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Minian N, Mehra K, Rose J, Veldhuizen S, Zawertailo L, Ratto M, Lecce J, Selby P. Cocreation of a conversational agent to help patients adhere to their varenicline treatment: A study protocol. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231182807. [PMID: 37377562 PMCID: PMC10291536 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231182807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Varenicline is the most efficacious approved smoking cessation medication, making it one of the most cost-effective clinical interventions for reducing tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Adhering to varenicline is strongly associated with smoking cessation. Healthbots have the potential to help people adhere to their medications by scaling up evidence-based behavioral interventions. In this protocol, we outline how we will follow the UK's Medical Research Council's guidance to codesign a theory-informed, evidence-based, and patient-centered healthbot to help people adhere to varenicline. Methods The study will utilize the Discover, Design and Build, and Test framework and will include three phases: (a) a rapid review and interviews with 20 patients and 20 healthcare providers to understand barriers and facilitators to varenicline adherence (Discover phase); (b) Wizard of Oz test to design the healthbot and get a sense of the questions that chatbot has to be able to answer (Design phase); and (c) building, training, and beta-testing the healthbot (Building and Testing phases) where the Nonadoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability framework will be used to develop the healthbot using the simplest sensible solution, and 20 participants will beta test the healthbot. We will use the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model of behavior change and its associated framework, the Theoretical Domains Framework, to organize the findings. Conclusions The present approach will enable us to systematically identify the most appropriate features for the healthbot based on a well-established behavioral theory, the latest scientific evidence, and end users' and healthcare providers' knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Minian
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kamna Mehra
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Rose
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Veldhuizen
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matt Ratto
- Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Lecce
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- INTREPID Lab (formerly Nicotine Dependence Service), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhang YY, Tang WT, Zhang H, Wang J, Bai XX, Liao YH, Robinson N, Liu JP. Barriers and Facilitators for Smoking Cessation in Chinese Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:1107-1120. [PMID: 35573655 PMCID: PMC9091319 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s356935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking cessation is recommended as a key intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) smokers. However, in China, few COPD smokers quit successfully. The aim of this study was to explore in depth the barriers and facilitators for smoking cessation among smokers with COPD in China. Methods A purposive sample of 32 hospitalized smokers with COPD were included, 17 ex-smokers and 15 current smokers, participated in the semi-structured interviews. Interviews were analyzed thematically and using a deductive approach guided by Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) framework. Results Three inter-related themes were generated: smokers’ motivation was a prerequisite for quitting, maintaining capability to quit smoking, and opportunities that facilitated smokers to quit. Motivation to quit for most participants was activated by COPD-related symptoms, although they had a limited knowledge of COPD. Physical benefits from quitting and strong willpower were facilitators for maintaining quitting, while exposure to smoking environment and strong addiction to nicotine were frequent reasons for relapse. Most ex-smokers quit smoking by their own willpower rather than professionally delivered smoking cessation interventions. Smokers’ attitudes toward these interventions depended on their effectiveness and convenience. Very few participants had experienced pharmacotherapy or behavioral support from physicians. However, interviewees preferred auricular acupressure to pharmacotherapy. Conclusion Motivation to quit among smokers with COPD was usually initiated by COPD-related symptoms. Physical benefits observed by quitting and strong willpower facilitated smoking cessation, while exposure to smoking environment and strong addiction to nicotine led to relapse. COPD smokers in China preferred auricular acupressure to pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Tao Tang
- Pingyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Fangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Fangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Bai
- Fangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Jian-Ping Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian-Ping Liu, Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Azagba S, Shan L. Disparities in the receipt of medical doctors' advice to quit smoking in the U.S., 1992-2019. Addict Behav 2022; 125:107145. [PMID: 34700153 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been significant progress in reducing tobacco use in the last few decades. However, there is a considerable concern that the decrease in cigarette use has not been distributed equally across certain groups. The current study examines sociodemographic trends in the receipt of advice to quit from healthcare professionals. Data were drawn from the 1992-2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (n = 192,398). Cochran-Armitage tests were used to assess changes in the prevalence over time in the population and by demographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with the receipt of advice to quit smoking. The prevalence of receiving advice to quit increased significantly from 50.1% in 1992/1993 to 63.9% in 2018/2019. Results showed differences in the receipt of quit advice from medical doctors by demographic characteristics, with a significant increase in smoking quit advice for all races (p < 0.0001). Current Hispanic smokers consistently had lower rates of receiving advice to quit than non-Hispanics throughout the study period. Multivariable analysis showed that in 2018/19, male (aOR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.98) and Hispanic (aOR 0.73; 95% CI 0.61-0.88) current smokers were less likely to receive advice to quit. Those older and living in metropolitan areas had higher odds of receiving advice to quit. Findings that Hispanics appear to be significantly less likely to receive advice to quit from health care professionals indicate that these populations might need additional targeted efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Azagba
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Lingpeng Shan
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, USA
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Geletko KW, Graves K, Lateef H, Harman J. Tobacco Cessation Counseling and Medications Provided by Physicians to Tobacco Users During Primary Care Visits. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319221093115. [PMID: 35619240 PMCID: PMC9150223 DOI: 10.1177/21501319221093115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The established guidelines for treating tobacco use and dependency is brief provider intervention to assist those willing to quit by providing access to medication and/or behavioral counseling. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of cessation treatment offered by providers during primary care visits by patients who are current tobacco users, and to examine associations between patient factors and treatment received. METHODS Using data from the 2015 to 2018 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), we examined tobacco cessation counseling and medications from 4590 visits by patients with current tobacco use. Separate multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess whether the odds of receiving tobacco cessation treatment varied by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and payment source. RESULTS Of visits by current tobacco users, 18.4% included cessation counseling, 5.5% included cessation medication, and 22.1% included at least 1 type of treatment. Visits by patients with Medicare had 44% greater odds of including counseling (CI = 1%-205%) and treatment (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.01-2.06). Visits classified as "other payment type" had 73% greater odds of including counseling (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.05-2.84). Visits by women had 86% greater odds of including medication (CI = 17%-294%). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco cessation treatment is underutilized by providers during primary care visits. Further research is necessary to understand and address barriers to providing routine cessation assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W. Geletko
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katelyn Graves
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hanna Lateef
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Harman
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Styklunas GM, Shahid NN, Park ER, Haberer JE, Rigotti NA, Howard SE, Kruse GR. A qualitative analysis of nicotine replacement therapy uptake, consistent use, and persistence among primary care patients who smoke. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2021; 2:100018. [PMID: 36845902 PMCID: PMC9948942 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
•Adherence can be broken into three processes: uptake, consistent use, and persistence.•Barriers and facilitators to NRT use vary over the three adherence processes.•Information gaps and negative stories about NRT are common barriers to adherence.•NRT adherence may be improved by addressing patient knowledge and concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- GM Styklunas
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Corresponding author at: Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, 16th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.
| | - NN Shahid
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - ER Park
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Health Policy Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - JE Haberer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - NA Rigotti
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Health Policy Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - SE Howard
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - GR Kruse
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Emerman CL, Tracy D, Siff J. Nicotine Patch Prescription Fulfillment Rates for Emergency Department Patients. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:648-652. [PMID: 34125041 PMCID: PMC8202982 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.2.49932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smoking cessation has significant health benefits, and the emergency department (ED) can be an important venue for smoking cessation counseling. Nicotine replacement therapy with transdermal patches has been shown to be associated with smoking cessation in a variety of studies. This study evaluated fulfillment rates for prescriptions for nicotine replacement transdermal patches (NRT-P) from the ED. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients receiving a prescription for a NRT-P product from January 2018–October 2019. Charts were reviewed to gather data including age, gender, presence of chronic heart or lung problems, and health insurance. We assessed the fulfillment rate of prescriptions using the Surescripts system, which is a functionality within our electronic health record system that queries participating pharmacies. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine associations between fill rates and the other variables collected from charts. Results We had follow-up on 500 patients prescribed nicotine patches. Of those patients, 44% filled their prescriptions. Those who filled their prescriptions were more likely to be female and have a history of chronic lung disease. Self-pay patients were least likely to fill their prescriptions. Overall, we had evidence of smoking cessation in 13% of patients. Conclusion This study found that a substantial proportion of patients fail to fill their NRT-P prescriptions. Further work on means of enhancing fulfillment rates is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Emerman
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Tracy
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Siff
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Qin R, Liu Z, Zhou X, Cheng A, Cui Z, Li J, Wei X, Xiao D, Wang C. Adherence and Efficacy of Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Patients with COPD in China. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1203-1214. [PMID: 33958864 PMCID: PMC8096422 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s301579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking cessation is a key intervention for all smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Poor treatment adherence is a challenge in clinical practice that might contribute to the lower efficacy of medication (eg, oral drug). However, it is unclear what factors will influence adherence among smokers with COPD. Methods This study was based on an open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) of varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation among patients with COPD in China. The medication was given for 12 weeks, and visits and assessments were conducted at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24. We assessed whether the adherence to smoking cessation treatment affects the smoking cessation efficacy and evaluated predictors of adherence. Results A total of 136 participants were recruited from February 2019 to June 2020, and analyzed using the intention-to-treat (ITT) method. In this study, 48.5% (66/136) of the total participants had good adherence to smoking cessation, and good adherence significantly improved the efficacy of smoking cessation (OR=9.60, 95% CI 4.02–22.96, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, nationality, education, and marital status, we found older age, higher education level, having more previous quitting attempts, stronger self-efficacy and preparation in quitting smoking, recognizing hazards of smoking, longer duration of COPD, and higher St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores were relevant to good adherence (P < 0.05). Conclusion To our best knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate adherence to smoking cessation treatment among patients with COPD in China. Our study found that good adherence to smoking cessation treatment significantly improved the smoking cessation efficacy, and predictors of adherence were evaluated. We call on the medical community to pay attention to the adherence to smoking cessation among patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Zhou
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Cui
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxuan Li
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Wei
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Centre, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Mersha AG, Gould GS, Bovill M, Eftekhari P. Barriers and Facilitators of Adherence to Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Systematic Review and Analysis Using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8895. [PMID: 33265956 PMCID: PMC7731205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is associated with low rates of smoking cessation. Hence, this study aims to identify and map patient-related factors associated with adherence to NRT using the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) model. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching five databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) and grey literature on 30 August 2020. Data were extracted, thematically analysed, and mapped to the COM-B model. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was utilised to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS A total of 2929 citations were screened, and 26 articles with a total of 13,429 participants included. Thirty-one factors were identified and mapped to COM-B model: psychological capability (forgetfulness, education), physical capability (level of nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms), reflective motivation (perception about NRT and quitting), automatic motivation (alcohol use, stress, depression), physical opportunity (cost), and social opportunity (social support). The most prominent element associated with adherence was reflective motivation followed by physical capability and automatic motivation. CONCLUSIONS Multiple personal, social, and environmental factors affect NRT adherence. Hence, it is recommended to implement a multifaceted behavioural intervention incorporating factors categorised under the COM-B model, which is the hub of the behaviour change wheel (BCW) to improve adherence and quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanual Getnet Mersha
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (G.S.G.); (M.B.); (P.E.)
| | - Gillian Sandra Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (G.S.G.); (M.B.); (P.E.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Michelle Bovill
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (G.S.G.); (M.B.); (P.E.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Parivash Eftekhari
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; (G.S.G.); (M.B.); (P.E.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
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Mersha AG, Eftekhari P, Bovill M, Tollosa DN, Gould GS. Evaluating level of adherence to nicotine replacement therapy and its impact on smoking cessation: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039775. [PMID: 32958493 PMCID: PMC7507853 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has proven effective for smoking cessation in clinical trials, however it was found less effective in population-based studies, potentially due to inconsistent or incorrect use of NRT. The aim of this paper is to describe a systematic review protocol to evaluate level of adherence to NRT; the discrepancy of adherence to NRT in clinical and population-based studies and degree of association between level of adherence and success of smoking cessation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Literature search will use five databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO). Studies will be appraised for methodological quality using National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool. To reduce heterogeneity, we will analyse clinical trials and population-based studies separately; pooled analyses will be done among studies that used similar measurements. Heterogeneity of studies will be assessed by Higgins' I2 statistical test. When studies are adequately homogeneous, results will be pooled using random-effects model with proportion and ORs with 95% CIs and p values for each outcome. We will explain sources of heterogeneity by subgroup analysis or sensitivity analysis. Funnel plots and Egger's regression asymmetry test with p<0.05 will be used as a cut-off point to affirm presence of statistically significant publication bias. Statistical analyses will be carried out using Stata V.16 software. Only studies reporting a valid strategy to control for reverse causality will be included. DISCUSSION This review will provide evidence to support the importance of adherence on rate of smoking cessation and level of adherence to NRT. The findings will be used to inform smoking cessation interventions, researchers and policymakers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As a systematic literature review, this protocol does not require ethics approval. Research outcomes will be presented at relevant conferences and findings will be published in a relevant peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020176749.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanual Getnet Mersha
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Parivash Eftekhari
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Bovill
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Nigusse Tollosa
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gillian Sandra Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
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10
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Watkins SL, Thrul J, Max W, Ling PM. Cold Turkey and Hot Vapes? A National Study of Young Adult Cigarette Cessation Strategies. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:638-646. [PMID: 30590749 PMCID: PMC7171265 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults have high smoking rates and low utilization of evidence-based smoking cessation strategies. We investigated smoking cessation intentions, strategy use, and socioeconomic predictors of strategy use among young adult smokers (age 18-24) and compared patterns with those of older adults (age 25-64). METHODS We used a population-based sample from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study of young adult (n = 1,881) and older adult (n = 6,366) established smokers of conventional cigarettes at Wave 1 (2013-2014), who were surveyed at Wave 2 (2014-2015). Simple regression analysis compared intentions to quit between age groups. Among Wave 1 smokers who reported a Wave 2 quit attempt (young adults [YA] n = 748; older adults [OA] n = 2,068), bivariate and multinomial logistic regression estimated differences in use of behavioral support, pharmacotherapy, product substitution, and unassisted quit attempts. Interaction terms estimated age-group differences in relationships between predictors and cessation strategy use. RESULTS Young adults planned to quit on a longer time frame, expressed lower interest in quitting, and were more confident they would be successful, compared with older adults. Young adults were significantly less likely to use pharmacotherapy (adjusted odds ratio: 0.15; confidence interval: 0.09, 0.24; reference: quitting unassisted). Both groups reported using product substitution (YA: 31.6%; OA: 28.5%), primarily with e-cigarettes, more than any evidence-based cessation strategy. Socioeconomic predictors of cessation strategy use did not differ between age groups. CONCLUSIONS More research on why young adult smokers underutilize evidence-based cessation support is needed, as are innovative efforts to increase intentions to quit and utilization of cessation assistance. IMPLICATIONS Young adulthood is a key transition time for tobacco use, and early cessation substantially reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality from smoking. In the context of high e-cigarette and polytobacco use, this study finds young adults have significantly less intention to quit than older adults and are less likely to use evidence-based cessation strategies to help quit. Innovative methods are needed to increase young adult intentions to quit and use of evidence-based cessation assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lea Watkins
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wendy Max
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Gould GS, Twyman L, Stevenson L, Gribbin GR, Bonevski B, Palazzi K, Bar Zeev Y. What components of smoking cessation care during pregnancy are implemented by health providers? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026037. [PMID: 31427313 PMCID: PMC6701616 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is an opportunity for health providers to support women to stop smoking. OBJECTIVES Identify the pooled prevalence for health providers in providing components of smoking cessation care to women who smoke during pregnancy. DESIGN A systematic review synthesising original articles that reported on (1) prevalence of health providers' performing the 5As ('Ask', 'Advise', 'Assess', 'Assist', 'Arrange'), prescribing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and (2) factors associated with smoking cessation care. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases searched using 'smoking', 'pregnancy' and 'health provider practices'. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies included any design except interventions (self-report, audit, observed consultations and women's reports), in English, with no date restriction, up to June 2017. PARTICIPANTS Health providers of any profession. DATA EXTRACTION, APPRAISAL AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted, then appraised with the Hawker tool. Meta-analyses pooled percentages for performing each of the 5As and prescribing NRT, using, for example, 'often/always' and 'always/all'. Meta-regressions were performed of 5As for 'often/always'. RESULTS Of 3933 papers, 54 were included (n=29 225 participants): 33 for meta-analysis. Health providers included general practitioners, obstetricians, midwives and others from 10 countries. Pooled percentages of studies reporting practices 'often/always' were: 'Ask' (n=9) 91.6% (95% CI 88.2% to 95%); 'Advise' (n=7) 90% (95% CI 72.5% to 99.3%), 'Assess' (n=3) 79.2% (95% CI 76.5% to 81.8%), 'Assist (cessation support)' (n=5) 59.1% (95% CI 56% to 62.2%), 'Arrange (referral)' (n=6) 33.3% (95% CI 20.4% to 46.2%) and 'prescribing NRT' (n=6) 25.4% (95% CI 12.8% to 38%). Heterogeneity (I2) was 95.9%-99.1%. Meta-regressions for 'Arrange' were significant for year (p=0.013) and country (p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS Health providers 'Ask', 'Advise' and 'Assess' most pregnant women about smoking. 'Assist', 'Arrange' and 'prescribing NRT' are reported at lower rates: strategies to improve these should be considered. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015029989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Sandra Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Twyman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leah Stevenson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabrielle R Gribbin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrin Palazzi
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yael Bar Zeev
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Peiffer G, Underner M, Perriot J. [COPD and smoking cessation: Patients' expectations and responses of health professionals]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2018; 74:375-390. [PMID: 30455124 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of smoking cessation in the management of COPD is well-established: the benefit of quitting smoking as regards morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients, is unquestioned. The smoking cessation in COPD patients is difficult: high levels of consumption, the duration of smoking, high dependence level, psychological co-morbidities such as anxiety and depression, lower socio-economic and intellectual level, constitute barriers. Studies have shown that patients often minimize the risks of smoking, that others do not believe in the benefits of quitting or doubt their ability to quit smoking. The patients' experience, and expectations with regard to smoking cessation are incompletely satisfied: are considered, the smoking characteristics of these patients, the understanding of the tobacco dependence, the beliefs and ideas of smokers, the knowledge of smoking cessation methods, the role of validated aids and alternative treatments, failure management. The answers of the health professionals can be in several directions: establishment of a better communication patient-doctor (empathy), more centered on the needs of the smoker, the role of the motivation and the place of the motivational interview, the understanding of the mechanisms of addiction, a better individualisation of therapeutics, the necessity of a extended follow-up, the contribution of modern technologies, the electronic cigarette, the smoking cessation in respiratory rehabilitation, guidelines that address smoking cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peiffer
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital de Mercy, CHR Metz-Thionville, 57038 Metz, France.
| | - M Underner
- Centre hospitalier Henri Laborit, unité de recherche clinique, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - J Perriot
- Dispensaire Emile Roux - CLAT 63, 11, rue Vaucanson, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Pacek LR, McClernon FJ, Bosworth HB. Adherence to Pharmacological Smoking Cessation Interventions: A Literature Review and Synthesis of Correlates and Barriers. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:1163-1172. [PMID: 29059394 PMCID: PMC6121917 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Efficacious pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation are available, but poor adherence to these treatments may limit these interventions overall impact. To improve adherence to smoking cessation interventions, it is first necessary to identify and understand smoker-level characteristics that drive nonadherence (ie, nonconformance with a provider's recommendation of timing, dosage, or frequency of medication-taking during the prescribed length of time). Methods We present a literature review of studies examining correlates of, or self-reported reasons for, nonadherence to smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Studies were identified through PubMed-using MeSH terms, Embase-using Emtree terms, and ISI Web of Science. Results and Conclusions This literature review included 50 studies that examined nonpreventable (eg, sociodemographics) and preventable (eg, forgetfulness) factors associated with adherence to smoking cessation medication and suggestions for overcoming some of the identified barriers. Systematic study of this topic would be facilitated by consistent reporting of adherence and correlates thereof in the literature, development of consistent definitions of medication adherence across studies, utilization of more objective measures of adherence (eg, blood plasma levels vs. self-report) in addition to reliance on self-reported adherence. Implications This article provides the most comprehensive review to date on correlates of adherence to pharmacological smoking cessation interventions. Challenges and specific gaps in the literature that should be a priority for future research are discussed. Future priorities include additional research, particularly among vulnerable populations of smokers, developing standardized definitions of adherence and methods for measuring adherence, regular assessment of cessation pharmacotherapy adherence in the context of research and clinical practice, and development of novel treatments aimed at preventable barriers to medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Hayden B Bosworth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VAMC, Durham, NC
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Peng AR, Schnoll R, Hawk LW, Cinciripini P, George TP, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Predicting smoking abstinence with biological and self-report measures of adherence to varenicline: Impact on pharmacogenetic trial outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:72-81. [PMID: 29986268 PMCID: PMC6085881 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adherence to pharmacotherapies for tobacco dependence, such as varenicline, is necessary for effective treatment. The relationship between varenicline adherence, determined by commonly used indirect (i.e., self-reported pill counts) and infrequently used direct (i.e., varenicline levels) methods, and abstinence outcomes have not been previously examined, nor has their impact on the outcomes of a genetically randomized clinical trial been assessed. METHODS At Week 1 following target quit date, self-reported pill count and salivary varenicline levels were obtained from participants (N = 376) in a smoking cessation clinical trial (NCT01314001). Point-prevalence abstinence was biochemically-verified by salivary cotinine at Week 1 and by exhaled carbon monoxide at Week 1, end-of-treatment, 6 and 12 months following treatment. Blood nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was obtained at baseline. RESULTS Adherent individuals based on varenicline levels were significantly more likely to be abstinent than non-adherent individuals at Week 1 (odds ratios [ORs] 1.92-3.16, p's≤0.006), end-of-treatment (OR = 2.53, p = .004), and six months following treatment (OR = 2.30, p = .03). In contrast, pill counts did not consistently predict abstinence. Including direct measures of adherence enhanced the association between rate of nicotine metabolism (NMR) and end-of-treatment abstinence; normal metabolizers (NMR ≥ 0.31) were significantly more likely than slow metabolizers (NMR < 0.31) to be abstinent at end-of-treatment (OR = 2.00, p = .005). CONCLUSION Adherence based on salivary varenicline, rather than on pill counts, is predictive of Week 1 abstinence, irrespective of the biomarker of abstinence assessed, and of long-term abstinence. Direct measures of adherence enhance the ability to assess the impact of a biomarker or genetic marker on abstinence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R. Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto; 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 4th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Larry W. Hawk
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo; 230 Park Hall, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, United States
| | - Paul Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Tony P. George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; 100 Stokes Street BGB 3288, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 4th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto; 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada,Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; 100 Stokes Street BGB 3288, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada,Correspondence: Rachel F. Tyndale, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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15
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Guilleminault L, Rolland Y, Didier A. [Characteristics of non-pharmacological interventions in the elderly with COPD. Smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, nutritional management and patient education]. Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35:626-641. [PMID: 29937313 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder responsible for a high mortality and disability. People older than 65 years are more commonly affected than younger people and tend to present with more symptoms and a greater level of disability. Non-pharmacological interventions play an important role in the management of all patients with COPD and this is particularly true in the elderly. Given the improvement in quality of life and risk of hospitalization, smoking cessation should be promoted to patients of all ages. Increased physical activity is associated with reduced respiratory symptoms. Tests such as the "Short Physical Performance Battery" can be useful in frailer older people with COPD, while walking tests such as the 6-minute walk test are used as an assessment before pulmonary rehabilitation. Increased physical activity should be combined with nutritional management. Screening for undernutrition by questionnaire, body mass index and albumin quantification is recommended in the elderly. In case of undernutrition, oral supplementation seems to reduce the risk of re-admission. All these measures must be included in an education program adapted to the elderly comorbidities (hearing loss, isolation…).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guilleminault
- Airway center, Larrey hospital, CHU de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; STROMALab, université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm, UPS, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - Y Rolland
- Gerontopole, CHU de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; UMR Inserm 1027, université de Toulouse III, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - A Didier
- Airway center, Larrey hospital, CHU de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
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16
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Bailey SR, Heintzman J, Jacob RL, Puro J, Marino M. Disparities in Smoking Cessation Assistance in US Primary Care Clinics. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1082-1090. [PMID: 29927641 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations between patient factors and smoking cessation assistance in US safety-net clinics. METHODS Using electronic health record data from the OCHIN network, we identified adults with at least 1 primary care visit to a study clinic (n = 143 clinics in 12 states) with at least 1 documented "current smoker" status during 2014 to 2016 (n = 136 314; 29.8%). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) of smoking cessation assistance receipt (none [reference], counseling, medication, or both) by patient covariates. RESULTS For all cessation assistance categories, odds of assistance were higher among women, those with more visits, those assessed and ready to quit, and patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hyperlipidemia. Odds of receiving both counseling and medication were lower among uninsured patients (OR = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48, 0.64), those of a race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White (OR range = 0.65-0.82), and those with diabetes (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.79, 0.92), and higher among older patients and those with a comorbidity, with few exceptions. CONCLUSIONS Disparities in smoking cessation assistance receipt exist in safety-net settings, in particular by health insurance coverage and across race/ethnicity, even after control for other socioeconomic and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffani R Bailey
- Steffani R. Bailey, John Heintzman, and Miguel Marino are with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. John Heintzman, R. Lorie Jacob, and Jon Puro are with OCHIN Inc, Portland. Miguel Marino is also with Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Portland
| | - John Heintzman
- Steffani R. Bailey, John Heintzman, and Miguel Marino are with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. John Heintzman, R. Lorie Jacob, and Jon Puro are with OCHIN Inc, Portland. Miguel Marino is also with Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Portland
| | - R Lorie Jacob
- Steffani R. Bailey, John Heintzman, and Miguel Marino are with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. John Heintzman, R. Lorie Jacob, and Jon Puro are with OCHIN Inc, Portland. Miguel Marino is also with Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Portland
| | - Jon Puro
- Steffani R. Bailey, John Heintzman, and Miguel Marino are with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. John Heintzman, R. Lorie Jacob, and Jon Puro are with OCHIN Inc, Portland. Miguel Marino is also with Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Portland
| | - Miguel Marino
- Steffani R. Bailey, John Heintzman, and Miguel Marino are with the Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. John Heintzman, R. Lorie Jacob, and Jon Puro are with OCHIN Inc, Portland. Miguel Marino is also with Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Portland
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17
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Hooks-Anderson DR, Salas J, Secrest S, Skiöld-Hanlin S, Scherrer JF. Association between race and receipt of counselling or medication for smoking cessation in primary care. Fam Pract 2018; 35:160-165. [PMID: 29045650 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence of race disparities in smoking cessation treatment has been limited to mostly survey studies which increase the potential for recall bias. We examined if African American versus white patients in primary care are less likely to receive any treatment or if race disparities are specific to the type of treatment offered using data pulled from a large electronic health record system. METHODS Medical record data from 3510 white and 2707 African American patients were available from primary care encounters between 2008 and 2015 and was used to define smoking status, cessation treatments (counselling and medication), and covariates. The association between race and type of smoking cessation treatment offered was measured by logistic regression models before and after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Smoking cessation counselling was offered to 9.3% of African American and 7.8% of white patients, and a prescription for smoking cessation medication was offered to 12.3% of African American and 16.4% of white patients. After adjusting for covariates in logistic regression models, whites were significantly less likely than African American patients to receive smoking cessation counselling [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65-0.99] and were significantly more likely to receive a prescription for a smoking cessation medication (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03-1.47). CONCLUSIONS Less than 20% of smokers received any type of therapy to assist in smoking cessation. We observed a race disparity in type of smoking cessation therapy provided to white and African American primary care patients. Further research is needed to increase treatment rates and eliminate disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise R Hooks-Anderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Skiöld-Hanlin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Cawkwell PB, Blaum C, Sherman SE. Pharmacological Smoking Cessation Therapies in Older Adults: A Review of the Evidence. Drugs Aging 2015; 32:443-51. [PMID: 26025119 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 12% of adults 65 years and over in Europe and 9% in the USA are current cigarette smokers. Numerous studies have demonstrated tangible benefits of smoking cessation, regardless of advanced age. However, it is unclear which pharmacotherapy strategies are most effective in the elderly population. To that end, the literature on smoking cessation in older adults was reviewed with the aim of identifying the safest and most effective cessation pharmacotherapies. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for all articles pertaining to elderly smoking cessation strategies. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were included. Studies were included without regard to population or intervention, as long as results were analyzed with a group of smokers aged 60 years and above and at least one arm of the study involved a pharmacotherapy. Only 12 studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. The limited existing literature does not allow for a definitive answer to the most effective pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in older adult smokers. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is the pharmacotherapy most studied in older adults, and the limited evidence that exists suggests that NRT is effective for smoking cessation among this population. Higher-quality studies that directly compare cessation strategies, including bupropion and varenicline, are needed in the older population in order to guide treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Cawkwell
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
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Levinson AH, Valverde P, Garrett K, Kimminau M, Burns EK, Albright K, Flynn D. Community-based navigators for tobacco cessation treatment: a proof-of-concept pilot study among low-income smokers. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:627. [PMID: 26155841 PMCID: PMC5477807 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A majority of continuing smokers in the United States are socioeconomically disadvantaged (SED) adults, who are less likely than others to achieve and maintain abstinence despite comparable quit-attempt rates. A national research initiative seeks effective new strategies for increasing successful smoking cessation outcomes among SED populations. There is evidence that chronic and acute stressors may interfere with SED smokers who try to quit on their own. Patient navigators have been effectively used to improve adherence to chronic disease treatment. We designed and have pilot-tested an innovative, non-clinical community-based intervention--smoking cessation treatment navigators--to determine feasibility (acceptance, adherence, and uncontrolled results) for evaluation by randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS The intervention was developed for smokers among parents and other household members of inner city pre-school for low-income children. Smoking cessation treatment navigators were trained and deployed to help participants choose and adhere to evidence-based cessation treatment (EBCT). Navigators provided empathy, resource-linking, problem-solving, and motivational reinforcement. Measures included rates of study follow-up completion, EBCT utilization, navigation participation, perceived intervention quality, 7-day point abstinence and longest abstinence at three months. Both complete-case and intent-to-treat analyses were performed. RESULTS Eighty-five percent of study participants (n = 40) completed final data collection. More than half (53%) enrolled in a telephone quitline and nearly three-fourths (71%) initiated nicotine replacement therapy. Participants completed a mean 3.4 navigation sessions (mean 30 min duration) and gave the intervention very high quality and satisfaction ratings. Self-reported abstinence was comparable to rates for evidence-based cessation strategies (21% among study completers, 18% using intent-to-treat analysis; median 21 days abstinent among relapsers). CONCLUSIONS The pilot results suggest that smoking cessation treatment navigators are feasible to study in community settings and are well-accepted for increasing use of EBCT among low-income smokers. Randomized controlled trial for efficacy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold H Levinson
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Mail Stop F542, 13001 East 17th Place, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Patricia Valverde
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kathleen Garrett
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Michele Kimminau
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Mail Stop F542, 13001 East 17th Place, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Emily K Burns
- Mercy Family Medicine, Mercy Regional Medical Center, Centura Health, Durango, CO, USA.
| | - Karen Albright
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on quitting by young adults in a trial comparing cessation services. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:E7-E15. [PMID: 24458316 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e3182a0b8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit. OBJECTIVE Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. PARTICIPANTS Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed. DESIGN Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services. SETTING Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States. INTERVENTION Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. RESULTS Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking.
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Reid ZZ, Regan S, Kelley JHK, Streck JM, Ylioja T, Tindle HA, Chang Y, Levy DE, Park ER, Singer DE, Carpenter KM, Reyen M, Rigotti NA. Comparative Effectiveness of Post-Discharge Strategies for Hospitalized Smokers: study protocol for the Helping HAND 2 randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:109. [PMID: 25879193 PMCID: PMC4328622 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers are effective in promoting smoking cessation, but only if the tobacco dependence treatment continues after the patient leaves the hospital. Sustaining tobacco dependence treatment after hospital discharge is a challenge for health care systems. Our previous single-site randomized controlled trial demonstrated the effectiveness of an intervention that facilitated the delivery of comprehensive tobacco cessation treatment, including both medication and counseling, after hospital discharge. We subsequently streamlined the intervention model to increase its potential for dissemination. This new model is being tested in a larger multi-site trial with broader eligibility criteria in order to enroll a more representative sample of hospitalized smokers. This paper describes the trial design and contrasts it with the earlier study. Methods/Design A 2-arm, 3-site randomized controlled trial is testing the hypothesis that a multi-component Sustained Care intervention is more effective than Standard Care in helping hospitalized cigarette smokers stop smoking after hospital discharge. The trial enrolls adult daily cigarette smokers who are admitted to 1 of 3 participating hospitals in Massachusetts or Pennsylvania. Participants receive the same smoking cessation intervention in the hospital. They are randomly assigned to receive either Standard Care or Sustained Care after hospital discharge. Participants in the Sustained Care arm receive a free 3-month supply of FDA-approved smoking cessation medication and 5 interactive voice response calls that provide tailored motivational messages, medication refills, and access to a live tobacco treatment counselor. Participants in the Standard Care arm receive a smoking cessation medication recommendation and information about community resources. Outcomes are assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. The primary outcome is biochemically-validated tobacco abstinence for the past 7 days at 6-month follow-up. Other outcome measures include self-reported tobacco abstinence measures, use of medication and counseling after discharge, hospital readmissions, and program cost-effectiveness. Discussion We adapted a proven intervention for hospitalized smokers to enhance its potential for dissemination and are testing it in a multi-site trial. Study enrollment data suggests that the trial achieved the goal of recruiting a broader sample of hospitalized smokers. Trial registration Comparative Effectiveness of Post-Discharge Strategies for Hospitalized Smokers (Helping HAND2) NCT01714323. Registered October 22, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Z Reid
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Susan Regan
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer H K Kelley
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joanna M Streck
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Thomas Ylioja
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Initiatives in Tobacco, Addiction and Lifestyle (VITAL) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elyse R Park
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel E Singer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Michele Reyen
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yang M, Mehta HB, Bhowmik D, Essien EJ, Abughosh SM. Predictors of smoking cessation medication use among nonobese and obese smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:752-61. [PMID: 24494623 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.880121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and compare the predictors of smoking cessation medication use among obese and nonobese adult smokers. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data (2008-2009). The study participants included smokers aged 18 years and older who self-reported their smoking status as smoker. The outcome variable was utilization of any Food and Drug Administration approved smoking cessation medication (varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. A total of 82.20 million (weighted sample size for two years) adult smokers were included; of which nearly 30% were obese-smokers. The use of smoking cessation medication was 2.66% and 5.17% among nonobese and obese smokers, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression results showed that race/ethnicity, health insurance coverage, prescription insurance coverage, usual source of health care, urban residence, region, Charlson comorbidity index, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), were significant predictors of using smoking cessation medications. The overall smoking cessation medication use rate was low implying limited compliance to guideline. Predictors identified in this study should be taken into consideration in health promotion programs that are designed to optimize the utilization of these smoking cessation medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gilligan AM, Malone DC, Warholak TL, Armstrong EP. Health disparities in cost of care in patients with Alzheimer's disease: an analysis across 4 state Medicaid populations. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:84-92. [PMID: 23196405 PMCID: PMC10697230 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512467679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate health disparities with respect to cost of care across 4 state Medicaid populations. METHODS Data were obtained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for this retrospective study. Patients were enrolled in a California, Florida, New Jersey, or New York Medicaid programs during 2004, with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision 331.0). Outcome of interest was cost of care. Decomposition of cost to calculate disparities was estimated using the Oaxaca-Blinder model. An a priori α level of .01 was used. RESULTS Approximately 158 974 individuals qualified for this study. Disparities were found to exist between blacks and whites (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), whites and others (with whites having higher costs; P < .0001), blacks and Hispanics (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), blacks and others (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), and Hispanics and others (with Hispanics having higher costs; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Disparities in cost among minority-to-minority populations were just as prevalent, if not higher, than minority-white disparities.
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Comparative effectiveness of post-discharge interventions for hospitalized smokers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012; 13:124. [PMID: 22852832 PMCID: PMC3487923 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A hospital admission offers smokers an opportunity to quit. Smoking cessation counseling provided in the hospital is effective, but only if it continues for more than one month after discharge. Providing smoking cessation medication at discharge may add benefit to counseling. A major barrier to translating this research into clinical practice is sustaining treatment during the transition to outpatient care. An evidence-based, practical, cost-effective model that facilitates the continuation of tobacco treatment after discharge is needed. This paper describes the design of a comparative effectiveness trial testing a hospital-initiated intervention against standard care. Methods/design A two-arm randomized controlled trial compares the effectiveness of standard post-discharge care with a multi-component smoking cessation intervention provided for three months after discharge. Current smokers admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital who receive bedside smoking cessation counseling, intend to quit after discharge and are willing to consider smoking cessation medication are eligible. Study participants are recruited following the hospital counseling visit and randomly assigned to receive Standard Care or Extended Care after hospital discharge. Standard Care includes a recommendation for a smoking cessation medication and information about community resources. Extended Care includes up to three months of free FDA-approved smoking cessation medication and five proactive computerized telephone calls that use interactive voice response technology to provide tailored motivational messages, offer additional live telephone counseling calls from a smoking cessation counselor, and facilitate medication refills. Outcomes are assessed at one, three, and six months after hospital discharge. The primary outcomes are self-reported and validated seven-day point prevalence tobacco abstinence at six months. Other outcomes include short-term and sustained smoking cessation, post-discharge utilization of smoking cessation treatment, hospital readmissions and emergency room visits, and program cost per quit. Discussion This study tests a disseminable smoking intervention model for hospitalized smokers. If effective and widely adopted, it could help to reduce population smoking rates and thereby reduce tobacco-related mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Trial registration United States Clinical Trials Registry NCT01177176.
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Abstract
Promoting smoking cessation is among the key medical interventions aimed at reducing worldwide morbidity and mortality in this century. Both behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy have been shown to significantly increase long-term abstinence rates, and combining the two treatment modalities is recommended. This article provides an update on pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in the general population. Current first-line agents used to support quit attempts are nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline. Research suggests that abstinence rates can be increased by combining different forms of NRT or simultaneously administering NRT and non-nicotine medications. New treatments targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as well as other pathophysiological pathways involved in nicotine addiction are being developed, with nicotine vaccines now being tested in phase III clinical trials. Among the numerous research topics currently addressed, pharmacogenetics and tailoring therapy to specific groups of smokers look most promising. However, substantial progress is unlikely to be made unless social gradients impeding effective treatment of all smokers are overcome. In addition, public smoking bans and reimbursement of medication costs are crucial in reducing the future burden of disease caused by smoking on a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raupach
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Gttingen, Gttingen, Germany.
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Ebbert JO, Wyatt KD, Hays JT, Klee EW, Hurt RD. Varenicline for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety, and treatment recommendations. Patient Prefer Adherence 2010; 4:355-62. [PMID: 21049087 PMCID: PMC2962400 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, and decreasing smoking prevalence is a public health priority. Patients achieve the greatest success when quit attempts involve behavioral therapy combined with pharmacotherapy. Varenicline is the most recent addition to the pharmacotherapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Varenicline is efficacious and cost-effective. Smoking relapse and adverse treatment-related side effects may decrease medication adherence and patient satisfaction with varenicline. In the clinical setting, varenicline treatment can be optimized by reducing doses in patients who experience intolerable side effects, increasing the dose in partial responders, and providing long-term maintenance therapy for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon O Ebbert
- Correspondence: Jon O Ebbert, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel +1 507 266 1944, Fax +1 507 266 7900, Email
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