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Bai S, Zhang XD, Zou YQ, Lin YX, Liu ZY, Li KW, Huang P, Yoshida T, Liu YL, Li MS, Zhang W, Wang XJ, Zhang M, Du C. Development of high-efficiency superparamagnetic drug delivery system with MPI imaging capability. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1382085. [PMID: 38572358 PMCID: PMC10987818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1382085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a high-efficiency superparamagnetic drug delivery system was developed for preclinical treatment of bladder cancer in small animals. Two types of nanoparticles with magnetic particle imaging (MPI) capability, i.e., single- and multi-core superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), were selected and coupled with bladder anti-tumor drugs by a covalent coupling scheme. Owing to the minimal particle size, magnetic field strengths of 270 mT with a gradient of 3.2 T/m and 260 mT with a gradient of 3.7 T/m were found to be necessary to reach an average velocity of 2 mm/s for single- and multi-core SPIONs, respectively. To achieve this, a method of constructing an in vitro magnetic field for drug delivery was developed based on hollow multi-coils arranged coaxially in close rows, and magnetic field simulation was used to study the laws of the influence of the coil structure and parameters on the magnetic field. Using this method, a magnetic drug delivery system of single-core SPIONs was developed for rabbit bladder therapy. The delivery system consisted of three coaxially and equidistantly arranged coils with an inner diameter of Φ50 mm, radial height of 85 mm, and width of 15 mm that were positioned in close proximity to each other. CCK8 experimental results showed that the three types of drug-coupled SPION killed tumor cells effectively. By adjusting the axial and radial positions of the rabbit bladder within the inner hole of the delivery coil structure, the magnetic drugs injected could undergo two-dimensional delivery motions and were delivered and aggregated to the specified target location within 12 s, with an aggregation range of about 5 mm × 5 mm. In addition, the SPION distribution before and after delivery was imaged using a home-made open-bore MPI system that could realistically reflect the physical state. This study contributes to the development of local, rapid, and precise drug delivery and the visualization of this process during cancer therapy, and further research on MPI/delivery synchronization technology is planned for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Bai
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-dan Zhang
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-qi Zou
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-xi Lin
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-yao Liu
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke-wen Li
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yi-li Liu
- Department of Urology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-shan Li
- Department of Urology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-ju Wang
- Department of Foreign Languages, Liaoning Vocational and Technical College of Economics, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Huang Y, Hsu JC, Koo H, Cormode DP. Repurposing ferumoxytol: Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of an FDA-approved nanoparticle. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:796-816. [PMID: 34976214 PMCID: PMC8692919 DOI: 10.7150/thno.67375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferumoxytol is an intravenous iron oxide nanoparticle formulation that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. In recent years, ferumoxytol has also been demonstrated to have potential for many additional biomedical applications due to its excellent inherent physical properties, such as superparamagnetism, biocatalytic activity, and immunomodulatory behavior. With good safety and clearance profiles, ferumoxytol has been extensively utilized in both preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we first introduce the medical needs and the value of current iron oxide nanoparticle formulations in the market. We then focus on ferumoxytol nanoparticles and their physicochemical, diagnostic, and therapeutic properties. We include examples describing their use in various biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodality imaging, iron deficiency treatment, immunotherapy, microbial biofilm treatment and drug delivery. Finally, we provide a brief conclusion and offer our perspectives on the current limitations and emerging applications of ferumoxytol in biomedicine. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the developments of ferumoxytol as an agent with diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic functionalities.
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Bardestani A, Ebrahimpour S, Esmaeili A, Esmaeili A. Quercetin attenuates neurotoxicity induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:327. [PMID: 34663344 PMCID: PMC8522232 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been proposed as targeted carriers to deliver therapeutic molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). However, IONPs may damage neural tissue via free iron accumulation, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin (QC) have been proven due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, poor solubility and low bioavailability of QC have also led researchers to make various QC-involved nanoparticles to overcome these limitations. We wondered how high doses or prolonged treatment with quercetin conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (QCSPIONs) could improve cognitive dysfunction and promote neurogenesis without any toxicity. It can be explained that the QC inhibits protein aggregation and acts against iron overload via iron-chelating activity, iron homeostasis genes regulation, radical scavenging, and attenuation of Fenton/Haber-Weiss reaction. In this review, first, we present brain iron homeostasis, molecular mechanisms of iron overload that induced neurotoxicity, and the role of iron in dementia-associated diseases. Then by providing evidence of IONPs neurotoxicity, we discuss how QC neutralizes IONPs neurotoxicity, and finally, we make a brief comparison between QC and conventional iron chelators. In this review, we highlight that QC as supplementation and especially in conjugated form reduces iron oxide nanoparticles neurotoxicity in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Bardestani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Ebrahimpour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeili
- School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran.
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Yamamoto A, Takaki K, Morikawa S, Murata K, Ito R. Histologic Distribution and Characteristics on MR Imaging of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide in Ethyl-nitrosourea-induced Endogenous Rat Glioma. Magn Reson Med Sci 2021; 20:264-271. [PMID: 32830172 PMCID: PMC8424023 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2019-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To evaluate the enhancement patterns of an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent (USPIO-CA) compared with those of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gd-BCA). (2) To compare the histologic distribution of USPIO-related iron particles (USPIO-IPs) with the USPIO-enhancement area in the early vascular and in the cellular imaging phase (E- and L-phase, respectively) after intravenous CA administration. METHODS We performed USPIO-enhanced MRI of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced endogenous rat glioma, including spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted images (T1WIs) and gradient-recalled-echo (GRE) T2-weighted images (T2WIs), before and at 3-6 h after USPIO-CA administration for E-phase images. For L-phase images, MRI was performed at 16-19 and 62-69 h after administration. Two observers determined the USPIO-enhancement area on E-phase images and Gd-enhancement areas. We compared the USPIO-enhancement size (USPIO-ES) and Gd-ES on SE T1WIs, and the hypo-intense USPIO-ES on GRE T2WIs and Gd-ES using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In addition, two raters visually evaluated the correspondence between the histologic distribution of USPIO-IPs and the USPIO-enhancement area on corresponding GRE T2WIs at each phase using a 3-rating scale. RESULTS Significantly smaller hyper-intense, hypo-intense and combined hyper-/hypo-intense areas were observed on USPIO-enhanced SE T1WIs compared with Gd-enhanced images (all P < 0.001). The hypo-intense USPIO-ES on GRE T2WIs was significantly smaller than the Gd-ES (P = 0.001). The distribution of USPIO-IPs on histopathological specimen and USPIO-enhancement on GRE T2WIs exhibited poor agreement in 5 of 9 tumors with enhancement from rats sacrificed early. The distribution of microglia containing USPIO-IPs corresponded with the pattern of USPIO-enhancement in the 2 tumors with late enhancement. CONCLUSION The enhancement pattern and size of USPIO-CA in a rat glioma model were statistically different from those of Gd-BCA. Our histological data suggests that USPIO-enhanced MRI offers vascular bed imaging in E-phase and might depict the intra-tumoral distribution of immune effector cells in L-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Takaki
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Shigehiro Morikawa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Kiyoshi Murata
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Ryuta Ito
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Tian X, Fan T, Zhao W, Abbas G, Han B, Zhang K, Li N, Liu N, Liang W, Huang H, Chen W, Wang B, Xie Z. Recent advances in the development of nanomedicines for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2854-2869. [PMID: 33718667 PMCID: PMC7905263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is still a serious threat to human life and health, but there are few therapeutic options available to treat stroke because of limited blood-brain penetration. The development of nanotechnology may overcome some of the problems related to traditional drug development. In this review, we focus on the potential applications of nanotechnology in stroke. First, we will discuss the main molecular pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke to develop a targeted strategy. Second, considering the important role of the blood-brain barrier in stroke treatment, we also delve mechanisms by which the blood-brain barrier protects the brain, and the reasons why the therapeutics must pass through the blood-brain barrier to achieve efficacy. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive review related to the application of nanomaterials to treat stroke, including liposomes, polymers, metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, black phosphorus, hydrogels and dendrimers. To conclude, we will summarize the challenges and future prospects of nanomedicine-based stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Taojian Fan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Wentian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Weiyuan Liang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Guigou C, Lalande A, Millot N, Belharet K, Bozorg Grayeli A. Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges. Brain Sci 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 33799690 PMCID: PMC7998448 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery and distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and the inner ear represent a challenge for the medical and scientific world, especially because of the blood-brain and the blood-perilymph barriers. Solutions are being studied to circumvent or to facilitate drug diffusion across these structures. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which can be coated to change their properties and ensure biocompatibility, represents a promising tool as a drug carrier. They can act as nanocarriers and can be driven with precision by magnetic forces. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use of SPIONs in the CNS and the inner ear. A systematic PubMed search between 1999 and 2019 yielded 97 studies. In this review, we describe the applications of the SPIONS, their design, their administration, their pharmacokinetic, their toxicity and the methods used for targeted delivery of drugs into the ear and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guigou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Alain Lalande
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Karim Belharet
- Laboratoire PRISME, JUNIA Campus Centre, 36000 Châteauroux, France;
| | - Alexis Bozorg Grayeli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
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Israel LL, Galstyan A, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging, targeting and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain. J Control Release 2020; 320:45-62. [PMID: 31923537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles in general, and iron oxide nanoparticles in particular, have been studied extensively during the past 20 years for numerous biomedical applications. The main applications of these nanoparticles are in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic targeting, gene and drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia for tumor treatment, and manipulation of the immune system by macrophage polarization for cancer treatment. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to magnetic particle imaging (MPI) because of its better sensitivity compared to MRI. In recent years, MRI and MPI have been combined as a dual or multimodal imaging method to enhance the signal in the brain for the early detection and treatment of brain pathologies. Because magnetic and iron oxide nanoparticles are so diverse and can be used in multiple applications such as imaging or therapy, they have attractive features for brain delivery. However, the greatest limitations for the use of MRI/MPI for imaging and treatment are in brain delivery, with one of these limitations being the brain-blood barrier (BBB). This review addresses the current status, chemical compositions, advantages and disadvantages, toxicity and most importantly the future directions for the delivery of iron oxide based substances across the blood-brain barrier for targeting, imaging and therapy of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Doswald S, Stark WJ, Beck-Schimmer B. Biochemical functionality of magnetic particles as nanosensors: how far away are we to implement them into clinical practice? J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:73. [PMID: 31151445 PMCID: PMC6544934 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanosensors have become attractive instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. They represent an efficient carrier system in drug delivery or in transporting contrast agents. For such purposes, magnetic nanosensors are used in vivo (intracorporeal application). To remove specific compounds from blood, magnetic nanosensors act as elimination system, which represents an extracorporeal approach. This review discusses principles, advantages and risks on recent advances in the field of magnetic nanosensors. First, synthesis methods for magnetic nanosensors and possibilities for enhancement of biocompatibility with different coating materials are addressed. Then, attention is devoted to clinical applications, in which nanosensors are or may be used as carrier- and elimination systems in the near future. Finally, risk considerations and possible effects of nanomaterials are discussed when working towards clinical applications with magnetic nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Doswald
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin Jan Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mahmoudi K, Bouras A, Bozec D, Ivkov R, Hadjipanayis C. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: a review of the therapy's history, efficacy and application in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:1316-1328. [PMID: 29353516 PMCID: PMC6078833 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1430867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is the exposure of a region of the body to elevated temperatures to achieve a therapeutic effect. HT anticancer properties and its potential as a cancer treatment have been studied for decades. Techniques used to achieve a localised hyperthermic effect include radiofrequency, ultrasound, microwave, laser and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The use of MNPs for therapeutic hyperthermia generation is known as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) and was first attempted as a cancer therapy in 1957. However, despite more recent advancements, MHT has still not become part of the standard of care for cancer treatment. Certain challenges, such as accurate thermometry within the tumour mass and precise tumour heating, preclude its widespread application as a treatment modality for cancer. MHT is especially attractive for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, which has no cure. In this review, the application of MHT as a therapeutic modality for GBM will be discussed. Its therapeutic efficacy, technical details, and major experimental and clinical findings will be reviewed and analysed. Finally, current limitations, areas of improvement, and future directions will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mahmoudi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandros Bouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Bozec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
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Evangelopoulos M, Parodi A, Martinez JO, Tasciotti E. Trends towards Biomimicry in Theranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E637. [PMID: 30134564 PMCID: PMC6164646 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, imaging and therapeutic modalities have seen considerable progress as a result of advances in nanotechnology. Theranostics, or the marrying of diagnostics and therapy, has increasingly been employing nano-based approaches to treat cancer. While first-generation nanoparticles offered considerable promise in the imaging and treatment of cancer, toxicity and non-specific distribution hindered their true potential. More recently, multistage nanovectors have been strategically designed to shield and carry a payload to its intended site. However, detection by the immune system and sequestration by filtration organs (i.e., liver and spleen) remains a major obstacle. In an effort to circumvent these biological barriers, recent trends have taken inspiration from biology. These bioinspired approaches often involve the use of biologically-derived cellular components in the design and fabrication of biomimetic nanoparticles. In this review, we provide insight into early nanoparticles and how they have steadily evolved to include bioinspired approaches to increase their theranostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Evangelopoulos
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ajdary M, Moosavi MA, Rahmati M, Falahati M, Mahboubi M, Mandegary A, Jangjoo S, Mohammadinejad R, Varma RS. Health Concerns of Various Nanoparticles: A Review of Their in Vitro and in Vivo Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090634. [PMID: 30134524 PMCID: PMC6164883 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, cytotoxic effects of NPs on normal cells and living organs is a severe limiting factor that hinders their use in clinic. In addition, diversity of NPs and their physico-chemical properties, including particle size, shape, surface area, dispersity and protein corona effects are considered as key factors that have a crucial impact on their safe or toxicological behaviors. Current studies on toxic effects of NPs are aimed to identify the targets and mechanisms of their side effects, with a focus on elucidating the patterns of NP transport, accumulation, degradation, and elimination, in both in vitro and in vitro models. NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and digestive routes. Consequently, there is a need for reliable information about effects of NPs on various organs in order to reveal their efficacy and impact on health. This review covers the existing knowledge base on the subject that hopefully prepares us better to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Ajdary
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1449614525, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 13145-158, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branches, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 1916893813, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan P.O. Box 517, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman P.O. Box 1355576169, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman P.O. Box 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Saranaz Jangjoo
- School of Medicine, International Branch, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman P.O. Box 1355576169, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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Luo Y, Kim EH, Flask CA, Clark HA. Nanosensors for the Chemical Imaging of Acetylcholine Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5761-5773. [PMID: 29851460 PMCID: PMC6281809 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A suite of imaging tools for detecting specific chemicals in the central nervous system could accelerate the understanding of neural signaling events critical to brain function and disease. Here, we introduce a class of nanoparticle sensors for the highly specific detection of acetylcholine in the living brain using magnetic resonance imaging. The nanosensor is composed of acetylcholine-catalyzing enzymes and pH-sensitive gadolinium contrast agents co-localized onto the surface of polymer nanoparticles, which leads to changes in T1 relaxation rate (1/ T1). The mechanism of the sensor involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine leading to a localized decrease in pH which is detected by the pH-sensitive gadolinium chelate. The concomitant change in 1/ T1 in vitro measured a 20% increase from 0 to 10 μM acetylcholine concentration. The applicability of the nanosensors in vivo was demonstrated in the rat medial prefrontal cortex showing distinct changes in 1/ T1 induced by pharmacological stimuli. The highly specific acetylcholine nanosensor we present here offers a promising strategy for detection of cholinergic neurotransmission and will facilitate our understanding of brain function through chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric H. Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chris A. Flask
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Heather A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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13
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Intravenous Administration of Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Does Not Induce CNS Injury in the Rat: Influence of Spinal Cord Trauma and Cerebrolysin Treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 137:47-63. [PMID: 29132543 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Influence of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs, 10nm in diameter, 0.25 or 0.50mg/mL in 100μL, i.v.) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, edema formation, and neuronal or glial changes within 4-24h after administration was examined in normal rats and after a focal spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, effect of cerebrolysin, a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors, and active peptide fragments was also evaluated on IOMNP-induced changes in central nervous system (CNS) pathology. The SCI was inflicted in rats by making a longitudinal incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segments and allowed to survive 4 or 24h after trauma. Cerebrolysin (2.5mL/kg, i.v.) was given either 30min before IOMNP injection in the 4-h SCI group or 4h after injury in the 24-h survival groups. Control group received cerebrolysin in identical situation following IOMNP administration. In all groups, leakage of serum albumin in the CNS as a marker of BBB breakdown and activation of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The neuronal injury was examined by Nissl staining. The IOMNPs alone in either low or high doses did not induce CNS pathology either following 4 or 24h after administration. However, administration of IOMNPs in SCI group slightly enhanced the pathological changes in the CNS after 24h but not 4h after trauma. Cerebrolysin treatment markedly attenuated IOMNP-induced aggravation of SCI-induced cord pathology and induced significant neuroprotection. These observations are the first to show that IOMNPs are safe for the CNS and cerebrolysin treatment prevented CNS pathology following a combination of trauma and IOMNP injection. This indicated that cerebrolysin might be used as adjunct therapy during IOMNP administration in disease conditions, not reported earlier.
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14
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The brain interstitial system: Anatomy, modeling, in vivo measurement, and applications. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:230-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Amin FU, Hoshiar AK, Do TD, Noh Y, Shah SA, Khan MS, Yoon J, Kim MO. Osmotin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles with electromagnetic guidance for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10619-10632. [PMID: 28534925 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00772h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disease, pathologically characterized by the accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. Here, we describe for the first time the development of a new, pioneering nanotechnology-based drug delivery approach for potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. We demonstrated the delivery of fluorescent carboxyl magnetic Nile Red particles (FMNPs) to the brains of normal mice using a functionalized magnetic field (FMF) composed of positive- and negative-pulsed magnetic fields generated by electromagnetic coils. The FMNPs successfully reached the brain in a few minutes and showed evidence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing. Moreover, the best FMF conditions were found for inducing the FMNPs to reach the cortex and hippocampus regions. Under the same FMF conditions, dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded with osmotin (OMNP) were transported to the brains of Aβ1-42-treated mice. Compared with native osmotin, the OMNP potently attenuates Aβ1-42-induced synaptic deficits, Aβ accumulation, BACE-1 expression and tau hyperphosphorylation. This magnetic drug delivery approach can be extended to preclinical and clinical use and may advance the chances of success in the treatment of neurological disorders like AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ul Amin
- Division of Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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16
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de Oliveira EA, Lazovic J, Guo L, Soto H, Faintuch BL, Akhtari M, Pope W. Evaluation of Magnetonanoparticles Conjugated with New Angiogenesis Peptides in Intracranial Glioma Tumors by MRI. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:265-279. [PMID: 28281182 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in progression of malignant gliomas. The development of glioma-specific labeling molecules that can aid detection and visualization of angiogenesis can help surgical planning and improve treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate if two peptides (GX1 and RGD-GX1) linked to angiogenesis can be used as an MR-imaging markers of angiogenesis. MR imaging was performed in U87 glioblastoma-bearing NOD-SCID mice at different time points between 15 and 120 min post-injection to visualize particle distribution. GX1 and RGD-GX1 exhibited the highest accumulation in U87 glioblastoma at 120 min post i.v. administration. GX1-conjugated agents lead to higher decrease in transverse relaxation time (T 2) (i.e., stronger contrast enhancement) than RGD-GX1-conjugated agents in U87 glioblastoma tumor model. In addition, we tested if U87-IDH1R132 mutated cell line had different pattern of GX1 or RGD-GX1 particle accumulation. Responses in U87-IDH1WT followed a similar pattern with GX1 contrast agents; however, lower contrast enhancement was observed with RGD-GX1 agents. The specific binding of these peptides to human glioblastoma xenograft in the brain was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The contrast enhancement following injection of magnetonanoparticles conjugated to GX1 peptide matched well with CD31 staining and iron staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Aparecida de Oliveira
- Radiopharmacy Center, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 Bloco 17, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lea Guo
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Horacio Soto
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bluma Linkowski Faintuch
- Radiopharmacy Center, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Massoud Akhtari
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen school of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Whitney Pope
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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You S, Luo J, Grossniklaus HE, Gou ML, Meng K, Zhang Q. Nanomedicine in the application of uveal melanoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1215-25. [PMID: 27588278 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.08.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in nanomedicine have significantly changed many aspects of nanoparticle application to the eye including areas of diagnosis, imaging and more importantly drug delivery. The nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems has provided a solution to various drug solubility-related problems in ophthalmology treatment. Nanostructured compounds could be used to achieve local ocular delivery with minimal unwanted systematic side effects produced by taking advantage of the phagocyte system. In addition, the in vivo control release by nanomaterials encapsulated drugs provides prolong exposure of the compound in the body. Furthermore, certain nanoparticles can overcome important body barriers including the blood-retinal barrier as well as the corneal-retinal barrier of the eye for effective delivery of the drug. In summary, the nanotechnology based drug delivery system may serve as an important tool for uveal melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo You
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ma-Ling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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18
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Gaudin A, Song E, King AR, Saucier-Sawyer JK, Bindra R, Desmaële D, Couvreur P, Saltzman WM. PEGylated squalenoyl-gemcitabine nanoparticles for the treatment of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2016; 105:136-144. [PMID: 27521616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New treatments for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are desperately needed, as GBM prognosis remains poor, mainly due to treatment resistance, poor distribution of therapeutics in the tumor tissue, and fast metabolism of chemotherapeutic drugs in the brain extracellular space. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of nanoparticles (NPs) has been shown to improve the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumor bed, providing sustained release, and enhancing survival of animals with intracranial tumors. Here we administered gemcitabine, a nucleoside analog used as a first line treatment for a wide variety of extracranial solid tumors, within squalene-based NPs using CED, to overcome the above-mentioned challenges of GBM treatment. Small percentages of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) dramatically enhanced the distribution of squalene-gemcitabine nanoparticles (SQ-Gem NPs) in healthy animals and tumor-bearing animals after administration by CED. When tested in an orthotopic model of GBM, SQ-Gem-PEG NPs demonstrated significantly improved therapeutic efficacy compared to free gemcitabine, both as a chemotherapeutic drug and as a radiosensitizer. Furthermore, MR contrast agents were incorporated into the SQ-Gem-PEG NP formulation, providing a way to non-invasively track the NPs during infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gaudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Amanda R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Ranjit Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, University Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, University Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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19
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McConnell HL, Schwartz DL, Richardson BE, Woltjer RL, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. Ferumoxytol nanoparticle uptake in brain during acute neuroinflammation is cell-specific. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1535-42. [PMID: 27071335 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferumoxytol ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can enhance contrast between neuroinflamed and normal-appearing brain tissue when used as a contrast agent for high-sensitivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we used an anti-dextran antibody (Dx1) that binds the nanoparticle's carboxymethyldextran coating to differentiate ferumoxytol from endogenous iron and localize it unequivocally in brain tissue. Intravenous injection of ferumoxytol into immune-competent rats that harbored human tumor xenograft-induced inflammatory brain lesions resulted in heterogeneous and lesion-specific signal enhancement on MRI scans in vivo. We used Dx1 immunolocalization and electron microscopy to identify ferumoxytol in affected tissue post-MRI. We found that ferumoxytol nanoparticles were taken up by astrocyte endfeet surrounding cerebral vessels, astrocyte processes, and CD163(+)/CD68(+) macrophages, but not by tumor cells. These results provide a biological basis for the delayed imaging changes seen with ferumoxytol and indicate that ferumoxytol-MRI can be used to assess the inflammatory component of brain lesions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Daniel L Schwartz
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Brian E Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Leslie L Muldoon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Edward A Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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20
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Strohbehn G, Coman D, Han L, Ragheb RRT, Fahmy TM, Huttner AJ, Hyder F, Piepmeier JM, Saltzman WM, Zhou J. Imaging the delivery of brain-penetrating PLGA nanoparticles in the brain using magnetic resonance. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:441-9. [PMID: 25403507 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is largely ineffective, with nearly universal tumor recurrence. The failure of current therapy is primarily due to the lack of approaches for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to diffuse tumors in the brain. In our prior study, we developed brain-penetrating nanoparticles that are capable of penetrating brain tissue and distribute over clinically relevant volumes when administered via convection-enhanced delivery (CED). We demonstrated that these particles are capable of efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics to diffuse tumors in the brain, indicating that they may serve as a groundbreaking approach for the treatment of GBM. In the original study, nanoparticles in the brain were imaged using positron emission tomography (PET). However, clinical translation of this delivery platform can be enabled by engineering a non-invasive detection modality using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For this purpose, we developed chemistry to incorporate superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) into the brain-penetrating nanoparticles. We demonstrated that SPIO-loaded nanoparticles, which retain the same morphology as nanoparticles without SPIO, have an excellent transverse (T(2)) relaxivity. After CED, the distribution of nanoparticles in the brain (i.e., in the vicinity of injection site) can be detected using MRI and the long-lasting signal attenuation of SPIO-loaded brain-penetrating nanoparticles lasted over a one-month timecourse. Development of these nanoparticles is significant as, in future clinical applications, co-administration of SPIO-loaded nanoparticles will allow for intraoperative monitoring of particle distribution in the brain to ensure drug-loaded nanoparticles reach tumors as well as for monitoring the therapeutic benefit with time and to evaluate tumor relapse patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Strohbehn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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21
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Doyle KP, Quach LN, Arceuil HED, Buckwalter MS. Ferumoxytol administration does not alter infarct volume or the inflammatory response to stroke in mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:236-40. [PMID: 25449870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticle that is FDA-approved as an intravenous iron replacement therapy for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ferumoxytol has also been used as a contrast agent for cerebral blood volume mapping by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which suggests it could be used for imaging hemodynamic abnormalities after stroke. However, circulating macrophages can internalize USPIOs, and recent data indicate that the accumulation of iron in macrophages can lead them to adopt the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, the uptake of intravenously administered iron particles by circulating macrophages that home to the stroke core could potentially alter the inflammatory response to stroke. To test this possibility in vivo we administered a dose of ferumoxytol previously used to obtain cerebral blood volume maps in healthy humans by steady-state susceptibility contrast (SSC) MRI to BALB/cJ mice 48h after stroke and examined cytokine levels, microglial/macrophage activation, and lesion volume in the brain 5 days later. Treatment with ferumoxytol did not lead to any differences in these parameters. These data indicate that the use of ferumoxytol as a contrast agent for brain imaging after stroke does not alter the inflammatory response to stroke in mice, and is therefore unlikely to do so in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Department of Neurology, and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lisa N Quach
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Helen E D' Arceuil
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Doolittle ND, Muldoon LL, Culp AY, Neuwelt EA. Delivery of chemotherapeutics across the blood-brain barrier: challenges and advances. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:203-43. [PMID: 25307218 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits drug delivery to brain tumors. We utilize intraarterial infusion of hyperosmotic mannitol to reversibly open the BBB by shrinking endothelial cells and opening tight junctions between the cells. This approach transiently increases the delivery of chemotherapy, antibodies, and nanoparticles to brain. Our preclinical studies have optimized the BBB disruption (BBBD) technique and clinical studies have shown its safety and efficacy. The delivery of methotrexate-based chemotherapy in conjunction with BBBD provides excellent outcomes in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) including stable or improved cognitive function in survivors a median of 12 years (range 2-26 years) after diagnosis. The addition of rituximab to chemotherapy with BBBD for PCNSL can be safely accomplished with excellent overall survival. Our translational studies of thiol agents to protect against platinum-induced toxicities led to the development of a two-compartment model in brain tumor patients. We showed that delayed high-dose sodium thiosulfate protects against carboplatin-induced hearing loss, providing the framework for large cooperative group trials of hearing chemoprotection. Neuroimaging studies have identified that ferumoxytol, an iron oxide nanoparticle blood pool agent, appears to be a superior contrast agent to accurately assess therapy-induced changes in brain tumor vasculature, in brain tumor response to therapy, and in differentiating central nervous system lesions with inflammatory components. This chapter reviews the breakthroughs, challenges, and future directions for BBBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Doolittle
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie L Muldoon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aliana Y Culp
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward A Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Petters C, Irrsack E, Koch M, Dringen R. Uptake and metabolism of iron oxide nanoparticles in brain cells. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1648-60. [PMID: 25011394 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used for various applications in biomedicine, for example as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, for cell tracking and for anti-tumor treatment. However, IONPs are also known for their toxic effects on cells and tissues which are at least in part caused by iron-mediated radical formation and oxidative stress. The potential toxicity of IONPs is especially important concerning the use of IONPs for neurobiological applications as alterations in brain iron homeostasis are strongly connected with human neurodegenerative diseases. Since IONPs are able to enter the brain, potential adverse consequences of an exposure of brain cells to IONPs have to be considered. This article describes the pathways that allow IONPs to enter the brain and summarizes the current knowledge on the uptake, the metabolism and the toxicity of IONPs for the different types of brain cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petters
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
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Reparative effects of neural stem cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic injury are not influenced by host sex. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:603-11. [PMID: 24463490 PMCID: PMC4404035 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender is increasingly recognized as an important influence on brain development, disease susceptibility, and response to pharmacologic/rehabilitative treatments. In regenerative medicine, it remains entirely unknown whether there is an interaction between transplanted stem cells and host gender that might bias efficacy and safety in some patients but not others. METHODS We examined the role of recipient gender in a neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) model, treated with female human neuronal stem cells (hNSCs), labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles implanted into the contralateral cerebral ventricle. We monitored HII evolution (by magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, behavioral testing) and hNSC fate (migration, replication, viability). RESULTS Recipient gender after implantation did not influence the volume or location of ischemic injury (1, 30, or 90 d) or behavior (90 d). Superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling did not influence HII evolution. Implantation had its greatest benefit on mild/moderate injuries, which remained stable rather than increasing as in severe HII as is the natural history for such lesions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that hNSC treatment (including using hNSCs that are prelabeled with iron to allow tracking in real time by magnetic resonance imaging) would be equally safe and effective for male and female human newborns with mild-to-moderate HII.
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Malheiros JM, Longo BM, Tannús A, Covolan L. Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase of the pilocarpine-induced model of epilepsy. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2013; 10:247-52. [PMID: 23052465 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082012000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance images are useful in the study of experimental models of temporal lobe epilepsy. The manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) technique is of interest since it combines the effects caused by manganese on the increased contrast in activated cell populations, when competing with calcium in synaptic transmission. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal evolution of the contrast related to manganese in the acute phase of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by systemic pilocarpine and compare it to the expression of the c-Fos protein. During this phase, the intensity of the MEMRI signal was analyzed at three different time points (5, 15 or 30 minutes) after the onset of status epilepticus (SE). The group that was maintained in status epilepticus for 30 minutes showed a decrease in intensity of the signal in CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG). There were no differences between the control group and the other groups treated with pilocarpine. The expression of the protein, c-Fos, in the same animals showed that even in the short-duration status epilepticus (5 minutes), there was already maximal cellular activation in subregions of the hippocampus (DG, CA1 and CA3). Under the experimental conditions tested, our data suggest that the MEMRI signal was not sensitive for the identification of detectable variations of cell activation in the acute phase of the pilocarpine model. Our findings are not consistent with the idea that manganese contrast reflects primarily alterations in cellular activity during SE when other signal-modifying elements can act.
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Kim Y, Kong SD, Chen LH, Pisanic TR, Jin S, Shubayev VI. In vivo nanoneurotoxicity screening using oxidative stress and neuroinflammation paradigms. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1057-66. [PMID: 23669369 PMCID: PMC3783535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are promising neuroimaging agents and molecular cargo across neurovascular barriers. Development of intrinsically safe IONP chemistries requires a robust in vivo nanoneurotoxicity screening model. Herein, we engineered four IONPs of different surface and core chemistries: DMSA-Fe2O3, DMSA-Fe3O4, PEG-Fe3O4 and PEG-Au-Fe3O4. Capitalizing on the ability of the peripheral nervous system to recruit potent immune cells from circulation, we characterized a spatiotemporally controlled platform for the study of in vivo nanobiointerfaces with hematogenous immune cells, neuroglial and neurovascular units after intraneural IONP delivery into rat sciatic nerve. SQUID magnetometry and histological iron stain were used for IONP tracking. Among the IONPs, DMSA-Fe2O3 NPs were potent pro-apoptotic agents in nerve, with differential ability to regulate oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic signaling in neuroglia, macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells. This platform aims to facilitate the development of predictive paradigms of nanoneurotoxicity based on mechanistic investigation of relevant in vivo bio-nanointerfaces. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This team of investigators report the development of a platform that enables screening of iron oxide nanoparticles from the standpoint of their potential neurotoxicity, utilizing rat sciatic nerves. Such screening tools are clearly needed with the potential advent of iron oxide nanoparticle-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Seong Deok Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Li-Han Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Thomas R. Pisanic
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
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Gutova M, Frank JA, D'Apuzzo M, Khankaldyyan V, Gilchrist MM, Annala AJ, Metz MZ, Abramyants Y, Herrmann KA, Ghoda LY, Najbauer J, Brown CE, Blanchard MS, Lesniak MS, Kim SU, Barish ME, Aboody KS, Moats RA. Magnetic resonance imaging tracking of ferumoxytol-labeled human neural stem cells: studies leading to clinical use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:766-75. [PMID: 24014682 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous stem cell-based therapies are currently under clinical investigation, including the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) as delivery vehicles to target therapeutic agents to invasive brain tumors. The ability to monitor the time course, migration, and distribution of stem cells following transplantation into patients would provide critical information for optimizing treatment regimens. No effective cell-tracking methodology has yet garnered clinical acceptance. A highly promising noninvasive method for monitoring NSCs and potentially other cell types in vivo involves preloading them with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) to enable cell tracking using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report here the preclinical studies that led to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for first-in-human investigational use of ferumoxytol to label NSCs prior to transplantation into brain tumor patients, followed by surveillance serial MRI. A combination of heparin, protamine sulfate, and ferumoxytol (HPF) was used to label the NSCs. HPF labeling did not affect cell viability, growth kinetics, or tumor tropism in vitro, and it enabled MRI visualization of NSC distribution within orthotopic glioma xenografts. MRI revealed dynamic in vivo NSC distribution at multiple time points following intracerebral or intravenous injection into glioma-bearing mice that correlated with histological analysis. Preclinical safety/toxicity studies of intracerebrally administered HPF-labeled NSCs in mice were also performed, and they showed no significant clinical or behavioral changes, no neuronal or systemic toxicities, and no abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver or spleen. These studies support the clinical use of ferumoxytol labeling of cells for post-transplant MRI visualization and tracking.
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Bernal GM, LaRiviere MJ, Mansour N, Pytel P, Cahill KE, Voce DJ, Kang S, Spretz R, Welp U, Noriega SE, Nunez L, Larsen GF, Weichselbaum RR, Yamini B. Convection-enhanced delivery and in vivo imaging of polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of malignant glioma. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:149-57. [PMID: 23891990 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A major obstacle to the management of malignant glioma is the inability to effectively deliver therapeutic agent to the tumor. In this study, we describe a polymeric nanoparticle vector that not only delivers viable therapeutic, but can also be tracked in vivo using MRI. Nanoparticles, produced by a non-emulsion technique, were fabricated to carry iron oxide within the shell and the chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), as the payload. Nanoparticle properties were characterized and subsequently their endocytosis-mediated uptake by glioma cells was demonstrated. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) can disperse nanoparticles through the rodent brain and their distribution is accurately visualized by MRI. Infusion of nanoparticles does not result in observable animal toxicity relative to control. CED of TMZ-bearing nanoparticles prolongs the survival of animals with intracranial xenografts compared to control. In conclusion, the described nanoparticle vector represents a unique multifunctional platform that can be used for image-guided treatment of malignant glioma. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR GBM remains one of the most notoriously treatment-unresponsive cancer types. In this study, a multifunctional nanoparticle-based temozolomide delivery system was demonstrated to possess enhanced treatment efficacy in a rodent xenograft GBM model, with the added benefit of MRI-based tracking via the incorporation of iron oxide as a T2* contrast material in the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna M Bernal
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J LaRiviere
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nassir Mansour
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kirk E Cahill
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David J Voce
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shijun Kang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ruben Spretz
- Biotarget Inc. and LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ulrich Welp
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandra E Noriega
- Biotarget Inc. and LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Luis Nunez
- Biotarget Inc. and LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gustavo F Larsen
- Biotarget Inc. and LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Meyers JD, Doane T, Burda C, Basilion JP. Nanoparticles for imaging and treating brain cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:123-43. [PMID: 23256496 PMCID: PMC3564670 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer tumors cause disruption of the selective properties of vascular endothelia, even causing disruptions in the very selective blood-brain barrier, which are collectively referred to as the blood-brain-tumor barrier. Nanoparticles (NPs) have previously shown great promise in taking advantage of this increased vascular permeability in other cancers, which results in increased accumulation in these cancers over time due to the accompanying loss of an effective lymph system. NPs have therefore attracted increased attention for treating brain cancer. While this research is just beginning, there have been many successes demonstrated thus far in both the laboratory and clinical setting. This review serves to present the reader with an overview of NPs for treating brain cancer and to provide an outlook on what may come in the future. For NPs, just like the blood-brain-tumor barrier, the future is wide open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Meyers
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- National Foundation for Cancer Research (NFCR), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tennyson Doane
- Department of Chemistry, NFCR Center for Molecular Imaging, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, NFCR Center for Molecular Imaging, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James P Basilion
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- National Foundation for Cancer Research (NFCR), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Block copolymer cross-linked nanoassemblies improve particle stability and biocompatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2012; 30:552-61. [PMID: 23080062 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop cross-linked nanoassemblies (CNAs) as carriers for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). METHODS Ferric and ferrous ions were co-precipitated inside core-shell type nanoparticles prepared by cross-linking poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate) block copolymers to prepare CNAs entrapping Fe(3)O(4) IONPs (CNA-IONPs). Particle stability and biocompatibility of CNA-IONPs were characterized in comparison to citrate-coated Fe(3)O(4) IONPs (Citrate-IONPs). RESULTS CNA-IONPs, approximately 30 nm in diameter, showed no precipitation in water, PBS, or a cell culture medium after 3 or 30 h, at 22, 37, and 43°C, and 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL, whereas Citrate-IONPs agglomerated rapidly (> 400 nm) in all aqueous media tested. No cytotoxicity was observed in a mouse brain endothelial-derived cell line (bEnd.3) exposed to CNA-IONPs up to 10 mg/mL for 30 h. Citrate-IONPs (> 0.05 mg/mL) reduced cell viability after 3 h. CNA-IONPs retained the superparamagnetic properties of entrapped IONPs, enhancing T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) at 0.02 mg/mL, and generating heat at a mild hyperthermic level (40 ~ 42°C) with an alternating magnetic field (AMF). CONCLUSION Compared to citric acid coating, CNAs with a cross-linked anionic core improved particle stability and biocompatibility of IONPs, which would be beneficial for future MRI and AMF-induced remote hyperthermia applications.
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Hsieh V, Jasanoff A. Bioengineered probes for molecular magnetic resonance imaging in the nervous system. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:593-602. [PMID: 22896803 DOI: 10.1021/cn300059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular imaging probes has changed the nature of neurobiological research. Some of the most notable successes have involved the use of biological engineering techniques for the creation of fluorescent protein derivatives for optical imaging, but recent work has also led to a number of bioengineered probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the preeminent technique for noninvasive investigation of brain structure and function. Molecular MRI agents are beginning to be applied for experiments in the nervous system, where they have the potential to bridge from molecular to systems or organismic levels of analysis. Compared with canonical synthetic small molecule agents, biomolecular or semibiosynthetic MRI contrast agents offer special advantages due to their amenability to molecular engineering approaches, their properties in some cases as catalysts, and their specificity in targeting and ligand binding. Here, we discuss an expanding list of instances where biological engineering techniques have aided in the design of MRI contrast agents and reporter systems, examining both advantages and limitations of these types of probes for studies in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hsieh
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, ‡Biological Engineering, §Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and ∥Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 16-561, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, ‡Biological Engineering, §Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and ∥Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 16-561, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Conjugation of functionalized SPIONs with transferrin for targeting and imaging brain glial tumors in rat model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37376. [PMID: 22615995 PMCID: PMC3355132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, effective and specific diagnostic imaging of brain glioma is a major challenge. Nanomedicine plays an essential role by delivering the contrast agent in a targeted manner to specific tumor cells, leading to improvement in accurate diagnosis by good visualization and specific demonstration of tumor cells. This study investigated the preparation and characterization of a targeted MR contrast agent, transferrin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Tf-SPIONs), for brain glioma detection. MR imaging showed the obvious contrast change of brain glioma before and after administration of Tf-SPIONs in C6 glioma rat model in vivo on T2 weighted imaging. Significant contrast enhancement of brain glioma could still be clearly seen even 48 h post injection, due to the retention of Tf-SPIONs in cytoplasm of tumor cells which was proved by Prussian blue staining. Thus, these results suggest that Tf-SPIONs could be a potential targeting MR contrast agent for the brain glioma.
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Anatomical differences determine distribution of adenovirus after convection-enhanced delivery to the rat brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24396. [PMID: 22022354 PMCID: PMC3192704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of adenoviruses offers the potential of widespread virus distribution in the brain. In CED, the volume of distribution (Vd) should be related to the volume of infusion (Vi) and not to dose, but when using adenoviruses contrasting results have been reported. As the characteristics of the infused tissue can affect convective delivery, this study was performed to determine the effects of the gray and white matter on CED of adenoviruses and similar sized super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO). Methodology/Principal Findings We convected AdGFP, an adenovirus vector expressing Green Fluorescent Protein, a virus sized SPIO or trypan blue in the gray and white matter of the striatum and external capsule of Wistar rats and towards orthotopic infiltrative brain tumors. The resulting Vds were compared to Vi and transgene expression to SPIO distribution. Results show that in the striatum Vd is not determined by the Vi but by the infused virus dose, suggesting diffusion, active transport or receptor saturation rather than convection. Distribution of virus and SPIO in the white matter is partly volume dependent, which is probably caused by preferential fluid pathways from the external capsule to the surrounding gray matter, as demonstrated by co-infusing trypan blue. Distant tumors were reached using the white matter tracts but tumor penetration was limited. Conclusions/Significance CED of adenoviruses in the rat brain and towards infiltrative tumors is feasible when regional anatomical differences are taken into account while SPIO infusion could be considered to validate proper catheter positioning and predict adenoviral distribution.
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Gonzales M, Mitsumori LM, Kushleika JV, Rosenfeld ME, Krishnan KM. Cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles made from the thermal decomposition of organometallics and aqueous phase transfer with Pluronic F127. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 5:286-93. [PMID: 20623517 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are promising molecular imaging agents due to their relatively high relaxivity and the potential to modify surface functionality to tailor biodistribution. In this work we describe the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using organic solvents with organometallic precursors. This method results in nanoparticles that are highly crystalline and have uniform size and shape. The ability to create a monodispersion of particles of the same size and shape results in unique magnetic properties that can be useful for biomedical applications with MR imaging. Before these nanoparticles can be used in biological applications, however, means are needed to make the nanoparticles soluble in aqueous solutions and the toxicity of these nanoparticles needs to be studied. We have developed two methods to surface modify and transfer these nanoparticles to the aqueous phase using the biocompatible co-polymer, Pluronic F127. Cytotoxicity was found to be dependent on the coating procedure used. Nanoparticle effects on a cell-culture model were quantified using concurrent assaying: a lactate dehydrogenase assay to determine cytotoxicity and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt assay to determine viability for a 24 h incubation period. Concurrent assaying was done to insure that nanoparticles did not interfere with the colorimetric assay results. This report demonstrates that a monodispersion of nanoparticles of uniform size and shape can be manufactured. Initial cytotoxicity testing of new molecular imaging agents needs to be carefully constructed to avoid interference and erroneous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gonzales
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
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Schlorf T, Meincke M, Kossel E, Glüer CC, Jansen O, Mentlein R. Biological properties of iron oxide nanoparticles for cellular and molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 12:12-23. [PMID: 21339973 PMCID: PMC3039939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron-oxide particles (SPIO) are used in different ways as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Particles with high nonspecific uptake are required for unspecific labeling of phagocytic cells whereas those that target specific molecules need to have very low unspecific cellular uptake. We compared iron-oxide particles with different core materials (magnetite, maghemite), different coatings (none, dextran, carboxydextran, polystyrene) and different hydrodynamic diameters (20–850 nm) for internalization kinetics, release of internalized particles, toxicity, localization of particles and ability to generate contrast in MRI. Particle uptake was investigated with U118 glioma cells und human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which exhibit different phagocytic properties. In both cell types, the contrast agents Resovist, B102, non-coated Fe3O4 particles and microspheres were better internalized than dextran-coated Nanomag particles. SPIO uptake into the cells increased with particle/iron concentrations. Maximum intracellular accumulation of iron particles was observed between 24 h to 36 h of exposure. Most particles were retained in the cells for at least two weeks, were deeply internalized, and only few remained adsorbed at the cell surface. Internalized particles clustered in the cytosol of the cells. Furthermore, all particles showed a low toxicity. By MRI, monolayers consisting of 5000 Resovist-labeled cells could easily be visualized. Thus, for unspecific cell labeling, Resovist and microspheres show the highest potential, whereas Nanomag particles are promising contrast agents for target-specific labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlorf
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuela Meincke
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Elke Kossel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Medical Physics, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 9, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (E.K.); (C.-C.G.)
| | - Claus-Christian Glüer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Medical Physics, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 9, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (E.K.); (C.-C.G.)
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-2460; Fax: +49-431-880-1557
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Dósa E, Guillaume DJ, Haluska M, Lacy CA, Hamilton BE, Njus JM, Rooney WD, Kraemer DF, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial tumors: intra-patient comparison of gadoteridol and ferumoxytol. Neuro Oncol 2010; 13:251-60. [PMID: 21163809 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare gadoteridol with ferumoxytol for contrast-enhanced and perfusion-weighted (PW) MRI of intracranial tumors. The final analysis included 26 patients, who underwent 3 consecutive days of 3T MRI. Day 1 consisted of anatomical pre- and postcontrast images, and PW MRI was acquired using gadoteridol (0.1 mmol/kg). On Day 2, the same MRI sequences were obtained with ferumoxytol (510 mg) and on Day 3, the anatomical images were repeated to detect delayed ferumoxytol-induced signal changes. The T₁-weighted images were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for enhancement volume and signal intensity (SI) changes; PW data were used to estimate the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). All 26 lesions showed 24-hour T₁-weighted ferumoxytol enhancement; 16 also had T₂-weighted hypointensities. In 6 patients, ferumoxytol-induced signal changes were noted in areas with no gadoteridol enhancement. Significantly greater (P< .0001) SI changes were seen with gadoteridol, and qualitative analyses (lesion border delineation, internal morphology, contrast enhancement) also showed significant preferences (P= .0121; P = .0015; P < .0001, respectively) for this agent. There was no significant difference in lesion enhancement volumes between contrast materials. The ferumoxytol-rCBV values were significantly higher (P = .0016) compared with the gadoteridol-rCBV values. In conclusion, ferumoxytol provides important information about tumor biology that complements gadoteridol imaging. The rCBV measurements indicate areas of tumor undergoing rapid growth, whereas the 24-hour scans mark the presence of inflammatory cells. Both of these functions provide useful information about tumor response to treatment. We suggest that dynamic and anatomical imaging with ferumoxytol warrant further assessment in brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Dósa
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, L603, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Muldoon LL, Gahramanov S, Li X, Marshall DJ, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging assessment of vascular targeting agent effects in rat intracerebral tumor models. Neuro Oncol 2010; 13:51-60. [PMID: 21123368 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We used dynamic MRI to evaluate the effects of monoclonal antibodies targeting brain tumor vasculature. Female athymic rats with intracerebral human tumor xenografts were untreated or treated with intetumumab, targeting α(V)-integrins, or bevacizumab, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (n = 4-6 per group). Prior to treatment and at 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment, we performed standard MRI to assess tumor volume, dynamic susceptibility-contrast MRI with the blood-pool iron oxide nanoparticle ferumoxytol to evaluate relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to assess tumor vascular permeability. Tumor rCBV increased by 27 ± 13% over 7 days in untreated rats; intetumumab increased tumor rCBV by 65 ± 10%, whereas bevacizumab reduced tumor rCBV by 31 ± 10% at 7 days (P < .001 for group and day). Similarly, intetumumab increased brain tumor vascular permeability compared with controls at 3 and 7 days after treatment, whereas bevacizumab decreased tumor permeability within 24 hours (P = .0004 for group, P = .0081 for day). All tumors grew over the 7-day assessment period, but bevacizumab slowed the increase in tumor volume on MRI. We conclude that the vascular targeting agents intetumumab and bevacizumab had diametrically opposite effects on dynamic MRI of tumor vasculature in rat brain tumor models. Targeting α(V)-integrins increased tumor vascular permeability and blood volume, whereas bevacizumab decreased both measures. These findings have implications for chemotherapy delivery and antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie L Muldoon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, L603, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Nanoparticle-mediated brain-specific drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1759-71. [PMID: 20593303 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases represent the largest and fastest-growing area of unmet medical need. Nanotechnology plays a unique instrumental role in the revolutionary development of brain-specific drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis. With the aid of nanoparticles of high specificity and multifunctionality, such as dendrimers and quantum dots, therapeutics, imaging agents, and diagnostic molecules can be delivered to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enabling considerable progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of CNS diseases. Nanoparticles used in the CNS for drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis are reviewed, as well as their administration routes, toxicity, and routes to cross the BBB. Future directions and major challenges are outlined.
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and central nervous system inflammatory pathologies, a review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:15-35. [PMID: 19756021 PMCID: PMC2949106 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have diverse diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). They are useful as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to evaluate: areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction related to tumors and other neuroinflammatory pathologies, the cerebrovasculature using perfusion-weighted MRI sequences, and in vivo cellular tracking in CNS disease or injury. Novel, targeted, nanoparticle synthesis strategies will allow for a rapidly expanding range of applications in patients with brain tumors, cerebral ischemia or stroke, carotid atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. These strategies may ultimately improve disease detection, therapeutic monitoring, and treatment efficacy especially in the context of antiangiogenic chemotherapy and antiinflammatory medications. The purpose of this review is to outline the current status of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the context of biomedical nanotechnology as they apply to diagnostic MRI and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and other CNS inflammatory conditions.
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Pawelczyk E, Jordan EK, Balakumaran A, Chaudhry A, Gormley N, Smith M, Lewis BK, Childs R, Robey PG, Frank JA. In vivo transfer of intracellular labels from locally implanted bone marrow stromal cells to resident tissue macrophages. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6712. [PMID: 19696933 PMCID: PMC2726631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular labels such as dextran coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) are frequently used to study the fate of transplanted cells by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescent microscopy. Bystander uptake of labeled cells by resident tissue macrophages (TM) can confound the interpretation of the presence of intracellular labels especially during direct implantation of cells, which can result in more than 70% cell death. In this study we determined the percentages of TM that took up SPION, BrdU or GFP from labeled bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) that were placed into areas of angiogenesis and inflammation in a mouse model known as Matrigel™ plaque perfusion assay. Cells recovered from digested plaques at various time points were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The analysis of harvested plaques revealed 5% of BrdU+, 5–10% of GFP+ and 5–15% of dextran+ macrophages. The transfer of the label was not dependent on cell dose or viability. Collectively, this study suggests that care should be taken to validate donor origin of cells using an independent marker by histology and to assess transplanted cells for TM markers prior to drawing conclusions about the in vivo behavior of transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pawelczyk
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Dave SR, Gao X. Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for biodetection, imaging, and drug delivery: a versatile and evolving technology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:583-609. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR, Jin S. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:467-77. [PMID: 19389434 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of MNPs has advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cell tracking and bioseparation. Integrative therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e., theragnostic) applications have emerged with MNP use, such as MRI-guided cell replacement therapy or MRI-based imaging of cancer-specific gene delivery. However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to molecular or bulk counterparts. Oxidative stress, a 3-tier paradigm of nanotoxicity, manifests in activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (tier I), followed by a proinflammatory response (tier II) and DNA damage leading to cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis (tier III). Invivo administered MNPs are quickly challenged by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in not only neutralization of potential MNP toxicity but also reduced circulation time necessary for MNP efficacy. We discuss the role of MNP size, composition and surface chemistry in their intracellular uptake, biodistribution, macrophage recognition and cytotoxicity, and review current studies on MNP toxicity, caveats of nanotoxicity assessments and engineering strategies to optimize MNPs for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0629, USA.
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Pike MM, Stoops CN, Langford CP, Akella NS, Nabors LB, Gillespie GY. High-resolution longitudinal assessment of flow and permeability in mouse glioma vasculature: Sequential small molecule and SPIO dynamic contrast agent MRI. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:615-25. [PMID: 19235262 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The poor prognosis associated with malignant glioma is largely attributable to its invasiveness and robust angiogenesis. Angiogenesis involves host-tumor interaction and requires in vivo evaluation. Despite their versatility, few studies have used mouse glioma models with perfusion MRI approaches, and generally lack longitudinal study design. Using a micro-MRI system (8.5 Tesla), a novel dual bolus-tracking perfusion MRI strategy was implemented. Using the small molecule contrast agent Magnevist, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI was implemented in the intracranial 4C8 mouse glioma model to determine K(trans) and v(e), indices of tumor vascular permeability and cellularity, respectively. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI was subsequently implemented to assess both cerebral blood flow and volume, using the macromolecular superparamagnetic iron oxide, Feridex, which circumvented tumor bolus susceptibility curve distortions from first-pass extravasation. The high-resolution parametric maps obtained over 4 weeks, indicated a progression of tumor vascularization, permeability, and decreased cellularity with tumor growth. In conclusion, a comprehensive array of key parameters were reliably quantified in a longitudinal mouse glioma study. The syngeneic 4C8 intracerebral mouse tumor model has excellent characteristics for studies of glioma angiogenesis. This approach provides a useful platform for noninvasive and highly diagnostic longitudinal investigations of anti-angiogenesis strategies in a relevant orthotopic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Pike
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Basak S, Brogan D, Dietrich H, Ritter R, Dacey RG, Biswas P. Transport characteristics of nanoparticle-based ferrofluids in a gel model of the brain. Int J Nanomedicine 2009; 4:9-26. [PMID: 19421367 PMCID: PMC2720738 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A current advance in nanotechnology is the selective targeting of therapeutics by external magnetic field-guided delivery. This is an important area of research in medicine. The use of magnetic forces results in the formation of agglomerated structures in the field region. The transport characteristics of these agglomerated structures are explored. A nonintrusive method based on in situ light-scattering techniques is used to characterize the velocity of such particles in a magnetic field gradient. A transport model for the chain-like agglomerates is developed based on these experimental observations. The transport characteristics of magnetic nanoparticle drug carriers are then explored in gel-based simulated models of the brain. Results of such measurements demonstrate decreased diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles when placed in a high magnetic field gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soubir Basak
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical, Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Cai J, Shapiro EM, Hamilton AD. Self-assembling DNA quadruplex conjugated to MRI contrast agents. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:205-8. [PMID: 19125646 DOI: 10.1021/bc8004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and magnetic resonance (MR) characterization of new MRI contrast agents based on gadolinium complexes conjugated to a self-assembling DNA quadruplex scaffold. As a single gadolinium-DOTA chelated DNA strand, the r(1) molar relaxivity is 6.4 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd and increases to 11.7 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd upon formation of a DNA quadruplex. Similar results were obtained when a gadolinium-DOTA dendrimer was conjugated to DNA, with the r(1) molar relaxivity increasing to 12.9 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd upon the formation of DNA quadruplex, compared to that of 6.0 mM(-1) s(-1) for a single strand of gadolinium-DOTA dendrimer chelate. This yields an r(1) molar relaxivity of 154.8 and 46.8 mM(-1) s(-1) per DNA quadruplex based on DOTA dendrimer or monomer, respectively. Importantly, the DNA quadruplex scaffold is approximately 2.5 nm(3) in size, potentially enabling this type of contrast agent to be used for targeted delivery in vivo to detect specific cells or tissues, even behind intact blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Dynamic MRI using iron oxide nanoparticles to assess early vascular effects of antiangiogenic versus corticosteroid treatment in a glioma model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:853-60. [PMID: 19142191 PMCID: PMC2747492 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vascular effects of antiangiogenic treatment may pose problems for evaluating brain tumor response based on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We used serial dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI at 12 T to assess vascular responses to antiangiogenic versus steroid therapy. Athymic rats with intracerebral U87MG human glioma (n=17) underwent susceptibility-weighted perfusion MRI with ferumoxytol, a solely intravascular ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticle, followed by T1-weighted dynamic gadodiamide-enhanced MRI to measure vascular permeability. Rats were imaged before and after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment with the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab or the corticosteroid dexamethasone. Contrast agent extravasation was seen rapidly after gadodiamide, but not with ferumoxytol administration. Bevacizumab significantly decreased the blood volume and decreased permeability in tumors as determined by increased time-to-peak enhancement. A single dose of 45 mg/kg bevacizumab resulted in changes analogous to dexamethasone given in an extremely high dose (12 mg/kg per day), and was significantly more effective than dexamethasone at 2 mg/kg per day. We conclude that dynamic perfusion MRI measurements with ferumoxytol USPIO to assess cerebral blood volume, along with dynamic gadodiamide-enhanced MR to assess vascular permeability, hold promise in more accurately detecting therapeutic responses to antiangiogenic therapy.
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Small solutions for big problems: the application of nanoparticles to brain tumor diagnosis and therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 85:531-4. [PMID: 19242401 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tate J, Ogden J, Strawbridge R, Pierce Z, Hoopes P. Toxicity and Biodistribution of Activated and Non-activated Intravenous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2009; 7181:71810L. [PMID: 25300674 DOI: 10.1117/12.809830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles in medical treatment has prompted the question of their safety. In this study, the pathophysiology and biodistribution of three different concentrations of intravenously-delivered dextran-coated Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) were evaluated in mice. Some groups of mice were exposed to an AC magnetic field (AMF) at levels comparable with those proposed for cancer treatments. Iron biodistribution analysis for both AMF and non-AMF treated mice was performed for all three concentrations used (.6 mg Fe/mouse, 1.8 mg Fe/mouse, and 5.6 mg Fe/mouse). Blood urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total serum protein, and creatinine were also assessed at 4 hours, 7 days, and 14 days post-injection. Histological analysis of lung, spleen, heart, liver, and kidney tissue was conducted at 7 and 14 days post-injection. Prussian blue and H&E stains were used to histomorphometrically assess iron content in the tissues studied. Preliminary results demonstrate small temporary elevation in liver enzymes and hepatocyte vacuolization at all iron concentrations studied. Liver and spleen were the primary sites of IONP deposition. None of the animals demonstrated systemic or local toxicity or illness, with or without AMF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Tate
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Ja Ogden
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | | | - Ze Pierce
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Pj Hoopes
- Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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Sarin H, Kanevsky AS, Wu H, Brimacombe KR, Fung SH, Sousa AA, Auh S, Wilson CM, Sharma K, Aronova MA, Leapman RD, Griffiths GL, Hall MD. Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells. J Transl Med 2008; 6:80. [PMID: 19094226 PMCID: PMC2639552 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticle-based chemotherapeutics across the blood-brain tumor barrier of malignant gliomas remains a challenge. This is due to our limited understanding of nanoparticle properties in relation to the physiologic size of pores within the blood-brain tumor barrier. Polyamidoamine dendrimers are particularly small multigenerational nanoparticles with uniform sizes within each generation. Dendrimer sizes increase by only 1 to 2 nm with each successive generation. Using functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimer generations 1 through 8, we investigated how nanoparticle size influences particle accumulation within malignant glioma cells. METHODS Magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging probes were conjugated to the dendrimer terminal amines. Functionalized dendrimers were administered intravenously to rodents with orthotopically grown malignant gliomas. Transvascular transport and accumulation of the nanoparticles in brain tumor tissue was measured in vivo with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Localization of the nanoparticles within glioma cells was confirmed ex vivo with fluorescence imaging. RESULTS We found that the intravenously administered functionalized dendrimers less than approximately 11.7 to 11.9 nm in diameter were able to traverse pores of the blood-brain tumor barrier of RG-2 malignant gliomas, while larger ones could not. Of the permeable functionalized dendrimer generations, those that possessed long blood half-lives could accumulate within glioma cells. CONCLUSION The therapeutically relevant upper limit of blood-brain tumor barrier pore size is approximately 11.7 to 11.9 nm. Therefore, effective transvascular drug delivery into malignant glioma cells can be accomplished by using nanoparticles that are smaller than 11.7 to 11.9 nm in diameter and possess long blood half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ariel S Kanevsky
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Haitao Wu
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kyle R Brimacombe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Steve H Fung
- Neuroradiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alioscka A Sousa
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- Biostatistics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Colin M Wilson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Division of Biologic Drug Products, Office of Oncology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Maria A Aronova
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard D Leapman
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gary L Griffiths
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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