radiomics-based model represents an incremental advance in the classification of BCBM subtypes, thereby facilitating a more appropriate personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeon Cho
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bio Joo
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Suh
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae Won Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Image Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Image Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Image Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Terceiro LEL, Ikeogu NM, Lima MF, Edechi CA, Nickel BE, Fischer G, Leygue E, McManus KJ, Myal Y. Navigating the Blood-Brain Barrier: Challenges and Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12034. [PMID: 37569410 PMCID: PMC10418424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with metastatic BC being responsible for the highest number of deaths. A frequent site for BC metastasis is the brain. Brain metastasis derived from BC involves the cooperation of multiple genetic, epigenetic, angiogenic, and tumor-stroma interactions. Most of these interactions provide a unique opportunity for development of new therapeutic targets. Potentially targetable signaling pathways are Notch, Wnt, and the epidermal growth factor receptors signaling pathways, all of which are linked to driving BC brain metastasis (BCBM). However, a major challenge in treating brain metastasis remains the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier restricts the access of unwanted molecules, cells, and targeted therapies to the brain parenchyma. Moreover, current therapies to treat brain metastases, such as stereotactic radiosurgery and whole-brain radiotherapy, have limited efficacy. Promising new drugs like phosphatase and kinase modulators, as well as BBB disruptors and immunotherapeutic strategies, have shown the potential to ease the disease in preclinical studies, but remain limited by multiple resistance mechanisms. This review summarizes some of the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in BC brain metastasis and highlights current challenges as well as opportunities in strategic designs of potentially successful future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. L. Terceiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (B.E.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Nnamdi M. Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Matheus F. Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Chidalu A. Edechi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (B.E.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (B.E.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Gabor Fischer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (B.E.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (E.L.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (E.L.); (K.J.M.)
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (B.E.N.); (G.F.)
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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Hao H, Wang B, Yang L, Sang Y, Xu W, Liu W, Zhang L, Jiang D. miRNA-186-5p inhibits migration, invasion and proliferation of breast cancer cells by targeting SBEM. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6993-7007. [PMID: 37477531 PMCID: PMC10415540 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The paper aimed to investigate the effect of miR186-5p on invasion and migration of breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism. MicroRNA-186-5p was found to be low expressed in breast cancer and highly expressed in SBEM by bioinformatics analysis. After transfecting MDA-MB-231 cells with miR-186-5p inhibitor NC, miR-186-5p inhibitor, miR-186-5p mimic NC and miR-186-5p mimic, respectively. The migration and invasive ability of breast cancer cells were detected by cell scratch test and Transwell test. Moreover, after adding 740 Y-P to the miR-186-5p mimic NC group and miR-186-5p mimic group cells, SBEM and PI3K pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blotting and proliferation of the cancer cells was evaluated by monoclonal cell experiment. Meanwhile, exogenous miR-186-5p mimic in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly inhibited the expression of SBEM, p-PI3K, p-AKT and their downstream pathways, MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, CyclinD1, PCNA and CyclinB1 proteins and reduced proliferation of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the expression of SBEM protein in the miR-186-5p mimic + 740Y-P group was significantly lower than the miR-186-5p mimic NC + 740Y-P group after adding 740 Y-P. However, there were no significant changes in the protein's levels associated with PI3K pathway and the cancer cells proliferation. These results suggest that low expression of miR-186-5p in breast cancer results in an abnormally high expression of SBEM, activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, promoting migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Bingsheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Graduate School, Chengde Medical University and Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Yinzhou Sang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Cangzhou People’s Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou 061011, China
| | - Da Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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Zhang X, Wang C, Yu J, Bu J, Ai F, Wang Y, Lin J, Zhu X. Extracellular vesicles in the treatment and diagnosis of breast cancer: a status update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1202493. [PMID: 37534210 PMCID: PMC10393036 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women. Currently, the treatment of breast cancer is limited by the lack of effectively targeted therapy and patients often suffer from higher severity, metastasis, and resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consist of lipid bilayers that encapsulate a complex cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. These bioactive cargoes have been found to play crucial roles in breast cancer initiation and progression. Moreover, EV cargoes play pivotal roles in converting mammary cells to carcinogenic cells and metastatic foci by extensively inducing proliferation, angiogenesis, pre-metastatic niche formation, migration, and chemoresistance. The present update review mainly discusses EVs cargoes released from breast cancer cells and tumor-derived EVs in the breast cancer microenvironment, focusing on proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and their clinical potential as effective biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huangyan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caizheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huangyan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawen Bu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fulv Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Rao Z, Lu C, Fan H, Du F, Zhu Y, Xia Y, Wang Z, Ning P. Engineered Macrophages-Based uPA-Scavenger Load Gemcitabine to Prompt Robust Treating Cancer Metastasis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203356. [PMID: 36929306 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients die of metastasis rather than primary tumors, and most patients may have already completed the cryptic metastatic process at the time of diagnosis, making them intractable for therapeutic intervention. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system is proved to drive cancer metastasis. However, current blocking agents such as uPA inhibitors or antibodies are far from satisfactory due to poor pharmacokinetics and especially have to face multiplex mechanisms of metastasis. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to develop a uPA-scavenger macrophage (uPAR-MΦ), followed by loading chemotherapeutics with nanoparticles (GEM@PLGA) to confront cancer metastasis. Interestingly, significant elimination of uPA by uPAR-MΦ is demonstrated by transwell analysis on tumor cells in vitro and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection in peripheral blood of mice with metastatic tumors, contributing to significant inhibition of migration of tumor cells and occurrence of metastatic tumor lesions in mice. Moreover, uPAR-MΦ loaded with GEM@PLGA shows a robust antimetastasis effect and significantly prolonged survival in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice models. This work provides a novel living drug platform for realizing a potent treatment strategy to patients suffering from cancer metastasis, which can be further expanded to handle other tumor metastasis markers mediating cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Rao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Chuanchuan Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Fuyu Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiong Xia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
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21
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Farahani MK, Gharibshahian M, Rezvani A, Vaez A. Breast cancer brain metastasis: from etiology to state-of-the-art modeling. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:41. [PMID: 37386445 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, breast carcinoma is the most common form of malignancy and the main cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. The metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to other organs in the body, notably the lungs, bones, brain, and liver, is what causes breast cancer to ultimately be fatal. Brain metastases occur in as many as 30% of patients with advanced breast cancer, and the 1-year survival rate of these patients is around 20%. Many researchers have focused on brain metastasis, but due to its complexities, many aspects of this process are still relatively unclear. To develop and test novel therapies for this fatal condition, pre-clinical models are required that can mimic the biological processes involved in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). The application of many breakthroughs in the area of tissue engineering has resulted in the development of scaffold or matrix-based culture methods that more accurately imitate the original extracellular matrix (ECM) of metastatic tumors. Furthermore, specific cell lines are now being used to create three-dimensional (3D) cultures that can be used to model metastasis. These 3D cultures satisfy the requirement for in vitro methodologies that allow for a more accurate investigation of the molecular pathways as well as a more in-depth examination of the effects of the medication being tested. In this review, we talk about the latest advances in modeling BCBM using cell lines, animals, and tissue engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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22
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Khan IM, Khan SU, Sala HSS, Khan MU, Ud Din MA, Khan S, Hassan SSU, Khan NM, Liu Y. TME-targeted approaches of brain metastases and its clinical therapeutic evidence. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1131874. [PMID: 37228619 PMCID: PMC10204080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes both cellular and non-cellular elements, is now recognized as one of the major regulators of the development of primary tumors, the metastasis of which occurs to specific organs, and the response to therapy. Development of immunotherapy and targeted therapies have increased knowledge of cancer-related inflammation Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) limit immune cells from entering from the periphery, it has long been considered an immunological refuge. Thus, tumor cells that make their way "to the brain were believed to be protected from the body's normal mechanisms of monitoring and eliminating them. In this process, the microenvironment and tumor cells at different stages interact and depend on each other to form the basis of the evolution of tumor brain metastases. This paper focuses on the pathogenesis, microenvironmental changes, and new treatment methods of different types of brain metastases. Through the systematic review and summary from macro to micro, the occurrence and development rules and key driving factors of the disease are revealed, and the clinical precision medicine of brain metastases is comprehensively promoted. Recent research has shed light on the potential of TME-targeted and potential treatments for treating Brain metastases, and we'll use that knowledge to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hari Siva Sai Sala
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Samiullah Khan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Affairs, Guiyang, China
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nazir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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23
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Alsabbagh R, Ahmed M, Alqudah MAY, Hamoudi R, Harati R. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Extravasation in Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer, Melanoma, and Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082258. [PMID: 37190188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is an incurable end-stage of systemic cancer associated with poor prognosis, and its incidence is increasing. Brain metastasis occurs through a multi-step cascade where cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to the brain. The extravasation of tumor cells through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in brain metastasis. During extravasation, circulating cancer cells roll along the brain endothelium (BE), adhere to it, then induce alterations in the endothelial barrier to transmigrate through the BBB and enter the brain. Rolling and adhesion are generally mediated by selectins and adhesion molecules induced by inflammatory mediators, while alterations in the endothelial barrier are mediated by proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinase, and the transmigration step mediated by factors, including chemokines. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating extravasation are not yet fully understood. A better understanding of these mechanisms is essential as it may serve as the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of brain metastases. In this review, we summarize the molecular events that occur during the extravasation of cancer cells through the blood-brain barrier in three types of cancer most likely to develop brain metastasis: breast cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer. Common molecular mechanisms driving extravasation in these different tumors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Alsabbagh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Munazza Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Y Alqudah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Zhang B, Li X, Tang K, Xin Y, Hu G, Zheng Y, Li K, Zhang C, Tan Y. Adhesion to the Brain Endothelium Selects Breast Cancer Cells with Brain Metastasis Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087087. [PMID: 37108248 PMCID: PMC10138870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells metastasize from a primary lesion to distant organs mainly through hematogenous dissemination, in which tumor cell re-adhesion to the endothelium is essential before extravasating into the target site. We thus hypothesize that tumor cells with the ability to adhere to the endothelium of a specific organ exhibit enhanced metastatic tropism to this target organ. This study tested this hypothesis and developed an in vitro model to mimic the adhesion between tumor cells and brain endothelium under fluid shear stress, which selected a subpopulation of tumor cells with enhanced adhesion strength. The selected cells up-regulated the genes related to brain metastasis and exhibited an enhanced ability to transmigrate through the blood-brain barrier. In the soft microenvironments that mimicked brain tissue, these cells had elevated adhesion and survival ability. Further, tumor cells selected by brain endothelium adhesion expressed higher levels of MUC1, VCAM1, and VLA-4, which were relevant to breast cancer brain metastasis. In summary, this study provides the first piece of evidence to support that the adhesion of circulating tumor cells to the brain endothelium selects the cells with enhanced brain metastasis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Zhang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xueyi Li
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kai Tang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ying Xin
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guanshuo Hu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Keming Li
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cunyu Zhang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Youhua Tan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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25
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Xie L, Zhao YX, Zheng Y, Li XF. The pharmacology and mechanisms of platycodin D, an active triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorus. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148853. [PMID: 37089949 PMCID: PMC10117678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese doctors widely prescribed Platycodon grandiflorus A. DC. (PG) to treat lung carbuncles in ancient China. Modern clinical experiences have demonstrated that PG plays a crucial role in treating chronic pharyngitis, plum pneumonia, pneumoconiosis, acute and chronic laryngitis, and so forth. Additionally, PG is a food with a long history in China, Japan, and Korea. Furthermore, Platycodin D (PLD), an oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, is one of the active substances in PG. PLD has been revealed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, anticoagulant, spermicidal, anti-tumor etc., activities. And the mechanism of the effects draws lots of attention, with various signaling pathways involved in these processes. Additionally, research on PLD’s pharmacokinetics and extraction processes is under study. The bioavailability of PLD could be improved by being prescribed with Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. or by creating a new dosage form. PLD has been recently considered to have the potential to be a solubilizer or an immunologic adjuvant. Meanwhile, PLD was discovered to have hemolytic activity correlated. PLD has broad application prospects and reveals practical pharmacological activities in pre-clinical research. The authors believe that these activities of PLD contribute to the efficacy of PG. What is apparent is that the clinical translation of PLD still has a long way to go. With the help of modern technology, the scope of clinical applications of PLD is probable to be expanded from traditional applications to new fields.
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Li Z, Guo L, Guo B, Zhang P, Wang J, Wang X, Yao W. Evaluation of different scoring systems for spinal metastases based on a Chinese cohort. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4125-4136. [PMID: 36128836 PMCID: PMC9972034 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS The spine is one of the most common sites of metastasis for malignancies. This study aimed to compare the predictive performance of seven commonly used prognostic scoring systems for surgically treated spine metastases. It is expected to assist surgeons in selecting appropriate scoring systems to support clinical decision-making and better inform patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective study involving 268 surgically treated patients with spine metastases between 2017 and 2020 at a single regional oncology center in China. The revised Tokuhashi, Tomita, modified Bauer, revised Katagiri, van der Linden, Skeletal Oncology Research Group (SORG) nomogram, and SORG machine-learning (ML) scoring systems were externally validated. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity at different postoperative time points. The actual survival time was compared with the reference survival time provided in the original publication. RESULTS In the present study, the median survival was 16.6 months. The SORG ML scoring system demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting 90-day (AUC: 0.743) and 1-year survival (AUC: 0.787). The revised Katagiri demonstrated the highest accuracy (AUC: 0.761) in predicting 180-day survival. The revised Katagiri demonstrated the highest accuracy (AUC: 0.779) in predicting 2-year survival. Based on this series, the actual life expectancy was underestimated compared with the original reference survival time. CONCLUSIONS None of the scoring systems can perform optimally at all time points and for all pathology types, and the reference survival times provided in the original study need to be updated. A cautious awareness of the underestimation by these models is of paramount importance in relation to current patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehuang Li
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangyu Guo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bairu Guo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitao Yao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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27
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Wang Q, Guo Z, Huang Z, Sun H, Zhu J, Shi J, Zhang W, Li D, Sun B. Receptor discordance among primary tumors, brain metastases and extra-brain metastases in patients with breast cancer. Future Oncol 2023; 18:4101-4110. [PMID: 36651355 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 in patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BM). Methods: Patients who underwent craniotomy for BM were included. The status of ER, PR and HER2 (including HER2-low expression) in primary breast tumors (PT), BM and extra-BM (EM) was determined. Results: Between PT and BM, conversion of hormone receptor and HER2 occurred in 28% (30/107) and 12% (10/86) of cases. When considering three-tiered categorization of HER2, the conversion rate reached 31%. In the paired EM and BM (n = 39), the discordance rates were 18%, 3% and 22%, respectively. Conclusion: Receptor discordance was dynamic and relevant, especially using new HER2 categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhoubo Guo
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhou Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huiru Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jingyang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jinyan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Desheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
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Chen Q, Xiong J, Ma Y, Wei J, Liu C, Zhao Y. Systemic treatments for breast cancer brain metastasis. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1086821. [PMID: 36686840 PMCID: PMC9853531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1086821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in females and BC brain metastasis (BCBM) is considered as the second most frequent brain metastasis. Although the advanced treatment has significantly prolonged the survival in BC patients, the prognosis of BCBM is still poor. The management of BCBM remains challenging. Systemic treatments are important to maintain control of central nervous system disease and improve patients' survival. BCBM medical treatment is a rapidly advancing area of research. With the emergence of new targeted drugs, more options are provided for the treatment of BM. This review features currently available BCBM treatment strategies and outlines novel drugs and ongoing clinical trials that may be available in the future. These treatment strategies are discovered to be more efficacious and potent, and present a paradigm shift in the management of BCBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cuiwei Liu
- *Correspondence: Cuiwei Liu, ; Yanxia Zhao,
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Soffietti R, Pellerino A. Brain Metastasis from HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: An Evolving Landscape. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:8-10. [PMID: 36305867 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab deruxtecan is a HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate with ability to cross the blood-tumor barrier and activity on brain metastases. To test the activity of new drugs, patient-derived xenograft models from human brain metastases and phase 0 and window-of-opportunity trials are of utmost importance. See related article by Kabraji et al., p. 174.
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30
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Elkholi IE, Lalonde A, Park M, Côté JF. Breast Cancer Metastatic Dormancy and Relapse: An Enigma of Microenvironment(s). Cancer Res 2022; 82:4497-4510. [PMID: 36214624 PMCID: PMC9755970 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors act in concert to define the fate of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) to enter dormancy or develop overt metastases. Here, we review these factors in the context of three stages of the metastatic cascade that impact DTCs. First, cells can be programmed within the primary tumor microenvironment to promote or inhibit dissemination, and the primary tumor can condition a premetastatic niche. Then, cancer cells from the primary tumor spread through hematogenous and lymphatic routes, and the primary tumor sends cues systematically to regulate the fate of DTCs. Finally, DTCs home to their metastatic site, where they are influenced by various organ-specific aspects of the new microenvironment. We discuss these factors in the context of breast cancer, where about one-third of patients develop metastatic relapse. Finally, we discuss how the standard-of-care options for breast cancer might affect the fate of DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam E. Elkholi
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Corresponding Authors: Jean-François Côté, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal H2W 1R7, Québec, Canada. Phone: 514-987-5647; E-mail: ; and Islam E. Elkholi, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal (QC) Canada, H2W 1R7. Phone: 514-987-5656; E-mail:
| | - Andréane Lalonde
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Corresponding Authors: Jean-François Côté, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal H2W 1R7, Québec, Canada. Phone: 514-987-5647; E-mail: ; and Islam E. Elkholi, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal (QC) Canada, H2W 1R7. Phone: 514-987-5656; E-mail:
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31
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Johnson MD. Metastases to Meningiomas: A Comprehensive Literature Review Including Mediating Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235877. [PMID: 36497364 PMCID: PMC9738472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5-15% of solid tumors metastasizing to the central nervous system metastasize to the leptomeninges. Less common, is metastasis to leptomeningeal meningiomas. These are primarily carcinomas of the breast and lung. Awareness of this phenomenon is critical to the evaluation of meningiomas, especially since the metastases may be the first indication of an occult tumor elsewhere in the body. Lack of clear demarcation between the metastasis and meningioma parenchyma, as well as histological features similar to the meningioma, may hinder recognition. The mechanisms underlying metastases anchoring and spread along the leptomeninges are not established. However, several cell adhesion molecules are thought to contribute to this phenomenon. E cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule present in meningioma cells. Binding to endothelium by adhesion molecules such as ICAM, B1 integrin, P-selectin, PECAM-1, CXCL12 and SDF-1 have also been proposed as part of the mechanisms underlying breast carcinoma metastases. In addition, the leptomeninges and meningiomas express mesothelin that acts as an anchoring protein coupling with mucin-16. Consequently, metastatic tumor cell mucin and mesothelin may also facilitate the anchoring of metastases to meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlon D Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave. Box 626, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
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32
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Wang J, Wang Y, Jia J, Liu C, Ni D, Sun L, Guo Z. Dual-Modality Molecular Imaging of Tumor via Quantum Dots-Liposome-Microbubble Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112510. [PMID: 36432701 PMCID: PMC9699378 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has demonstrated promise for evaluating the expression levels of biomarkers for the early prediction of tumor progression and metastasis. However, most of the commonly used molecular imaging modalities are relatively single and have difficulties imaging complex biological processes. Here, we fabricated αvβ3-integrin-targeted quantum-dots-loaded liposome-microbubble (iRGD-QDLM) complexes that combined ultrasound imaging with optical imaging. The resulting iRGD-QDLM has excellent binding capability to 4T1 breast cancer cells. Ultrasound molecular imaging of 4T1 tumors demonstrated that significantly enhanced ultrasound molecular signals could be observed in comparison with non-targeted QDLM. Importantly, our study also suggested that iRGD-QDL on the surface of microbubbles could be delivered into a tumor by ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction and adhered to αvβ3 integrin on breast cancer cells, achieving transvascular fluorescent imaging. Our study provides a novel approach to dual-modality molecular imaging of αvβ3 integrin in the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Chenxing Liu
- Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Ni
- Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +86-755-2962-9333 (Z.G.)
| | - Zhijie Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Bao’an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518133, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +86-755-2962-9333 (Z.G.)
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33
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Achón Buil B, Tackenberg C, Rust R. Editing a gateway for cell therapy across the blood-brain barrier. Brain 2022; 146:823-841. [PMID: 36397727 PMCID: PMC9976985 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been shown to improve stroke outcomes in animal models and is currently advancing towards clinical practice. However, uncertainty remains regarding the optimal route for cell delivery to the injured brain. Local intracerebral injections are effective in precisely delivering cells into the stroke cavity but carry the risk of damaging adjacent healthy tissue. Systemic endovascular injections, meanwhile, are minimally invasive, but most injected cells do not cross CNS barriers and become mechanically trapped in peripheral organs. Although the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier tightly limit the entrance of cells and molecules into the brain parenchyma, immune cells can cross these barriers especially under pathological conditions, such as stroke. Deciphering the cell surface signature and the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathophysiological process holds promise for improving the targeted delivery of systemic injected cells to the injured brain. In this review, we describe experimental approaches that have already been developed in which (i) cells are either engineered to express cell surface proteins mimicking infiltrating immune cells; or (ii) cell grafts are preconditioned with hypoxia or incubated with pharmacological agents or cytokines. Modified cell grafts can be complemented with strategies to temporarily increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Although these approaches could significantly enhance homing of stem cells into the injured brain, cell entrapment in off-target organs remains a non-negligible risk. Recent developments in safety-switch systems, which enable the precise elimination of transplanted cells on the administration of a drug, represent a promising strategy for selectively removing stem cells stuck in untargeted organs. In sum, the techniques described in this review hold great potential to substantially improve efficacy and safety of future cell therapies in stroke and may be relevant to other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Achón Buil
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Correspondence to: Ruslan Rust Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren Zurich, Switzerland E-mail:
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Maurya SK, Khan P, Rehman AU, Kanchan RK, Perumal N, Mahapatra S, Chand HS, Santamaria-Barria JA, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Rethinking the chemokine cascade in brain metastasis: Preventive and therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:914-930. [PMID: 34968667 PMCID: PMC9234104 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BrM) is one of the major causes of death in cancer patients and is associated with an estimated 10-40 % of total cancer cases. The survival rate of brain metastatic patients has not improved due to intratumor heterogeneity, the survival adaptations of brain homing metastatic cells, and the lack of understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms that limit the availability of effective therapies. The heterogeneous population of immune cells and tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) release various factors, such as chemokines that upon binding to their cognate receptors enhance tumor growth at primary sites and help tumor cells metastasize to the brain. Furthermore, brain metastatic sites have unique heterogeneous microenvironment that fuels cancer cells in establishing BrM. This review explores the crosstalk of chemokines with the heterogeneous TME during the progression of BrM and recognizes potential therapeutic approaches. We also discuss and summarize different targeted, immunotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, and combinatorial strategies (with chemo-/immune- or targeted-therapies) to attenuate chemokines mediated BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Ranjana K Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Naveenkumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68108, USA.
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35
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Molecular Mechanisms Driving the Formation of Brain Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194963. [PMID: 36230886 PMCID: PMC9563727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brain metastases are the most common brain tumor in adults and are associated with poor prognosis. The propensity of different solid tumors to metastasize varies greatly, with lung, breast, and melanoma primary tumors commonly leading to brain metastases, while other primaries such as prostate rarely metastasize to the brain. The molecular mechanisms that predispose and facilitate brain metastasis development are poorly understood. In this review, we present the current data on the genomic landscape of brain metastases that arise from various primary cancers and also outline potential molecular mechanisms that drive the formation of distant metastases in the brain. Abstract Targeted therapies for cancers have improved primary tumor response rates, but concomitantly, brain metastases (BM) have become the most common brain tumors in adults and are associated with a dismal prognosis of generally less than 6 months, irrespective of the primary cancer type. They most commonly occur in patients with primary breast, lung, or melanoma histologies; however, they also appear in patients with other primary cancers including, but not limited to, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Historically, molecular biomarkers have normally been identified from primary tumor resections. However, clinically informative genomic alterations can occur during BM development and these potentially actionable alterations are not always detected in the primary tumor leading to missed opportunities for effective targeted therapy. The molecular mechanisms that facilitate and drive metastasis to the brain are poorly understood. Identifying the differences between the brain and other extracranial sties of metastasis, and between primary tumors and BM, is essential to improving our understanding of BM development and ultimately patient management and survival. In this review, we present the current data on the genomic landscape of BM from various primary cancers which metastasize to the brain and outline potential mechanisms which may play a role in promoting the formation of the distant metastases in the brain.
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36
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Wang Y, Lu R, Chen P, Cui R, Ji M, Zhang X, Hou P, Qu Y. Promoter methylation of transient receptor potential melastatin-related 7 (TRPM7) predicts a better prognosis in patients with Luminal A breast cancers. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:951. [PMID: 36064388 PMCID: PMC9446581 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female tumors arising worldwide, and genetic and epigenetic events are constantly accumulated in breast tumorigenesis. The melastatin-related transient receptor potential 7 channel (TRPM7) is a nonselective cation channel, mainly maintaining Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis. It is also involved in regulating proliferation and migration in various cancers including breast cancer. However, epigenetic alterations (such as promoter methylation) of TRPM7 and their correlation with clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that TRPM7 was highly expressed in the luminal A subtype of breast cancers but no other subtypes compared with GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression Rad) or normal samples by analyzing the TCGA database. Correspondingly, TRPM7 was methylated in 42.7% (93 of 219) of breast cancers. Further studies found that promoter methylation of TRPM7 were significantly associated with better clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients, especially in the Luminal A subtype. Besides, methylated TRPM7 was correlated with less number of metastatic lymph nodes and longer local failure free survival time in this subtype. In summary, our data indicate that promoter methylation of TRPM7 may predict poor prognosis in patients with luminal A breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Yiping Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China.
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37
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Luo X, Xie H, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Wang D, Luo Y, Mai Z, Xie C, Yin S. Radiomic Signatures for Predicting Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878388. [PMID: 35734585 PMCID: PMC9207517 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds A significant proportion of breast cancer patients showed receptor discordance between primary cancers and breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM), which significantly affected therapeutic decision-making. But it was not always feasible to obtain BCBM tissues. The aim of the present study was to analyze the receptor status of primary breast cancer and matched brain metastases and establish radiomic signatures to predict the receptor status of BCBM. Methods The receptor status of 80 matched primary breast cancers and resected brain metastases were retrospectively analyzed. Radiomic features were extracted using preoperative brain MRI (contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and combinations of these sequences) collected from 68 patients (45 and 23 for training and test sets, respectively) with BCBM excision. Using least absolute shrinkage selection operator and logistic regression model, the machine learning-based radiomic signatures were constructed to predict the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of BCBM. Results Discordance between the primary cancer and BCBM was found in 51.3% of patients, with 27.5%, 27.5%, and 5.0% discordance for ER, PR, and HER2, respectively. Loss of receptor expression was more common (33.8%) than gain (18.8%). The radiomic signatures built using combination sequences had the best performance in the training and test sets. The combination model yielded AUCs of 0.89, 0.88, and 0.87, classification sensitivities of 71.4%, 90%, and 87.5%, specificities of 81.2%, 76.9%, and 71.4%, and accuracies of 78.3%, 82.6%, and 82.6% for ER, PR, and HER2, respectively, in the test set. Conclusions Receptor conversion in BCBM was common, and radiomic signatures show potential for noninvasively predicting BCBM receptor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanmiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Sun X, Yang N, Zhou X, Dai H, Li Q, Feng A, Xu G, Liu Y, Xu L, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Li X. CILP, a Putative Gene Associated With Immune Infiltration in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Front Genet 2022; 13:862264. [PMID: 35711946 PMCID: PMC9196191 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.862264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of brain metastases (BM), with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to explore the effect of the cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) on breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM). Using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) in GSE100534 and GSE125989 datasets, we found that the yellow module was closely related to the occurrence of BCBM, and CILP was a hub gene in the yellow module. Low CILP expression was associated with a poor prognosis, and it was an independent prognostic factor for stage III-IV BC determined using Cox regression analysis. A nomogram model including CILP expression was established to predict the 5-, 7-, and 10-year overall survival (OS) probabilities of stage III-IV BC patients. We found that CILP mRNA expression was downregulated in BCBM through GSE100534, GSE125989, and GSE43837 datasets. In addition, we found that CILP mRNA expression was negatively correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), which is involved in regulating the development of BM. UALCAN analysis showed that CILP expression was downregulated in HER2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which are more prone to BM. The vitro experiments demonstrated that CILP significantly inhibited BC cell proliferation and metastasis. Western blot (WB) results further showed that the mesenchymal protein marker vimentin was significantly downregulated following CILP overexpression, suggesting that CILP could participate in migration through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A comparison of CILP expression using immunohistochemistry in BC and BCBM showed that CILP was significantly downregulated in BCBM. In addition, gene set variation analysis (GSVA) revealed that CILP was associated with the T-cell receptor signaling pathway in BCBM and BC, indicating that CILP may be involved in BCBM through immune effects. BCBM showed lower immune infiltration than BC. Moreover, CILP expression was positively correlated with HLA-II, T helper cells (CD4+ T cells), and Type II IFN Response in BCBM. Collectively, our study indicates that CILP is associated with immune infiltration and may be a putative gene involved in BCBM. CILP offers new insights into the pathogenesis of BCBM, which will facilitate the development of novel targets for BCBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Sun
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingguo Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Honghai Dai
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Alei Feng
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Gongwen Xu
- Business School, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Linzong Xu
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanyu Zhang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Identification of Secondary Breast Cancer in Vital Organs through the Integration of Machine Learning and Microarrays. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer includes genetic and environmental factors and is the most prevalent malignancy in women contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Breast cancer prognosis metastasizes towards bones, the liver, brain, and lungs, and is the main cause of death in patients. Furthermore, the selection of features and classification is significant in microarray data analysis, which suffers from huge time consumption. To address these issues, this research uniquely integrates machine learning and microarrays to identify secondary breast cancer in vital organs. This work firstly imputes the missing values using K-nearest neighbors and improves the recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) using the random forest method. Secondly, the class imbalance is handled by employing K-means synthetic object oversampling technique (SMOTE) to balance minority class and prevent noise. We successfully identified the 16 most essential Entrez gene ids responsible for predicting metastatic locations in the bones, brain, liver, and lungs. Extensive experiments are conducted on NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus GSE14020 and GSE54323 datasets. The proposed methods have handled class imbalance, prevented noise, and appropriately reduced time consumption. Reliable results were obtained on four classification models: decision tree; K-nearest neighbors; random forest; and support vector machine. Results are presented having considered confusion matrices, accuracy, ROC-AUC and PR-AUC, and F1-score.
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Xu R, Yang Q. Immunological significance of prognostic markers for breast cancer based on alternative splicing. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4229-4250. [PMID: 35836866 PMCID: PMC9274553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breast cancer (BC) currently has the highest incidence rate. Epigenetic regulation could alter gene expression and is closely related to BC initiation. This study aimed to develop an alternative splicing (AS)-based prognostic signature and clarify its relevance to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) status and immunotherapy of BC. METHODS Cox regression analysis was conducted to screen for prognosis-related AS events. Thereafter, LASSO with Cox regression analyses was designed to construct a prognostic signature model. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic curves, and proportional hazard model were then utilized to confirm the prognostic value. Multiple methods were employed to reveal the context of TIME in BC. QPCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy were carried out to detect myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) expression in different cell lines, and BC and paracancerous tissues. RESULTS A total of 1,787 prognosis-related AS events were screened. Eight AS prognostic signatures were constructed with robust predictive accuracy based on the splicing subtypes. Furthermore, the establishment of a quantitative prognostic nomogram and consolidated signature was significantly correlated with TIME diversity and immune checkpoint blockade-related genes. MAZ was detected to be upregulated in BC. Finally, a newly constructed splicing regulatory network model revealed the potential functions of splicing factors. CONCLUSIONS AS-splicing factor networks may enable a new approach to investigating potential regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, pivotal players in AS events with regards to TIME and efficiency of immunotherapy were uncovered and could facilitate clinical decision-making and individual determination of BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuizhou 550000, Guiyang, China
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Liu Y, Zhu T, Jiang Y, Bu J, Zhu X, Gu X. The Key Role of RNA Modification in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885133. [PMID: 35721510 PMCID: PMC9198488 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the function and expression of epigenetic regulators of RNA modification has gradually become the hotspot of cancer research. Studies have shown that alteration of epigenetic modifications can promote the development and metastasis of breast cancer. This review highlights the progress in characterization of the link between RNA modification and the prognosis, carcinogenesis and treatment of breast cancer, which may provide a new theoretical basis for development of effective strategies for monitoring of breast cancer based on epigenetics.
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A brain-enriched lncRNA shields cancer cells from immune-mediated killing for metastatic colonization in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200230119. [PMID: 35617432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200230119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceBrain metastasis with current limited treatment options is a common complication in advanced cancer patients, and breast-to-brain metastasis (B2BM) is one of the major types. In this work, we report that brain metastasis oncogenic long noncoding RNA (BMOR) is a key brain-enriched long noncoding RNA for the development of B2BM. We demonstrate that BMOR allows B2BM cells to colonize the brain tissue by evading immune-mediated killing in the brain microenvironment. At the molecular level, BMOR binds and inactivates IRF3 in B2BM cells. Finally, BMOR silencer can effectively suppress the development of brain metastasis in vivo. Therefore, our findings reveal a way in which cancer cells evade immune-mediated killing in the brain microenvironment for brain metastasis development and establish therapeutic targets with potential targeted strategies against B2BM.
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43
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Bai S, Wang Z, Wang M, Li J, Wei Y, Xu R, Du J. Tumor-Derived Exosomes Modulate Primary Site Tumor Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:752818. [PMID: 35309949 PMCID: PMC8924426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.752818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are actively produced and released by tumor cells and carry messages from tumor cells to healthy cells or abnormal cells, and they participate in tumor metastasis. In this review, we explore the underlying mechanism of action of TDEs in tumor metastasis. TDEs transport tumor-derived proteins and non-coding RNA to tumor cells and promote migration. Transport to normal cells, such as vascular endothelial cells and immune cells, promotes angiogenesis, inhibits immune cell activation, and improves chances of tumor implantation. Thus, TDEs contribute to tumor metastasis. We summarize the function of TDEs and their components in tumor metastasis and illuminate shortcomings for advancing research on TDEs in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Bai
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zunyun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junai Li
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruihuan Xu
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Du
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Fan B, Gu J, Wu J, Sun Y, Huang R, Shen H, Zhang X, Li Z. Circulating Abnormal Extracellular Vesicles: Their Mechanism for Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier, Effects on Central Nervous System and Detection Methods. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:640-659. [PMID: 35715917 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are difficult to treat and harmful. Many CNS diseases are secondary to peripheral diseases, such as tumor brain metastases (BMS), viral infections and inflammation of the brain, and their pathogenic factors travel through the circulatory system to the brain, eventually leading to lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in this process. Recent studies have shown that, extracellular EVs can effectively cross the blood- brain barrier (BBB) through endocytosis and they transmit molecular signals in cell-to-cell communication. Abnormal EVs produced in the lesion portion transport pathogenic factors, including miRNAs, proteins, and virions into the CNS. These pathogenic factors participate in cellular pathways to interfere with homeostasis or are themselves pathogens that directly damage CNS. In addition, different or specific pathological molecules in EVs are potential disease markers. We herein reviewed pathways through which the abnormal EVs cross BBB and adverse effects of abnormal exosomes. We also and summarized their existing detection techniques, so as to provide basis for prevention and early diagnosis of secondary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Fan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Han Shen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Zhu L, Chen M, Huang B, Zhang T, Chen K, Lian H, Liu M, Zhao K, Pang Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Zhong C. Genomic Analysis Uncovers Immune Microenvironment Characteristics and Drug Sensitivity of Ferroptosis in Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Front Genet 2022; 12:819632. [PMID: 35154262 PMCID: PMC8830939 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.819632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of ferroptosis in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is unclear. This study aimed to explore the ferroptosis-related genes (FRG) relations with the tumor microenvironment, as well as evaluate their values in predicting survival and drug sensitivity in patients with BCBM. Materials and Methods: Genes expression and clinical data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to explore the independent prognostic factors. Consensus cluster principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish the ferroptosis score. Immunological signatures were analyzed by the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Drug sensitivity was evaluated through the estimated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Finally, results were validated in external cohorts. Results: Fourteen significantly different FRG were identified between breast cancer (BC) and BCBM tissues. Survival analysis demonstrated HMOX1, PEBP1, KEAP1, and LPCAT3 were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (all p < 0.05). High ferroptosis score was correlated with iron ion homeostasis, iron metabolism, higher stromal cells and immune cells scores. Patients with high- and low-ferroptosis scores were characterized by different drug sensitivities. Following external validations, the ferroptosis had distinct expression profiles between the BC and BCBM, and could serve as biomarkers for OS and drug response. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that ferroptosis may be involved in the process of BCBM, and ferroptosis could serve as prognostic biomarkers. Evaluation of ferroptosis may deepen our understanding about the tumor microenvironment, and could help clinicians to make individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingsong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaijun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Pang, ; Jing Zhang, ; Qinchuan Li, ; Chunlong Zhong,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Pang, ; Jing Zhang, ; Qinchuan Li, ; Chunlong Zhong,
| | - Qinchuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Pang, ; Jing Zhang, ; Qinchuan Li, ; Chunlong Zhong,
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Pang, ; Jing Zhang, ; Qinchuan Li, ; Chunlong Zhong,
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Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Tumors: Biology and Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312654. [PMID: 34884457 PMCID: PMC8657947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and brain–tumor barrier (BTB), limits the penetration of antineoplastic drugs into the brain, resulting in poor response to treatments. Many techniques have been developed to overcome the presence of these barriers, including direct injections of substances by intranasal or intrathecal routes, chemical modification of drugs or constituents of BBB, inhibition of efflux pumps, physical disruption of BBB by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (EMP), laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT), focused ultrasounds (FUS) combined with microbubbles and convection enhanced delivery (CED). However, most of these strategies have been tested only in preclinical models or in phase 1–2 trials, and none of them have been approved for treatment of brain tumors yet. Concerning the treatment of brain metastases, many molecules have been developed in the last years with a better penetration across BBB (new generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors like osimertinib for non-small-cell lung carcinoma and neratinib/tucatinib for breast cancer), resulting in better progression-free survival and overall survival compared to older molecules. Promising studies concerning neural stem cells, CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptors) strategies and immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing.
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47
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Huang QF, Fang DL, Nong BB, Zeng J. Focal pyroptosis-related genes AIM2 and ZBP1 are prognostic markers for triple-negative breast cancer with brain metastases. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:4845-4858. [PMID: 35116337 PMCID: PMC8797367 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has shown the role of pyroptosis in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of breast cancer. The study sought to screen important pyroptosis-related genes and their role in the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients with brain metastasis (BM). METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to obtain transcriptome data from primary TNBC and from TNBC BM patients. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the primary tumors and BMs were analyzed, and the expression, prognostic significance, immune infiltration, function, and drug sensitivity of the pyroptosis genes in the DEGs were analyzed. RESULTS In both data sets, 456 genes differed between primary TNBC and TNBC BM. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and Z-deoxyribonucleic acid-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) were found to be important pyroptosis genes in DEGs, and significant differences in their expression in primary lesions and BMs were observed. Patients with a high expression of AIM2 had a worse prognosis than low expression, while patients with a high expression of ZBP1 had a better prognosis than low expression. AIM2 and ZBP1 were positively correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells; however, AIM2 was negatively correlated with the infiltration of neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD56) bright natural killer cells and central memory cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells. Increased expression of ZBP1 is negatively correlated with high infiltration levels of central memory CD8 T cells and memory B cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that AIM2 and ZBP1 increase immune cell infiltration and may be potential targets for predicting and treating TNBC BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Fang Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Da Lang Fang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Bin Bin Nong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Glandular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Terceiro LEL, Edechi CA, Ikeogu NM, Nickel BE, Hombach-Klonisch S, Sharif T, Leygue E, Myal Y. The Breast Tumor Microenvironment: A Key Player in Metastatic Spread. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4798. [PMID: 34638283 PMCID: PMC8507966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastatic spread of many cancers including breast. There is now increasing evidence to support the observations that a bidirectional interplay between breast cancer cells and stromal cells exists within the tumor and the tumor microenvironment both at the primary tumor site and at the metastatic site. This interaction occurs through direct cell to cell contact, or by the release of autocrine or paracrine factors which can activate pro-tumor signaling pathways and modulate tumor behavior. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in our current knowledge about the multiple interactions between breast cancer cells and neighboring cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, innate and adaptive immune cells) in the tumor microenvironment that coordinate to regulate metastasis. We also highlight the role of exosomes and circulating tumor cells in facilitating breast cancer metastasis. We discuss some key markers associated with stromal cells in the breast tumor environment and their potential to predict patient survival and guide treatment. Finally, we will provide some brief perspectives on how current technologies may lead to the development of more effective therapies for the clinical management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. L. Terceiro
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Chidalu A. Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Nnamdi M. Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Tanveer Sharif
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; (L.E.L.T.); (C.A.E.); (T.S.)
- Senior Scientist, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Bryan S, Witzel I, Borgmann K, Oliveira-Ferrer L. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Brain Metastases in HER2-Positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4137. [PMID: 34439289 PMCID: PMC8392331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of cancer-associated death for women worldwide, with deaths commonly resulting from metastatic spread to distant organs. Approximately 30% of metastatic BC patients develop brain metastases (BM), a currently incurable diagnosis. The influence of BC molecular subtype and gene expression on breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) development and patient prognosis is undeniable and is, therefore, an important focus point in the attempt to combat the disease. The HER2-positive and triple-negative molecular subtypes are associated with an increased risk of developing BCBM. Several genetic and molecular mechanisms linked to HER2-positive and triple-negative BC breast cancers appear to influence BCBM formation on several levels, including increased development of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and migration of primary BC cells to the brain and/or through superior local invasiveness aided by cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). These specific BC characteristics, together with the ensuing developments at a clinical level, are presented in this review article, drawing a connection between research findings and related therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing BCBM formation and/or progression. Furthermore, we briefly address the critical limitations in our current understanding of this complex topic, highlighting potential focal points for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bryan
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
| | - Isabell Witzel
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Center of Oncology, Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.B.); (I.W.)
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The genomic architecture of metastasis in breast cancer: focus on mechanistic aspects, signalling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2021; 38:95. [PMID: 34268641 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease and the second most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide. Metastasis is one of the most leading causes of death in these patients. Early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer is limited to the breast or nearby lymph nodes. When breast cancer spreads to farther tissues/organs from its original site, it is referred to as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. Normal breast development is regulated by specific genes and signalling pathways controlling cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell motility. Dysregulation of genes involved in various signalling pathways not only leads to the formation of primary tumour but also to the metastasis as well. The metastatic cascade is represented by a multi-step process including invasion of the local tumour cell followed by its entry into the vasculature, exit of malignant cells from the circulation and ultimately their colonization at the distant sites. These stages are referred to as formation of primary tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, intravasation and extravasation, respectively. The major sites of metastasis of breast cancer are the lymph nodes, bone, brain and lung. Only about 28% five-year survival rate has been reported for stage IV breast cancer. Metastasis is a serious concern for breast cancer and therefore, various therapeutic strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target specific dysregulated genes and various signalling pathways involved in different steps of metastasis. In addition, other therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 are also being explored as novel strategies to cure the stage IV/metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the genetic basis of stage IV breast cancer with a focus on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting these dysregulated genes involved in various signalling pathways have also been discussed. Genome editing technologies that can target specific genes in the affected areas by making knock-in and knock-out alternations and thereby bring significant treatment outcomes in breast cancer have also been summarized.
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