Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Direct-Acting Antivirals for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Among Patients on Opioid Agonist Treatment: A Real-world Prospective Cohort Study

Patient-Reported Outcomes During and After Hepatitis C Virus Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment Among People Who Inject Drugs

OBJECTIVES

People who inject drugs (PWID) are at a high risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV cure is associated with improved patient-reported outcomes (PROs), but there are little data among PWID. This study aimed to assess the change in PROs during and after HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment.

METHODS

This analysis used data from 2 clinical trials of DAA treatment in PWID. PROs assessed included health-related quality of life, social functioning, psychological distress, housing, and employment. Generalized estimating equations and group-based trajectory modeling were used to assess changes in PROs over time.

RESULTS

No significant changes in the 3-level version of EQ-5D scores, EQ visual analogue scale scores, social functioning, psychological distress, and housing were observed over the 108-week study period. There was a significant increase in the proportion of participants employed (18% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12%-23%] at baseline to 28% [95% CI 19%-36%] at the end of the study). Participants were more likely to be employed at 24 weeks and 108 weeks after commencing treatment. Having stable housing increased the odds of being employed (odds ratio 1.70; 95% CI 1.00-2.90). The group-based trajectory modeling demonstrated that most outcomes remained stable during and after DAA treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Although no significant improvement was identified in health-related quality of life after HCV DAA treatment, there was a modest but significant increase in employment during study follow-up. The study findings support the need for multifaceted models of HCV care for PWID addressing a range of issues beyond HCV treatment to improve quality of life.

Hepatitis C cure and medications for opioid use disorder improve health-related quality of life in patients with opioid use disorder actively engaged in substance use

BACKGROUND

This study aims to determine whether Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment improves health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) actively engaged in substance use, and which variables are associated with improving HRQL in patients with OUD during HCV treatment.

METHODS

Data are from a prospective, open-label, observational study of 198 patients with OUD or opioid misuse within 1 year of study enrollment who received HCV treatment with the primary endpoint of Sustained Virologic Response (SVR). HRQL was assessed using the Hepatitis C Virus Patient Reported Outcomes (HCV-PRO) survey, with higher scores denoting better HRQL. HCV-PRO surveys were conducted at Day 0, Week 12, and Week 24. A mixed-effects model investigated which variables were associated with changing HCV-PRO scores from Day 0 to Week 24.

RESULTS

Patients had a median age of 57 and were predominantly male (68.2%) and Black (83.3%). Most reported daily-or-more drug use (58.6%) and injection drug use (IDU) (75.8%). Mean HCV-PRO scores at Day 0 and Week 24 were 64.0 and 72.9, respectively. HCV-PRO scores at Week 24 improved compared with scores at Day 0 (8.7; p<0.001). Achieving SVR (10.4; p<0.001) and receiving medications for OUD (MOUD) at Week 24 (9.5; p<0.001) were associated with improving HCV-PRO scores. HCV-PRO scores increased at Week 24 for patients who experienced no decline in IDU frequency (8.1; p<0.001) or had a UDS positive for opioids (8.0; p<0.001) or cocaine (7.5; p=0.003) at Week 24.

CONCLUSION

Patients with OUD actively engaged in substance use experience improvement in HRQL from HCV cure unaffected by ongoing substance use. Interventions to promote HCV cure and MOUD engagement could improve HRQL for patients with OUD.

Patient-reported outcomes with direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in West and Central Africa (TAC ANRS 12311 trial)

Background & Aims

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are poorly documented for patients with chronic hepatitis C on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in low-to-middle-income countries. We documented PROs during and after DAA treatment in participants of the TAC ANRS 12311 trial (West and Central Africa).

Methods

Trial participants received a 12-week regimen containing either sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (HCV genotype 2, n = 40), or sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir (HCV genotypes 1 and 4, n = 80). Health-related quality of life (SF-12), fatigue (Piper Fatigue scale), and self-reported symptoms (35-symptom list) were assessed at enrolment (Week (W) 0), during treatment (W2, W4, W8 and W12) and after treatment (W24 and W36). These PROs were compared between W0 and W36 (Wilcoxon signed-rank or McNemar tests). Mixed-effects linear regression models helped identify correlates of physical and mental quality of life component summaries (PCS and MCS) in a longitudinal analysis.

Results

Most PROs were significantly improved 24 weeks after treatment end (W36), without significant differences between treatment groups. For the post-treatment period, multivariable analysis showed significant increases in PCS for patients with cirrhosis and in MCS for patients in the sofosbuvir plus ribavirin group. A higher number of self-reported symptoms at W0 was associated with lower PCS and MCS, older age and cirrhosis with lower PCS, and male sex and HCV cure with higher PCS.

Conclusions

Sofosbuvir-based DAA therapy was associated with a significant improvement in PROs 6 months after treatment end in patients with chronic HCV infection from Central and West Africa. These findings may guide HCV treatment providers in low-to-middle-income countries to deliver pre-treatment information concerning the benefits of DAAs beyond viral eradication.

ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier

NCT02405013.

Impact and implications

Perceptions and experiences (i.e. "patient-reported outcomes") of patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are poorly documented in the African setting. This study shows significant improvements in health-related quality of life, fatigue, and self-reported symptoms 24 weeks after the end of a 12-week sofosbuvir-based DAA regimen in 120 patients from Central and West Africa. These findings substantially add to the body of knowledge about DAA therapy in the African setting. Treatment providers should be encouraged to inform patients of the benefits of DAAs beyond viral eradication, to increase treatment adherence and retention in care.

Sustainable and equivalent improvements in symptoms and functional well-being following viral cure from ledipasvir/sofosbuvir versus elbasvir/grazoprevir for chronic hepatitis C infection: Findings from the randomized PRIORITIZE trial

The PRIORITIZE trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02786537) was the first comparative effectiveness study to directly compare ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) and elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). A secondary aim of this study was to compare LDV/SOF and EBR/GZR on sustainable changes in several HCV-associated symptoms and functional well-being in patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR). PRIORITIZE, a randomized controlled trial conducted between 2016 and 2020, evaluated change in six PROMIS® symptom scores (fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive disturbance, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain) and functional well-being using the disease-specific HCV-PRO instrument. Survey assessments were administered at baseline, early post-treatment (median = 6 months) and late post-treatment (median = 21 months). Constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate within-treatment change and between-treatment differences. Data from 793 participants (average 55 years old, 57% male, 44% black, 17% with cirrhosis) were analysed. From baseline to early post-treatment, 5 out of 6 symptoms and functional well-being significantly improved (all p's < .05). In the LDV/SOF arm, mean changes ranged from -3.73 for nausea to -6.41 for fatigue and in the EBR/GZR, mean changes ranged from -2.19 for cognitive impairment to -4.67 for fatigue. Change of >3 points was consider clinically meaningful. Improvements in most symptoms slightly favoured LDV/SOF, although the magnitude of differences between the regimens were small. Both regimens demonstrated significant improvements in symptoms and functional well-being that were sustained during the late post-treatment phase. EBR/GZR and LDV/SOF regimens had clinically equivalent and durable improvements in HCV symptoms and functional well-being up to two years after SVR.

Impact of direct-acting antiviral treatment of hepatitis C on the quality of life of adults in Ukraine

BACKGROUND

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective in achieving sustained virologic response among those with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Quality of life (QOL) benefits for an HCV-infected population with high numbers of people who inject drugs and people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Eastern Europe have not been explored. We estimated such benefits for Ukraine.

METHODS

Using data from a demonstration study of 12-week DAA conducted in Kyiv, we compared self-reported QOL as captured with the MOS-SF20 at study entry and 12 weeks after treatment completion (week 24). We calculated domain scores for health perception, physical, role and social functioning, mental health and pain to at entry and week 24, stratified by HIV status.

RESULTS

Among the 857 patients included in the final analysis, health perception was the domain that showed the largest change, with an improvement of 85.7% between entry and week 24. The improvement was larger among those who were HIV negative (104.4%) than among those living with HIV (69.9%). Other domains that showed significant and meaningful improvements were physical functioning, which improved from 80.5 (95% CI 78.9-82.1) at study entry to 89.4 (88.1-90.7) at 24 weeks, role functioning (64.5 [62.3-66.8] to 86.5 [84.9-88.2]), social functioning (74.2 [72.1-76.2] to 84.8 [83.2-86.5]) and bodily pain (70.1 [68.2-72.0] to 89.8 [88.5-91.1]). Across all domains, QOL improvements among PLHIV were more modest than among HIV-negative participants.

CONCLUSION

QOL improved substantially across all domains between study entry and week 24. Changes over the study period were smaller among PLHIV.

Real-World Safety, Effectiveness, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir: Updated Data from the German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R)

Using data from the German Hepatitis C-Registry (Deutsche Hepatitis C-Register, DHC-R), we report the real-world safety and effectiveness of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) treatment and its impact on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in underserved populations who are not typically included in clinical trials, yet who will be crucial for achieving hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. The DHC-R is an ongoing, non-interventional, multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study on patients treated for chronic HCV infection in Germany. The data cutoff was 17 January 2021. The primary effectiveness endpoint was sustained virologic response at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12). Safety outcomes were assessed in all patients receiving GLE/PIB. PROs were assessed using the SF-36 survey. Of 2354 patients, 1964 had valid SVR12 data (intention-to-treat analysis). Of these, 1905 (97.0%) achieved SVR12 with rates similar across the comorbidities analyzed, except for people who actively use drugs (PWUD (active)) (86.4%). Excluding those who discontinued treatment and did not achieve SVR12, or were reinfected with HCV, the rate was 99.3%, with similar results regardless of comorbidity. PWUD (active) and those with psychiatric disorders had the most meaningful improvements in PROs. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 631/2354 patients (26.8%), and serious AEs in 44 patients (1.9%). GLE/PIB was highly effective and well tolerated in this real-world study of patient groups key to HCV elimination.

Changes in Health-related Quality of Life for Hepatitis C Virus-Infected People Who Inject Drugs While on Opioid Agonist Treatment Following Sustained Virologic Response

BACKGROUND

Although efforts to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who inject drugs (PWID) yield high rates of sustained virologic response (SVR), the relationship between successful HCV treatment and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among PWID is poorly understood. We examined HRQOL changes throughout HCV treatment and post-treatment for PWID achieving SVR.

METHODS

Participants included 141 PWID who achieved SVR following HCV treatment onsite at 3 opioid agonist treatment (OAT) clinics in the Bronx, New York. EQ-5D-3L assesses 5 health dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression), producing an index of HRQOL ranging from 0 to 1. EQ-5D-3L was measured at baseline; 4, 8, and 12 weeks during treatment; and 12 and 24 weeks post-treatment. Linear mixed effects regression models assessed changes in the mean EQ-5D-3L index over time.

RESULTS

Mean EQ-5D-3L index baseline was 0.66 (standard error [SE] = 0.02). While over half the population reported no baseline problems with self-care (85.1%), usual activities (56.0%), and mobility (52.5%), at least two-thirds reported problems with pain/discomfort (78.0%) and anxiety/depression (66.0%). Twenty-four weeks post-treatment, proportions reporting pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression decreased by 25.7% and 24.0%, respectively. Mean EQ-5D-3L index significantly improved during treatment (P < .0001), and improvement was sustained following treatment completion, with mean EQ-5D-3L index of 0.77 (SE = 0.02) 12 weeks post-SVR.

CONCLUSIONS

HCV treatment led to sustained improvement in HRQOL for PWID on OAT who achieved SVR. Future research is necessary to determine whether improvements in HRQOL can be sustained beyond 12 weeks post-SVR.

Hepatitis C eradication improves cognitive function in patients with or without cirrhosis: A prospective real-life study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances that impact on functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Reversibility at different liver disease stages is unknown, particularly in cirrhosis. We aimed to evaluate cognition, functioning, and HRQoL following HCV eradication at different liver disease stages.

METHODS

A random sample (n = 152) of consecutive patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) between April 2015 and March 2017 were included. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, functioning and HRQoL questionnaires were applied at baseline, and 12 and 48 weeks after the end of antivirals.

RESULTS

One-hundred thirty-five patients who achieved virological response completed the follow-up, of whom 44 had cirrhosis (27% decompensated). Twenty-one percent had cognitive impairment before starting DAAs (34.1% cirrhotic vs. 14.4% noncirrhotic, p < 0.011). Viral eradication was associated with a decrease in cognitive impairment to 23% of cirrhotic and 6% of noncirrhotic patients (p < 0.05). Interestingly, older patients (B = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03-0.19) with baseline cognitive impairment (B = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.54-5.62) were those with higher cognitive benefit, regardless of liver disease. Persistent cognitive impairment was associated with having higher cardiovascular risk, cirrhosis, lower education, and higher anxiety and depression scores. Functioning and HRQoL also improved after eradication but remained worse in the cirrhotic group.

CONCLUSIONS

Viral eradication decreases the prevalence of cognitive impairment and improves functioning and HRQoL. Patients with lower brain reserve (older patients) and baseline cognitive impairment may benefit the most. Identification and treatment of HCV patients through screening programs may reduce the burden of cognitive disturbances beyond the prevention of liver disease progression.

Patient-reported outcomes of the Treatment and Prevention Study: A real-world community-based trial of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C among people who inject drugs

The impact of hepatitis C cure with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in community settings remains unclear. We aimed to assess changes in PROs over time and whether treatment was associated with sustained improved PROs in a cohort of people who inject drugs. This study is a sub-analysis of the Treatment and Prevention Study, a nurse-led trial where people who inject drugs and their injecting partners were recruited in a community setting, in Melbourne, Australia. Three participant groups were characterized: treatment, untreated and non-viremic (hepatitis C RNA negative at screening). PROs included assessment of health-related quality of life using the Short Form-8 (SF-8) Survey and life satisfaction using Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI). PROs were measured at baseline and every 12 weeks until week 84. Generalized estimating equations were used to measure whether treatment was associated with longitudinal PRO change. A total of 215 participants were included in this analysis. PWI scores were significantly higher at week 12 for both treatment group (p = 0.0309) and non-viremic group (p = 0.0437) compared to baseline. However, treatment was not associated with longitudinal change in PRO scores. In conclusion, we found DAA treatment did not significantly improve PRO scores compared to those not receiving treatment and without hepatitis C. The measures used in this study may not be sensitive enough to capture the hepatitis C specific improvements in quality of life that treatment affords or factors other than treatment may be influencing quality of life scores in this cohort.

Reaching the Unreachable: Strategies for HCV Eradication in Patients With Refractory Opioid Addiction-A Real-world Experience

To achieve global hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication, barriers prohibiting treatment access need to be overcome. We established a strategy to initiate antiviral therapy in patients with severe, refractory heroin addiction. All patients achieved sustained virological response. Outreach programs of hepatologists might be a reasonable way to overcome barriers to HCV treatment.